1 


L  U  fW^&-*-*^*r" 


DEATH    OF    ICARVS 

(A  POMPEIAN  WALL  PAINTING) 


PVBLI    VERGILI     MARONIS 

AENEIS:  BVCOLICA:  GEORGICA 


GREATER  POEMS  OF  VIRGIL 


VOL.  I 


CONTAINING    THE 


FIRST  SIX  BOOKS  OF  THE  AENEID 


EDITED   BY 


J.  B.  GREENOUGH  AND   G.   L.   KITTREDGE 


BOSTON,  U.S.A.,  AND  LONDON 

PUBLISHED     BY     GINN     &     COMPANY 

IQOO 


COPYRIGHT,  1895,  BY 
J.  B.  GREENOUGH  AND  G.  L.  KITTREDGE 


ALL   RIGHTS   RESERVED 


PREFACE. 


THIS  edition  is  a  careful  revision  of  the  one  published  in 
1882. 

The  text,  as  in  the  former  edition,  follows  Ribbeck  in  the 
main,  adhering,  however,  to  the  received  reading  where  he 
seems  to  be  not  fully  supported  by  his  own  apparatus 
criticus. 

The  illustrations  have  been  much  increased  in  number 
and  improved  in  execution.  Many  of  the  new  ones  have 
been  inserted  in  the  text  instead  of  in  the  notes  in  order  to 
present  them  more  directly  to  the  eye  of  the  student  when 
he  is  reading  the  passages  that  they  illustrate.  The  pictures 
are  intended  to  represent  only  objects  or  conceptions  which 
were  familiar  to  the  minds  of  the  poet  and  his  contempora- 
ries, and  consequently  nothing  modern  has  been  admitted 
among  them.  For  the  sake  of  the  associations,  however,  a 
number  of  views  of  the  scenes  in  which  the  action  takes 
place  have  been  included. 

The  introduction  deals  more  fully  than  that  of  the  former 
edition  with  the  life  and  times  of  Virgil,  as  well  as  with  his 
literary  models.  There  have  been  added  also  an  entirely 
new  Sccount  of  the  development  of  epic  poetry  and  a  discus- 
sion of  the  influence  of  Virgil  on  modern,  especially  English, 
literature.  With  the  same  purpose  of  showing  the  continuity 

20O4921 


iv  Preface. 

of  literary  tradition  a  large  number  of  passages  from  modern 
poetry  covering  a  wide  range  have  been  inserted  in  the 
notes.  These  passages  are  either  direct  imitations  of  Virgil 
or  they  deal  with  ideas  suggested  by  his  works.  Consid- 
erable matter  not  necessary  for  young  students  has  been 
omitted  from  the  notes  to  appear  in  a  separate  volume  de- 
signed for  teachers  only.  Thus  the  notes  have  been  simpli- 
fied and  the  bulk  of  the  book  has  not  been  perceptibly 
increased.  A  fuller  explanation  of  the  metrical  form  and 
more  detailed  directions  for  reading  have  also  been  added. 

J.  B.  GREENOUGH 

G.    L.    KlTTREDGE. 


LIST  OF   ILLUSTRATIONS. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


Ann.  Inst.  —  Annali  (Bolletino)  dell'  Insti- 
tute di  Corrispondenza  Archeologica. 

Rome. 
A  rch.    Zcit.  —  Archaologische    Zeitung. 

Berlin. 
Baum.  —  Baumeister,      Denkmaler     des 

klassischen  Altertums.     Munich. 
Compt.    Rend.  —  Compte-Rendu    de    la 

Commission  Impe'riale  Archeologique. 

St.  Pe"tersbourg. 

De  Clarac.  —  Musee  de  Sculpture. 
G.  <V  K,  —  Das  Leben  der  Griechen  und 

Romer.     Guhl  und  Koner. 
Gior.  Sea. —  Giornale  dei  Scavi  a  Pom- 

pei. 
Hirt. —  Bilderbuch  fiir  Mythologie,  Archa- 

ologie,  und  Kunst,  herausgegeben  von 

A.  Hirt.     Berlin,  1805. 
H.  &>  P.  —  Herculanum  et  Pompei,  par 

H.  Roux  Ain^.  Paris,  1840. 
Inghirami.  —  Galena  Omerica. 
Lutz. — Miinchener  Antiken  von  Carl 

Fr.  A.  von  Liitzow. 


Micali.  —  Monument!     per    servire    alia 

Storia,  etc. 
Mill.  —  A.     L.     Millin's     Mythologische 

Gallerie.     Berlin,  1848. 
Miiller.  —  Denkmaler  der  alien    Kunst, 

C.  O.  Muller.     Gottingen,  1832. 
Miiller-Wieseler. —  Denkmaler  der  alten 

Kunst  (revised  by  Wieseler). 
Mus.  Chiar.  —  Museo  Chiaramonte. 
Mus.  Flor.  —  Museum  de  Florence. 
Nicolini.  —  Case  di  Pompei. 
Overbeck.  —  Griechische  Kunst-Mytholo- 

gie,  von  J.  Overbeck.  Leipzig,  1873-78. 
R.  R.  —  Raoul  Rochette,  Monumenti  in- 

editi. 
Sepolcri.  —  Gli  Antichi  Sepolcri,  da  Pietro 

Sante  Bartoli.     Rome,  1727. 
Smith.  —  Smith's  Dictionary  of  Antiqui- 
ties. 
Visconti.  —  Visconti,     Iconographie    Ro- 

maine. 
Zaftn.  —  Die    schonsten   Omamente    aus 

Pompeii. 


IN   THE   TEXT. 

PAGE 

Death  of  Icarus.     Wall  painting  at  Pompeii.    Baum.     .     .  Frontispiece. 

Juno.     Statue.     Mus.  Chiar. 3 

Ideal  portrait  of  Virgil.     Vatican  Fragments 3 

The  Parcae  with  Minerva.     Relief.     Miiller-Wieseler 5 

Neptune  in  his  car,  with  sea-horses.     Gem.     Hirt. 9 

Hunting  Scenes.     Wall  paintings.     Zahn n 

Jupiter.     Statue.     Mus.  Ckiar.        12 

Temple  of  Augustus  (Maison  Carrte)  at  Nismes.     Photograph.  .     .  14 

Flying  Mercury.     Vase  painting.     Nicolini 15 


vi  List  of  Illustrations. 

PAGE 

Warrior  with  two  spears.     Vase  painting.     Com  ft.  Rend.      ...  16 

Diana  hunting.     Relief.     Mus.  Chiar 17 

Building  of  Carthage.      Vatican  Fragments 20 

Amazons  defeated  by  Theseus.    Ancient  sarcophagus.    Photograph.  22 
Fortune  seated  on  a  throne  (solium).     Bronze  from  Pompeii.     Pre- 

suhn 23 

Reception  of  Ilioneus  by  Dido.     Vatican  Fragments 25 

Bride  with  Veil.     Wall  painting.     Monumenti  delflstituto.     ...  29 

Lady  with  diadem  (corona}.     Statue.     Compt.  Rend. 29 

Dido  and  ^Eneas  at  the  feast.     Vatican  Fragments 34 

Trojan  horse  drawn  within  the  walls.  —  Women  supplicating  Pallas. 

—  Priam  seated.  —  Cassandra  raving  on  the  walls.     H.  &  P.      .  36 

Sacrifice  of  Iphigenia.     Relief.     R.  R. 39 

Theft  of  the  Palladium.      Wall  painting.     Monumenti  deWIstituto.  41 

Laocobn.     Vatican  Museum.     Photograph 43 

Cassandra.     Vase  painting.     R.  R 49 

Murder  of  Priam.     Vase  painting.     Miiller-Wieseler 54 

Pallas.     Statue.     Mus.  Chiar 56 

The  fiery  omen.     Vatican  Fragments 59 

Flight  of  ^neas.     Gem.     Mus.  Flor. 61 

Part  of  the  Tabula  Iliaca,  carved  (or  cast  in  gypsum)  with  illustra- 
tions of  the  Sack  of  Troy  as  told  by  Stesichorus.    Jahn,  Bilder- 

chronik 64 

./Eneas's  vision  of  the  Penates.     Vatican  Fragments 65 

Apollo  Musagetes.     Statue.     Museo  Pio- Clementina 68 

Sacrifice.     Relief  on  the  altar  of  Mercury  at  Pompeii.    Photograph.  69 

Harpies.     Ancient  mausoleum.     Monumenti  deir Istituto.        .     .     .  73 

Offerings  to  the  dead.     Vase  painting.     Mus.  Borb 77 

Veiled  Roman  sacrificing.     Statue.     Photograph 80 

Scylla.     Ancient  vase 81 

Chain-mail  (lorica).     Fragment  found  in  a  tomb.     Compt.  Rend.     .  83 

Temple  at  Agrigentum.     Photograph 85 

View  of  Mt.  jEtna.     Photograph 87 

Polyphemus.     Wall  painting  in  Pompeii.     Nuovi  Scavi 89 

View  of  the  coast  of  Sicily.     Rocks  of  the  Cyclops.    Photograph.    .  90 

View  of  Trapani  (Drepanum).     Photograph 91 

Dido  sacrificing.      Vatican  Fragments.      .     , 92 

Ceres.     Statue.     Mus.  Chiar 94 

Youth  with  chlamys.     Statuette.     Miiller-Wieseler 97 

Roman  marriage.    Pronuba  uniting  the  pair.    Ancient  sarcophagus.  99 


List  of  Illustrations.  vii 

PAGR 

Mercury  Psychopompus  (with  caducous,  etc  ),  presenting  shades  to 

Pluto  and  Proserpina.  Wall  painting  from  tomb.  SepoUri.  .  101 

Mercury.  Statue.  Mus.  Chiar 102 

Bacchic  scene.  Ancient  sarcophagus  in  Vatican  Museum.  Photo- 
graph   104 

Sortes.  —  Italian  form  of  divination.  —  Priestess  of  Fortune  at 

Praeneste  drawing  the  oracular  sors.  Gior.  Sea 106 

Orestes  and  the  Furies.  Vase  painting.  R.  R no 

Hecate.  Archdologisch-epigraphische  Mittheilungen ill 

Death  of  Dido.  Vatican  Fragments 117 

Venus  and  Neptune.  Vatican  Fragments 119 

Carchesium.  Ancient  vase.  Annali  delTlstituto 122 

Serpent  (genius  loci)  tasting  the  offerings  on  an  altar. — Youth  with 

sacred  bush.  //.  6°  P. 123 

Galley.  Wall  painting  at  Pompeii.  Baum 126 

Nereids.  Ancient  Stucco 128 

Horse  with  trappings.  Roman  tomb.  Lindenschmidt,  Tracht.  .  131 

Dares  and  Entellus.  Relief.  Photograph 136 

Ulysses  shooting  with  the  bow.  Vase  painting.  Monumcnti 

deiristituto 138 

Neptune.  Baum 147 

Neptune.  Gem.  Baum 148 

Neptune  and  Amphitrite  in  car.  Triton,  etc.  Relief 149 

Vicinity  of  Cumae.  Photograph 152 

./Eneas,  Achates,  and  the  Sibyl.  Vatican  Fragments 1 52 

Theseus  and  the  Minotaur.  Vase  painting 154 

Orpheus  and  Eurydice.  Naples  Museum.  Photograph.  .  .  .  157 
Hercules  and  Theseus  carrying  off  Qerberus.  Painting  from  a 

tomb.  Sepolcri 157 

Promontory  of  Misenum.  Photograph 161 

Charon  receiving  his  passenger  and  fare.  Ancient  lamp.  Bartoli, 

Lucerne 164 

Cer'.erus.  —  j£neas  and  the  Sibyl. —  In  the  background,  judgment 

of  the  shades.  Vatican  Fragments 168 

Laodamia.  Ancient  relief.  Baum 170 

Tantalus,  Ixion,  and  Sisyphus.  Wall  painting  from  a  tomb. 

Sepolcri 175 

Augustus  with  the  civic  crown.  Ancient  bust.  Photograph.  .  .  181 
Marcus  Aurelius  receiving  submission.  From  photograph  of  the 

walls  of  the  Capitol  at  Rome 182 


viii  List  of  Illustrations. 

PAGE 

Numa.     Ancient  bust.      Visconti.        '.183 

Triumphal  chariot.     From  photograph  of  the  walls  of  the  Capitol 

at  Rome 184 

Pompey.     Ancient  statue.      Visconti 185 

Charon  and  shades.     Relief 187 


IN  THE  NOTES. 

FIG. 

1.  Samian  Juno.     Coin Mill. 

2.  Juno  of  Lanuvium.     Coins Miiller. 

3.  Minerva  hurling  thunderbolt.     Coin Mill. 

4.  Ruins  of  theatre  at  Aspendos G.  &>  K. 

5.  Jupiter  looking  down  on  the  world.     Wall  painting.      .     .  H.  &*  P. 

6.  Youth  reading  a  scroll.     Wall  painting H.  &>  P. 

7.  Man  clothed  in  skin  of  wild  beast.     Relief Micali. 

8.  Temple  of  Janus.     Coin Mill. 

9.  Diana.     Statuette H.  &•  P. 

10.  Genii  making  garlands.     Wall  painting //.  dr>  P. 

1 1 .  Ransom  of  Hector's  body.     Relief De  Clarac. 

12.  Amazon G.  &•  K. 

13.  Plan  of  Temple  of  Venus  at  Pompeii.    Overbeck's  Ruins  at  Pompeii. 

14.  Vaulted  chamber  in  baths  at  Pompeii.     .     .     .    Overbeck's  Pompeii. 

15.  Celestial  Venus.     Wall  painting H.  S3  P. 

1 6.  Female  apparel.     Wall  painting H.  S"  P. 

17.  Monile  (Harpy) Monumenti  deiristituto. 

1 8.  Crater  wreathed  (?).     Relief Mill. 

19.  Patera.     Vase  painting.      .  • 

20.  Lamps.     Found  at  Pompeii ff.&*P. 

21.  Woman  decorating  a  Hermes  with  a  fillet.     Relief.       .     .     .   Liitz. 

22.  Palazzo  Vecchio  at  Florence Photograph. 

23.  Hinged  door  and  lintel.     Found  at  Pompeii.    .       Overbeck^s  Ruins. 

24.  Plan  of  the  house  of  Pansa  at  Pompeii.  .     .     .       Overbeck's  Ruins. 

25.  Plan  of  Greek  house G.  <5r»  K. 

26.  Apollo.     Wall  painting H.  &>  P. 

27.  Pallas.     Ancient  MS.  of  Homer .   Inghirami. 

28.  Apollo  sitting  on  tripod Micali. 

29.  Cybele  journeying  to  Rome.     Relief Ann.  Inst. 

30.  Curetes,  Cybele,  Jupiter,  and  goat.     Relief .   Mill. 

31.  Ulysses  and  the  sirens.     Gem -    .     .     .     .     .     .     .   Mill. 


List  of  Illustrations.  ix 

FIG. 

32.  View  of  Leucate Photograph. 

33.  Athlete's  equipment.     Found  at  Pompeii ff.  &  P. 

34.  Metae.     Relief Ann.  Inst. 

35.  Head  of  Pallas.     Statue Hirt. 

36.  Artisans  erecting  a  building.  —  Minerva   superintending.  — 

Derrick  with  curious  treadmill  for  raising   heavy  stones. 
Relief Mill. 

37.  Hunting  scene.     Wall  painting H.  &°  P. 

38.  Head  of  Jupiter  Ammon.     Coin Mill. 

39.  Head  of  Paris.     Bust Lutz. 

40.  Bacchic  procession :   Bacchanal  with  double  tibia.  —  Others 

with  torch  and  thyrsus,  and  with  tambourine.     Vase.  .    Arch.  Zeit. 

41.  Iris.     Vase  painting Gerhard,  Vasengtmaldt. 

42.  Sacrifice  Cooking  on  spits Baum. 

43.  Symbolic   representation   of    powers   of   light    (sun,   moon, 

Lucifer,  and  an  unknown  armed  youth).  —  Boat  represent- 
ing the  sea.     Vase  painting Ann.  Inst. 

44.  Trireme.     Relief Chefs-d'CEuvre,  etc. 

45.  Greek  ornament  (maeander).     Vase Ann.  Inst. 

46.  Athlete  with  fillet  of  ribbon.     Statue Ann.  Inst. 

47.  Cestus  (a) G.  &>  K. 

(V)  Statue  of  Pollux Hirt. 

48.  Priestess  with  acerra.     Wall  painting ff.&P. 

49.  Lares  in  their  customary  attitude,  with   trees   representing 

the  olives  before  the  house  of  Augustus.     Relief.      .     .     .   Hirt. 

50.  Siren.     Relief Mill. 

51.  Sleep  and   Death  carrying   home   the   body  of   Memnon.  . 

Vase  painting Baum. 

52.  Young  hero  with   headless   spear ;    in  his  hand  a  tessera. 

Vase  painting. 

53.  Mausoleum  of  Augustus.     Ruin Photograph. 

54.  Tailpiece.     Corcyra L'Univers. 


INTRODUCTION. 


THE  AUGUSTAN  AGE. 

THE  time  of  Virgil,  the  so-called  Augustan  age,  was  the 
most  flourishing  period  of  Roman  literature.  From 
the  first  contact  of  the  Romans  with  the  more  cultivated 
Greeks,  they  had  gone  on  adapting  their  unpolished  tongue 
to  literary  uses,  practising  all  forms  of  literature  after  Greek 
models  and  studying  with  assiduity  the  art  of  writing  both 
in  prose  and  poetry.  The  process  had  been  a  slow  one. 
The  chief  writers  of  the  early  period  were  foreigners  who 
were  content  to  translate  the  great  works  of  Greece  into 
Latin,  or,  at  most,  rudely  to  imitate  them.  But,  by  the  be- 
ginning of  the  first  century  B.C.,  prominent  Romans  had  be- 
gun to  devote  themselves  to  literature.  The  great  Scipionic 
circle  was  imbued  with  the  Greek  spirit  and  fostered  art  in 
all  its  forms.  Lucilius  (B.C.  148-103),  a  Roman  knight, 
wrote  satires  in  rough  verse,  but  with  considerable  original- 
ity, preserving  the  spirit  without  slavishly  following  the 
details  of  his  models.  And  in  the  first  century  B.C.  we  find 
a  long  list  of  Roman  names  in  literature,  Varro,  Lucretius, 
Catullus,  Cicero,  Gallus,  Julius  Caesar,  and  Sallust.  Litera- 
ture, though  still  looked  upon  with  suspicion  by  the  con- 
servative, could  be  indulged  in  without  real  loss  of  reputation. 
All  this  study  came  to  its  full  fruit  in  the  reign  of  Augustus. 
The  Augustan  age  is  usually  reckoned  from  about  the  death 
of  Caesar,  B.C.  44,  to  the  death  of  Augustus,  A.D.  13.  Many 
circumstances  united  to  make  this  a  flourishing  literary 


xii  Introduction. 

period.  First  :  Literature  became  fashionable.  Earlier, 
except  with  a  very  few  persons,  such  pursuits  had  been 
looked  upon  as  idle  or  even  pernicious,  and  devotion  to  them 
had  brought  little  or  no  reward.  But  Augustus  was  wise 
enough  to  see  in  literature  a  powerful  agency  in  establishing 
sound  government  and  securing  his  own  power.  He  there- 
fore gave  every  encouragement  to  letters,  and  his  people 
followed  his  example.  Everybody  of  any  consequence  be- 
came a  writer  or  at  least  a  critic.  Second  :  It  was  a  period 
of  peace,  of  exhaustion  after  the  great  struggles  of  the  civil 
wars.  Third  :  Politics  had  ceased  to  present  a  career  for 
men  ambitious  of  distinction,  and  Fourth  :  There  was  a  real 
pride  in  the  well  won  glories  of  Rome,  an  interest  in  the 
subjects  of  literary  art  which  prompted  expression  both  in 
prose  and  poetry. 

But  probably  the  greatest  stimulus  to  literary  activity  at 
Rome  came  from  the  gradual  introduction  of  the  literature 
of  Alexandria,  which  had  begun  in  the  last  half  of  the  second 
century  B.C.  The  seeds  of  Greek  culture,  which  were  scat- 
tered far  and  wide  by  the  overthrow  of  Grecian  liberty,  had 
been  particularly  fruitful  in  that  city.  Here  two  great 
libraries  were  established,  and  a  long  line  of  scholars,  critics, 
and  authors  flourished  for  centuries.  The  old  literary  tradi- 
tions were  broken  ;  civilization  had  become  more  complex, 
and  literature  assumed  a  distinctly  modern  tone.  There  was 
a  great  revival  of  learning,  and  writers  tried  their  hand  at 
almost  every  form  of  composition,  — learned  treatise,  history, 
epic,  lyric,  elegiac,  didactic  poetry,  epigram  and  satire,  —  in 
numerous  and  voluminous  specimens.  The  study  of  this 
great  body  of  literature  could  not  but  excite  the  rude  but 
ambitious  Romans  to  imitation. 

All  these  influences,  added  to  a  skill  in  the  art  of  writing 
acquired  by  the  long  apprenticeship  of  the  Republican  period, 
contributed  to  raise  Augustan  literature  to  its  highest  mark. 


Life  of  Virgil.  xiii 


LIFE  OF  VIRGIL. 

By  general  consent,  Virgil  (Publius  Vergilius  Maro)  stands 
first  in  rank  among  the  writers  of  this  flourishing  period. 
He  was  born  B.C.  70,  in  Andes,  in  the  municipality  of  Man- 
tua, in  North  Italy.1 

DONATUS'S  Vita  Vergilii.  —  The  life  of  Virgil  which  passes 
under  the  name  of  Tib.  Claudius  Donatus,  a  work  doubtless 
originally  'founded  on  fact,'  but  much  distorted  and  ampli- 
fied in  the  building,  is  our  chief  source  for  details  in  regard 
to  the  poet.  According  to  this,  he  was  the  son  of  humble 
parents.  His  father  was  said  by  some  to  have  been  a  work- 
man in  pottery,  by  others  a  hired  servant  of  one  Magius,  by 
whom  he  was  entrusted  with  important  business  and  later 
made  his  son-in-law.  Many  omens  preceded  Virgil's  birth, 
and  as  an  infant  he  gave  signs  of  a  happy  destiny.  His 
boyhood  was  passed  at  Cremona  up  to  his  i5th  (or  i7th) 
year,  when  he  assumed  the  virile  toga  (the  Roman  boy's 
'coming  out ').  The  text  here  is  evidently  corrupt.  Probably 
the  time  at  Cremona  was  the  last  two  or  three  years  of  his 
boyhood,  during  the  completion  of  his  early  education. 
From  here,  the  author  says,  he  went  to  Milan  (a  still  larger 
city  with  superior  advantages),  and  shortly  afterwards  to 
Naples.  Here  he  gave  his  most  urgent  attention  to  Greek 
and  Latin  literature,  but  was  very  zealous  also  in  the  pursuit 
of  medicine  and  mathematics.  Having  become  unusually 
learned  and  skilful  in  these  branches  of  study,  he  went  to 
Rome,  where  he  became  acquainted  with  the  head  groom  of 
Augustus  and  practised  veterinary  medicine  in  the  imperial 
stables.  Hereupon  he  received  as  pay  regular  rations  of 
bread  as  one  of  the  grooms.  A  colt  was  sent  to  Augustus, 

*  Five  years  before  Horace,  and  seven  before  Augustus      His  birthday  is  said 
to  have  been  October  is. 


xiv  Introd^lction. 

which  Virgil  saw  and  declared  to  be  of  unsound  constitution. 
This  proved  to  be  the  case.  Augustus,  in  return,  ordered 
his  bread  ration  to  be  doubled.  At  another  time  he  gave  a 
like  diagnosis  in  the  case  of  a  dog,  whereupon  Augustus 
doubled  his  rations  again.  Augustus  was  in  doubt  whether 
he  was  really  the  son  of  Octavius,  and  thought  Virgil,  from 
his  knowledge  of  horses  and  dogs,  might  discover  the  truth. 
Virgil  replied  gravely,  "You  are  the  son  of  a  baker." 
Augustus  was  amazed  and  asked  how  he  knew  that.  "  Why, 
when  I  stated  conclusions  which  could  only  be  determined 
by  the  wisest  of  men,  you  have  twice  rewarded  me  with 
loaves  of  bread,  a  thing  which  was  the  act  of  a  baker  or  the 
son  of  a  baker."  Augustus  enjoyed  the  joke  and  said,  "But 
henceforth  you  shall  be  rewarded,  not  by  a  baker,  but  by  a 
generous  prince."  He  made  much  of  him  and  recommended 
him  to  Asinius  Pollio,  a  man  of  great  literary  ability  and 
prominent  in  the  state.  Virgil  was  tall,  dark,  with  a  coun- 
trified (rusticus)  expression  of  face  and  uncertain  health. 
He  was  troubled  with  affections  of  the  throat  and  stomach, 
as  well  as  headache,  and  also  frequently  spit  blood.  He 
was  a  very  sparing  eater  and  drinker.  He  became  worth 
nearly  ten  million  sesterces  ($500,000)  from  the  generosity 
of  friends,  and  had  a  house  on  the  Esquiline,  near  the 
gardens  of  Maecenas,  though  he  lived  for  the  most  part  in 
retirement  in  Campania  and  Sicily.  Melissus  says  he  was 
very  slow  of  speech  and  almost  like  an  uneducated  man. 
The  poetic  art  he  essayed  while  a  mere  boy,  when  he  wrote 
a  couplet  on  Balista,  a  master  of  a  school  of  gladiators, 
whose  body  was  buried  under  a  heap  of  stones  on  account 
of  his  infamous  robberies  : 

Monte  sub  hoc  lapidum  tegitur  Balista  sepultus 
Nocte  die  tutum  carpe  viator  iter. 

After  that  he  wrote  the  Catalecta,  Moretum,  Priapeia,  Epi- 


Life  of  Virgil.  xv 

grams,  Dirae,  and  Cukx,  at  the  age  of  15  years.  He  wrote 
also  the  Aetna,  about  which  there  is  some  question.  Pres- 
ently, having  begun  Roman  history,  dissatisfied  with  his 
material  and  the  roughness  of  the  names,  he  changed 
(transit^  to  the  Bucolics,  especially  to  do  honor  to  Pollio. 
Alfenus,  Varro,  and  Cornelius  Gallus,  because  they  had 
saved  him  from  loss  in  the  distribution  of  land  to  the  veterans 
of  Philippi.  Then  he  published  the  Georgics  in  honor  of 
Maecenas,  who  had  aided  him,  when  almost  unknown, 
against  the  violence  of,  some  say,  a  veteran  Claudius,  others, 
a  centurion  Arrius,  by  whom  he  came  near  being  killed  in  a 
quarrel  in  reference  to  their  lands.  Lastly  he  began  the 
id,  which  he  left  unfinished  at  his  death. 


AUTHENTIC  BIOGRAPHY.  —  Most  of  the  details  in  Donatus 
must  be  legendary,  but  as  authentic  biography  it  is  clear 
that  Virgil  was  educated  at  Cremona,  Milan,  and  Rome  ; 
and  the  earlier  doubtful  poems,  Ciris,  Culex,  etc.,  must  have 
been  written,  so  far  as  they  are  genuine,  during  this  time. 
Further,  in  the  progress  of  his  education  he  showed  great 
aptness  for  poetry  and  philosophy,  but  he  studied  oratory 
without  success.  He  gave  particular  attention  to  the  dogmas 
of  the  Epicurean  school  under  the  instruction  of  one  Syron. 
The  Georgics  show  many  marks  of  the  influence  of  this 
creed.  When  a  little  under  thirty  (in  the  year  B.C.  41),  he 
suddenly  came  to  the  notice  of  the  great  men  of  Rome. 
The  city  of  Cremona,  forty  miles  distant  from  Virgil's  home 
at  Mantua,  had  taken  the  part  of  Brutus  and  Cassius  ;  and, 
after  the  defeat  of  the  Republican  party,  the  territory  of  that 
city,  with  a  part  of  that  of  Mantua,  was  confiscated  to  bestow 
on  the  victorious  soldiery  of  the  triumvirs.  Virgil's  little 
farm  was  seized  among  the  rest.  But  Asinius  Pollio,  military 
governor  north  of  the  Po,  had  already  taken  a  warm  interest 
in  the  young  poet.  By  his  advice  Virgil  went  to  Rome, 


xvi  Introduction. 

where  Octavianus  himself  assured  him  of  the  peaceable 
possession  of  his  estate  (see  Eel.  i.). 

But  new  troubles  followed  in  the  State,  and  a  new  division 
of  lands.  Pollio  had  taken  part  with  Antony,  and  was  dis- 
placed. Disputes  of  boundary — a  lawsuit,  perhaps  —  ex- 
posed Virgil  to  the  rage  of  the  rude  claimant,  who  chased 
him,  sword  in  hand  :  he  was  even  forced,  it  is  said,  to  swim 
across  the  Mincius  to  save  his  life  (see  Eel.  ix.).  Happily 
an  old  fellow-student,  Alfenus  Varus,  who  had  succeeded 
Pollio,  showed  him  still  more  effectual  kindness.  Another 
estate  —  perhaps  the  charming  one  at  Nola,  in  Campania — 
appears  to  have  been  given  him  in  exchange  for  his  scanty 
and  rudely  disputed  native  lands.  And  soon  after,  partly 
for  the  sake  of  his  health,  which  was  delicate,  and  partly  on 
account  of  his  growing  reputation,  he  removed  to  the  milder 
climate  of  Rome. 

Here  he  became  a  favorite  in  the  highest  literary  and 
court  society.  The  young  Caesar,  not  yet  emperor  or  Augus- 
tus, was  easily  accessible  to  the  flattery  of  genius.  Accord- 
ing to  the  well-known  anecdote,  it  was  during  his  celebration 
of  certain  splendid  games  —  a  bright  holiday  following  a 
stormy  night  —  that  Virgil  posted,  anonymously,  the  extrava- 
gant compliment  of  the  following  verses  : 

Nocte  pluit  tota ;  redeunt  spectacula  mane  : 
Divisum  imperium  cum  love  Caesar  habet. 

The  verses  were  claimed  by  an  inferior  poet,  Bathyllus,  who 
received  a  handsome  reward.  This  vexed  Virgil,  who  posted 
the  same  couplet  again  with  the  following  half-lines  below:  — 

Hos  ego  versiculos — 
Sic  vos  non  vobis  — 

the  latter  four  times  repeated.  Bathyllus  owned  himself 
unable  to  fill  them  out ;  and  Virgil  proved  himself  the  author 
by  completing  them  as  follows  : 


Life  of  Virgil.  xvii 

Hos  ego  versiculos  feci,  tulit  alter  honores  : 
Sic  vos  non  vobis  nidificatis  aves  ; 
Sic  vos  non  vobis  vellera  fertis  oves ; 
Sic  vos  non  vobis  mellificatis  apes ; 
Sic  vos  non  vobis  fertis  aratra  boves. 

So  Bathyllus  was  made  a  laughing-stock,  and  Virgil  at  once 
became  one  of  the  most  honored  and  popular  men  in  Rome. 
But,  with  constitutional  shyness,  it  is  said  he  would  shrink 
into  the  nearest  shop  or  alley  to  avoid  the  public  gaze. 

His  favorite  residence,  after  the  year  B.C.  37  (aet.  33),  was 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Naples,  where  he  lived  a  retired  and 
busy  life  on  his  estate  in  Nola,  enjoying  the  charms  of  the 
climate  and  the  refined  society  of  the  Campanian  capital. 
The  next  few  years  were  spent  in  the  composition  of  the 
Georgics,  —  four  books  on  husbandry,  —  considered  to  be 
the  most  finished,  elaborate,  and  complete  of  all  his  poems. 
These  were  written,  it  is  said,  at  the  request  of  Maecenas, 
who  desired  by  all  means  to  restore  the  old  Roman  virtues 
of  thrift,  industry,  and  fondness  for  rustic  life. 

It  was  after  the  events  of  Actium,  and  the  firm  settlement 
of  the  empire  under  the  single  rule  of  Augustus  (B.C.  30), 
that  Virgil  began  his  chief  literary  task,  the  composition  of 
the  ^Eneid.  Reports  and  great  expectations  soon  began  to 
spread  as  to  the  coming  work,  as  testified  in  the  celebrated 
couplet  of  Propertius  (ii.  34.  65,  66)  : 

Cedite,  Romani  scriptores  ;  cedite,  Grai : 
Nescio  quid  maius  nascitur  Iliade. 

A  few  years  later,  Virgil  consented  to  read  to  Augustus,  at 
his  request,  portions  of  the  new  poem  in  the  presence  of  his 
sister  Octavia,  who  had  lately  lost  her  son,  the  young 
Marcellus.  In  compliment  to  her  he  had  inserted  the 
beautiful  lines  (vi.  868-886)  in  allusion  to  her  loss.  As  he 
recited  these  lines  with  great  power  and  pathos,  —  for  among 
his  accomplishments  he  was  a  most  effective  reader,  — 


xviii  Introduction. 

Octavia  swooned  away ;  and  when  she  recovered,  it  is  said, 
ordered  10,000  sesterces  (about  $500)  to  be  paid  to  the  poet 
for  each  of  the  memorial  lines. 

When  the  ^Eneid  in  its  general  plan  was  brought  to  a 
close,  —  many  parts  being  still  left  unfinished  in  detail,— 
Virgil  set  out  on  a  journey  to  Greece,  that  he  might  give 
the  leisure  of  a  few  years  to  its  careful  revision,  and  then 
devote  the  remainder  of  his  life  to  philosophy.  It  was  this 
voyage  to  which  Horace  wished  prosperity  in  the  celebrated 

ode, — 

Sic  te  diva  potens  Cypri.     (Od.  i.  3.) 

But  Augustus,  arriving  soon  after  at  Athens  from  the 
East,  prevailed  on  Virgil  to  go  back  with  him  to  Italy.  This 
journey  proved  fatal  to  him.  He  was  tall,  spare,  swarthy, 
and  of  consumptive  temperament.  His  delicate  lungs  hardly 
bore  the  harsh  air  of  the  coast,  while  his  frame  was  racked 
with  sea-sickness  and  worn  with  the  fatigue  of  a  visit  to 
Megara  on  the  homeward  voyage.  He  barely  lived  to  reach 
Italy,  and  died  at  Brundusium,  September  22,  B.C.  19,  aged 
not  quite  51.  Unwilling  to  leave  the  yEneid  in  its  unfinished 
state,  he  is  said  to  have  ordered  it  to  be  burned,  and  to 
have  hardly  yielded  to  the  request  of  Augustus  that  it  might 
be  left  to  the  judgment  and  revision  of  his  friends,  Tucca 
and  Varius.  He  was  buried,  by  his  own  desire,  near  Naples. 
At  the  crest  of  the  rock  that  overhangs  the  grotto  of  Posilipo, 
beneath  a  low  ivy-grown  roof  of  stone,  was  formerly  said  to 
be  the  modest  epitaph  :  — 

MANTVA  ME  GENVIT:  CALABRI  RAPVERE  :  TENET  NVNC 
PARTHENOPE  :  CECINI  PASCVA  RVRA  DVCES, 

no  doubt  of  a  later  date.  The  exact  place  of  his  burial  is 
not  certain. 


Virgil's  Works.  xix 

VIRGIL'S  WORKS. 

The  works  ascribed  to  Virgil,  besides  the  doubtful  Car- 
mina  Minora,  viz. : 

Culex,  a  kind  of  idyllic  epic,  of  some  merit, 
Ciris,  a  poetical  version  of  the  story  of  Nisus  and  Scylla,  in 

the  manner  of  Ovid's  Metamorphoses, 
Moretum,  a  kind  of  idyl  representing  the  preparation  of  the 

moretum,  a  rustic  salad, 
Copa,  an  invitation  in  elegiac  verse  to  the  pleasures  of  the 

tavern, 

and  some  still  more  doubtful  little  .poems  (Catalecta^),  are 
the  following,  which  are  unquestionably  genuine :  The 
Eclogues,  Bucolica;  the  Georgics,  Georgica;  the  ^neid, 
Aeneis. 

The  subjects  and  characters  of  these  works  are  very 
various,  and  they  represent  several  different  periods  in 
Virgil's  literary  career  ;  but  they  were  all  composed  more 
or  less  under  the  influence  of  the  Alexandrian  school,  of  the 
general  effect  of  which  upon  Latin  literature  in  the  Augustan 
age  something  has  been  already  said. 

With  the  Alexandrian  writers  Virgil  obviously  became 
acquainted  very  early.  Parthenius,  his  instructor  in  Greek, 
was  of  that  school,  though  he  was  not  himself  an  Alexandrian. 
He  came  to  Rome  in  72  B.C.  as  a  prisoner,  but  was  evidently 
freed,  and  lived  in  Naples  when  Virgil  came  in  contact  with 
him.  He  was  a  very  voluminous  author,  though  his  works 
are  now  mostly  lost.  Virgil's  Moretum  is  an  imitation  of  an 
idyl  of  his  master.  The  Eclogues  are  imitations  of  Theo- 
critus, who  was  of  the  same  school.  The  Georgics  were 
modelled  after  a  work  of  the  same  name  by  Nicander  of 
Colophon,  also  of  the  school,  and  the  ^neid  was  no  doubt 
influenced  as  much  by  the  Argonautica  of  Apollonius  of 

l  By  some  supposed  to 


xx  Introduction. 

Rhodes  as  by  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey.  The  effect  of  these 
writers  accounts  for  the  distinct  modern  tone  in  Virgil's 
works,  so  different  from  the  simple  barbarism  of  Homer. 
He  represents  an  entirely  new  civilization,  —  the  beginning 
of  European  modes  of  thought  and  feeling. 

Especially  is  this  evidenced  in  the  dramatic  episode  of 
Dido,  which  marks  the  changed  position  which  woman  took 
in  the  Alexandrian  literature.  In  contrast  with  the  mere 
chattels  of  the  early  Greek  works,  Dido  is  a  modern  woman. 
The  actions,  the  speech,  and  the  whole  play  of  emotions  of 
all  the  characters  in  that  episode  distinctly  belong  to  the 
later  civilization  (cf.  p.  307).  This  was  all  prepared  for  by 
the  poetry  of  the  Alexandrian  period,  in  which  the  char- 
acters are  drawn  with  true  civilized  complexity,  and  in 
which  love,  in  the  modern  romantic  sense,  is  a  fundamental 
theme  —  a  treatment  utterly  foreign  to  the  Greek  classic 
literature. 

Another  clear  indication  of  this  new  spirit  is  found  in  the 
fact  that  the  epithets,  which  in  Homer  seem  to  express  in  an 
artless  manner  a  single  obvious  impression  in  a  simple  mind, 
disappear  later,  or,  if  used  at  all,  appear  affected  and  otiose. 
So  through  this  Alexandrian  influence,  Virgil  is,  as  it  were, 
the  first  of  the  moderns,  and  is  only  an  ancient  writer  in 
that  his  formal  models  belong  to  the  heroic  age.  His  real 
inspiration  comes  from  a  state  of  society  and  habits  of  mind 
infinitely  nearer  to  our  own  than  were  those  of  classic 
Greece. 

CARMINA  MINORA.  —  The  Carmina  Minora,  not  printed 
in  this  edition,  are  of  such  uncertain  authorship  and  have 
had  so  little  influence  on  later  literature,  that  it  seems  un- 
necessary to  discuss  their  character  here. 

ECLOGUES.  —  These  ten  short  pastoral  poems,  the  earliest 
acknowledged  works  of  Virgil,  treat  of  the  loves  and  songs 


Virgil's  Works.  xxi 

of  herdsmen  (j8ov/<oA.oi),  and  hence  are  called  Bucolics. 
These  were  first  published  under  the  title  of  Eclogues 
(e/cAoycu,  selections).  In  form  they  are  chiefly  imitations, 
often  translations,  of  the  Idyls  (tiSu'AAia,  we  picture  poems)  of 
Theocritus  and  the  other  Greek  pastoral  poets ;  but  the 
scenes  often  belong  to  Italy,  the  occasions  to  the  history  of 
the  time,  and  the  incidents  to  the  poet's  own  life. 

In  a  highly  artificial  civilization,  such  as  that  of  Alexan- 
dria and  the  countries  connected  with  it  in  commercial  and 
social  relations,  where  the  conventionalities  of  society  press 
heavily  on  the  freedom  of  the  individual,  the  seclusion  and 
quiet  of  rustic  life  have  often  from  contrast  had  a  special 
charm.  Men  have  liked  to  play  at  being  shepherds  or 
farmers,  and  to  dwell  in  imagination  on  the  simple  life, 
more  or  less  colored,  it  may  be,  of  persons  far  removed 
from  artificial  restraints.  This  tendency  was  especially 
marked  in  the  Idyls  of  Theocritus,  Bion,  and  Moschus, 
poets  of  that  time,  about  275-250  B.C.,  who,  though  not 
Alexandrians,  yet  came  under  the  influence  of  a  similar  civili- 
zation in  Sicily,  where  the  same  spirit  was  felt.  Their  works, 
like  the  country  scenes  and  dialect  stories  of  to-day,  were 
(as  they  still  are)  highly  esteemed  for  their  artistic  simplicity 
and  naturalness. 

We  have  some  forty  short  poems  by  these  authors  in  the 
Epic  measure,  but  with  no  pretence  of  Epic  grandeur.  Still 
their  shepherd  is  often  apotheosized  into  a  semi-divine  per- 
sonage named  Daphnis,  and  their  idealized  realism  has  the 
effect  of  a  human  life  led  by  brownies  or  elves.  Of  these 
poets,  Theocritus  was  the  most  famous,  and  by  far  the  larger 
part  of  the  extant  idyls  are  attributed  to  him. 

A  like  simplicity  and  sweetness  of  soul  and  similar  con- 
ditions of  life,  a  rustic  origin  within  reach  of  the  influence 
of  a  high  civilization,  seem  to  have  led  Virgil  to  adopt 
these  poets,  and  especially  Theocritus,  as  his  models  in  his 


xx  ii  Introduction. 

earliest  serious  works,  and  a  like  general  taste  made  Virgil's 
efforts  popular  among  the  better  class  at  Rome,  who  were 
familiar  with  this  development  of  literature.  But,  either 
impelled  by  his  own  genius  or  stimulated  by  the  counsels  of 
the  cultivated  patrons  whose  ear  he  gained  by  the  delightful 
charm  of  these  works,  he  soon  abandoned  this  form  for  a 
more  sustained  and  lofty  effort.  Hence  he  only  wrote  ten 
of  these  charming  pieces. 

It  is  not  surprising  that  Virgil  should  have  thus  chosen 
the  models  of  his  first  poetic  essays.  Nor  is  it  strange  that 
these  efforts  should  have  at  once  met  with  appreciation  and 
favor  and  drawn  upon  him  the  attention  of  the  great  Augustan 
literary  circle.  Several  times  since  in  the  history  of  litera- 
ture has  the  same  phenomenon  appeared,  notably  under 
Louis  XIV.  in  France  and  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne  in 
England.  At  both  these  epochs  a  highly  cultivated  court, 
satiated  with  all  sorts  of  pleasures,  found  especial  delight 
in  conventional  pastoral  poetry.  These  little  pieces  of  Virgil 
are  copies  of  far  superior  originals,  but  they  have  a  perfection 
of  form,  a  delicacy  of  treatment  and  a  charm  of  diction  that 
have  gained  for  them  the  rank  of  models  in  their  kind. 

THE  GEORGICS.  —  These  four  books  on  husbandry  are  the 
product  of  the  poet's  second  period  of  literary  activity,  having 
been  published  in  29  B.C.  They  constitute  a  didactic  poem 
not  yet  out  of  the  range  of  rustic  life,  but  with  a  wider  plan 
and  a  more  serious  purpose  than  the  Eclogues. 

Undoubtedly  the  original  aim  of  didactic  poetry  was 
to  embody  in  a  metrical  and  attractive  form  the  rules  and 
precepts  of  some  art,  or  the  principles  of  some  science,  so  as 
more  easily  to  fix  them  in  the  memory.  In  other  words,  the  ob- 
ject of  the  poet  was  to  instruct.  The  somewhat  dry  precepts 
of  Hesiod  bear  this  stamp.  This  object  had,  however,  been 
more  or  less  lost  sight  of  in  the  later  Greek  didactic  poetry, 


Virgil's  Works.  xxiii 

and  the  later  poets  sought  to  give  a  higher  literary  form  and  a 
more  elegant  dress  to  subjects  which  might  as  well  have  been 
treated  in  prose  if  the  object  had  been  merely  instruction. 

It  can  hardly  be  supposed  that  Virgil  intended  in  his 
Georgics  to  give  information  to  anybody  who  did  not  possess 
it  before.  His  object  must  have  been  rather  to  give  pleasure 
by  idealizing  and  ennobling  the  processes  of  an  art  that  his 
readers  were  already  acquainted  with,  and  possibly  to  en- 
courage the  pursuit  of  the  art,  so  far  as  an  amateur-poetical 
treatment  of  it  could  do  so,  by  making  the  pursuit  fashionable, 
—  not,  however,  among  humble  farmers,  but  among  the  great 
proprietors  of  land.  The  Romans  had  become  —  for  prob- 
ably their  earliest  greatness  was  commercial  —  essentially 
an  agricultural  people  ;  that  is,  their  pride,  as  in  England  at 
this  day,  was  in  the  tilling  of  fine  estates  and  the  manage- 
ment of  farming  operations.  The  works  of  Cato  and  Varro 
on  farming,  the  constant  references  with  pride  and  pleasure 
to  this  subject  in  the  works  of  Cicero  and  others,  show  that 
agriculture,  next  to  war  and  politics,  was  the  favorite  occupa- 
tion of  the  well-to-do  Roman. 

It  is  probable  that  Virgil  or  his  patron,  Maecenas,  had  a 
fancy  also  that  by  a  poetical  treatment  of  the  art  of  hus- 
bandry the  humbler  farmers  might  be  encouraged  to  devote 
themselves  to  renewing  the  waste  places  of  the  country,  des- 
olated by  the  civil  wars.  However  this  may  be,  doubtless 
Virgil  selected  the  topic  chiefly  because  it  afforded  him  an 
opportunity,  within  the  forms  furnished  by  the  Greeks,  of 
threading  his  poetical  ideas  upon  a  general  subject,  and  one 
with  which  he  himself  was  familiar  and  which  his  rich  patrons 
would  find  pleasing  from  their  own  associations  with  the  cul- 
tivation of  land.  He  speaks  of  himself  as  the  Roman  Hesiod, 
but  his  aim  is  not,  like  that  of  the  elder  poet,  to  instruct 
practically,  but  to  interest  through  association.  Hence  he 
in  no  case  gives  intelligible  directions  as  to  the  complete 


xxiv  Introduction. 

management  of  land  or  animals  which  we  can  now  follow, 
or  which  would  probably  be  of  much  service  to  the  Romans 
themselves,  but  picks  out  here  and  there  topics  which  can 
be  clothed  with  poetic  sentiment  and  be  made  to  appeal  to 
those  who  are  familiar  with  the  processes.  The  value  of  the 
work  consists  in  the  fine  poetical  feeling  with  which  he  treats 
natural  phenomena  and  man's  relation  to  the  powers  which 
he  can  engage  in  his  service  or  with  which  he  has  to  contend 
for  his  life  and  subsistence. 


THE  ^ENEID.  —  The  third  and  last  work,  the  ^Eneid,  has 
stood  for  many  centuries  as  a  model  of  epic  poetry.  Properly 
speaking,  however,  an  epic  consists  of  a  body  of  immemorial 
tradition,  which  has  taken  form  in  the  mind  and  language  of 
a  people  ;  and  which,  while  the  traditions  were  yet  living  and 
believed  in,  has  been  worked  up  in  a  single  poem,  or  group 
of  poems,  whose  antiquity  and  national  character  have  made 
them,  in  some  sense,  sacred  books.  This  is  what  the  poems 
of  Homer  were  to  the  Greeks,  the  Mahabharata  and  Rama- 
yana  to  the  Hindoos,  and  the  Niebelungen  to  the  Germans. 
Such  epics  usually  contain  an  element  of  the  supernatural. 
The  gods  may  intervene  to  thwart  or  assist  the  hero,  or  may 
otherwise  take  a  share  or  manifest  an  interest  in  the  action. 
Such  divine  actors  are  technically  called  the  machines  (or, 
collectively,  the  machinery)  of  the  poem. 

The  genesis  of  the  epic  is  somewhat  as  follows.  Among 
the  popular  songs  of  primitive  peoples  are  always  a  con- 
siderable number  in  narrative  form  which  deal  with  heroic 
figures  —  legendary  warriors,  old  kings  or  chiefs.1  Such 
poems  may  be  called  ballads,  though  this  term  includes  much 
more,  even  in  its  scientifically  limited  sense,  than  the  special 

1  These  figures  are  sometimes  gods  whose  original  divine  character 
has  been  forgotten  ;  but  it  is  unsafe  to  try  to  discover  this  mythical  ele- 
ment in  every  epic  ballad  or  ballad-cycle. 


Virgil's  Works.  xxv 

kind  of  ballads  that  here  concern  us.  The  essentials  of  a 
genuine  ballad  are,  that  it  should  tell  a  story,  should  be 
meant  for  singing,  and  should  have  no  author.  To  discuss 
this  last  requirement  would  be  to  open  the  whole  question 
of  popular  (i.e.,  folk)  literature.  Here  it  is  enough  to  define 
the  having  no  author  as  meaning  that  the  ballad  must  have 
been  handed  down  by  oral  tradition,  and  must  in  some 
fashion  have  taken  its  origin  from  the  life,  the  belief,  the 
traditions  of  the  people.  It  is  not,  and  cannot  be,  the 
conscious  artistic  work  of  a  literary  class  or  a  literary  man. 
A  number  of  such  ballads  as  this,  each  dealing  with  an  epi- 
sode in  the  life  of  a  legendary  character  (whether  originally 
historical  or  not)  may  become  associated  into  a  sort  of  cycle, 
also  without  the  intervention  of  distinctly  literary  art.  This 
cycle  is,  in  a  sense,  already  an  epic ;  but  it  is  an  epic  loosely 
constructed,  and  ready  at  any  minute  to  fall  to  pieces  into 
parts  roughly  corresponding  to  the  ballads  of  which  it  is  made 
up,  or,  as  is  more  frequently  the  case,  to  combine  with  other 
similar  cycles  in  making  up  a  larger  poem  approaching  still 
nearer  to  the  finished  epic.  After  a  sufficient  number  of 
syntheses,  dissolvings,  and  re-combinations  (which,  in  any 
given  case,  become  so  complicated,  if  there  is  any  long  period 
of  time  to  consider,  that  it  is  impossible  to  trace  them  in 
detail),  an  epic  is  the  result.  At  almost  any  stage  in  this 
development,  conscious  art,  as  represented  by  the  profes- 
sional minstrel,  may  intervene ;  and,  in  most  cases,  before 
the  popular  epics  assume  a  form  sufficiently  definite  to  reach 
civilized  ears  or  to  be  written  down,  literature,  in  the  person 
of  the  combiner  and  codifier,  has  exercised  its  artificial  in- 
fluence on  them.  Some  of  these  processes  may  be  seen  in  that 
little  epic,  the  old  English  Gest  of  Robin  Hood.  This  was 
clearly  put  into  its  present  form  by  some  minstrel  or  writer 
of  the  1 5th  century  who  had  a  genuine  feeling  for  the  ballad. 
The  materials  with  which  he  worked  were  narrative  songs 


xxvi  Introduction. 

about  Robin  Hood,  which  had  already  begun  to  gather  into 
cycles,  attaching  themselves  to  various  places  (Sherwood,  etc.) 
where  the  legendary  outlaw  had  been  celebrated.  The  com- 
biner has  stitched  his  materials  together  loosely,  but  has 
unified  the  style  to  some  extent,  and  has  left  a  work  which 
cannot  very  easily  be  resolved  into  its  elements,  in  fact,  an 
epic.  A  more  modern  instance  is  that  of  the  so-called 
Finnish  epic  —  the  Kalevala.  The  scholar  Lonnrot,  in  the 
present  century,  took  down  from  actual  recitation  a  vast 
number  of  heroic  songs,  and  these  he  combined,  with  con- 
siderable skill,  into  a  single  long  poem  of  an  epic  character, 
without,  as  he  asserted,  adding  a  line  of  his  own.  This 
illustrates  the  adaptability  of  such  legendary  material  to  com- 
binative literary  treatment,  and,  no  doubt,  gives  some  idea 
of  what  has  actually  been  done  in  the  case  of  older  epics. 

The  ^Eneid  is  an  epic  in  a  very  different  sense,  — 
in  what,  for  the  sake  of  distinction,  may  be  called  the 
literary  sense.  Though  it  has  the  foundation  of  traditions 
and  all  the  divine  machinery  of  the  true  epic,  yet  the  tradi- 
tions are  no  longer  living ;  the  divine  machinery  is  no 
longer  a  matter  of  belief.  The  traditions  are  dug  out  by 
antiquarian  research.  The  machinery  is  manufactured  to 
order,  as  it  were,  in  a  modern  workshop.  Many  of  the  in- 
cidents are  labored  invention,  while  the  whole  is  written 
with  a  definite  purpose,  as  a  work  of  art.  These  things  put 
it  in  a  widely  different  class  from  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey, 
which  serve  in  some  sense  as  its  models,  and  with  which  it 
has  been  oftenest  compared.  But  still  it  is  an  imitation  of 
the  popular  epic,  rests  on  similar  traditions,  has  like 
formulas  of  phrase  and  conventionalities  of  treatment,  and 
assumes  the  same  mythical  character. 

And  further,  the  purpose  for  which  it  was  written  dis- 
tinguishes it  clearly  from  other  artificial  epics  and  raises  it 
more  nearly  to  the  level  of  the  epic  proper.  It  was  not 


Virgil's  Works.  xxvii 

written  merely  as  a  work  of  art,  nor  from  a  casual  poetic 
inspiration.  It  is  the  product  of  a  patriotic  national  senti- 
ment and  a  belief  in  the  divine  origin  and  destiny  of  the 
Roman  State  religion.  It  is  said  that  the  poem  was  written 
at  the  request  of  Augustus  ;  but  it  is  no  mere  flattery  of  a 
reigning  house.  The  supremacy  of  the  Julian  family  was 
identified  in  the  mind  of  the  poet  and  his  readers  with  the 
culmination  of  the  Roman  State  in  victory  and  peace,  the 
predestined  consummation  of  ages  of  vicissitudes  and 
struggles. 

The  subject  of  the  /Eneid  is  the  destruction  of  Troy,  the 
seven  years'  wandering  of  ^Eneas,  and  his  settlement  in 
Italy,  with  the  wars  raised  against  him  by  the  native  princes, 
all  of  which  events  finally  resulted  in  the  establishment  of 
the  city  of  Rome.  The  line  of  tradition  followed  by  Virgil 
was  somewhat  as  follows  :  The  city  of  Troy  had  for  many 
ages  been  under  the  special  care  of  the  gods.  Its  walls  had 
been  built  by  Poseidon  (Neptune)  and  Apollo,  and  were  im- 
pregnable, except  under  the  conditions  strictly  prescribed 
by  the  edict  of  the  gods.  Prince  Ganymede  had  been 
borne  by  an  eagle  to  Olympus  to  serve  as  cupbearer  at  the 
celestial  banquets.  Tithonus,  brother  of  Priam,  was  the 
husband  of  Eos  (Aurora),  Priam  and  Anchises  had  both 
in  their  youth  been  renowned  for  beauty. 

But  the  royal  house  had  fallen  into  the  oriental  vices  of 
luxury  and  treachery.  Laomedon,  father  of  Priam,  had 
incensed  the  hero  Hercules  by  withholding  the  sacred 
horses,  the  promised  reward  for  the  rescue  of  his  daughter, 
and  was  slain  by  the  hand  of  Telamon.  The  royal  palace 
had  become  a  seraglio,  where  Priam's  fifty  sons,  by  his 
numerous  wives,  made  one  great  pampered  household. 
Hector,  the  oldest,  was  noble,  patriotic  and  brave.  But  Paris 
was  vain  and  false.  His  mother,  Hecuba,  had  dreamed 
that  she  bore  a  firebrand ;  and  at  birth  he  was  exposed  to 


xxviii  Introduction. 

perish  in  the  forests  of  Mount  Ida.  Being  rescued,  he  lived 
as  a  shepherd  on  the  mountain,  where  he  was  visited  by  the 
three  great  goddesses  —  Hera  (Juno),  Pallas,  and  Aphrodite 
(  Venus)  —  to  award  the  prize  of  beauty  among  them,  the  gol- 
den apple  of  discord.  His  reward  for  bestowing  the  prize  on 
Venus  was  to  be  the  most  beautiful  of  living  women  for  his 
bride.  This  was  Helen,  wife  of  Menelaus,  king  of  Sparta, 
daughter  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Leda ;  and  a  wrong  to  her 
was  to  be  revenged  by  all  the  heroes  and  chiefs  of  Greece, 
who  had  been  her  suitors.  Paris  visited  Sparta,  "with  flower- 
embroidered  raiment  and  bright  in  gold,"  and  carried  her 
away  to  Troy.  Hence  the  famous  ten  years'  siege  and  the 
destruction  of  the  sacred  city. 

About  the  tale  of  Troy  had  gathered  a  vast  body  of 
legendary  adventure,  contained  in  the  "Cyclic  Poets,"  the 
festal  Odes,  the  Attic  Tragedies,  and,  above  all,  in  the  great 
Homeric  poems,  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey.  The  Iliad  is  but 
an  episode  of  the  war.  It  tells  the  disasters  which  befell 
the  Grecian  army  from  the  wrath  of  Achilles,  its  most 
famous  champion,  against  Agamemnon,  brother  of  Mene- 
laus, and  leader  of  the  host.  Achilles'  absence  brings  the 
other  heroes  to  the  front,  —  the  aged  Nestor,  wisest  of 
men;  Idomeneus  of  Crete;  the  wily  Odysseus  (Ulysses), 
king  of  Ithaca ;  Ajax  Oileus ;  the  mightier  Ajax,  son  of 
Telamon ;  his  brother  Teucer ;  and  Diomed  (Tydides), 
youngest  and  bravest  of  them  all ;  with  the  two  sons  of 
Atreus,  —  Menelaus,  and  Agamemnon,  "lord  of  men."  The 
poem  ends  with  the  death  and  burial  of  Hector,  the  noblest 
champion  of  Troy,  who  is  slain  by  Achilles  in  revenge  for 
the  death  of  his  friend  Patroclus.  The  return  of  Ulysses 
to  Ithaca,  after  his  long  wanderings,  is  the  subject  of  the 
Odysseus,  which  contains  also  the  story  of  the  capture  of 
Troy  by  the  stratagem  of  the  wooden  horse,  and  of  the  fate 
of  several  other  Grecian  chiefs  beside  Ulysses. 


Virgil's    Fame.  xxix 

Among  the  various  and  conflicting  traditions,  there  was  a 
story  that  ^Eneas,  after  escaping  from  the  sack  of  Troy, 
had  taken  refuge  in  Italy.  How  old  this  tradition  was,  and 
whence  it  was  derived,  is  uncertain.  It  is  not  found  in 
Homer  or  the  Cyclic  poets,  or  in  any  Greek  form.  The 
story,  including  the  episode  of  Dido,  was  treated  by  Naevius 
(B.C.  235),  who  could  hardly  have  invented  it.  It  was 
alluded  to  by  Ennius  (born  B.C.  240),  and  had  been  adopted 
as  a  favorite  theory  before  the  time  of  Augustus.  Virgil 
supplements  it  with  details  drawn  from  local  tradition,  and 
with  many  of  his  own  manufacture ;  and  in  this  way  has 
connected  the  imperial  times  with  the  age  of  gods  and 
heroes,  and  formed  a  sort  of  background  on  which  the  later 
history  is  briefly  sketched. 

VIRGIL'S   FAME. 

VIRGIL'S  EARLY  FAME.  —  Even  before  the  composition 
of  the  ^Eneid,  Virgil  had  gained  a  place  among  the  first 
in  Roman  literature.  Horace  speaks  of  him  as  a  personal 
friend,  with  love  and  admiration.  The  fame  of  the  y£neid 
began  even  before  the  work  was  completed.  And  after  his 
death,  Virgil  speedily  became,  next  to  Homer,  the  great 
poet  of  antiquity.  His  influence  shows  itself  in  all  succeed- 
ing Latin  literature,  as  well  in  prose  as  in  poetry.  Almost 
every  writer  refers  to  him  as  the  great  genius  of  the  nation. 
His  writings  became  one  of  the  chief  instruments  of  a 
liberal  education.  "From  the  time  of  his  death  till  the 
extinction  of  ancient  classical  culture,  there  was  a  regular 
series  of  rhetoricians  and  grammarians  who  lectured  and 
wrote  treatises  on  his  various  poems."  The  interest  in  his 
works  survived  in  some  degree  the  decay  of  classical  learn- 
ing. They  preserved  the  spark  that  at  the  revival  of  letters 
was  to  burst  out  into  a  flame  to  light  and  warm  the  world. 


xxx  Introduction. 

VIRGIL'S  LATER  FAME.  —  Though  Ovid  was  the  favorite 
Latin  poet  of  the  Middle  Ages,  yet  Virgil  was  never  wholly 
neglected.  The  ^Eneid  was  held  in  high  esteem  not  so 
much  for  its  artistic  perfection  as  for  the  information  which 
it  furnished  concerning  the  "matter  of  Troy,"  one  of  the 
main  branches  of  mediasval  romantic  material.  The  fact 
that  some  of  the  leading  nations  of  Western  Europe  thought 
themselves  descended  from  the  Trojans  assured  the  ^Eneid 
of  an  interested  reading  wherever  there  was  culture  enough 
to  understand  it.  In  the  twelfth  century  the  story  was 
worked  over  into  the  old  French  "Romance  of  ^Eneas," 
which,  though  it  seems  to  us  like  a  parody,  enjoyed  con- 
siderable popularity,  and  was  not  without  influence  on 
European  literature. 

Virgil  himself  was  transformed  by  the  ignorance  of  the 
Middle  Ages  into  a  mythical  person  endowed  with  magical 
powers.  His  works  were  used  for  lots  (sortes  Vergil ianae), 
as  indeed  they  had  been  even  in  later  classical  times.  His 
name,  popularly  etymologized  as  from  virga,  "magic wand," 
and  his  mother's  name,  Magia,  helped  the  propagation  of 
the  idea.  He  became  a  wonderful  sorcerer,  but,  contrary 
to  the  ordinary  idea  of  such  personages,  one  of  beneficent 
disposition.  On  the  strength  of  his  fourth  Eclogue  he  was 
regarded  as  a  prophet.  The  method  of  allegorical  interpre- 
tation was  also  applied  to  the  ^Eneid.  Bernard  of  Chartres, 
a  teacher  of  the  i2th  century,  declares  that  Virgil  "inasmuch 
as  he  is  a  philosopher,  describes  human  life  under  the  guise 
of  the  history  of  ^Eneas,  who  is  the  symbol  of  the  soul."  In 
accordance  with  these  views  Dante  calls  Virgil  "  the  sea  of 
all  knowledge"  and  "the  sage  who  knew  all  things." 

It  was  this  belief  in  Virgil  as  a  philosopher  and  prophet, 
as  well  as  admiration  for  his  art,  that  made  Dante  select  him 
for  his  guide  through  the  world  below,  the  most  famous  use 
of  his  name  in  all  (later)  literature. 


Virgil's  Fame.  xxxi 

Ever  since  the  revival  of  letters,  and  indeed  ever  since 
his  death,  partly  through  the  spell  of  his  name  and  partly 
from  real  appreciation  of  his  greatness,  his  works  have 
exercised  a  wider  and  deeper  influence  on  literature  than 
any  other  book,  except  perhaps  the  Bible. 

From  the  time  of  Chaucer  (1340  ?-  1400)  the  influence  of 
Virgil  on  English  literature  has  been  almost  continuous. 
Chaucer,  who  was  a  student  of  Dante  and  an  admirer  of 
Petrarch  and  Boccaccio,  the  leaders  of  the  revival  of  learn- 
ing in  Italy,  is  outspoken  in  his  admiration  for  Virgil.  He 
summarizes  a  large  part  of  the  /Eneid  at  the  beginning  of 
his  House  of  Fame.  In  his  Legend  of  Good  Women  he  tells 
the  story  of  Dido,  treating  it  in  true  mediasval  fashion  as  an 
episode  of  faithless  chivalric  love.  The  perfection  of  form 
and  sense  of  artistic  restraint  which  distinguish  the  best 
poetry  of  Chaucer  are  doubtless  in  some  measure  due  to  his 
enthusiastic  study  of  Virgil. 

The  second  period  of  Italian  influence  in  our  literature 
shows  the  influence  of  Virgil  in  the  most  signal  manner. 
The  Earl  of  Surrey  (1517  ?-  1547)  translated  books  II.  and 
IV.  of  the  ^Eneid  into  blank  verse  (an  early  specimen  of  this 
metre),  and  throughout  the  Elizabethan  age  the  greatness  of 
Virgil  was  never  questioned.  His  influence  on  the  litera- 
ture of  this  time  was  exerted  both  directly  and  also  indi- 
rectly through  the  medium  of  the  Italians  of  the  Renais- 
sance. Spenser  (1552-1599),  who  was  in  many  ways  a 
marked  contrast  to  Virgil,  but  who  resembled  him  in  the 
seriousness  of  his  moral  and  religious  purpose  and  in  the 
purity  of  his  ideals,  not  only  imitated  his  Eclogues  (in  the 
Shepherds'  Calendar),  but  continually  reproduces  bits  of  the 
JEneid  in  his  Faery  Queen.  The  heroic  and  the  bucolic 
poets  of  the  seventeenth  century,  much  affected  by  the 
Italians  and  by  Spenser,  acknowledged  Virgil  as  their  mas- 
ter. Even  the  unsuccessful  attempt  to  reconstruct  English 


xxxii  Introduction. 

metre  on  classical  models  testifies  to  the  reverence  in  which 
Virgil  was  held.  This  attempt  (with  which  the  names  of 
Gabriel  Harvey  and  Sir  Philip  Sidney  are  inseparably  asso- 
ciated) reached  the  acme  of  absurdity  in  Stanihurst's  trans- 
lation of  a  part  of  the  ^Eneid  in  hexameters.  The  great 
epic  of  Milton  was  composed  according  to  principles  drawn 
from  the  ^Eneid,  though  Milton  was  also  a  careful  student 
of  Homer. 

In  the  Restoration  period  Dryden  (1631-1700)  not  only 
translated  Virgil,  but  imitated  him  often.  It  was  the  sanity 
of  Virgil's  art,  the  finish  of  his  versification,  the  precision' 
and  felicity  of  his  diction  that  affected  Dryden,  rather  than 
any  higher  qualities  of  artistic  and  moral  earnestness  or  of 
imagination.  The  same  qualities  that  appealed  to  Dryden 
ma,de  Virgil  rather  than  Homer  the  favorite  poet  of  the 
English  Augustan  age  —  the  age  of  Addison  and  Pope  and 
Swift.  The  artificiality  of  the  time  took  peculiar  pleasure 
in  his  Pastorals  —  a  kind  of  poetry  in  which  highly  conven- 
tionalized states  of  society  have  often  delighted. 

The  Romantic  revival,  beginning  obscurely  in  imitations 
of  Spenser  and  of  Milton's  minor  poems,  and  gaining 
strength  from  the  unique  genius  of  Gray  (1716-1771),  pre- 
pared the  way  for  the  great  Romantic  movement  of  the 
present  century.  This  movement  was  so  revolutionary  that 
it  would  not  have  been  strange  if,  in  the  almost  passionate 
repudiation  of  other  eighteenth  century  ideals,  Virgil  too 
had  been  neglected.  But,  though  the  present  century  has 
made  into  an  article  of  faith  what  was  at  one  time  an  article 
of  convention  —  the  superiority  of  Homer  in  the  higher 
qualities  of  poetry  —  the  position  of  Virgil  still  remains 
secure.  The  general  abandonment  by  modern  poets  of  the 
machinery  of  classical  mythology  has  resulted  in  his  being 
less  often  imitated,  but  he  still  serves  as  a  standard  of 
chaste  and  self-restrained  art  by  which,  consciously  or  un- 


Manuscripts.  xxxiii 

consciously,  we  judge  all  works  in  the  grand  style,  and, 
through  the  effect  he  produced  on  our  older  literature,  his 
works  and  his  spirit  have  become  a  part  of  the  intellectual 
inheritance  of  our  race. 


MANUSCRIPTS. 

The  early  popularity  of  Virgil  has  secured  the  transmission 
of  his  works  to  us  in  a  larger  number  of  manuscripts  than 
those  of  almost  any  other  ancient  writer.  The  history  of 
the  text  is  too  long  for  this  place,  but  it  may  be  found  well 
set  forth  in  Ribbeck's  Prolegomena  to  Virgil.  The  oldest 
and  most  important  MSS.  are  seven,  written  in  capitals, 
varying  in  extent  from  a  few  leaves  to  the  almost  complete 
works.  The  practically  complete  ones  are  :  — 

The  Medicean,  5th  century,  now  in  Florence  (M). 

The  Palatine,  4th  to  5th  century,  now  in  the  Vatican  (P). 

The  Vatican,  4th  to  5th  century,  now  in  the  Vatican  (R). 

The  incomplete  ones  are  :  — 

Schedae  Vaticanae,  2d  century,  now  in  the  Vatican  (F). 
Schedae  Sangallenses  (G). 
Schedae  Veronenses  (V). 
Three  Berlin  Leaves  (A). 

Of  the  incomplete,  the  best  is  F.  Other  good,  but  later, 
manuscripts,  in  cursive  hand,  are  :  — 

Codex  Gudianus,  gth  century  (7). 

Three  Berne  MSS.,  Qth  to  loth  century  (a,  b,  c). 

Codex  Minoraugiensis,  loth  to  I2th  century  (m). 

Besides  these,  there  are  a  host  of  later  cursive  manu- 
scripts. All  are  supposed  to  have  come  from  one  source, 
being  copied  from  an  archetype,  not  of  the  best,  and  filled 
with  glosses  and  interpolations. 


xxxiv  Introduction. 

The  Editio  princeps  was  published  at  Rome  about  1469. 
Since  then  all  classical  scholars  have  been  at  work,  more  or 
less,  upon  the  text  and  its  explanation,  and  the  editions  are 
innumerable.  Notable  is  Heyne's  edition,  Leipsic,  1767- 
1775.  The  latest  work  of  German  industry  is  the  edition  of 
Ribbeck,  Leipsic,  1859-1866,  who  has  collected  all  the  lore 
known  to  the  world,  and  prepared  a  text  which  is  the  best 
thus  far  made,  but  it  is  disfigured  by  arbitrary  conjectures 
and  unsupported  fancies.  The  best  for  English  readers  is 
Conington's,  London,  1865,  with  notes  ;  the  second  edition 
has  the  assistance  of  H.  Nettleship.  Of  the  ancient  com- 
mentaries, the  most  valuable  are  those  of  Servius  and  Don- 
atus.  These  have  been  published  many  times,  both  with 
the  works  and  separately.  Of  the  many  works  about  the 
poet,  "The  Poets  of  the  Augustan  Age  :  Virgil,"  by  W.  Y. 
Sellar,  is  the  best  English  book.  The  article  on  Virgil  in 
the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  the  essay  on  his  genius  by  E. 
Myers,  and  chap.  v.  of  R.  Y.  Tyrrell's  "Latin  Poetry" 
(Boston,  1895)  may  be  read  with  profit. 


DIRECTIONS    FOR    READING. 


TRANSLATION.  —  As  Virgil's  works  have  had  the  fort- 
une to  be  a  school-book  from  the  earliest  times  and 
are  still  the  first  Latin  poetry  put  into  the  hands  of  many 
boys,  and  often  the  only  Latin  poetry,  a  few  suggestions  may 
be  given  to  beginners  as  to  the  proper  way  of  studying  the 
author.  See  in  the  first  place  exactly  what  figure  the  poet 
had  present  in  his  mind.  Poetry  has  always  vivid,  forcible 
conceptions  or  it  is  not  poetry.  In  ordinary  prose,  as  well 
as  in  conversation,  effete  metaphors  such  as  make  up  the 
great  stock  of  words  in  a  language,  serve  to  express  ideas 
well  enough.  In  careless  conversation  'catch  on'  means 
only  understand;  '  start  in '  means  merely  begin?  and  we  are 
unconscious  of  the  figurative  nature  of  these  phrases.  But  it 
is  characteristic  of  poetry  to  retain  the  consciousness  of  figura- 
tive expressions,  and  when  the  old  ones  have  faded  out  to 
make  new  ones  that  shall  be  vivid.  Thus  in  Aen.  i.  105,  Vir- 
gil says,  insequitur  cumulo  praeruptus  aquae  mons.  What  he 
has  in  his  mind  is  that  when  the  ship  broaches  to,  there 
comes  an  enormous  wave  all  at  once  in  a  mass  (cumulo}, 
not  gradually  as  water  ordinarily  comes,  and  that  in  its 
approach  it  forms  a  huge  wall  or  precipice,  such  as  is  often 
seen  where  a  mountain  is  broken  down  on  one  side.  This 
is  a  real  image  to  the  poet's  mind,  not  a  mere  fashion  of 
speech  such  as  we  have  in  prose,  as  illustrated  above.  Now 
to  read  poetry  with  any  advantage  we  must  get  before  our 
own  minds  the  same  image  which  appeared  to  the  poet, 

1  Colloquial  expressions  are  taken  as  examples  because  it  is  in  the  case  of 
such  expressions  that  we  soonest  forget  the  original  (literal)  meaning. 


xxxvi  Directions  for  Reading. 

and  it  often  happens  that  the  dictionary  in  its  effort  to 
make  plain  the  ultimate  meaning  takes  out  the  vivid  figure 
and  gives  us  only  the  prosaic  result.  Always  try  therefore 
to  see  what  the  literal  meaning  of  the  words  is,  and  in  com- 
bining them  you  will  be  almost  sure  to  get  an  image.  Do 
not  run  down  the  column  of  the  dictionary  for  a  translation 
till  you  have  tried  to  make  the  literal  meaning  yield  a  sense, 
and  then  ordinarily  some  suitable  translation  will  occur  to 
you.  The  meaning  of  a  word  is  something  quite  distinct 
from  its  translation  and  may  be  very  different  from  it. 
Languages  differ  so  much  in  their  way  of  taking  hold  of 
ideas,  that  to  produce  the  same  effect  or  call  up  the  same 
image  in  one  as  in  the  other,  an  entirely  different  form  of  ex- 
pression must  often  be  used.  Such  a  sentence  as  spumas  salis 
acre  ruebant  expresses  a  definite  figure.  The  poet  conceives 
the  bronze-armed  prow  as  really  digging  up  the  foam,  and 
this  is  best  arrived  at  through  the  simplest  meaning  of  ruo, 
which  is  dig.  The  derived  senses  of  undermine,  cause  to  fall, 
and  fa//,  have  so  obscured  the  literal  signification  of  the  word 
that  it  is  often  hard  to  see  what  it  means.  But  Virgil  has 
perhaps  more  than  any  other  poet  the  consciousness  of  the 
tangible  literal  ideas  in  words,  and  it  is  always  best  to 
look  for  such  ideas  when  there  is  any  difficulty  in  getting 
at  his  exact  conception.  Our  word  plough  up  presents  a 
corresponding  figure  and  may  well  be  used  in  translation. 
Do  not  be  turned  aside  by  the  apparent  absurdity  of  a  figure. 
The  poet's  environing  customs  and  his  range  of  ideas  are 
often  quite  different  from  our  own,  and  sometimes  a  little 
reflection  will  show  that  a  figure  is  natural  to  him  when  it  is 
not  at  all  so  to  us.  In  such  a  case  the  nearest  figure  in 
English  should  be  chosen. 

The  Syntax  of  Virgil,  in  general,  is  much  easier  and 
simpler  than  that  of  most  prose  writers,  and  there  are  few 
difficulties  of  construction  except  where  the  ellipsis  of  words 


Directions  for  Reading.  xxxvii 

produces  obscurity.  The  quantity  of  syllables,  as  shown  by 
the  metre,  is  often  an  easy  guide  to  the  construction  :  as  in 
Eel.  i.  38,  the  long  a  in  sud  at  once  connects  it  with  arbore; 
the  long  /  in  satis  (Eel.  iii.  82)  shows  it  to  be  the  participle 
of  sero ;  the  long  i  in  omnls  (id.  97)  shows  it  to  be  the 
accusative  plural  ;  the  long  o  in  populus  (vii.  61)  shows  its 
meaning  to  be  poplar,  and  not  people.  These  examples  might 
be  multiplied  to  almost  any  extent. 

There  are,  however,  many  peculiarities  of  form  and  con- 
struction. The  most  frequent  of  these  —  besides  Greek 
forms  of  inflection  —  are  :  (i)  the  omission  of  prepositions, 
especially  with  the  locative  ablative  ;  (2)  the  free  use  of  the 
dative  in  preference  to  other  constructions,  as,  e.g.,  the  accu- 
sative of  the  end  of  motion  and  (more  rarely)  result;  (3)  the 
genitive  (of  specification)  with  adjectives  ;  (4)  the  constant 
use  of  the  infinitive  (instead  of  the  gerund  or  a  clause)  to 
express  purpose.  In  general,  we  may  say  that  more  is 
demanded  of  the  cases  than  the  more  highly  developed  con- 
struction of  prose  will  admit.  Some  of  these  forms  and 
constructions  seem  to  be  archaic,  retained  by  a  traditional 
poetic  dialect,  as,  for  example,  the  omission  of  prepositions.1 
Some  of  them  are  directly  copied  from  the  Greek,  as  many 
cases  of  synecdochical  accusative  (ace.  of  specification).  The 
greatest  number,  however,  are  due  to  both  these  causes 
combined,  as,  e.g.,  the  infinitive  constructions. 

METRICAL  READING.  —  A  composition  is  not  poetry  un- 
less it  is  in  some  manner  metrical.  Hence  the  first  thing 
to  do  is  to  read  and  feel  poetry  as  having  a  distinct  form  of 
verse.  Beginners  are  often  deterred  from  attempting  the 
metrical  reading  of  strange  forms  of  verse  by  the  supposed 
difficulties  of  the  metre,  but  it  ought  not  to  be  so. 

1  So  in  English.  "  The  trumpet  spake  not  to  the  armld  throng  is  not  anti- 
quated for  poetry ;  although  we  should  not  write  in  a  letter, '  He  spake  to  me,'  or 
say, 'The  British  soldier  is  armed  with  the  Enfield  rifle.'" — Matthew  Arnold, 
Last  Words,  p.  21. 


XXXV111 


Directions  for  Reading. 


The  poetry  of  the  ancients  depends  for  its  rhythm  not 
upon  accent,  but  upon  quantity.  That  is,  it  was  in  a  manner 
sung,  and  not  read.  A  long  vowel  was  to  the  ancients  really 
such,  and  occupied  —  in  speech  as  well  as  in  verse  —  twice 
the  time  of  a  short  one.  Thus  the  first  five  lines  of  the 
First  Eclogue  may  be  represented  as  follows  :  — 


1.     Tityre 

tu  patu 

lae 

recu 

bans  sub 

tegmine 

fagi 

rrr 

<y  f  f 
\    1  1 

r 

r 

r 

r 

rrr 

rr 

2.   Silvos 

trem  tenu 

i 

Mu 

sam  medl 

tans  a 

vena 

rr 

*  rr 

0 

(9 

rr 

r 

rrr 

f  p 
I     \ 

8.  Nos  patri 

ae   fi 

nes 

et 

dulcia 

linquimus 

arva 

rr 

rr 

P 

y 

rrr 

rrr 

^ 

4.  Nos  patri 

am    fug 

i    mus 

tu 

Tityre 

lentus  in 

umbra 

rrr 

rr' 

0 

r 

rr 

• 

rrr 

rr 

6.    Form5 

sam  reso 

nare 

do 

ces   Ama 

rylllda 

silvas 

rr 

rrr 

rr 

r 

rrr 

rrr 

rr 

NOTE.  —  It  must  be  remembered,  however,  that  the  long  quantity  marks  as 
here  given  do  not  indicate  long  vowels  but  long  syllables.  Many  of  the  long 
syllables  have  short  vowels,  but  are  made  long  by  position,  that  is,  by  the 
distinct  and  separate  pronunciation  of  the  consonants  following  the  vowels. 

The  effect  is  to  us,  and  must  have  been  to  the  ancients, 
somewhat  monotonous.  But  it  is  relieved  by  the  variety  of 
dactyls  and  spondees,  and  also  by  the  interruption  of  feet  at 
the  end  of  words  (ccesura).  Such  interruptions  were  con- 
sidered in  Virgil's  time  as  absolutely  necessary  for  an  agree- 
able cadence.  One  of  these  interruptions  at  the  end  of  some 
principal  word,  or  at  some  pause  in  the  sense,  is  more  marked 
than  the  rest,  and  is  called  The  Casura  (see  Grammar, 
§  362,  V).  This  main  caesura  is  often  a  great  help  to  the 
sense,  and  must  always  be  observed  as  an  important  part 


Directions  for  Reading.  xxxix 

of  the  structure  of  the  verse.  The  word  may  end  (i)  with 
the  ictus  syllable  of  a  foot  (masculine  ccesurd),  or  (2)  with  the 
first  short  syllable  of  a  dactyl  (feminine  casura)  ;  as, 

(1)  Musa  mThi  caiisas  memora  [|  quo  numine  laeso 

(2)  Quldve  dolens  reglna  ||  deum  tot  volvere  casus. 

The  place  of  the  main  caesura  is  oftenest  in  the  third  foot, 
less  often  in  the  fourth ;  in  which  latter  case  there  is  often 
another  one  in  the  second,  dividing  the  verse  into  three  parts 
instead  of  two.  The  main  caesura,  where,  as  usually  hap- 
pens, there  are  several,  must  be  determined  by  the  sense, 
but  is  sometimes  impossible  to  determine.  The  usage  of 
the  language  allows  the  caesura  after  et  and  similar  words 
which  seem  to  belong  to  what  follows. 

EXAMPLES. 

Tityre,  tu  patulae  ||  recubans  sub  tegmine  fagi. 
Here  the  caesura  is  fixed  after /#/«/#<?  (instead  of  recubans) 
by  the  correspondence  of  patulae  and  fagi,  which  are  con- 
nected in  syntax. 

Silvestrem  tenui  ||  Musam  meditaris  avena. 
Here  it  is  determined  among  four  possible  ones  in  the  same 

manner. 

Ille  meas  errare  boves  ||  ut  cernis,  et  ipsum. 

Here  the  pause  in  the  sense  marks  the  caesura  after  boves 
in  the  fourth  foot,  though  there  is  one  also  in  the  third,  the 
more  usual  place. 

Libertas  quae  sera  ||  tamen  respexit  inertem. 
Here  the  feminine  caesura  after  sera  is  to  be  preferred  to 
that  after  tamen,  on  account  of  the  sense. 

Formosam  resonare  doces  ||  Amaryllida  silvas. 
Here  the  preference  is  the  other  way  for  the  same  reason. 

Hanc  tibi  Eryx  ||  meliorem  animam  ||  pro  morte  Daretis. 
Parte  ferox  ||  ardensque  oculis  ||  et  sibila  colla. 


xl  Directions  for  Reading. 

Here,  though  the  caesura  might  be  in  the  third  foot,  yet 
the  division  of  the  verses  as  marked  fits  the  sense  better. 

Turn  genus  omne  tuum  et  ||  quae  dentur  moenia  disces. 

Here  there  is  no  natural  caesura  except  after  et,  although 
this  word  belongs  to  and  connects  the  following.  (See  above.) 

It  may  be  remarked  that  the  verses  most  agreeable  to  the 
ear  are  those  in  which  dactyls  are  more  numerous,  or  alternate 
with  spondees  ;  otherwise  —  especially  if  the  last  foot  but 
one  is  a  spondee  (spondaic  verse)  —  a  slow  and  labored 
movement  is  given  to  the  line,  which  is,  however,  often 
very  expressive  (see  Eel.  iv.  49  ;  vEn.  ii.  463-466). 

It  is  not  known  with  certainty  how  elided  syllables  were 
treated  in  reading.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  the  vowels 
and  diphthongs  were  so  slurred  over  as  to  make  them 
equivalent  to  y  and  «',  and  that  when  m  was  cut  off  it  left  a 
nasal  sound,  which  was  still  audible  enough  to  give  a  nasal 
character  to  the  syllable.1  Where,  as  in  Eel.  i.  13,  elision 
interferes  with  the  main  caesura,  the  line  may  be  read  with- 
out any  main  caesura,  or  the  sense  may  be  sacrificed  to  the 
form  of  the  verse. 

The  hexameter  is  not  native  to  the  Latin  language,  but  is 
borrowed  from  the  Greek.  Hence  all  poetry  written  in  hexa- 
meters has  more  or  less  an  artificial  character,  and  requires  a 
conventional  poetic  diction.  The  rules  of  the  metre  ex- 
clude many  words  :  all,  for  example,  in  which  a  single  short 
syllable  comes  between  two  long  ones  (as  in  all  the  cases  of 
aequttas,  longitudo,  and  similar  words ;  all  except  the  nom.  and 
voc.  sing,  of  insula,  unless  the  last  syllable  can  be  removed 
by  elision  ;  many  forms  of  verb-inflection  (as  feceranf)  ;  and 
all  forms  where  more  than  two  short  syllables  come  to- 

1  Cf.  Atqui  eadem  ilia  littera  (M)  quotiens  ultima  est  et  vocalem  verbi  sequentis 
ita  contingit  ut  in  earn  transire  possit  etiamsi  scribitur  tamen  parum  exprimitur, 
ut  Multum  ille,  et  Quantum  erat :  adeo  ut  paene  cuiusdam  novae  litterae  sonum 
reddat.  Quint.,  Inst.  Or.  ix.  4,  40. 


Directions  for  Reading.  xli 

gether  (as  in  fuerimus,  ttineris,  gladius).  The  necessities  of 
the  metre  often  give  rise  to  elisions  which  hurt  the  flow  of 
the  verse  (as  in  Eel.  ii.  25),  or  to  artificial  arrangement  (as 
in  Eel.  i.  14,  70). 

Though  this  metre  is  constructed  on  entirely  different 
principles  from  our  own  metres,  the  difficulty  of  reading  it 
is  much  less  than  is  commonly  supposed.  It  is  true  that 
in  Greek  and  Roman  metres  the  element  of  time,  the  dif- 
ferent duration  of  sound  in  the  syllables,  is  the  essential 
matter,  arid  with  this  duration  of  individual  syllables  our 
modern  ears  are  not  familiar,  and  if  they  were,  few  beginners 
in  Virgil  now-a-days  have  had  the  time  to  become  masters 
of  Latin  prosody  so  as  to  recognize  the  duration  in  each  case. 
But  every  human  being  has  a  greater  or  less  appreciation  of 
time  ;  it  is  a  part  of  the  commonest  heritage  of  humanity, 
so  that  any  boy  can  follow  a  drum,  and  with  a  very  little 
trouble  one  can  be  made  to  apprehend  the  cadence  of  a 
musical  rhythm. 

Half  a  dozen  simple  rules  with  which  any  one  can  become 
familiar  will  suffice  to  make  clear,  with  a  few  exceptions,  any 
hexameter  line.  Let  the  pupil,  having  of  course  learned  the 
mechanical  structure  of  the  verse,  become  familiar  through 
some  English  hexameters  with  the  succession  of  accentual 
ictus  which  marks  our  modern  form  of  that  metre. 

/'/,///  / 

This  is  the  forest  primeval,  the  murmuring  pines  and  the  hemlocks 

/  /  /  /        /  / 

Stand  like  Druids  of  eld  with  voices  sad  and  prophetic, 

/  /  /  /  /  / 

Stand  like  harpers  hoar  ||  with  beards  that  rest  on  their  bosoms. 

This  should  run  to  the  ear  like  a  tune  :  — 

/  /  /  /  /  / 

Turn  ti  ti  turn  ti  ti  turn  ti  ||  ti  turn  ti  ti  turn  ti  ti  turn  turn 

/  /  /  /  /  / 

Turn  turn  turn  ti  ti  turn  ||  turn  turn  turn  turn  ti  ti  turn  turn 

/  /  /  /  /  / 

Turn  turn  turn  turn  turn  II  turn  turn  turn  turn  ti  ti  turn  turn 


xlii 


Directions  for  Reading. 


Then  bear  in  mind  that  this  rhythm  was  in  a  manner  sung 
by  the  ancients  and  not  said.     That  is,  instead  of  being, 

r  r  r  i  r  r  r  i  r  r  r  r  r  r  r  r  r  r  r  r 


it  would  be  in  Latin 


r  r  r  rrrirrr  r  r  r  rrrirr 

Now  it  will  be  seen  that  only  a  long  vowel  (corresponding 
toP)  can  begin  a  foot  or  have  an  accent.  Then  (i)  if  a 
short  syllable  appears,  it  must  have  another  after  it  to  make 
up  the  foot,  but  (2)  if  a  long  syllable  follows  the  accented 
syllable,  the  foot  is  completed  and  another  accent  must  come 
in  to  begin  a  new  foot.  This  seems  difficult  to  make 
out  for  a  beginner,  but  enough  quantities  of  syllables  are 
almost  always  determined  by  a  few  of  the  simplest  rules  to 
show  the  structure  of  the  verse.  These  rules  are  : 

A  diphthong  is  long. 

A  syllable  in  which  a  vowel  is  followed  by  two  con- 
sonants (except  a  mute  with  /or  r)  is  long. 
A  vowel  before  another  is  short. 

But  we  can  hardly  suppose  the  student,  at  this  stage,  to  be 
entirely  ignorant  of  quantity.  If  he  has  been  taught  from  the 
first  to  pronounce  long  vowels  long,  or  even  if  he  has  learned 
the  common  paradigms  and  the  accents  of  words  in  prose 
which  depend  on  quantity,  he  will  know  a  great  many  more 
quantities  than  those  which  are  settled  by  these  three  rules. 
The  greatest  trouble  with  beginners  is  that  their  ears  are 
not  sensitive  to  hiatus,  i.e.  they  do  not  think  to  elide  the 
vowel  or  the  syllable  in  m  at  the  end  of  a  word  before  a 
following  vowel.  This  must  be  learned  by  practice,  and  one 


Directions  for  Reading.  xliii 

will  soon  become  as  sensitive  to  the  clash  of  vowels  as  the 
Romans  themselves.  If  we  can  remember  that  the  Romans 
always  would  say  th 'ethereal  instead  of  occasionally  as  we  do, 
the  difficulty  will  disappear,  especially  if  we  remember  also 
that  they  never,  in  rapid  utterance,  pronounced  the  m  at  the 
end  of  a  word,  and  in  some  manner  made  such  words  end 
in  a  (nasalized)  vowel  before  another  vowel. 

Now  with  these  ideas  let  us  attack  the  first  lines  of  the 
^neid.  Remember  first  that  the  long  syllable  and  the  ictus 
(accent)  always  begins,  not,  as  in  the  most  common  English 
rhythms,  comes  second  : 

Arma  virumque  cano  Troiae  qui  primus  ab  oris. 

The  first  syllable  must  always  be  a  long  one.  Then  to  com- 
plete the  foot  (or  to  be  ready  for  another  ictus)  we  need  one 
long  or  two  short  syllables.  We  ought  to  know  by  our  para- 
digms that  the  a  of  the  neuter  plural  is  short.  So  another 
syllable  is  required  and  vi-  must  be  short  also,  leaving  the 
ictus  to  fall  on  -rum. 

We  ought  to  know  also  that  the  enclitics  are  short.  So 
-que  must  have  another  syllable  to  match  it  and  the  ictus 
comes  again  on  -no.  We  may  not  perhaps  know  that  Tro-  is 
long,  but  we  do  know  that  ae  is  a  diphthong  and  so  cannot 
be  joined  to  Tro-  to  make  the  next  foot.  Hence  another  foot 
must  begin  with  -ae,  and  the  rest  of  the  line  can  only  be  the 
regular  close.  Hence  the  reading  must  be 

A'rma  vi'rumque  cajno  Tro'iae  qui  |  primus  ab  |  oris. 
So  with  the  second  line, 

Ttaliam  fato  profugus  Laviniaque  venit. 

As  the  second  /  is  short  before  another  vowel,  we  must  have 
the  first  three  syllables  to  make  the  first  foot,  and  the  second 


xliv  Directions  for  Reading. 

ictus  must  fall  on  -am.  We  ought  to  know  next  from  our 
inflexions  that  the  o  of  the  dative  and  ablative  is  long.  If 
we  do,  we  shall  see  that  -to  must  receive  a  new  ictus.  We 
should  always  say  prbfugus  in  prose,  consequently  the  quan- 
tity of  the  u  is  determined  as  short.  So  an  ictus  must 
come  on  -gus.  The  standing  rhythm  of  the  verse  will  finish 
the  line  correctly,  since  i  before  a  cannot  be  long  and 
hence  cannot  be  anything  but  a  consonant  (just  as  we 
should  say  in  English,  a  million  intruders)  if  the  verse  is  to 
have  only  six  feet.  So  we  are  sure  that  it  is 

Itali|am  fa|to  profu|gus  La|vmiaque  |  venit. 

In  the  next  line  ;  as  we  pronounce  Ittora  in  prose,  o  is 
short,  and  a  is  a  neuter  plural  ending  besides,  and  there- 
fore short.  The  rest  of  the  line  goes  by  the  rule  of  a 
vowel  before  two  consonants,  if  we  remember  to  cut  off 
the  -um  before  tile.  The  next  line  is  determined  by  superum 
and  mkmorem,  which  show  short  penults  in  pronunciation. 

The  rules  already  given  enable  us  to  read  the  fifth  line, 
except  that  genus  might  give  some  trouble  if  it  were  not  so 
near  the  end  that  we  can  see  that  the  line  could  not  read 
in  any  other  way. 

The  enclitic  -que  makes  it  impossible  to  go  astray  on  the 
sixth  line. 

Thus  our  three  main  rules  with  three  very  common  finals, 
and  three  common  penults,  that  we  can  hardly  help  having 
pronounced  before,  enable  us  to  read  the  first  six  lines. 

A  very  few  more  rules  of  the  same  sort  would  determine  the 
metre  through  the  whole  book.  Of  course  if  students  have 
been  wont  to  pronounce  quantitatively,  reading  will  be  easier 
still.  A  few  irregularities  will  be  found,  which  will,  however, 
manage  themselves,  because  there  is  in  general  only  one 
possible  way  to  read  the  lines.  A  little  practice  will  make 


Directions  for  Reading.  xlv 

conscious  attention  to  quantities  almost  unnecessary,  for  the 
lines  will  run  of  themselves  as  they  did  to  the  Romans,  and 
the  lines  will  determine  the  quantities  rather  than  the 
quantities  the  lines.  The  principal  thing  is  never  to  read 
verse  in  any  other  way,  and  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten  the  feet 
will  divide  themselves.  But  be  sure  to  read  • 

Li  -  to  -  ra   mul-tum  me  et        ter  -  ris     iac   -   ta  -  tus  et      al  -  to 

rrrrrinrrrrrrirr1' 

feeling  the  time  as  distinctly  as  if  it  were  a  hymn  tune  sung 
in  church.  This  rhythm  of  time  is  the  essence  of  ancient 
verse  and  ought  always  to  be  observed,  though  it  has  no 
place  in  our  own  poetry. 

In  any  event  do  not  scan  (i.e.  separate  feet)  but  read 
(continuously),  feeling  the  words  and  sense  and  observing 
the  main  caesura  with  an  almost  imperceptible  but  conscious 
pause.  In  this  way  Latin  poetry  will  become  a  new  and 
pleasing  form  of  musical  composition  as  grateful  to  the  ear 
as  the  first  nursery  rhymes  of  our  childhood. 


•- 


psus 

^^^^   SyracuBae 
,*"?    SQlemyrium  Pr. 
Camarina'- ^4irelorus 


Longitude 


16  East 


THE   ^ENEID 

BOOKS    I.-VI. 


JUNO. 


THE 


BOOK  I. —  THE    LANDING    IN    AFRICA. 

THE  wrath  of  Juno,  jealous  for  the  glory  of  Carthage,  compels  the 
long  wanderings  of  tineas,  and  detains  the  Trojan  exiles  from  destined 
Italy  (vv.  1-33).  She  beholds  them  glad  on  their  voyage,  and  solicits 
^iolus,  god  of  winds,  to  overwhelm  them  with  a  tempest :  the  storm 
bursts  forth  (34-91).  The  Trojan  fleet  is  scattered  and  in  peril:  but 
Neptune  lifts  his  head  and  stills  the  waves  (92-156).  tineas,  with 
seven  ships,  reaches  the  coast  cf  Africa,  where  he  finds  food  and  rest 
(157-222).  Jupiter  comforts  Venus  by  promise  of  the  coming  glories 
of  Rome,  and  sends  Mercury  to  move  the  Tyrian  colonists  to  hospitality 
(223-304).  ./Eneas,  with  Achates,  is  met  by  Venus  in  the  guise  of  a 
huntress,  who  tells  him  of  Dido's  flight  from  Tyre  and  her  founding  of 
a  city  on  the  African  shore,  and  then  directs  him  to  the  rising  towers  of 


4  The  JEneid.  [BOOK  I. 

Carthage,  first  making  them  invisible  by  a  miraculous  mist  (305-417). 
He  admires  the  new  city  ;  sees  in  the  temple  of  Juno  the  pictured  story 
of  the  Trojan  war  ;  and  at  length  (still  unseen)  beholds  Queen  Dido, 
attended  by  some  of  his  own  companions  whom  he  thought  lost,  who 
come  as  envoys  from  the  scattered  ships  (418-519).  The  appeal  of  the 
shipwrecked  men  moves  the  compassion  of  Dido  :  upon  which  the  mist 
dissolves,  and  y£neas  appears  before  the  queen  (520-593).  He  declares 
himself,  recounts  his  losses,  and  greets  his  restored  companions :  Dido 
receives  him  to  royal  hospitality  in  her  halls  (594-642).  Achates  is 
despatched  to  the  fleet  for  the  young  Ascanius ;  but,  by  a  stratagem  of 
Venus,  the  god  Cupid  is  brought  instead,  disguised  in  the  likeness 
of  the  boy  prince :  at  the  banquet  he  inspires  in  the  queen  a  fatal 
passion  for  jEneas  (643-722).  The  night  passes  in  feasting  and 
song,  when  Dido  requests  of  ^Eneas  the  connected  story  of  his  wander- 
ings (723-756). 

Preface  and  Invocation. 

ARMA  virumque  cano,  Troiae  qui  primus  ab  oris 
Italiam,  fato  profugus,  Laviniaque  venit 
litora,  multum  ille  et  terris  iactatus  et  alto 
vi  superum  saevae  memorem  lunonis  ob  iram; 
multa  quoque  et  bello  passus,  dum  conderet  urbem,  5 

inferretque  deos  Latio,  genus  unde  Latinum, 
Albanique  patres,  atque  altae  moenia  Romae. 

Musa,  mihi  causas  memora,  quo  numine  laeso, 
quidve  dolens,  regina  deum  tot  volvere  casus 
insignem  pietate  virum,  tot  adire  labores  l° 

impulerit.     Tantaene  animis  caelestibus  irae  ? 

The  'Wrath  of  Juno. 

Urbs  antiqua  fuit,  Tyrii  tenuere  coloni, 
Karthago,  Italiam  contia  Tiberinaque  longe 
ostia,  dives  opum  studiisque  asperrima  belli; 
quam  luno  fertur  terris  magis  omnibus  unam  *5 

posthabita  coluisse  Samo;  hie  illius  arma, 
hie  currus  fuit;  hoc  regnum  dea  gentibus  esse, 


1-40.] 


The  Landing  in  Africa. 


si  qua  fata  sinant,  iam  turn  tenditque  fovetque. 
Progeniem  sed  enim  Troiano  a  sanguine  duci 
audierat,  Tyrias  olim  quae  verteret  arces ; 
hinc  populum  late  regem  belloque  superbum 
venturum  excidio  Libyae  :  sic  volvere  Parcas. 


THE  PARC*,  WITH  MINERVA. 

Id  metuens,  veterisque  memor  Saturnia  belli, 
prima  quod  ad  Troiam  pro  caris  gesserat  Argis  — 
necdum  etiam  causae  irarum  saevique  dolores 
exciderant  animo  :  manet  alta  mente  repostum 
iudicium  Paridis  spretaeque  iniuria  formae, 
et  genus  invisum,  et  rapti  Ganymedis  honores. 
His  accensa  super,  iactatos  aequore  toto 
Troas,  reliquias  Danaum  atque  immitis  Achilli, 
arcebat  longe  Latio,  multosque  per  annos 
errabant,  acti  fatis,  maria  omnia  circum. 
Tantae  molis  erat  Romanam  condere  gentem  ! 

Vix  e  conspectu  Siculae  telluris  in  altum 
vela  dabant  laeti,  et  spumas  salis  acre  ruebant, 
cum  luno,  aeternum  servans  sub  pectore  volnus, 
haec  secum:   'Mene  incepto  desistere  victam, 
nee  posse  Italia  Teucrorum  avertere  regem  ? 
Quippe  vetor  fatis.     Pallasne  exurere  classem 
Argivom  atque  ipsos  potuit  submergere  ponto, 


35 


40 


6  The  sEncid.  [BOOK  I. 

unius  ob  noxam  et  furias  Aiacis  Oilei  ? 

Ipsa,  lovis  rapidam  iaculata  e  nubibus  ignem, 

disiecitque  rates  evertitque  aequora  ventis, 

ilium  exspirantem  transfixo  pectore  flammas 

turbine  corripuit  scopuloque  infixit  acuto.  45 

Ast  ego,  quae  divom  incedo  regina,  lovisque 

et  soror  et  coniunx,  una  cum  gente  tot  annos 

bella  gero  !     Et  quisquam  numen  lunonis  adoret 

praeterea,  aut  supplex  aris  imponet  honorem  ? ' 

Juno  and  /Solus. 

Talia  flammato  secum  dea  corde  volutans  5° 

nimborum  in  patriam,  loca  feta  furentibus  austris, 
Aeoliam  venit.     Hie  vasto  rex  Aeolus  antro 
luctantes  ventos  tempestatesque  sonoras 
imperio  premit  ac  vinclis  et  carcere  frenat. 
Illi  indignantes  magno  cum  murmure  montis  55 

circum  claustra  fremunt ;  celsa  sedet  Aeolus  arce 
sceptra  tenens,  mollitque  animos*  et  temperat  iras. 
Ni  faciat,  maria  ac  terras  caelumque  profundum 
quippe  ferant  rapidi  secum  verrantque  per  auras. 
Sed  pater  omnipotens  speluncis  abdidit  atris,  60 

hoc  metuens,  molemque  et  montis  insuper  altos 
imposuit,  regemque  dedit,  qui  foedere  certo 
et  premere  et  laxas  sciret  dare  iussus  habenas. 
Ad  quern  turn  luno  supplex  his  vocibus  usa  est : 

'  Aeole,  —  namque  tibi  divom  pater  atque  hominum  rex   65 
et  mulcere  dedit  fluctus  et  tollere  vento,— 
gens  inimica  mihi  Tyrrhenum  navigat  aequor, 
Ilium  in  Italiam  portans  victosque  Penates : 
incute  vim  ventis  submersasque  obrue  puppes, 
aut  age  diversos  et  disice  corpora  ponto.  7° 

Sunt  mihi  bis  septem  praestanti  corpore  nymphae, 
quarum  quae  forma  pulcherrima  Deiopea, 


41-103.]  The  Landing  in  Africa.  7 

conubio  iungam  stabili  propriamque  dicabo, 

omnis  ut  tecum  meritis  pro  talibus  annos 

exigat,  et  pulchra  faciat  te  prole  parentem.'  75 

Aeolus  haec  contra  :  '  Tuus,  O  regina,  quid  optes 
explorare  labor ;  mihi  iussa  capessere  fas  est. 
Tu  mihi,  quodcumque  hoc  regni,  tu  sceptra  lovemque 
concilias,  tu  das  epulis  accumbere  divom, 
nimborumque  facis  tempestatumque  potentem.'  80 

The  Storm. 

Haec  ubi  dicta,  cavum  conversa  cuspide  montem 
impulit  in  latus :  ac  venti,  velut  agmine  facto, 
qua  data  porta,  ruunt  et  terras  turbine  perflant. 
Incubuere  mari,  totumque  a  sedibus  imis 
una  Eurusque  Notusque  ruunt  creberque  procellis  85 

Africus,  et  vastos  volvunt  ad  litora  fluctus. 
Insequitur  clamorque  virum  stridorque  rudentum. 
Eripiunt  subito  nubes  caelumque  diemque 
Teucrorum  ex  oculis ;  ponto  nox  incubat  atra. 
Intonuere  poli,  et  crebris  micat  ignibus  aether,  9° 

praesentemque  viris  intentant  omnia  mortem. 

Extemplo  Aeneae  solvuntur  frigore  membra : 
ingemit,  et  duplicis  tendens  ad  sidera  palmas 
talia  voce  refert :  '  O  terque  quaterque  bead, 
quis  ante  ora  patrum  Troiae  sub  moenibus  altis  95 

contigit  oppetere !     O  Danaum  fortissime  gentis 
Tydide  !     Mene  Iliacis  occumbere  campis 
non  potuisse,  tuaque  animam  hanc  effundere  dextra, 
saevus  ubi  Aeacidae  telo  iacet  Hector,  ubi  ingens 
Sarpedon,  ubi  tot  Simoi's  correpta  sub  undis  100 

scuta  virum  galeasque  et  fortia  corpora  volvit  ? ' 

The  Shipwreck. 

Talia  iactanti  stridcns  Aquilone  procella 
velum  adversa  ferit,  fluctusque  ad  sidera  tollit. 


The  ALneid.  [BOOK  I 

Franguntur  remi ;  turn  prora  avertit,  et  undis 

dat  latus  ;  insequitur  cumulo  praeruptus  aquae  mons.        105 

Hi  summo  in  fluctu  pendent ;  his  unda  dehiscens 

terram  inter  fluctus  aperit;  furit  aestus  arenis. 

Tris  Notus  abreptas  in  saxa  latentia  torquet  — 

saxa  vocant  Itali  mediis  quae  in  fluctibus  aras  — 

dorsum  immane  mari  summo;  tris  Eurus  ab  alto  no 

in  brevia  et  Syrtis  urguet,  miserabile  visu, 

inliditque  vadis  atque  aggere  cingit  arenae. 

Unam,  quae  Lycios  fidumque  vehebat  Oronten, 

ipsius  ante  oculos  ingens  a  vertice  pontus 

in  puppim  ferit :  excutitur  pronusque  magister  "5 

volvitur  in  caput ;  ast  illam  ter  fluctus  ibidem 

torquet  agens  circum,  et  rapidus  vorat  aequore  vortex. 

Adparent  rari  nantes  in  gurgite  vasto, 

arma  virum,  tabulaeque,  et  Troia  gaza  per  undas. 

lam  validam  Ilionei  navem,  iam  fortis  Achati,  120 

et  qua  vectus  Abas,  et  qua  grandaevus  Aletes, 

vicit  hiemps  ;  laxis  laterum  compagibiis  omnes 

accipiunt  inimicum  imbrem,  rimisque  fatiscunt. 

Intervention  of  Neptune. 

Interea  magno  misceri  murmure  pontum, 
emissamque  hiemem  sensit  Neptunus,  et  imis  125 

stagna  refusa  vadis,  graviter  commotus  ;  et  alto 
prospiciens,  summa  placidum  caput  extulit  unda. 
Disiectam  Aeneae  toto  videt  aequore  classem, 
fluctibus  oppresses  Troas  caelique  ruina, 
nee  latuere  doli  fratrem  lunonis  et  irae.  I3° 

Eurum  ad  se  Zephyrumque  vocat,  dehinc  talia  fatur : 

1  Tantane  vos  generis  tenuit  fiducia  vestri  ? 
Iam  caelu.n  terramque  meo  sine  numine,  venti, 
miscere,  et  tantas  audetis  tollere  moles  ? 
Quos  ego — sed  motos  praestat  componere  fluctus.  135 


104-156-] 


The  Landing  in  Africa. 


Post  mihi  non  simili  poena  commissa  luetis. 
Maturate  fugam,  regique  haec  dicite  vestro : 
non  illi  imperium  pelagi  saevumque  tridentem, 
sed  mihi  sorte  datum.     Tenet  ille  immania  saxa, 
vestras,  Eure,  domos ;  ilia  se  iactet  in  aula 
Aeolus,  et  clause  ventorum  carcere  regnet.' 

Sic  ait,  et  dicto  citius  tumida  aequora  placat, 
collectasque  fugat  nubes,  solemque  reducit. 
Cymothoe  simul  et  Triton  adnixus  acuto 
detrudunt  navis  scopulo,  levat  ipse  tridenti, 
et  vastas  aperit  syrtis  et  temperat  aequor, 
atque  rotis  summas  levibus  perlabitur  undas. 


140 


'45 


NKPTUNB. 


Ac  veluti  magno  in  populo  cum  saepe  coorta  est 
seditio,  saevitque  animis  ignobile  volgus, 
iamque  faces  et  saxa  volant,  furor  arma  ministrat, 
turn,  pietate  gravem  ac  meritis  si  forte  virum  quem 
conspexere,  silent,  arrectisque  auribus  adstant; 
ille  regit  dictis  animos,  et  pectora  mulcet, 
sic  cunctus  pelagi  cecidit  fragor,  aequora  postquam 
prospiciens  genitor  caeloque  invectus  aperto 
flectit  equos,  curruque  volans  dat  lora  secundo. 


'55 


IO  The  sEneid.  [BOOK  I. 

The  Landing  in  Africa. 

Defessi  Aeneadae,  quae  proxima  litora,  cursu 
contendunt  petere,  et  Libyae  vertuntur  ad  oras. 
Est  in  secessu  longo  locus  :  insula  portum 
efficit  obiectu  laterum,  quibus  omnis  ab  alto  160 

frangitur  inque  sinus  scindit  sese  unda  reductos. 
Hinc  atque  hinc  vastae  rupes  geminique  minantur 
in  caelum  scopuli,  quorum  sub  vertice  late 
aequora  tuta  silent ;  turn  silvis  scaena  coruscis 
desuper  horrentique  atrum  nemus  imminet  umbra.  165 

Fronte  sub  adversa  scopulis  pendentibus  antrum, 
intus  aquae  dulces  vivoque  sedilia  saxo, 
nympharum  domus  :  hie  fessas  non  vincula  navis 
ulla  tenent,  unco  non  alligat  ancora  morsu. 
Hue  septem  Aeneas  collectis  navibus  omni  17° 

ex  numero  subit ;  ac  magno  telluris  amore 
egressi  optata  potiuntur  Tree's  arena, 
et  sale  tabentis  artus  in  litore  ponunt. 
Ac  primum  silici  scintillam  excudit  Achates, 
suscepitque  ignem  foliis,  atque  arida  circum  i?5 

nutrimenta  dedit,  rapuitque  in  fomtte  flammam. 
Turn  Cererem  corruptam  undis  Cerealiaque  arma 
expediunt  fessi  rerum,  frugesque  receptas 
et  torrere  parant  flammis  et  frangere  saxo. 

The  Chase  and  Feast. 

Aeneas  scopulum  interea  conscendit,  et  omnem  »8o 

prospectum  late  pelago  petit,  Anthea  si  quern 
iactatum  vento  videat  Phrygiasque  biremis, 
aut  Capyn,  aut  celsis  in  puppibus  arma  Caici. 
Navem  in  conspectu  nullam,  tris  litore  cervos 
prospicit  errantis  ;  hos  tota  armenta  sequuntur  l8S 

a  tergo,  et  longum  per  vallis  pascitur  agmen. 
Constitit  hie,  arcumque  manu  celerisque  sagittas 


157-I97-] 


The  Landing  in  Africa. 


corripuit,  fidus  quae  tela  gerebat  Achates ; 
ductoresque  ipsos  primum,  capita  alta  ferentis 
cornibus  arboreis,  sternit,  turn  volgus,  et  omnem 
miscet  agens  telis  nemora  inter  frondea  turbam ; 
nee  prius  absistit,  quam  septem  ingentia  victor 


II 


190 


HUNTING  SCENES. 

corpora  fundat  humi,  et  numerum  cum  navibus  aequet. 

Hinc  portum  petit,  et  socios  partitur  in  omnes. 

Vina  bonus  quae  deinde  cadis  onerarat  Acestes  195 

litore  Trinacrio  dederatque  abeuntibus  heros, 

dividit,  et  dictis  maerentia  pectora  mulcet : 


12  The  ALneid.  [BOOK  I. 

'  O  socii  —  neque  enim  ignari  sumus  ante  malorum  — 
O  pass!  graviora,  dabit  deus  his  quoque  finem. 
Vos  et  Scyllaeam  rabiem  penitusque  sonantis  200 

accestis  scopulos,  vos  et  Cyclopea  saxa 
expert! :  revocate  animos,  maestumque  timorem 
mittite  :  forsan  et  haec  olim  meminisse  iuvabit. 
Per  varies  casus,  per  tot  discrimina  rerum 
tendimus  in  Latium  ;  sedes  ubi  fata  quietas  205 

ostendunt ;  illic  fas  regna  resurgere  Troiae. 
Durate,  et  vosmet  rebus  servate  secundis.' 

Talia  voce  refert,  curisque  ingentibus  aeger 
spem  voltu  simulat,  premit  altum  corde  dolorem. 
Illi  se  praedae  accingunt,  dapibusque  futuris;  210 

tergora  deripiunt  costis  et  viscera  nudant ; 
pars  in  frusta  secant  veribusque  trementia  figunt ; 
litore  ae'na  locant  alii,  flammasque  ministrant. 
Turn  victu  revocant  vires,  fusique  per  herbam 
implentur  veteris  Bacchi  pinguisque  ferinae.  215 

Postquam  exempta  fames  epulis  mensaeque  remotae, 
amissos  longo  socios  sermone  requirunt, 
spemque  metumque  inter  dubii,  seu  vivere  credant, 
sive  extrema  pati  nee  iam  exaudire  vocatos. 
Praecipue  pius  Aeneas  nunc  acris  Oronti,  220 

nunc  Amyci  casum  gemit  et  crudelia  secum 
fata  Lyci,  fortemque  Gyan,  fortemque  Cloanthum. 

Appeal  of  Venus  to  Jupiter. 

Et  iam  finis  erat,  cum  luppiter  aethere  summo 
despiciens  mare  velivolum  terrasque  iacentis 
litoraque  et  latos  populos,  sic  vertice  caeli  225 

constitit,  et  Libyae  defixit  lumina  regnis. 
Atque  ilium  talis  iactantem  pectore  curas 
tristior  et  lacrimis  oculos  suffusa  nitentis 
adloquitur  Venus  :  '  O  qui  res  hominumque  deumque 


JUPITER. 


198-261.]  The  Landing  in  Africa.  13 

aeternis  regis  imperils,  et  fulmine  terres,  23° 

quid  meus  Aeneas  in  te  committere  tantum, 

quid  Troes  potuere,  quibus,  tot  funera  passis, 

cunctus  ob  Italiam  terrarum  clauditur  orbis  ? 

Certe  hinc  Romanes  olim,  volventibus  annis, 

hinc  fore  ductores,  revocato  a  sanguine  Teucri,  235 

qui  mare,  qui  terras  omni  dicione  tenerent, 

pollicitus:  quae  te,  genitor,  sententia  vertit  ? 

Hoc  equidem  occasum  Troiae  tristisque  ruinas 

solabar,  fatis  contraria  fata  rependens  ; 

nunc  eadem  fortuna  viros  tot  casibus  actos  240 

insequitur.     Quem  das  finem,  rex  magne,  laborum? 

Antenor  potuit,  mediis  elapsus  Achivis, 

Illyricos  penetrare  sinus,  atque  intima  tutus 

regna  Liburnorum,  et  fontem  superare  Timavi, 

unde  per  ora  novem  vasto  cum  murmure  mentis  245 

it  mare  proruptum  et  pelago  premit  arva  sonanti. 

Hie  tamen  ille  urbem  Patavi  sedesque  locavit 

Teucrorum,  et  genti  nomen  dedit,  armaque  fixit 

Troia ;  nunc  placida  compostus  pace  quiescit : 

nos,  tua  progenies,  caeli  quibus  adnuis  arcem,  250 

navibus  (infandum !)  amissis,  unius  ob  iram 

prodimur  atque  Italis  longe  disiungimur  oris. 

Hie  pietatis  honos  ?     Sic  nos  in  sceptra  reponis  ? " 

Venus  Reassured. 

Olli  subridens  hominum  sator  atque  deorum, 
voltu,  quo  caelum  tempestatesque  serenat,  255 

oscula  libavit  natae,  dehinc  talia  fatur : 
'  Parce  metu,  Cytherea  :  manent  immota  tuorum 
fata  tibi ;  cernes  urbem  et  promissa  Lavini 
moenia,  sublimemque  feres  ad  sidera  caeli 
magnanimum  Aenean  ;  neque  me  sententia  vertit.  260 

Hie  tibi  (fabor  enim,  quando  haec  te  cura  remordet, 


14  The  ^Eneid.  [BOOK  I. 

longius  et  volvens  fatorum  arcana  movebo) 

bellum  ingens  geret  Italia,  populosque  feroces 

contundet,  moresque  viris  et  moenia  ponet, 

tertia  dum  Latio  regnantem  viderit  aestas,  265 

ternaque  transierint  Rutulis  hiberna  subactis. 

At  puer  Ascanius  cui  nunc  cognomen  lulo 

additur,  —  Ilus  erat,  dum  res  stetit  Ilia  regno,  — 

triginta  magnos  volvendis  mensibus  orbis 

imperio  explebit,  regnumque  ab  sede  Lavini  270 

transferet,  et  longam  multa  vi  muniet  Albam. 

Hie  iam  ter  centum  totos  regnabitur  annos 

gente  sub  Hectorea,  donee  regina  sacerdos, 

Marte  gravis,  geminam  partu  dabit  Ilia  prolem. 

Inde  lupae  fulvo  nutricis  tegmine  laetus  275 

Romulus  excipiet  gentem,  et  Mavortia  condet 

moenia,  Romanosque  suo  de  nomine  dicet. 

His  ego  nee  metas  rerum  nee  tempera  pono ; 

imperium  sine  fine  dedi.     Quin  aspera  luno, 

quae  mare  nunc  terrasque  metu  caelumque  fatigat,  280 

consiHa  in  melius  referet,  mecumque  fovebit 

Romanes  rerum  dominos  gentemque  togatam  : 

sic  placitum.     Veniet  lustris  labentibus  aetas, 

cum  domus  Assaraci  Phthiam  clarasque  Mycenas 

servitio  premet,  ac  victis  dominabitur  Argis.  285 

Nascetur  pulchra  Troianus  origine  Caesar, 

imperium  Oceano,  famam  qui  terminet  astris,— 

lulius,  a  magno  demissum  nomen  lulo. 

Hunc  tu  olim  caelo,  spoliis  Orientis  onustum, 

accipies  secura  ;  vocabitur  hie  quoque  votis.  290 

Aspera  turn  positis  mitescent  saecula  bellis ; 

cana  Fides,  et  Vesta,  Remo  cum  fratre  Quirinus, 

iura  dabunt ;  dirae  ferro  et  compagibus  artis 

claudentur  Belli  portae  ;  Furor  impius  intus, 

saeva  sedens  super  arma,  et  centum  vinctus  aenis  295 

post  tergum  nodis,  fremet  horridus  ore  cruento.' 


262-310.]  The  Landing  in  Africa.  15 

Descent  of  Mercury. 

Haec  ait,  et  Maia  genitum  demittit  ab  alto, 
ut  terrae,  utque  novae  pateant  Karthaginis  arces 
hospitio  Teucris,  ne  fati  nescia  Dido 

finibus  arceret :  volat  ille  per  aera  magnum  300 

remigio  alarum,  ac  Libyae  citus  adstitit  oris. 


MERCURY. 

Et  iam  iussa  facit,  ponuntque  ferocia  Poeni 
corda  volente  deo  ;  in  primis  regina  quietum 
accipit  in  Teucros  animum  mentemque  benignam. 

Meeting  of  ^neas  and  Venus. 

At  pius  Aeneas,  per  noctem  plurima  volvens,  305 

ut  primum  lux  alma  data  est,  exire  locosque 
explorare  novos,  quas  vento  accesserit  oras, 
qui  teneant,  nam  inculta  videt,  hominesne  feraene, 
quaerere  constituit,  sociisque  exacta  referre. 
Classem  in  convexo  nemorum  sub  rupe  cavata  310 


16 


The 


[BOOK  I. 


arboribus  clausam  circum  atque  horrentibus  umbris 
occulit ;  ipse  uno  graditur  comitatus  Achate, 
bina  manu  lato  crispans  hastilia  ferro. 

Cui  mater  media  sese  tulit  obvia  silva, 
virginis  os  habitumque  gerens,  et  virginis  arma 
Spartanae,  vel  qualis  equos  Threi'ssa  fatigat 
Harpalyce,  volucremque  fuga  praevertitur  Hebrum. 


3'5 


WARRIOR  WITH  Two  SPBARS  (v.  313). 

Namque  umeris  de  more  habilem  suspenderat  arcum 
venatrix,  dederatque  comam  diffundere  ventis, 
nuda  genu,  nodoque  sinus  collecta  fluentis. 
Ac  prior,  '  Heus '  inquit  '  iuvenes,  monstrate  mearum 
vidistis  si  quam  hie  errantem  forte  sororum, 
succinctam  pharetra  et  maculosae  tegmine  lyncis, 
aut  spumantis  apri  cursum  clamore  prementem.' 
Sic  Venus  ;  et  Veneris  contra  sic  films  orsus  : 
'Nulla  tuarum  audita  mihi  neque  visa  sororum  — 
O  quam  te  memorem,  virgo?     Namque  baud  tibi  voltus 


320 


325 


DIANA. 


3M-3S9-]  The  Landing  in  Africa.  17 

mortalis,  nee  vox  hominem  sonat :   O,  dea  certe  — 

an  Phoebi  soror?  an  nympharum  sanguinis  una?  — 

sis  felix,  nostrumque  leves,  quaecumque,  laborem,  330 

et,  quo  sub  caelo  tandem,  quibus  orbis  in  oris 

iactemur,  doceas.     Ignari  hominumque  locorumque 

erramus,  vento  hue  vastis  et  fluctibus  acti : 

multa  tibi  ante  aras  nostra  cadet  hostia  dextra.' 

Venus'  Story  of  the  Flight  of  Dido. 

Turn  Venus  :  'Haud  equidem  tali  me  dignor  honore;    335 
virginibus  Tyriis  mos  est  gestare  pharetram, 
purpureoque  alte  suras  vincire  cothurno. 
Punica  regna  vides,  Tyrios  et  Agenoris  urbem ; 
sed  fines  Libyci,  genus  intractabile  bello. 
Imperium  Dido  Tyria  regit  urbe  profecta,  340 

germanum  fugiens.     Longa  est  iniuria,  longae 
ambages ;  sed  summa  sequar  fastigia  rerum. 

'Huic  coniunx  Sychaeus  erat,  ditissimus  agri 
Phoenicum,  et  magno  miserae  dilectus  amore, 
cui  pater  intactam  dederat,  primisque  iugarat  345 

ominibus.     Sed  regna  Tyri  germanus  habebat 
Pygmalion,  scelere  ante  alios  immanior  omnes. 
Quos  inter  medius  venit  furor.     Ille  Sychaeum 
impius  ante  aras,  atque  auri  caecus  amore, 
clam  ferro  incautum  superat,  securus  amorum  350 

germanae ;   factumque  diu  celavit,  et  aegram, 
multa  malus  simulans,  vana  spe  lusit  amantem. 
Ipsa  sed  in  somnis  inhumati  venit  imago 
coniugis,  ora  modis  attollens  pallida  miris, 
crudeles  aras  traiectaque  pectora  ferro  355 

nudavit,  caecumque  domus  scelus  omne  retexit. 
Turn  celerare  fugam  patriaque  excedere  suadet, 
auxiliumque  viae  veteres  tellure  recludit 
thesauros,  ignotum  argenti  pondus  et  auri. 


1 8  The  jEneid.  [BOOK  I. 

His  commota  fugam  Dido  sociosque  parabat :  360 

conveniunt,  quibus  aut  odium  crudele  tyranni 

aut  metus  acer  erat ;  navis,  quae  forte  paratae, 

corripiunt,  onerantque  auro  :  portantur  avari 

Pygmalionis  opes  pelago ;  dux  femina  facti. 

Devenere  locos,  ubi  nunc  ingentia  cernis  365 

moenia  surgentemque  novae  Karthaginis  arcem, 

mercatique  solum,  facti  de  nomine  Byrsam, 

taurino  quantum  possent  circumdare  tergo. 

Sed  vos  qui  tandem,  quibus  aut  venistis  ab  oris, 

quove  tenetis  iter?'     Quaerenti  talibus  ille  370 

suspirans,  imoque  trahens  a  pectore  vocem  : 

/Eneas's  Tale. 

'  O  dea,  si  prima  repetens  ab  origine  pergam, 
et  vacet  annalis  nostrorum  audire  laborum, 
ante  diem  clause  componat  Vesper  Olympo. 
Nos  Troia  antiqua,  si  vestras  forte  per  auris  375 

Troiae  nomen  iit,  diversa  per  aequora  vectos 
forte  sua  Libycis  tempestas  adpulit  oris. 
Sum  pius  Aeneas,  raptos  qui  ex  hoste  Penates 
classe  veho  mecum,  fama  super  aethera  notus. 
Italiam  quaero  patriam  et  genus  ab  love  summo.  380 

Bis  denis  Phrygium  conscendi  navibus  aequor, 
matre  dea  monstrante  viam,  data  fata  secutus  ; 
vix  septem  convolsae  undis  Euroque  supersunt. 
Ipse  ignotus,  egens,  Libyae  deserta  peragro, 
Europa  atque  Asia  pulsus.'     Nee  plura  querentem  385 

passa  Venus  medio  sic  interfata  dolore  est : 

The  Omen. 

'  Quisquis  es,  baud,  credo,  invisus  caelestibus  auras 
vitalis  carpis,  Tyriam  qui  adveneris  urbem. 
Perge  modo,  atque  hinc  te  reginae  ad  limina  perfer, 


360-417-]  The  Landing  in  Africa.  19 

Namque  tibi  reduces  socios  classemque  relatam  390 

nuntio,  et  in  tutum  versis  aquilonibus  actam, 

ni  frustra  augurium  vani  docuere  parentes. 

Aspice  bis  senos  laetantis  agmine  cycnos, 

aetheria  quos  lapsa  plaga  lovis  ales  aperto 

turbabat  caelo  ;  nunc  terras  ordine  longo  395 

aut  capere,  aut  captas  iam  despectare  videntur : 

ut  reduces  illi  ludunt  stridentibus  alis, 

et  coetu  cinxere  polum,  cantusque  dedere, 

baud  aliter  puppesque  tuae  pubesque  tuorum 

aut  portum  tenet  aut  pleno  subit  ostia  velo.  400 

Perge  modo,  et,  qua  te  ducit  via,  dirige  gressum.' 

The  Goddess   Revealed. 

Dixit,  et  avertens  rosea  cervice  refulsit, 
ambrosiaeque  comae  divinum  vertice  odorem 
spiravere,  pedes  vestis  defluxit  ad  imos, 
et  vera  incessu  patuit  dea.     Ille  ubi  matrem  405 

adgnovit,  tali  fugientem  est  voce  secutus  : 
'  Quid  natum  totiens,  crudelis  tu  quoque,  falsis 
ludis  imaginibus  ?     Cur  dextrae  iungere  dextram 
non  datur,  ac  veras  audire  et  reddere  voces?' 

.ffineas  Veiled  in  a  Cloud. 

Talibus  incusat,  gressumque  ad  moenia  tendit:  410 

at  Venus  obscuro  gradientes  acre  saepsit, 
et  multo  nebulae  circum  dea  fudit  amictu, 
cernere  ne  quis  eos,  neu  quis  contingere  posset, 
molirive  moram,  aut  veniendi  poscere  causas. 
Ipsa  Paphum  sublimis  abit,  sedesque  revisit  415 

laeta  suas,  ubi  templum  illi,  centumque  Sabaeo 
ture  calent  arae,  sertisque  recentibus  halant. 


20 


The 


[BOOK  I. 


First  View  of  Carthage. 

Corripuere  viam  interea,  qua  semita  monstrat. 
lamque  ascendebant  collem,  qui  plurimus  urbi 
imminet,  adversasque  adspectat  desuper  arces. 
Miratur  molem  Aeneas,  magalia  quondam, 


420 


FIRST  VIEW  OF  CARTHAGE. 

miratur  portas  strepitumque  et  strata  viarum. 
Instant  ardentes  Tyrii,  pars  ducere  muros, 
molirique  arcem  et  manibus  subvolvere  saxa, 
pars  optare  locum  tecto  et  concludere  sulco. 
[lura  magistratusque  legunt  sanctumque  senatum ;] 
hie  portus  alii  effodiunt ;  hie  alta  theatris 


425 


418-459-]  The  Landing  in  Africa.  21 

fundamenta  locant  alii,  immanisque  columnas 

rupibus  excidunt,  scaenis  decora  alta  futuris. 

Qualis  apes  aestate  nova  per  florea  rura  43° 

exercet  sub  sole  labor,  cum  gentis  adultos 

educunt  fetus,  aut  cum  liquentia  mella 

stipant  et  dulci  distendunt  nectare  cellas, 

aut  onera  accipiunt  venientum,  aut  agmine  facto 

ignavom  fucos  pecus  a  praesepibus  arcent :  435 

fervet  opus,  redolentque  thymo  fragrantia  mella. 

'  O  fortunati,  quorum  iam  moenia  surgunt ! ' 

Aeneas  ait,  et  fastigia  suspicit  urbis. 

Infert  se  saeptus  nebula,  mirabile  dictu, 

per  medios,  miscetque  viris,  neque  cernitur  ulli.  44° 

Temple  of  Juno. 

Lucus  in  urbe  fuit  media,  laetissimus  umbra, 
quo  primum  iactati  undis  et  turbine  Poeni 
effodere  loco  signum,  quod  regia  luno 
monstrarat,  caput  acris  equi ;  sic  nam  fore  bello 
egregiam  et  facilem  victu  per  saecula  gentem.  445 

Hie  templum  lunoni  ingens  Sidonia  Dido 
condebat,  donis  opulentum  et  numine  divae, 
aerea  cui  gradibus  surgebant  limina,  nexaeque 
acre  trabes,  foribus  cardo  stridebat  ae'nis. 
Hoc  primum  in  luco  nova  res  oblata  timorem  45° 

leniit,  hie  primum  Aeneas  sperare  salutem 
ausus,  et  adflictis  melius  confidere  rebus. 
Namque  sub  ingenti  lustrat  dum  singula  templo, 
reginam  opperiens,  dum,  quae  fortuna  sit  urbi, 
artificumque  manus  inter  se  operumque  laborem  455 

miratur,  videt  Iliacas  ex  ordine  pugnas, 
bellaque  iam  fama  totum  volgata  per  orbem, 
Atridas,  Priamumque,  et  saevum  ambobus  Achillem. 
Constitit,  et  lacrimans,  '  Quis  iam  locus '  inquit  '  Achate, 


22  The  Aineid.  [BOOK  I. 

quae  regie  in  terris  nostri  non  plena  laboris  ?  460 

En  Priamus  !     Sunt  hie  etiam  sua  praemia  laudi ; 

sunt  lacrimae  rerum  et  mentem  mortalia  tangunt. 

Solve  metus ;  feret  haec  aliquam  tibi  fama  salutem.' 

Sic  ait,  atque  animum  pictura  pascit  inani, 

multa  gemens,  largoque  umectat  flumine  voltum.  465 

The  Painted  Walls. 

Namque  videbat,  uti  bellantes  Pergama  circum 
hac  fugerent  Graii,  premeret  Troiana  iuventus, 
hac  Phryges,  instaret  curru  cristatus  Achilles. 
Nee  procul  hinc  Rhesi  niveis  tentoria  velis 
adgnoscit  lacrimans,  primo  quae  prodita  somno  47° 

Tydides  multa  vastabat  caede  cruentus, 
ardentisque  avertit  equos  in  castra,  prius  quam 
pabula  gustassent  Troiae  Xanthumque  bibissent. 
Parte  alia  fugiens  amissis  Troilus  armis, 
infelix  puer  atque  impar  congressus  Achilli,  475 

fertur  equis,  curruque  haeret  resupinus  inani, 
lora  tenens  tamen  ;  huic  cervixque  comaeque  trahuntur 
per  terram,  et  versa  pulvis  inscribitur  hasta. 
Interea  ad  templum  non  aequae  Palladis  ibant 
crinibus  Iliades  passis,  peplutnque  ferebant,  480 

suppliciter  tristes  et  tunsae  pectora  palmis ; 
diva  solo  fixos  oculos  aversa  tenebat. 
Ter  circum  Iliacos  raptaverat  Hectora  muros, 
exanimumque  auro  corpus  vendebat  Achilles. 
Turn  vero  ingentem  gemitum  dat  pectore  ab  imo,  485 

ut  spolia,  ut  currus,  utque  ipsum  corpus  amici, 
tendentemque  manus  Priamum  conspexit  inermis. 
Se  quoque  principibus  permixtum  adgnovit  Achivis, 
Eoasque  acies  et  nigri  Memnonis  arma. 
Ducit  Amazonidum  lunatis  agmina  peltis  490 

Penthesilea  furens,  mediisque  in  milibus  ardet, 


460-496.]  The  Landing  in  Africa. 

aurea  subnectens  exsertae  cingula  mammae, 
bellatrix,  audetque  viris  concurrere  virgo. 


Advent  of  Dido. 


Haec  dum  Dardanio  Aeneae  miranda  videntur, 
dum  stupet,  obtutuque  haeret  defixus  in  uno, 
regina  ad  templum,  forma  pulcherrima  Dido, 


495 


THRONE  (v.  506). 


24  The  ALneid.  [BOOK  I. 

incessit  magna  iuvenum  stipante  caterva. 

Qualis  in  Eurotae  ripis  aut  per  iuga  Cynthi 

exercet  Diana  choros,  quam  mille  secutae 

hinc  atque  hinc  glomerantur  oreades ;  ilia  pharetram         500 

fert  umero,  gradiensque  deas  supereminet  omnis : 

Latonae  taciturn  pertemptant  gaudia  pectus  : 

talis  erat  Dido,  talem  se  laeta  ferebat 

per  medios,  instans  operi  regnisque  futuris. 

Turn  foribus  divae,  media  testudine  templi,  5°S 

saepta  armis,  solioque  alte  subnixa  resedit. 

lura  dabat  legesque  viris,  operumque  laborem 

partibus  aequabat  iustis,  aut  sorte  trahebat : 

cum  subito  Aeneas  concursu  accedere  magno 

Anthea  Sergestumque  videt  fortemque  Cloanthum,  510 

Teucrorumque  alios,  ater  quos  aequore  turbo 

dispulerat  penitusque  alias  avexerat  ofas. 

Obstipuit  simul  ipse  simul  perculsus  Achates 

laetitiaque  metuque  ;  avidi  coniungere  dextras 

ardebant;  sed  res  animos  incognita  turbat.  5'5 

Dissimulant,  et  nube  cava  speculantur  amicti, 

quae  fortuna  viris,  classem  quo  litore  linquant, 

quid  veniant ;  cunctis  nam  lecti  navibus  ibant, 

orantes  veniam,  et  templum  clamore  petebant. 

Arrival  and  Story  of  Ilioneus. 

Postquam  introgressi  et  coram  data  copia  fandi,  S20 

maxumus  Ilioneus  placido  sic  pectore  coepit ; 
1  O  regina,  novam  cui  condere  luppiter  urbem 
iustitiaque  dedit  gentis  frenare  superbas, 
Troes  te  miseri,  ventis  maria  omnia  vecti, 
oramus,  prohibe  infandos  a  navibus  ignis,  525 

parce  pio  generi,  et  propius  res  aspice  nostras. 
Non  nos  aut  ferro  Libycos  populare  Penatis 
venimus,  aut  raptas  ad  litora  vertere  praedas ; 


497-543-] 


The  Landing  in  Africa. 


non  ea  vis  animo,  nee  tanta  superbia  victis. 

Est  locus,  Hesperiam  Grai  cognomine  dicunt,  53° 

terra  antiqua,  potens  armis  atque  ubere  glaebae  ; 

Oenotri  coluere  viri ;  nunc  fama  minores 

Italiam  dixisse  ducis  de  nomine  gentem. 

Hie  cursus  fuit : 

cum  subito  adsurgens  tiuctu  nimbosus  Orion  535 


RECEPTION  OF  ILIONEUS. 

in  vada  caeca  tulit,  penitusque  procacibus  austris 

perque  undas,  superante  salo,  perque  invia  saxa 

dispulit ;  hue  pauci  vestris  adnavlmus  oris. 

Quod  genus  hoc  hominum  ?   Quaeve  hunc  tam  barbara  morem 

permittit  patria  ?     Hospitio  prohibemur  arenae  ;  54° 

bella  cient,  primaque  vetant  consistere  terra. 

Si  genus  humanum  et  mortalia  temnitis  arma, 

dt  sperate  deos  memores  fandi  atque  nefandi. 


26  The  ALneid.  [BOOK  I. 

'  Rex  erat  Aeneas  nobis,  quo  iustior  alter, 
nee  pietate  fuit,  nee  bello  maior  et  armis.  545 

Quern  si  fata  virum  servant,  si  vescitur  aura 
aetheria,  neque  adhuc  crudelibus  occubat  umbris, 
non  metus ;  officio  nee  te  certasse  priorem 
poeniteat.     Sunt  et  Siculis  regionibus  urbes 
arvaque,  Troianoque  a  sanguine  clarus  Acestes.  550 

Quassatam  ventis  liceat  subducere  classem, 
et  silvis  aptare  trabes  et  stringere  remos : 
si  datur  Italiam,  sociis  et  rege  recepto, 
tendere,  ut  Italiam,  laeti  Latiumque  petamus ; 
sin  absumpta  salus,  et  te,  pater  optume  Teucrum,  555 

pontus'habet  Libyae,  nee  spes  iam  restat  luli, 
at  freta  Sicaniae  saltern  sedesque  paratas, 
unde  hue  advecti,  regemque  petamus  Acesten.' 

Talibus  Ilioneus  ;  cuncti  simul  ore  fremebant 
Dardanidae.  56° 

Dido's  Reception  of  Ilioneus. 

Turn  breviter  Dido,  voltum  demissa,  profatur  : 
'  Solvite  corde  metum,  Teucri,  secludite  curas. 
Res  dura  et  regni  novitas  me  talia  cogunt 
moliri,  et  late  finis  custode  tueri. 

Quis  genus  Aeneadum,  quis  Troiae  nesciat  urbem,  5^5 

virtutesque  virosque,  aut  tanti  incendia  belli  ? 
Non  obtusa  adeo  gestamus  pectora  Poeni, 
nee  tam  aversus  equos  Tyria  Sol  iungit  ab  urbe. 
Seu  vos  Hesperiam  magnam  Saturniaque  arva, 
sive  Erycis  finis  regemque  optatis  Acesten,  57° 

auxilio  tutos  dimittam,  opibusque  iuvabo. 
Voltis  et  his  mecum  pariter  considere  regnis ; 
urbem  quam  statuo  vestra  est,  subducite  navis ; 
Tros  Tyriusque  mihi  nullo  discrimine  agetur. 
Atque  utinam  rex  ipse  Noto  compulsus  eodem  .  574 


544-607-]  The  Landing  in  Africa.  27 

adforet  Aeneas  !  Equidem  per  litora  certos 
dimittam  et  Libyae  lustrare  extrema  iubebo, 
si  quibus  eiectus  silvis  aut  urbibus  errat.' 


Disclosed. 

His  animum  arrecti  dictis  et  fortis  Achates 
et  pater  Aeneas  iamdudum  erumpere  nubem  58° 

ardebant.     Prior  Aenean  compellat  Achates  : 
'  Nate  dea,  quae  nunc  animq  sententia  surgit  ? 
Omnia  tuta  vides,  classem  sociosque  receptos. 
Unus  abest,  medio  in  fluctu  quern  vidimus  ipsi 
submersum  ;  dictis  respondent  cetera  matris.'  585 

Vix  ea  fatus  erat,  cum  circumfusa  repente 
scindit  se  nubes  et  in  aethera  purgat  apertum. 
Restitit  Aeneas  claraque  in  luce  refulsit, 
os  umerosque  deo  similis  ;  namque  ipsa  decoram 
caesariem  nato  genetrix  lumenque  iuventae  59° 

purpureum  et  laetos  oculis  adflarat  honores  : 
quale  manus  addunt  ebori  decus,  aut  ubi  flavo 
argentum  Pariusve  lapis  circumdatur  auro. 

Turn  sic  reginam  adloquitur,  cunctisque  repente 
improvisus  ait  :  '  Coram,  quern  quaeritis,  adsum,  595 

Troius  Aeneas,  Libycis  ereptus  ab  undis. 
O  sola  infandos  Troiae  miserata  labores, 
quae  nos,  reliquias  Danaum,  terraeque  marisque 
omnibus  exhaustos  iam  casibus,  omnium  egenos, 
urbe,  domo,  socias,  grates  persolvere  dignas  600 

non  opis  est  nostrae,  Dido,  nee  quicquid  ubique  est 
gentis  Dardaniae,  magnum  quae  sparsa  per  orbem. 
Di  tibi,  si  qua  pios  respectant  numina,  si  quid 
usquam  iustitia  est  et  mens  sibi  conscia  recti, 
praemia  digna  ferant.     Quae  te  tam  laeta  tulerunt  605 

saecula  ?     Qui  tanti  talem  genuere  parentes? 
In  freta  duin  fluvii  current,  dum  montibus  umbrae 


28  The  ALneid.  [BOOK  I. 

lustrabunt  convexa,  polus  dum  sidera  pascet, 

semper  honos  nomenque  tuum  laudesque  manebunt, 

quae  me  cumque  vocant  terrae.'     Sic  fatus,  amicum          610 

Ilionea  petit  dextra,  laevaque  Serestum, 

post  alios,  fortemque  Gyan  fortemque  Cloanthum. 

Dido's  Welcome  to  ./Eneas. 

Obstipuit  primo  aspectu  Sidonia  Dido, 
casu  deinde  viri  tanto,  et  sic  ore  locuta  est : 
'  Quis  te,  nate  dea,  per  tanta  pericula  casus  615 

insequitur  ?     Quae  vis  immanibus  applicat  oris  ? 
Tune  ille  Aeneas,  quern  Dardanio  Anchisae 
alma  Venus  Phrygii  genuit  Simoentis  ad  undam  ? 
Atque  equidem  Teucrum  memini  Sidona  venire 
finibus  expulsum  patriis,  nova  regna  petentem  620 

auxilio  Beli ;  genitor  turn  Belus  opimam 
vastabat  Cyprum,  et  victor  dicione  tenebat. 
Tempore  iam  ex  illo  casus  mini  cognitus  urbis 
Troianae  nomenque  tuum  regesque  Pelasgi. 
Ipse  hostis  Teucros  insigni  laude  ferebat,  625 

seque  ortum  antiqua  Teucrorum  ab  stirpe  volebat. 
Quare  agite,  O  tectis,  iuvenes,  succedite  nostris. 
Me  quoque  per  multos  similis  fortuna  labores 
iactatam  hac  demum  voluit  consistere  terra. 
Non  ignara  mali,  miseris  succurrere  disco.'  630 

Sic  memorat ;  simul  Aenean  in  regia  ducit 
tecta,  simul  divom  templis  indicit  honorem. 
Nee  minus  interea  sociis  ad  litora  mittit 
viginti  tauros,  magnorum  horrentia  centum 
terga  suum,  pinguis  centum  cum  matribus  agnos,  635 

munera  laetitiamque  dii. 

At  domus  interior  regali  splendida  luxu 
instruitur,  mediisque  parant  convivia  tectis  : 
arte  laboratae  vestes  ostroque  superbo, 


BRIDE    WITH    VEIL. 

(From  a  Roman  Wall  Painting.) 


6o8-653-] 


The  Landing  in  Africa. 


ingens  argentum  mensis,  caelataque  in  auro 
fortia  facta  patrum,  series  longissima  rerum 
per  tot  ducta  viros  antiqua  ab  origine  gentis. 

The  Gifts  to  the  Queen. 

Aeneas  (neque  enim  patrius  consistere  mentem 
passus  amor)  rapidum  ad  navis  praemittit  Achaten, 
Ascanio  ferat  haec,  ipsumque  ad  moenia  ducat ; 
omnis  in  Ascanio  cari  stat  cura  parentis. 
Munera  praeterea,  Iliacis  erepta  ruinis, 


29 

640 


645 


ROMAN  LADY  WITH  DIADEM  (v.  655). 

ferre  iubet,  pallam  signis  auroque  rigentem, 
et  circumtextum  croceo  velamen  acantho, 
ornatus  Argivae  Helenae,  quos  ilia  Mycenis, 
Pergama  cum  peteret  inconcessosque  hymenaeos, 
extulerat,  matris  Ledae  mirabile  donum : 
praeterea  sceptrum,  Ilione  quod  gesserat  olim, 


650 


30  The  dELneid.  [BOOK  I. 

maxima  natarum  Priami,  colloque  monile 

bacatum,  et  duplicem  gemmis  auroque  coronam.  655 

Haec  celerans  iter  ad  naves  tendebat  Achates. 

New  Arts  of  Venus. 

At  Cytherea  novas  artes,  nova  pectore  versat 
consilia,  ut  faciem  mutatus  et  ora  Cupido 
pro  dulci  Ascanio  veniat,  donisque  furentem 
incendat  reginam,  atque  ossibus  implicet  ignem ;  660 

quippe  domum  timet  ambiguam  Tyriosque  bilinguis  ; 
urit  atrox  luno,  et  sub  noctem  cura  recursat. 
Ergo  his  aligerum  dictis  adfatur  Amorem : 

Cupid  Appealed  to. 

'  Nate,  meae  vires,  mea  magna  potentia  solus, 
nate,  patris  summi  qui  tela  Typhoea  temnis,  665 

ad  te  confugio  et  supplex  tua  numina  posco. 
Frater  ut  Aeneas  pelago  tuus  omnia  circum 
litora  iactetur  odiis  lunonis  iniquae, 
nota  tibi,  et  nostro  doluisti  saepe  dolore. 
Hunc  Phoenissa  tenet  Dido  blandisque  moratur  670 

vocibus  ;  et  vereor,  quo  se  lunonia  vertant 
hospitia ;  hand  tanto  cessabit  cardine  rerum.  . 

Quocirca  capere  ante  dolis  et  cingere  flamma 
reginam  meditor,  ne  quo  se  numine  mutet, 
sed  magno  Aeneae  mecum  teneatur  amore.  675 

Qua  facere  id  possis,  nostram  nunc  accipe  mentem. 
Regius  accitu  cari  genitoris  ad  urbem 
Sidoniam  puer  ire  parat,  mea  maxima  cura, 
dona  ferens,  pelago  et  flammis  restantia  Troiae  : 
hunc  ego  sopitum  somno  super  alta  Cythera  680 

aut  super  Idalium  sacrata  sede  recondam, 
ne  qua  scire  dolos  mediusve  occurrere  possit. 
Tu  faciem  illius  noctem  non  amplius  unam 


654-7'3-l  The  Landing  in  Africa.  31 

falle  dolo,  et  notos  pueri  puer  indue  voltus, 

ut,  cum  te  gremio  accipiet  laetissima  Dido  685 

regalis  inter  mensas  laticemque  Lyaeum, 

cum  dabit  amplexus  atque  oscula  dulcia  figet, 

occultum  inspires  ignem  fallasque  veneno.' 

Cupid  in  the  Form  of  Ascanius. 

Paret  Amor  dictis  carae  genetricis,  et  alas 
exuit,  et  gressu  gaudens  incedit  luli.  690 

At  Venus  Ascanio  placidam  per  membra  quietem 
inrigat,  et  fotum  gremio  dea  tollit  in  altos 
Idaliae  lucos,  ubi  mollis  amaracus  ilium 
floribus  et  dulci  adspirans  complectitur  umbra. 

The  Banquet. 

lamque  ibat  dicto  parens  et  dona  Cupido  695 

regia  portabat  Tyriis,  duce  laetus  Achate. 
Cum  venit,  aulaeis  iam  se  regina  superbis 
aurea  composuit  sponda  mediamque  locavit. 
Iam  pater  Aeneas  et  iam  Troiana  iuventus 
conveniunt,  stratoque  super  discumbitur  ostro.  7°o 

Dant  famuli  manibus  lymphas,  Cereremque  canistris 
expediunt,  tonsisque  ferunt  mantelia  villis. 
Quinquaginta  intus  famulae,  quibus  ordine  longam 
cura  penum  struere,  et  flammis  adolere  Penatis ; 
centum  aliae  totidemque  pares  aetate  ministri,  7°S 

qui  dapibus  mensas  onerent  et  pocula  ponant. 
Nee  non  et  Tyrii  per  limina  laeta  frequentes 
convenere,  toris  iussi  discumbere  pictis. 
Mirantur  dona  Aeneae,  mirantur  lulum 
flagrantisque  dei  voltus  simulataque  verba  710 

[pallamque  et  pictum  croceo  velamen  acantho]. 
Praecipue  infelix,  pesti  devota  futurae, 
expleri  mentern  nequit  ardescitque  tuendo 


32  The  dELneid.  [BOOK  I. 

Phoenissa,  et  pariter  puero  donisque  movetur. 

Hie  ubi  complexu  Aeneae  colloque  pependit  715 

et  magnum  falsi  implevit  genitoris  amorem, 

reginam  petit :  haec  oculis,  haec  pectore  toto 

haeret  et  interdum  gremio  fovet,  inscia  Dido 

insidat  quantus  miserae  deus ;  at  memor  ille 

matris  Acidaliae  paulatim  abolere  Sychaeum  720 

incipit,  et  vivo  temptat  praevertere  amore 

iam  pridem  resides  animos  desuetaque  corda. 

The  Festive  Evening. 

Postquam  prima  quies  epulis,  mensaeque  remotae, 
crateras  magnos  statuunt  et  vina  coronant. 
Fit  strepitus  tectis,  vocemque  per  ampla  volutant  72S 

atria  ;  dependent  lychni  laquearibus  aureis 
incensi,  et  noctem  flammis  funalia  vincunt. 
Hie  regina  gravem  gemmis  auroque  poposcit 
implevitque  mero  pateram,  quam  Belus  et  omnes 
a  Belo  soliti ;  turn  facta  silentia  tectis  :  73° 

'  luppiter,  hospitibus  nam  te  dare  iura  loquuntur, 
hunc  laetum  Tyriisque  diem  Troiaque  profectis 
esse  velis,  nostrosque  huius  meminisse  minores. 
Adsit  laetitiae  Bacchus  dator,  et  bona  luno ; 
et  vos,  O,  coetum,  Tyrii,  celebrate  faventes.'  735 

Dixit,  et  in  mensam  laticum  libavit  honorem, 
primaque,  libato,  summo  tenus  attigit  ore ; 
turn  Bitiae  dedit  increpitans ;  ille  impiger  hausit 
spumantem  pateram,  et  pleno  se  proluit  auro  ; 
post  alii  proceres.     Cithara  crinitus  lopas  740 

personal  aurata,  docuit  quern  maximus  Atlas. 
Hie  canit  errantem  lunam  solisque  labores  ; 
unde  hominum  genus  et  pecudes  ;  unde  imber  et  ignes  ; 
Arcturum  pluviasque  Hyadas  geminosque  Triones  ; 
quid  tantum  Oceano  properent  se  tinguere  soles  745 


7i4-7560  The  Landing  in  Africa.  33 

hiberni,  vel  quae  tardis  mora  noctibus  obstet. 

Ingeminant  plausu  Tyrii,  Troesque  sequuntur. 

Nee  non  et  vario  noctem  sermone  trahebat 

infelix  Dido,  longumque  bibebat  amorem, 

mulla  super  Priamo  rogitans,  super  Hectore  multa;         '  75° 

nunc  quibus  Aurorae  venisset  filius  armis, 

nunc  quales  Diomedis  equi,  nunc  quantus  Achilles. 

'Immo  age,  et  a  prima  die,  hospes,  origine  nobis 

insidias,'  inquit,  'Danaum,  casusque  tuorum, 

erroresque  tuos ;  nam  te  iam  septima  portat  755 

omnibus  errantem  terris  et  fluctibus  aestas.' 


BOOK    II.  —  THE   TALE   OF   TROY. 


begins  the  tale.  The  Greeks,  discouraged,  had  withdrawn  to 
Tenedos,  leaving  the  wooden  horse,  in  which  chosen  warriors  were 
hidden  (vv.  1-39).  Laocobn  in  vain  protests  against  receiving  it  within 
the  walls:  meanwhile  Sinon,  pretending  to  have  fled  from  the  Greeks, 
is  received  in  confidence  by  Priam,  whom  he  persuades  that  the  horse  is 
a  sacred  offering  to  Minerva  (40—198).  Laocoon  and  his  sons  are 
destroyed  by  two  monstrous  serpents  :  the  horse  is  brought  with  re- 
joicing into  the  city,  and  at  night  Sinon  sets  free  the  Grecian  chiefs 
(199-267).  The  ghost  of  Hector  appears  to  /Eneas,  and  warns  him  to 
flee.  The  city  is  seen  in  flames  :  /Eneas  and  his  companions  take  arms 
(268-369).  Victorious  encounter  with  a  party  of  Greeks  :  a  disastrous 
conflict  follows,  and  they,  come  to  Priam's  palace  (370-452).  Defence 
and  storming  of  the  palace  :  the  fate  of  Priam,  slain  by  Pyrrhus,  while 
vainly  attempting  to  protect  his  son  (453-558).  vEneas  returns  to  his 
own  house  —  first  meeting  Helen,  whom  Venus  warns  him  not  to  slay 
—  and  beholds  in  a  vision  the  divinities  who  preside  at  the  destruction 
of  Troy  (559-663).  Anchises  at  first  refuses  to  fly,  but  is  encouraged 
by  a  divine  omen  (634-704).  .^Eneas,  bearing  his  father,  and  attended 
by  his  wife  Creiisa,  and  his  son,  seeks  escape  ;  but,  confused  by  a  sud- 
den alarm,  loses  Creiisa  on  the  way  (705-751).  He  seeks  her  in  vain  at 


The   Tale  of  Troy.  35 

his  palace,  which  is  now  filled  with  the  armed  enemy  ;  but  she  meets 
him  in  a  vision  and  comforts  him  by  assurance  of  her  own  deliverance 
from  hostile  hands.  At  dawn,  he  finds  a  numerous  company  escaped 
from  the  city,  with  whom  he  seeks  the  shelter  of  Mount  Ida  (752-804). 

^Eneas  begins  his  Story. 

/^~^ONTICUERE  omnes,  intentique  ora  tenebant. 

v_^  Inde  toro  pater  Aeneas  sic  orsus  ab  alto : 

Infandum,  regina,  iubes  renovare  dolorem, 
Troianas  ut  opes  et  lamentabile  regnum 
eruerint  Danai ;  quaeque  ipse  miserrima  vidi,  5 

et  quorum  pars  magna  fui.     Quis  talia  fando 
Myrmidonum  Dolopumve  aut  duri  miles  Ulixi 
temperet  a  lacrimis?     Et  iam  nox  umida  caelo 
praecipitat,  suadentque  cadentia  sidera  somnos. 
Sed  si  tantus  amor  casus  cognoscere  nostros  10 

et  breviter  Troiae  supremum  audire  laborem, 
quamquam  animus  meminisse  horret,  luctuque  refugit, 
incipiam. 

The  Trojan  Horse. 

Fracti  bello  fatisque  repulsi 
ductores  Danaum,  tot  iam  labentibus  annis, 
instar  mentis  equum  divina  Palladis  arte  15 

aedificant,  sectaque  intexunt  abiete  costas  : 
votum  pro  reditu  simulant ;  ea  fama  vagatur. 

Hue  delecta  virum  sortiti  corpora  furtim 
includunt  caeco  lateri,  penitusque  cavernas 
ingentis  uterumque  armato  milite  complent.  20 

Est  in  conspectu  Tenedos,  notissima  fama 
insula,  dives  opum,  Priami  dum  regna  manebant, 
nunc  tantum  sinus  et  static  male  fida  carinis  : 
hue  se  provecti  deserto  in  litore  condunt. 
Nos  abiisse  rati  et  vento  petiisse  Mycenas :  25 

ergo  omnis  longo  solvit  se  Teucria  luctu ; 


36  The  dSneid.  [BOOK  II. 

panduntur  portae ;  iuvat  ire  et  Dorica  castra 

desertosque  videre  locos  litusque  relictum. 

Hie  Dolopum  manus,  hie  saevus  tendebat  Achilles ; 

classibus  hie  locus ;  hie  acie  certare  solebant.  3° 

Pars  stupet  innuptae  donum  exitiale  Minervae, 

et  molem  mirantur  equi ;  primusque  Thymoetes 


THE  TROJAN  HORSB. 

duci  intra  muros  hortatur  et  arce  locari, 

sive  dolo,  seu  iam  Troiae  sic  fata  ferebant. 

At  Capys,  et  quorum  melior  sententia  menti,  35 

aut  pelago  Danaum  insidias  suspectaque  dona 

praecipitare  iubent,  subiectisque  urere  flammis, 

aut  terebrare  cavas  uteri  et  temptare  latebras. 

Scinditur  incertum  studia  in  contraria  volgus. 

Warning  of  Laocoon. 

Primus  ibi  ante  omnis,  magna  comitante  caterva,  40 

Laocoon  ardens  summa  decurrit  ab  arce, 
et  procul :  'O  miseri,  quae  tanta  insania,  cives? 


27-74-]  The   Tale  of  Troy.  37 

Creditis  avectos  hostis?     Aut  ulla  putatis 

dona  carere  dolis  Danaum?     Sic  notus  Ulixes? 

aut  hoc  inclusi  ligno  occultantur  Achivi,  45 

aut  haec  in  nostros  fabricata  est  machina  muros 

inspectura  domos  venturaque  desuper  urbi, 

aut  aliquis  latet  error ;  equo  ne  credite,  Teucri. 

Quicquid  id  est,  timeo  Danaos  et  dona  ferentis.' 

Sic  fatus,  validis  ingentem  viribus  hastam  50 

in  latus  inque  feri  curvam  compagibus  alvum 

contorsit :  stetit  ilia  tremens,  uteroque  recusso 

insonuere  cavae  gemitumque  dedere  cavernae. 

Et,  si  fata  deum,  si  mens  non  laeva  fuisset, 

impulerat  ferro  Argolicas  foedare  latebras,  55 

Troiaque,  nunc  stares,  Priamique  arx  alta,  maneres. 

The  Perjured  Sinon. 

Ecce,  manus  iuvenem  interea  post  terga  revinctum 
pastores  magno  ad  regem  clamore  trahebant 
Dardanidae,  qui  se  ignotum  venientibus  ultro, 
hoc  ipsum  ut  strueret  Troiamque  aperiret  Achivis,  60 

obtulerat,  fidens  animi  atque  in  utrumque  paratus, 
seu  versare  dolos,  seu  certae  occumbere  morti. 
Undique  visendi  studio  Troiana  iuventus 
circumfusa  ruit,  certantque  inludere  capto. 
Accipe  nunc  Danaum  insidias,  et  crimine  ab  uno  65 

disce  omnes. 

Namque  ut  conspectu  in  medio  turbatus,  inermis 
constitit  atque  oculis  Phrygia  agmina  circumspexit : 
'Heu,  quae  nunc  tellus'  inquit  'quae  me  aequora  possunt 
accipere?     Aut  quid  iam  misero  mihi  denique  restat,          7° 
cui  neque  apud  Danaos  usquam  locus,  et  super  ipsi 
Dardanidae  infensi  poenas  cum  sanguine  poscunt?' 
Quo  gemitu  conversi  animi,  compressus  et  omnis 
impetus.     Hortamur  fari ;  quo  sanguine  cretus, 


38  The  jEneid.  [BOOKII. 

quidve  ferat,  memoret,  quae  sit  fiducia  capto.  75 

[Ille  haec,  deposita  tandem  formicline,  fatur :] 

Sinon's  Wily  Story. 

'Cuncta  equidem  tibi,  rex,  fuerit  quodcumque,  fatebor 
vera,  inquit ;  neque  me  Argolica  de  gente  negabo  : 
hoc  primum ;  nee,  si  miserum  Fortuna  Sinonem 
finxit,  vanum  etiam  mendacemque  improba  finget.  80 

Fando  aliquod  si  forte  tuas  pervenit  ad  auris 
Belidae  nomen  Palamedis  et  incluta  fama 
gloria,  quem  falsa  sub  proditione  Pelasgi 
insontem  infando  indicio,  quia  bella  vetabat, 
demisere  neci,  nunc  cassum  lumine  lugent.  85 

Illi  me  comitem  et  consanguinitate  propinquum 
pauper  in  arma  pater  primis  hue  misit  ab  annis, 
dum  stabat  regno  incolumis  regumque  vigebat 
consiliis,  et  nos  aliquod  nomenque  decusque 
gessimus.     Invidia  postquam  pellacis  Ulixi —  90 

haud  ignota  loquor  - —  superis  concessit  ab  oris, 
adflictus  vitam  in  tenebris  luctuque  trahebam, 
et  casum  insontis  mecum  indignabar  amici. 
Nee  tacui  demens,  et  me,  fors  si  qua  tulisset, 
si  patrios  umquam  remeassem  victor  ad  Argos,  95 

promisi  ultorem,  et  verbis  odia  aspera  movi. 
Hinc  mihi  prima  mali  labes,  hinc  semper  Ulixes 
criminibus  terrere  novis,  hinc  spargere  voces 
in  volgum  ambiguas,  et  quaerere  conscius  arma. 
Nee  requievit  enim,  donee,  Calchante  ministro  —  I0° 

sed  quid  ego  haec  autem  nequiquam  ingrata  revolvo  ? 
Quidve  moror,  si  omnis  uno  ordine  habetis  Achivos, 
idque  audire  sat  est?     lamdudum  sumite  poenas ; 
hoc  Ithacus  velit,  et  magno  mercentur  Atridae.' 

Turn  vero  ardemus  scitari  et  quaerere  causas,  105 

ignari  scelerum  tantorum  artisque  Pelasgae. 


75-I25-J 


The   Tale  of  Troy. 


39 


Prosequitur  pavitans,  et  ficto  pectore  fatur  : 
'Saepe  fugam  Danai  Troia  cupiere  relicta 
moliri,  et  longo  fessi  discedere  bello  ; 
fecissentque  utinam  !     Saepe  illos  aspera  pond 
interclusit  hiemps,  et  terruit  Auster  euntis. 
Praecipue,  cum  iam  hie  trabibus  contextus  acernis 
staret  equus,  toto  sonuerunt  aethere  nimbi. 
Suspensi  Eurypylum  scitantem  oracula  Phoebi 
mittimus,  isque  adytis  haec  tristia  dicta  reportat  : 


SACRIFICE  OF  IPHICENIA  (v.  116). 

Sanguine  placastis  ventos  et  rirgine  caesa, 
cum  primum  Iliacas,  Dahai,  venistis  ad  oras; 
sanguine  quaerendi  re.ditus,  animaque  litandum 
Argolica.     Volgi  quae  vox  ut  venit  ad  auris, 
obstipuere  animi,  gelidusque  per  ima  cucurrit 
ossa  tremor,  cui  fata  parent,  quern  poscat  Apollo. 
'Hie  Ithacus  vatem  magno  Calchanta  tumultu 
protrahit  in  medios ;  quae  sint  ea  numina  divom, 
flagitat;  et  mihi  iam  multi  crudele  canebant 
artificis  scelus,  et  taciti  ventura  videbant. 


120 


4O  The  dEneid.  [BOOK  II. 

Bis  quinos  silet  ille  dies,  tectusque  recusat 

prodere  voce  sua  quemquam  aut  opponere  morti. 

Vix  tandem,  magnis  Ithaci  clamoribus  actus, 

composite  rumpit  vocem,  et  me  destinat  arae. 

Adsensere  omnes,  et,  quae  sibi  quisque  timebat,  13° 

unius  in  miseri  exitium  conversa  tulere. 

lamque  dies  inf anda  aderat ;  mihi  sacra  parari, 

et  salsae  fruges,  et  circum  tempora  vittae  : 

eripui,  fateor,  leto  me,  et  vincula  rupi, 

limosoque  lacu  per  noctem  obscurus  in  ulva  135 

delitui,  dum  vela  darent,  si  forte  dedissent. 

Nee  mihi  iam  patriam  antiquam  spes  ulla  videndi, 

nee  dulcis  natos  exoptatumque  parentem ; 

quos  illi  fors  et  poenas  ob  nostra  reposcent 

effugia,  et  culpam  hanc  miserorum  morte  piabunt.  140 

Quod  te  per  superos  et  conscia  numina  veri, 

per  si  qua  est  quae  restet  adhuc  mortalibus  usquam 

intemerata  fides,  oro,  miserere  laborum 

tantorum,  miserere  animi  non  digna  ferentis.' 

The  Trojans  Deceived. 

His  lacrimis  vitam  damus,  et  miserescimus  ultro.  145 

Ipse  viro  primus  manicas  atque-arta  levari 
vincla  iubet  Priamus,  dictisque  ita  fatur  ainicis : 
'  Quisquis  es,  amissos  hinc  iam  obliviscere  Graios ; 
noster  eris,  mihique  haec  edissere  vera  roganti : 
Quo  molem  hanc  immanis  equi  statuere  ?     Quis  auctor?   150 
Quidve  petunt?     Quae  religio,  aut  quae  machina  belli?' 
Dixerat.     Ille,  dolis  instructus  et  arte  Pelasga, 
sustulit  exutas  vinclis  ad  sidera  palmas  : 

'Vos,  aeterni  ignes,  et  non  violabile  vestrum 
testor  numen'  ait  'vos  arae  ensesque  nefandi,  '55 

quos  fugi,  vittaeque  deum,  quas  hostia  gessi : 
fas  mihi  Graiorum  sacrata  resolvere  iura, 


I26-I68.] 


The  Tale  of  Troy. 


fas  odisse  viros,  atque  omnia  ferre  sub  auras, 
si  qua  tegunt ;  teneor  patriae  nee  legibus  ullis. 
Tu  modo  promissis  maneas,  servataque  serves 
Troia  fidem,  si  vera  feram,  si  magna  rependam. 


160 


THE  PALLADIUM. 

'  Omnis  spes  Danaum  et  coepti  fiducia  belli 
Palladis  auxiliis  semper  stetit.     Impius  ex  quo 
Tydides  sed  enim  scelerumque  inventor  Ulixes, 
fatale  adgressi  sacrato  avellere  templo 
Palladium,  caesis  summae  custodibus  arcis, 
corripuere  sacram  effigiem,  manibusque  cruentis 
virgineas  ausi  divae  contingere  vittas ; 


42  The  jEneid.  [BOOK  II. 

ex  illo  fluere  ac  retro  sublapsa  referri 

spes  Danaum,  fractae  vires,  aversa  deae  mens.  170 

Nee  dubiis  ea  signa  dedit  Tritonia  monstris. 

Vix  positum  castris  simulacrum,  arsere  coruscae 

luminibus  flammae  arrectis,  salsusque  per  artus 

sudor  iit,  terque  ipsa  solo  —  mirabile  dictu  — 

emicuit,  parmamque  ferens  hastamque  trementem.  175 

'  Extemplo  temptanda  fuga  canit  aequora  Calchas, 
nee  posse  Argolicis  exscindi  Pergama  telis, 
omina  ni  repetant  Argis,  numenque  reducant, 
quod  pelago  et  curvis  secum  avexere  carinis. 
Et  nunc,  quod  patrias  vento  petiere  Mycenas,  180 

arma  deosque  parant  comites,  pelagoque  remenso 
improvisi  aderunt :  ita  digerit  omina  Calchas. 
Hanc  pro  Palladio  moniti,  pro  numine  laeso 
effigiem  statuere,  nefas  quae  triste  piaret. 
Hanc  tamen  immensam  Calchas  attollere  molem  185 

roboribus  textis  caeloque  educere  iussit, 
ne  recipi  portis,  aut  duci  in  moenia  possit, 
neu  populum  antiqua  sub  religione  tueri. 
Nam  si  vestra  manus  violasset  dona  Minervae, 
turn  magnum  exitium  (quod  di  prius  omen  in  ipsum  190 

convertant !)  Priami  imperio  Phrygibusque  f uturum  ; 
sin  manibus  vestris  vestram  ascendisset  in  urbem, 
ultro  Asiam  magno  Pelopea  ad  moenia  bello 
venturam,  et  nostros  ea  fata  manere  nepotes.' 

Talibus  insidiis  periurique  arte  Sinonis  195 

credita  res,  captique  dolis  lacrimisque  coactis, 
quos  neque  Tydides,  nee  Larissaeus  Achilles, 
non  anni  domuere  decem,  non  mille  carinae. 

Fate  of   Laocoon. 

Hie  aliud  maius  miseris  multoque  tremendum 
obicitur  magis,  atque  improvida  pectora  turbat.  200 


LAOCOON. 

(In  Vatican  Museum.) 


169-233-]  The   Tale  of  Troy.  43 

Laocoon,  ductus  Neptuno  sorte  sacerdos, 

sollemnis  taurum  ingentem  mactabat  ad  aras. 

Ecce  autem  gemini  a  Tenedo  tranquilla  per  alta  — 

horresco  referens  —  immensis  orbibus  angues 

incumbunt  pelago,  pariterque  ad  litora  tendunt ;  205 

pectora  quorum  inter  fluctus  arrecta  iubaeque 

sanguineae  superant  undas ;  pars  cetera  pontum 

pone  legit,  sinuatque  immensa  volumine  terga. 

Fit  sonitus  spumante  salo ;  iamque  arva  tenebant, 

ardentisque  oculos  suffecti  sanguine  et  igni,  210 

sibila  lambebant  linguis  vibrantibus  ora. 

Diffugimus  visu  exsangues  :  illi  agmine  certo 

Laocoonta  petunt ;  et  primum  parva  duorum 

corpora  natorum  serpens  amplexus  uterque 

implicat,  et  miseros  morsu  depascitur  artus;  215 

post  ipsum  auxilio  subeuntem  ac  tela  ferentem 

corripiunt,  spirisque  ligant  ingentibus ;  et  iam 

bis  medium  amplexi,  bis  collo  squamea  circum 

terga  dati,  superant  capite  et  cervicibus  altis. 

Ille  simul  manibus  tendit  divellere  nodos,  220 

perfusus  sanie  vittas  atroque  veneno, 

clamores  simul  horrendos  ad  sidera  tollit : 

quales  mugitus,  fugit  cum  saucius  aram 

taurus,  et  incertam  excussit  cervice  securim. 

At  gemini  lapsu  delubra  ad  summa  dracones  225 

effugiunt  saevaeque  petunt  Tritonidis  arcem, 

sub  pedibusque  deae  clipeique  sub  orbe  teguntur. 

Turn  vero  tremefacta  novus  per  pectora  cunctis 

insinuat  pavor,  et  scelus  expendisse  merentem 

Laocoonta  ferunt,  sacrum  qui  cuspide  robur  230 

laeserit,  et  tergo  sceleratam  intorserit  hastam. 

Ducendum  ad  sedes  simulacrum  orandaque  divae 

numina  conclamant. 


44  The  sEneid.  [BOOK  II. 

The  Horse  Brought  in. 

Dividimus  muros  et  moenia  pandimus  urbis. 
Accingunt  omnes  operi,  pedibusque  rotarum  235 

subiciunt  lapsus,  et  stuppea  vincula  collo 
intendunt :  scandit  fatalis  machina  muros, 
feta  armis.     Pueri  circum  innuptaeque  puellae 
sacra  canunt,  funemque  manu  contingere  gaudent. 
Ilia  subit,  mediaeque  minans  inlabitur  urbi.  24° 

O  patria,  O  divom  domus  Ilium,  et  incluta  bello 
moenia  Dardanidum,  quater  ipso  in  limine  portae 
substitit,  atque  utero  sonitum  quater  arma  dedere  : 
instamus  tamen  inmemores  caecique  furore, 
et  monstrum  infelix  sacrata  sistimus  arce.  24S 

Tune  etiam  fatis  aperit  Cassandra  futuris 
ora,  dei  iussu  non  umquam  credita  Teucris. 
Nos  delubra  deum  miseri,  quibus  ultimus  esset 
ille  dies,  festa  velamus  fronde  per  urbem. 

The  Coming  of  the  Greeks. 

Vertitur  interea  caelum  et  ruit  oceano  nox,  250 

involvens  umbra  magna  terramque  polumque 
Myrmidonumque  dolos  ;  fusi  per  moenia  Teucri 
conticuere,  sopor  fessos  complectitur  artus  : 
et  iam  Argiva  phalanx  instructis  navibus  ibat 
a  Tenedo  tacitae  per  arnica  silentia  lunae  255 

litora  nota  petens,  flammas  cum  regia  puppis 
extulerat,  fatisque  deum  defensus  iniquis 
inclusos  utero  Danaos  et  pinea  furtim 
laxat  claustra  Sinon.     Illos  patefactus  ad  auras 
reddit  equus,  laetique  cavo  se  robore  promunt  260 

Thessandrus  Sthenelusque  duces,  et  dirus  Ulixes, 
demissum  lapsi  per  funem,  Acamasque,  Thoasque, 
Pelidesque  Neoptolemus,  primusque  Machaon, 


234-295-]  The   Tale  of  Troy.  45 

et  Menelaus,  et  ipse  doli  fabricator  Epeos. 

Invadunt  urbem  somno  vinoque  sepultam ;  265 

caeduntur  vigiles,  portisque  patentibus  omnis 

accipiunt  socios  atque  agmina  conscia  iungunt. 

Apparition  of  Hector. 

Tempus  erat,  quo  prim  a  quies  mortalibus  aegris 
incipit,  et  dono  divom  gratissima  serpit. 
In  somnis,  ecce,  ante  oculos  maestissimus  Hector  270 

visus  adesse  mihi,  largosque  effundere  fletus, 
raptatus  bigis,  ut  quondam,  aterque  cruento 
pulvere,  perque  pedes  traiectus  lora  tumentis. 
Ei  mihi,  qualis  erat,  quantum  mutatus  ab  illo 
Hectore,  qui  redit  exuvias  indutus  Achilli,  27S 

vel  Danaum  Phrygios  iaculatus  puppibus  ignis, 
squalentem  barbam  et  concretes  sanguine  crinis 
volneraque  ilia  gerens,  quae  circum  plurima  muros 
accepit  patrios.     Ultro  flens  ipse  videbar 
compellare  virum  et  maestas  expromere  voces :  280 

'  O  lux  Dardaniae,  spes  O  fidissima  Teucrum, 
quae  tantae  tenuere  morae  ?     Quibus  Hector  ab  oris 
exspectate  venis  ?     Ut  te  post  multa  tuorum 
funera,  post  varies  hominumque  urbisque  labores 
defessi  aspicimus  !     Quae  causa  indigna  serenos  285 

foedavit  voltus  ?     Aut  cur  haec  volnera  cerno  ? ' 

Ille  nihil,  nee  me  quaerentem  vana  moratur, 
sed  graviter  gemitus  imo  de  pectore  ducens, 
'  Heu  fuge,  nate  dea,  teque  his,  ait,  eripe  flammis. 
Hostis  habet  muros  ;  ruit  alto  a  culmine  Troia.  290 

Sat  patriae  Priamoque  datum  :  si  Pergama  dextra 
defendi  possent,  etiam  hac  defensa  fuissent. 
Sacra  suosque  tibi  commendat  Troia  penatis  : 
hos  cape  fatorum  comites,  his  moenia  quaere 
magna,  pererrato  statues  quae  denique  ponto.'  295 


46  The  ^Lneid.  [BOOK  II. 

Sic  ait,  et  manibus  vittas  Vestamque  potentem 
aeternumque  adytis  effert  penetralibus  ignem. 

Havoc  within  the  Walls. 

Diverse  interea  miscentur  moenia  luctu, 
et  magis  atque  magis,  quamquam  secreta  parentis 
Anchisae  domus  arboribusque  obtecta  recessit,  3°° 

clarescunt  sonitus,  armorumque  ingruit  horror. 
Excutior  somno,  et  summi  fastigia  tecti 
ascensu  supero,  atque  arrectis  auribus  adsto  : 
in  segetem  veluti  cum  flamma  furentibus  austris 
incidit,  aut  rapidus  montano  flumine  torrens  3°5 

sternit  agros,  sternit  sata  laeta  boumque  labores, 
praecipitisque  trahit  silvas,  stupet  inscius  alto 
accipiens  sonitum  saxi  de  vertice  pastor. 
Turn  vero  manifesta  fides,  Danaumque  patescunt 
insidiae.     lam  Deiphobi  dedit  ampla  ruinam  310 

Volcano  superante  domus ;  iam  proxumus  ardet 
Ucalegon  ;  Sigea  igni  freta  lata  relucent. 
Exoritur  clamorque  virum  clangorque  tubarum. 
Arma  amens  capio ;  nee  sat  rationis  in  armis, 
sed  glomerare  manum  bello  et  concurrere  in  arcem  3!5 

cum  sociis  ardent  animi ;  furor  iraque  men  tern 
praecipitant,  pulchrumque  mori  succurrit  in  armis. 

Panthus,  Priest  of  Phoebus. 

Ecce  autem  telis  Panthus  elapsus  Achivom, 
Panthus  Othryades,  arcis  Phoebique  sacerdos, 
sacra  manu  victosque  decs  parvumque  nepotem  320 

ipse  trahit,  cursuque  amens  ad  limina  tendit. 
'  Quo  res  summa,  loco,  Panthu  ?     Quam  prendimus  arcem  ? ' 
Vix  ea  fatus  eram,  gemitu  cum  talia  reddit : 
'  Venit  summa  dies  et  ineluctabile  tempus 
Dardaniae  :  fuimus  Troes,  fuit  Ilium  et  ingens  32S 


296-357-]  The   Tale  of  Troy.  47 

gloria  Teucrorum  ;  ferus  omnia  luppiter  Argos 

transtulit ;  incensa  Danai  dominantur  in  urbe. 

Arduus  armatos  mediis  in  moenibus  adstans 

fundit  equus,  victorque  Sinon  incendia  miscet 

insultans  ;  portis  alii  bipatentibus  adsunt,  33° 

milia  quot  magnis  umquam  venere  Mycenis ; 

obsedere  alii  telis  angusta  viarum 

oppositi ;  stat  ferri  acies  mucrone  corusco 

stricta,  parata  neci ;  vix  primi  proelia  temptant 

portarum  vigiles,  et  caeco  Marte  resistunt.'  335 

Desperate  Rally  of  the  Trojans. 

Talibus  Othryadae  dictis  et  numine  divom 
in  flammas  et  in  arma  feror,  quo  tristis  Erinys, 
quo  fremitus  vocat  et  sublatus  ad  aethera  clamor. 
Addunt  se  socios  Ripheus  et  maximus  armis 
Epytus  oblati  per  lunam  Hypanisque  Dymasque,  34° 

et  lateri  adglomerant  nostro,  iuvenisque  Coroebus, 
Mygdonides  :  illis  ad  Troiam  forte  diebus 
venerat,  insano  Cassandrae  incensus  amore, 
et  gener  auxilium  Priamo  Phrygibusque  ferebat, 
infelix,  qui  non  sponsae  praecepta  furentis  345 

audierit. 

Quos  ubi  confertos  audere  in  proelia  vidi, 
incipio  super  his  :  '  luvenes,  fortissima  frustra 
pectora,  si  vobis  audentem  extrema  cupido 
certa  sequi,  quae  sit  rebus  fortuna  videtis  :  35° 

excessere  omnes,  adytis  arisque  relictis, 
di,  quibus  imperium  hoc  steterat ;  succurritis  urbi 
incensae ;  moriamur  et  in  media  arma  ruamus. 
Una  salus  victis,  nullam  sperare  salutem.' 

Sic  animis  iuvenum  furor  additus :  inde,  lupi  ceu  355 

raptores  atra  in  nebula,  quos  improba  ventris 
exegit  caecos  rabies,  catulique  relicti 


48  The  SEneid.  [BOOK  II. 

faucibus  exspectant  siccis,  per  tela,  per  hostis 

vadimus  haud  dubiam  in  mortem,  mediaeque  tenemus 

urbis  iter ;  nox  atra  cava  circumvolat  umbra.  360 

Quis  cladem  illius  noctis,  quis  funera  fando 

explicet,  aut  possit  lacrimis  aequare  labores  ? 

Urbs  antiqua  ruit,  multos  dominata  per  annos  , 

plurima  perque  vias  sternuntur  inertia  passim 

corpora,  perque  domos  et  religiosa  deorum  365 

limina.     Nee  soli  poenas  dant  sanguine  Teucri ; 

quondam  etiam  victis  redit  in  praecordia  virtus 

victoresque  cadunt  Danai :  crudelis  ubique 

luctus,  ubique  pavor,  et  plurima  mortis  imago. 

The  Mistake  of  Androgeos. 

Primus  se,  Danaum  magna  comitante  caterva,  37° 

Androgeos  offert  nobis,  socia  agmina  credens 
inscius,  atque  ultro  verbis  compellat  amicis  : 
1  Festinate,  viri :  nam  quae  tarn  sera  moratur 
segnities  ?     Alii  rapiunt  incensa  feruntque 
Pergama  ;  vos  celsis  nunc  primum  a  navibus  ids.'  375 

Dixit,  et  extemplo,  neque  enim  responsa  dabantur 
fida  satis,  sensit  medios  delapsus  in  hostis. 
Obstipuit,  retroque  pedem  cum  voce  repressit  : 
improvisum  aspris  veluti  qui  sentibus  anguem 
pressit  humi  nitens,  trepidusque  repente  refugit  38° 

attollentem  iras  et  caerula  colla  tumentem ; 
haud  secus  Androgeos  visu  tremefactus  abibat. 
Inruimus,  densis  et  circumfundimur  armis, 
ignarosque  loci  passim  et  formidine  captos 
sternimus  :   adspirat  primo  fortuna  labori.  385 

Disguise  of  the  Trojans. 

Atque  hie  successu  exsultans  animisque  Coroebus, 
'  O  socii,  qua  prima  '  inquit  '  fortuna  salutis 


358-406.] 


The   Tale  of  Troy. 


49 


monstrat  iter,  quaque  ostendit  se  dextra,  sequamur ; 

mutemus  clipeos,  Danaumque  insignia  nobis 

aptemus  :  dolus  an  virtus,  quis  in  hoste  requirat  ?  39° 

Anna  dabunt  ipsi.'     Sic  fatus,  deinde  comantem 

Anclrogei  galeam  clipeique  insigne  decorum 

induitur,  laterique  Argivum  accommodat  ensem. 

Hoc  Rhipeus,  hoc  ipse  Dymas  omnisque  iuventus 

laeta  facit ;  spoliis  se  quisque  recentibus  armat.  395 

Vadimus  immixti  Danais  baud  numine  nostro, 

multaque  per  caecam  congressi  proelia  noctem 

conserimus,  multos  Danaum  demittimus  Oreo. 

Diffugiunt  alii  ad  navis,  et  litora  cursu 

fida  petunt  :  pars  ingentem  formidine  turpi  4°° 

scandunt  rursus  equum  et  nota  conduntur  in  alvo. 

Cassandra. 

Heu  nihil  invitis  fas  quemquam  fidere  divis ! 
Ecce  trahebatur  passis  Priameia  virgo 
crinibus  a  templo  Cassandra  adytisque  Minervae, 
ad  caelum  tendens  ardentia  lumina  frustra,  —  405 

lumina,  nam  teneras  arcebant  vincula  palmas. 


CASSANDRA. 


50  The  JEneid.  [BOOK  II. 

Non  tulit  hanc  speciem  furiata  mente  Coroebus, 
et  sese  medium  iniecit  periturus  in  agmen. 
Consequimur  cuncti  et  densis  incurrimus  armis. 

The  Trojans  Assailed  by  their  Friends. 

Hie  primum  ex  alto  delubri  culmine  telis  410 

nostrorum  obruimur,  oriturque  miserrima  caedes 
armorum  facie  et  Graiarum  errore  iubarum. 
Turn  Danai  gemitu  atque  ereptae  virginis  ira 
undique  collect!  invadunt,  acerrimus  Aiax, 
et  gemini  Atridae,  Dolopumque  exercitus  omnis;  4*5 

adversi  rupto  ceu  quondam  turbine  venti 
confligunt,  Zephyrusque  Notusque  et  laetus  Eois 
Eurus  equis  ^  stridunt  silvae,  saevitque  tridenti 
spumeus  atque  imo  Nereus  ciet  aequora  fundo. 
Illi  etiam,  si  quos  obscura  nocte  per  umbram  420 

fudimus  insidiis  totaque  agitavimus  urbe, 
apparent ;  primi  clipeos  mentitaque  tela 
adgnoscunt,  atque  ora  sono  discordia  signant. 
Ilicet  obruimur  numero  ;  primusque  Coroebus 
Penelei'  dextra  divae  armipotentis  ad  aram  425 

procumbit ;  cadit  et  Rhipeus,  iustissimus  unus 
qui  fuit  in  Teucris  et  servantissimus  aequi : 
dis  aliter  visum  ;  pereunt  Hypanisque  Dymasque 
confixi  a  sociis  ;  nee  te  tua  plurima,  Panthu, 
labentem  pietas  nee  Apollinis  infula  texit.  43° 

Iliaci  cineres  et  flamma  extrema  meorum, 
testor,  in  occasu  vestro  nee  tela  nee  ullas 
vitavisse  vices  Danaum,  et,  si  fata  fuissent 
ut  caderem,  meruisse  manu.     Divellimur  inde, 
Iphitus  et  Pelias  mecum,  quorum  Iphitus  aevo  435 

iam  gravior,  Pelias  et  volnere  tardus  Ulixi ; 
protinus  ad  sedes  Priami  clamore  vocati. 


407-468.]  Tlie  Tale  of  Troy.  51 

The  Fight  at  Priam's  Palace. 

Hie  vero  ingentem  pugnam,  ceu  cetera  nusquam 
bella  forent,  nulli  tota  morerentur  in  urbe, 
sic  Martem  indomitum,  Danaosque  ad  tecta  ruentis  440 

cernimus,  obsessumque  acta  testudine  limen. 
Haerent  parietibus  scalae,  postisque  sub  ipsos 
nituntur  gradibus,  clipeosque  ad  tela  sinistris 
protect!  obiciunt,  prensant  fastigia  dextris. 
Dardanidae  contra  turris  ac  tota  domorum  445 

culmina  convellunt ;  his  se,  quando  ultima  cernunt, 
extrema  iam  in  morte  parant  defendere  telis ; 
auratasque  trabes,  veterum  decora  alta  parentum  . 
devolvunt ;  alii  strictis  mucronibus  imas 
obsedere  fores  ;  has  servant  agmine  denso.  450 

Instaurati  animi,  regis  succurrere  tectis, 
auxilioque  levare  viros,  vimque  addere  victis. 

Limen  erat  caecaeque  fores  et  pervius  usus 
tectorum  inter  se  Priami,  postesque  relicti 
a  tergo,  infelix  qua  se,  dum  regna  manebant,  455 

saepius  Andromache  ferre  incomitata  solebat 
ad  soceros,  et  avo  puerum  Astyanacta  trahebat. 
Evado  ad  summi  fastigia  culminis,  unde 
tela  manu  miseri  iactabant  inrita  Teucri. 
Turrim  in  praecipiti  stantem  summisque  sub  astra  46o 

eductam  tectis,  unde  omnis  Troia  videri 
et  Danaum  solitae  naves  et  Achaia  castra, 
adgressi  ferro  circum,  qua  summa  labantis 
iuncturas  tabulata  dabant,  convellimus  altis 
sedibus,  impulimusque  ;  ea  lapsa  repente  ruinam  465 

cum  sonitu  trahit  et  Danaum  super  agmina  late 
incidit :  ast  alii  subeunt,  nee  saxa,  nee  ullum 
telorum  interea  cessat  genus. 


52  The  ALneid.  [BOOK  II 

Pyrrhus. 

Vestibulum  ante  ipsum  primoque  in  limine  Pyrrhus 
exsultat,  telis  et  luce  coruscus  ae'na ;  47° 

qualis  ubi  in  lucem  coluber  mala  gramina  pastus 
frigida  sub  terra  turnidum  quern  bruma  tegebat, 
nunc,  positis  novus  exuviis  nitidusque  iuventa, 
lubrica  convolvit  sublato  pectore  terga 

arduus  ad  solem,  et  linguis  micat  ore  trisulcis.  475 

Una  ingens  Periphas  et  equorum  agitator  Achillis, 
armiger  Automedon,  uria  omnis  Scyria  pubes 
succedunt  tecto,  et  flammas  ad  culmina  iactant. 
Ipse  inter  primos  correpta  dura  bipenni 
limina  perrumpit,  postisque  a  cardine  vellit  480 

aeratos  ;  iamque  excisa  trabe  firma  cavavit 
robora,  et  ingentem  lato  dedit  ore  fenestram. 
Adparet  domus  intus,  et  atria  longa  patescunt ; 
adparent  Priami  et  veterum  penetralia  regum, 
armatosque  vident  stantis  in  limine  primo.  485 

The  Terror  Within. 

At  domus  interior  gemitu  miseroque  tumultu 
miscetur,  penitusque  cavae  plangoribus  aedes 
femineis  ululant ;  ferit  aurea  sidera  clamor. 
Turn  pavidae  tectis  matres  ingentibus  errant, 
amplexaeque  tenent  postis  atque  oscula  figunt.  49° 

Instat  vi  patria  Pyrrhus ;  nee  claustra,  neque  ipsi 
custodes  sufferre  valent ;  labat  ariete  crebro 
ianua,  et  einoti  procumbunt  cardine  postes. 
Fit  via  vi ;  rumpunt  aditus,  primosque  trucidant 
immissi  Danai,  et  late  loca  milite  complent.  495 

Non  sic,  aggeribus  ruptis  cum  spumeus  amnis 
exiit,  oppositasque  evicit  gurgite  moles, 
fertur  in  arva  furens  cumulo,  camposque  per  omnis 
cum  stabulis  armenta  trahit.     Vidi  ipse  furentem 


469-53  »•]  The   Tale  of  Troy.  53 

caede  Neoptolemum  geminosque  in  limine  Atridas ;  500 

vidi  Hecubam  centumque  nurus,  Priamumque  per  aras 

sanguine  foedantem,  quos  ipse  sacraverat,  ignis. 

Quinquaginta  illi  thalami,  spes  tanta  nepotum, 

barbarico  postes  auro  spoliisque  superbi, 

procubuere  ;  tenent  Danai,  qua  deficit  ignis.  505 

Fate  of  Priam. 

Forsitan  et  Priami  fuerint  quae  fata  requiras. 
Urbis  uti  captae  casum  convolsaque  vidit 
limina  tectorum  et  medium  in  penetralibus  hostem, 
anna  diu  senior  desueta  trementibus  aevo 
circumdat  nequiquam  umeris,  et  inutile  ferrum  510 

cingitur,  ac  densos  fertur  moriturus  in  hostis. 
Aedibus  in  mediis  nudoque  sub  aetheris  axe 
ingens  ara  fuit  iuxtaque  veterrima  laurus, 
incumbens  arae  atque  umbra  complexa  Penatis. 
Hie  Hecuba  et  natae  nequiquam  altaria  circum,  515 

praecipites  atra  ceu  tempestate  columbae, 
condensae  et  divom  amplexae  simulacra  sedebant. 
Ipsum  autem  sumptis  Priamum  iuvenalibus  armis 
ut  vidit,  'Quae  mens  tarn  dira,  miserrime  coniunx, 
impulit  his  cingi  telis  ?     Aut  quo  ruis  ? '  inquit ;  520 

'Non  tali  auxilio  nee  defensoribus  istis 
tempus  eget ;  non,  si  ipse  meus  nunc  adforet  Hector. 
Hue  tandem  concede  ;  haec  ara  tuebitur  omnis, 
aut  moriere  simul.'     Sic  ore  effata  recepit 
ad  sese  et  sacra  longaevum  in  sede  locavit.  525 

Ecce  autem  elapsus  Pyrrhi  de  caede  Polites, 
unus  natorum  Priami,  per  tela,  per  hostis 
porticibus  longis  fugit,  et  vacua  atria  lustrat 
saucius  :  ilium  ardens  infesto  volnere  Pyrrhus 
insequitur,  iam  iamque  manu  tenet  et  premit  hasta.  53° 

Ut  tandem  ante  oculos  evasit  et  ora  parentum, 


54 


The  ALneid. 


[BOOK  II. 


concidit,  ac  multo  vitam  cum  sanguine  fudit. 

Hie  Priamus,  quamquam  in  media  iam  morte  tenetur, 

non  tamen  abstinuit,  nee  voci  iraeque  pepercit : 

'At  tibi  pro  scelere,'  exclamat,  'pro  talibus  ausis,  535 

di,  si  qua  est  caelo  pietas,  quae  talia  curet, 

persolvant  grates  dignas  et  praemia  reddant 

debita,  qui  nati  coram  me  cernere  letum 

fecisti  et  patrios  foedasti  funere  voltus. 

At  non  ille,  satum  quo  te  mentiris,  Achilles  54° 

talis  in  hoste  fuit  Priamo  ;  sed  iura  fidemque 

supplicis  erubuit,  corpusque  exsangue  sepulchro 

reddidit  Hectoreum,  meque  in  mea  regna  remisit.' 


MURDER  OF  PRIAM. 

Sic  fatus  senior,  telumque  imbelle  sine  ictu 
coniecit,  rauco  quod  protinus  acre  repulsum  545 

e  summo  clipei  nequiquam  umbone  pependit. 
Cui  Pyrrhus :  '  Referes  ergo  haec  et  nuntius  ibis 
Pelidae  genitori ;  illi  mea  tristia  facta 
degeneremque  Neoptolemum  narrare  memento. 
Nunc  morere.'     Hoc  dicens  altaria  ad  ipsa  trementem       55° 
traxit  et  in  multo  lapsantem  sanguine  nati, 
implicuitque  comam  laeva,  dextraque  coruscum 
extulit,  ac  lateri  capulo  tenus  abdidit  ensem. 
Haec  firiis  Priami  fatorum ;  hie  exitus  ilium 
sorte  tulit,  Troiam  incensam  et  prolapsa  videntem  555 

Pergama,  tot  quondam  populis  terrisque  superbum 
regnatorem  Asiae.     lacet  ingens  litore  truncus, 
avolsumque  umeris  caput,  et  sine  nomine  corpus. 


532-587.]  The   Tale  of  Troy.  55 

Horror  of  ./Eneas. 

At  me  turn  primum  saevus  circumstetit  horror. 
Obstipui ;  subiit  cari  genitoris  imago,  560 

ut  regem  aequaevum  crudeli  volnere  vidi 
vitam  exhalantem ;  subiit  deserta  Creiisa, 
et  direpta  domus,  et  parvi  casus  luli. 
Respicio,  et  quae  sit  me  circum  copia  lustro. 
Deseruere  omnes  defessi,  et  corpora  saltu  565 

ad  terram  misere  aut  ignibus  aegra  dedere. 

Helen  at  the  Temple  of  Vesta. 

[lamque  adeo  super  unus  eram,  cum  limina  Vestae 
servantem  et  tacitam  secreta  in  sede  latentem 
Tyndarida  aspicio  :  dant  clara  incendia  lucem 
erranti  passimque  oculos  per  cuncta  ferenti.  57° 

Ilia  sibi  infestos  eversa  ob  Pergama  Teucros 
et  poenas  Danaum  et  deserti  coniugis  iras 
praemetuens,  Troiae  et  patriae  communis  Erinys, 
abdiderat  sese  atque  aris  invisa  sedebat. 
Exarsere  ignes  animo  ;  subit  ira  cadentem  575 

ulcisci  patriam  et  sceleratas  sumere  poenas. 
'Scilicet  haec  Spartam  incolumis  patriasque  Mycenas 
aspiciet,  partoque  ibit  regina  triumpho, 
coniugiumque,  domumque,  patres,  natosque  videbit, 
Iliadum  turba  et  Phrygiis  comitata  ministris  ?  S&° 

Occident  ferro  Priamus  ?     Troia  arserit  igni  ? 
Dardanium  totiens  sudarit  sanguine  litus  ? 
Non  ita  :  namque  etsi  nullum  memorabile  nomen 
feminea  in  poena  est,  nee  habet  victoria  laudem, 
exstinxisse  nefas  tamen  et  sumpsisse  merentis  5^5 

laudabor  poenas,  animumque  explesse  iuvabit 
ultricis  flammae,  et  cineres  satiasse  meorum.' 


56  The  jEneid.  [BOOK  II. 

Appearance  of  Venus. 

Talia  iactabam,  et  furiata  mente  ferebar  :] 
cum  mihi  se  non  ante  oculis  tarn  clara,  videndam 
obtulit  et  pura  per  noctem  in  luce  refulsit  59° 

alma  parens,  confessa  deam  qualisque  videri 
caelicolis  et  quanta  solet,  dextraque  prehensum 
continuit,  roseoque  haec  insuper  addidit  ore  : 
'  Nate,  quis  indomitas  tantus  dolor  excitat  iras  ? 
Quid  furis,  aut  quonam  nostri  tibi  cura  recessit  ?  595 

Non  prius  aspicies  ubi  fessum  aetate  parentem 
liqueris  Anchisen  ;  superet  coniunxne  Creiisa, 
Ascaniusque  puer  ?     Quos  omnes  undique  Graiae 
circum  errant  acies,  et,  ni  mea  cura  resistat, 
iam  flammae  tulerint  inimicus  et  hauserit  ensis.  600 

Non  tibi  Tyndaridis  facies  invisa  Lacaenae 
culpatusve  Paris  :  divom  inclementia,  divom, 
has  evertit  opes  sternitque  a  culmine  Troiam. 
Aspice  —  namque  omnem,  quae  nunc  obducta  tuenti 
mortalis  hebetat  visus  tibi  et  umida  circum  605 

caligat,  nuberh  eripiam ;  tu  ne  qua  parentis 
iussa  time,  neu  praeceptis  parere  recusa  :  — 
hie,  ubi  disiectas  moles  avolsaque  saxis 
saxa  vides  mixtoque  undantem  pulvere  fumum. 
Neptunus  muros  magnoque  emota  tridenti  610 

fundamenta  quatit,  totamque  a  sedibus  urbem 
eruit ;  hie  luno  Scaeas  saevissima  portas 
prima  tenet,  sociumque  furens  a  navibus  agmen 
ferro  accincta  vocat. 

Iam  summas  arces  Tritonia,  respice,  Pallas  615 

insedit,  nimbo  effulgens  et  Gorgone  saeva. 
Ipse  pater  Danais  animos  viresque  secundas 
sufficit,  ipse  deos  in  Dardana  suscitat  arma. 
Eripe,  nate,  fugam,  finemque  impone  labori. 


PALLAS. 


588-646.]  The   Tale  of  Troy.  57 

Nusquam  abero,  et  tutum  patrio  te  limine  sistam.'  620 

Dixerat,  et  spissis  noctis  se  condidit  umbris. 

Vision  of  the  Fate  of  Troy. 

Adparent  dirae  facies  inimicaque  Troiae 
numina  magna  deum. 

Turn  vero  omne  mihi  visum  considere  in  ignis 
Ilium  et  ex  imo  verti  Neptunia  Troia ;  625 

ac  veluti  summis  antiquam  in  montibus  ornum 
cum  ferro  accisam  crebrisque  bipennibus  instant 
eruere  agricolae  certatim,  —  ilia  usque  minatur 
et  tremefacta  comam  concusso  vertice  nutat, 
volneribus  donee  paulatim  evicta  supremum  630 

congemuit,  traxitque  iugis  avolsa  ruinam. 

Counsels  of  Flight. 

Descendo,  ac  ducente  deo  flammam  inter  et  hostis 
expedior;  dant  tela  locum,  flammaeque  recedunt. 

Stubborn  Refusal  of  Anchises. 

Atque  ubi  iam  patriae  perventum  ad  limina  sedis 
antiquasque  domos,  genitor,  quern  tollere  in  altos  635 

optabam  primum  montis  primumque  petebam, 
abnegat  excisa  vitam  producere  Troia 
exsiliumque  pad.     'Vos  O,  quibus  integer  aevi 
sanguis,'  ait  '  solidaeque  suo  stant  robore  vires, 
vos  agitate  fugam  :  640 

me  si  caelicolae  voluissent  ducere  vitam, 
has  mihi  servassent  sedes.     Satis  una  superque 
vidimus  exscidia  et  captae  superavimus  urbi. 
Sic  O  sic  positum  adfati  discedite  corpus. 
Ipse  manu  mortem  inveniam ;  miserebitur  hostis  645 

exuviasque  petet ;  facilis  iactura  sepulcri. 


58  The  ^Eneid.  [BOOK  n. 

lam  pridem  invisus  divis  et  inutilis  annos 

demoror,  ex  quo  me  divom  pater  atque  hominum  rex 

fulminis  adflavit  ventis  et  contigit  igni.' 

Talia  perstabat  memorans,  fixusque  manebat.  650 

Nos  contra  effusi  lacrimis,  coniunxque  Creiisa 
Ascaniusque  omnisque  domus,  ne  vertere  secum 
cuncta  pater  fatoque  urguenti  incumbere  vellet. 
Abnegat,  inceptoque  et  sedibus  haeret  in  isdem. 
Rursus  in  arma  feror,  mortemque  miserrimus  opto  :  655 

nam  quod  consilium  aut  quae  iam  fortuna  dabatur? 
'  Mene  efferre  pedem,  genitor,  te  posse  relicto 
sperasti,  tantumque  nefas  patrio  excidit  ore? 
Si  nihil  ex  tanta  superis  placet  urbe  relinqui, 
et  sedet  hoc  animo,  perituraeque  addere  Troiae  660 

teque  tuosque  iuvat,  patet  isti  ianua  leto, 
iamque  aderit  muljto  Priami  de  sanguine  Pyrrhus, 
natum  ante  ora  patris,  patrem  qui  obtruncat  ad  aras. 
Hoc  erat,  alma  parens,  quod  me  per  tela,  per  ignis 
eripis,  ut  mediis  hostem  in  penetralibus,  utque  665 

Ascanium  patremque  meum  iuxtaque  Creiisam 
alterum  in  alterius  mactatos  sanguine  cernam  ? 
Arma,  viri,  ferte  arma ;  vocat  lux  ultima  victos. 
Reddite  me  Danais  ;  sinite  instaurata  revisam 
proelia.     Numquam  omnes  hodie  moriemur  inulti.'  670 

Hinc  ferro  accingor  rursus  clipeoque  sinistram 
insertabam  aptans,  meque  extra  tecta  ferebam. 
Ecce  autem  complexa  pedes  in  limine  coniunx 
haerebat,  parvumque  patri  tendebat  lulum  : 
'  Si  periturus  abis,  et  nos  rape  in  omnia  tecum  ;  675 

sin  aliquam  expertus  sumptis  spem  ponis  in  armis, 
hanc  primum  tutare  domum.     Cui  parvus  lulus, 
cui  pater  et  coniunx  quondam  tua  dicta  relinquor?' 


647-692.] 


The   Talc  of  Troy. 


59 


A  Sign  from  the  Gods.      Anchises  Gives  Way. 

Talia  vociferans  gemitu  tectum  omne  replebat, 
cum  subitum  dictuque  oritur  mirabile  monstrum. 
Namque  manus  inter  maestorumque  ora  parentum 
ecce  levis  summo  de  vertice  visus  lull 
fundere  lumen  apex,  tactuque  innoxia  mollis 
lambere  flamma  comas  et  circum  tempora  pasci. 


680 


THE  FIERY  OMEN. 

Nos  pavidi  trepidare  metu,  crinemque  flagrantem  685 

excutere  et  sanctos  restinguere  fontibus  ignis. 
At  pater  Anchises  oculos  ad  sidera  laetus 
extulit,  et  caelo  palmas  cum  voce  tetendit : 

'  luppiter  omnipotens,  precibus  si  flecteris  ullis, 
aspice  nos ;  hoc  tantum,  et,  si  pietate  meremur,  690 

da  deinde  auxilium,  pater,  atque  haec  omina  firma.' 
Vix  ea  fatus  erat  senior,  subitoque  fragore 


60  The  sEneid.  [BOOK  II. 

intonuit  laevum,  et  de  caelo  lapsa  per  umbras 

Stella  facem  ducens  multa  cum  luce  cucurrit. 

Illam,  summa  super  labentem  culmina  tecti,  695 

cernimus  Idaea  claram  se  condere  silva 

signantemque  vias ;  turn  longo  limite  sulcus 

dat  lucem,  et  late  circum  loca  sulphure  fumant. 

Hie  vero  victus  genitor  se  tollit  ad  auras, 

adfaturque  decs  et  sanctum  sidus  adorat.  7°° 

'  lam  iam  nulla  mora  est ;  sequor  et  qua  ducitis  adsum. 

Di  patrii,  servate  domum,  servate  nepotem. 

Vestrum  hoc  augurium,  vestroque  in  numine  Troia  est. 

Cedo  equidem,  nee,  nate,  tibi  comes  ire  recuso.' 

The  Flight. 

Dixerat  ille  ;  et  iam  per  moenia  clarior  ignis  705 

auditur,  propiusque  aestus  incendia  volvunt. 
'  Ergo  age,  care  pater,  cervici  imponere  nostrae  ; 
ipse  subibo  umeris,  nee  me  labor  iste  gravabit ; 
quo  res  cumque  cadent,  unum  et  commune  periclum, 
una  salus  ambobus  erit.     Mihi  parvus  lulus  710 

sit  comes,  et  longe  servet  vestigia  coniunx : 
vos,  famuli,  quae  dicam,  animis  advertite  vestris. 
Est  urbe  egressis  tumulus  templumque  vetustum 
desertae  Cereris,  iuxtaque  antiqua  cupressus 
religione  patrum  multos  servata  per  annos.  715 

Hanc  ex  diverso  sedem  veniemus  in  unam. 
Tu,  genitor,  cape  sacra  manu  patriosque  Penatis; 
me,  bello  e  tanto  digressum  et  caede  recenti, 
attrectare  nefas,  donee  me  flumine  vivo 
abluero.'  720 

Haec  fatus,  latos  umeros  subiectaque  colla 
veste  super  fulvique  insternor  pelle  leonis, 
succedoque  oneri ;  dextrae  se  parvus  lulus 
implicuit  sequiturque  patrem  non  passibus  aequis ; 


693-739-] 


The   Tale  of  Troy. 


pone  subit  coniunx  :  ferimur  per  opaca  locorum  ; 
et  me,  quem  dudum  non  ulla  iniecta  movebant 
tela  neque  adverse  glomerati  ex  agmine  Grai, 
nunc  omnes  terrent  aurae,  sonus  excitat  omnis 
suspensum  et  pariter  comitique  onerique  timentem. 


61 

725 


THE  FLIGHT  OF 


lamque  propinquabam  portis,  omnemque  videbar 
evasisse  viam,  subito  cum  creber  ad  auris 
visus  adesse  pedum  sonitus,  genitorque  per  umbram 
prospiciens,  '  Nate  '  exclamat,  '  fuge  nate,  propinquant 
Ardentis  clipeos  atque  aera  micantia  cerno  !  ' 


73° 


Loss  of  Creiisa. 

Hie  mihi  nescio  quod  trepido  male  numen  amicum 
confusam  eripuit  mentem.     Namque  avia  cursu 
dum  sequor,  et  nota  excedo  regione  viarum, 
heu,  misero  coniunx  fatone  erepta  Creiisa 
substitit,  erravitne  via,  seu  lassa  resedit, 


735 


62  The  jEneid.  [BOOK  II. 

incertum  ;  nee  post  oculis  est  reddita  nostris.  74° 

Nee  prius  amissam  respexi  animumque  reflexi, 
quam  tumulum  antiquae  Cereris  sedemque  sacratam 
venimus ;  hie  demum  collectis  omnibus  una 
defuit,  et  comites  natumque  virumque  fefellit. 

Despair  of  /Eneas. 

Quern  non  incusavi  amens  hominumque  deorumque,         745 
aut  quid  in  eversa  vidi  crudelius  urbe  ? 
Ascanium  Anchisenque  patrem  Teucrosque  Penatis 
commendo  sociis  et  curva  valle  recondo ; 
ipse  urbem  repeto  et  cingor  fulgentibus  armis. 
Stat  casus  renovare  omnis,  omnemque  reverti  75° 

per  Troiam,  et  rursus  caput  obiectare  periclis. 
Principio  muros  obscuraque  limina  portae, 
qua  gressum  extuleram,  repeto,  et  vestigia  retro 
observata  sequor  per  noctem  et  lumine  lustro. 
Horror  ubique  animo,  simul  ipsa  silentia  terrent.  755 

Inde  domum,  si  forte  pedem,  si  forte  tulisset, 
me  refero  :  inruerant  Danai,  et  tectum  omne  tenebant. 
Ilicet  ignis  edax  summa  ad  fastigia  vento 
volvitur ;  exsuperant  flammae,  furit  aestus  ad  auras. 
Procedo  et  Priami  sedes  arcemque  revise.  760 

Et  iam  porticibus  vacuis  lunonis  asylo 
custodes  lecti  Phoenix  et  dirus  Ulixes 
praedam  adservabant.     Hue  undique  Troia  gaza 
incensis  erepta  adytis,  mensaeque  deorum, 
crateresque  auro  solidi,  captivaque  vestis  765 

congeritur ;  pueri  et  pavidae  longo  ordine  matres 
stant  circum. 

The  Phantom  of  Creiisa. 

Ausus  quin  etiam  voces  iactare  per  umbram 
implevi  clamore  vias,  maestusque  Creiisam 


740-800.]  The   Tale  of  Troy.  63 

nequiquam  ingeminans  iterumque  iterumque  vocavi.          77° 

Quaerenti  et  tectis  urbis  sine  fine  furenti 

infelix  simulacrum  atque  ipsius  umbra  Creiisae 

visa  mihi  ante  oculos  et  nota  maior  imago. 

Obstipui,  steteruntque  comae  et  vox  faucibus  haesit. 

[Turn  sic  adfari  et  curas  his  demere  dictis :]  775 

'  Quid  tantum  insano  iuvat  indulgere  dolori, 

O  dulcis  coniunx  ?     Non  haec  sine  numine  divom 

eveniunt ;  nee  te  hinc  comitem  asportare  Creiisam 

fas,  aut  ille  sinit  superi  regnator  Olympi. 

Longa  tibi  exsilia,  et  vastum  maris  aequor  arandum,         780 

et  terram  Hesperiam  venies,  ubi  Lydius  arva 

inter  opima  virum  leni  fluit  agmine  Thybris ; 

illic  res  laetae  regnumque  et  regia  coniunx 

parta  tibi.     Lacrimas  dilectae  pelle  Creiisae. 

Non  ego  Myrmidonum  sedes  Dolopumve  superbas  785 

aspiciam,  aut  Graiis  servitum  matribus  ibo, 

Dardanis,  et  divae  Veneris  nurus. 

Sed  me  magna  deum  genetrix  his  detinet  oris : 

iamque  vale,  et  nati  serva  communis  amorenv 

Haec  ubi  dicta  dedit,  lacrimantem  et  multa  volentem        79° 

dicere  deseruit,  tenuisque  recessit  in  auras. 

Ter  conatus  ibi  collo  dare  bracchia  circum : 

ter  frustra  comprensa  manus  effugit  imago, 

par  levibus  ventis  volucrique  simillima  somno. 

Meeting  of  the  Fugitives. 

Sic  demum  socios  consumpta  nocte  reviso.  795 

Atque  hie  ingentem  comitum  adfluxisse  novorum 
invenio  admirans  numerum,  matresque  virosque, 
collectam  exsilio  pubem,  miserabile  volgus. 
Undique  convenere,  animis  opibusque  parati, 
in  quascumque  velim  pelago  deducere  terras.  8°° 


64  The  Aineid.  [BOOK  II. 

lamque  iugis  summae  surgebat  Lucifer  Idae 
ducebatque  diem,  Danaique  obsessa  tenebant 
limina  portarum,  nee  spes  opis  ulla  dabatur ; 
cessi,  et  sublato  montes  genitore  petivi. 


BOOK    III.  —  THE    WANDERINGS    OF 


THE  exiles  sail  in  early  summer,  and  arrive  at  Thrace,  but  are 
alarmed  by  the  prodigy  of  a  bleeding  thicket  over  Polydorus's  grave 
(vv.  1-68).  At  Delos  they  consult  Apollo,  and  (misunderstanding  his 
oracle)  settle  in  Crete,  whence  they  are  driven  by  a  pestilence  (69-146). 
/Eneas  is  warned  in  a  vision  that  Italy  is  the  destined  land  :  they  set 
sail,  but  are  overtaken  by  a  storm  (147-208).  Seeking  shelter  at  the 
Strophades,  they  are  driven  thence  by  the  Harpies,  and  follow  the  coast 
as  far  as  Epirus  (209-293).  Here  they  find  Helenus  and  Andromache, 
who  joyfully  receive  them  in  hospitality  (294-355).  The  prophecy  of 
Helenus  :  they  depart,  laden  with  gifts  (356-505).  They  hail  the  coast 
of  Italy,  and  proceed  till  they  near  Sicily  and  the  residence  of  the  Cy- 
clops :  the  spectacle  of  Mount  ^Etna  (506-587).  Here  they  rescue  one 
of  the  companions  of  Ulysses.  The  monster  Polyphemus  is  seen  ap- 
proaching the  shore  :  his  cries  summon  his  companions  (588-681).  Re- 
tracing their  course,  to  avoid  Scylla  and  Charybdis,  they  land  at  the 
port  of  Urepanum  :  the  death  of  Anchises  (682-718). 


66  The  jEmid.  [BOOK  III. 


Embarkation  of  the  Trojans. 

POSTQUAM  res  Asiae  Priamique  evertere  gentem 
immeritam  visum  superis,  ceciditque  superbum 
Ilium,  et  omnis  humo  fumat  Neptunia  Troia, 
diversa  exsilia  et  desertas  quaerere  terras 
auguriis  agimur  divom,  classemque  sub  ipsa  5 

Antandro  et  Phrygiae  molimur  montibus  Idae, 
incerti,  quo  fata  ferant,  ubi  sistere  detur, 
contrahimusque  viros.     Vix  prima  inceperat  aestas, 
et  pater  Anchises  dare  fatis  vela  iubebat, 
litora  cum  patriae  lacrimans  portusque  relinquo  10 

et  campos,  ubi  Troia  fuit :  feror  exsul  in  altum 
cum  sociis  natoque  Penatibus  et  magnis  dis. 

Landing  in  Thrace. 

Terra  procul  vastis  colitur  Mavortia  campis, 
Thraces  arant,  acri  quondam  regnata  Lycurgo, 
hospitium  antiquum  Troiae  sociique  Penates,  15 

dum  fortuna  fuit.     Feror  hue,  et  litore  curvo 
moenia  prima  loco,  fatis  ingressus  iniquis, 
Aeneadasque  meo  nomen  de  nomine  fingo. 

Tomb  of  the  Murdered  Polydorus. 

Sacra  Dionaeae  matri  divisque  ferebam 
auspicibus  coeptorum  operum,  superoque  nitentem  20 

caelicolum  regi  mactabam  in  litore  taurum. 
Forte  fuit  iuxta  tumulus,  quo  cornea  summo 
virgulta  et  densis  hastilibus  horrida  myrtus. 
Accessi,  viridemque  ab  humo  convellere  silvam 
conatus,  ramis  tegerem  ut  frondentibus  aras,  25 

horrendum  et  dictu  video  mirabile  monstrum. 
Nam,  quae  prima  solo  ruptis  radicibus  arbos 


i-6i.]  The  Wanderings  of  Aeneas.  67 

vellitur,  huic  atro  liquuntur  sanguine  guttae, 

et  terram  tabo  maculant.     Mihi  frigidus  horror 

membra  quatit,  gelidusque  coit  formidine  sanguis.  30 

Rursus  et  alterius  lentum  convellere  vimen 

insequor,  et  causas  penitus  temptare  latentis : 

ater  et  alterius  sequitur  de  cortice  sanguis. 

Multa  movens  animo  nymphas  venerabar  agrestis 

Gradivumque  patrem,  Geticis  qui  praesidet  arvis,  35 

rite  secundarent  visus  omenque  levarent. 

Tertia  sed  postquam  maiore  hastilia  nisu 

adgredior,  genibusque  adversae  obluctor  arenae  — 

eloquar,  an  sileam?  —  gemitus  lacrimabilis  imo 

auditur  tumulo,  et  vox  reddita  fertur  ad  auris :  4° 

'Quid  miserum,  Aenea,  laceras?     lam  parce  sepulto; 

parce  pias  scelerare  manus.     Non  me  tibi  Troia 

externum  tulit,  aut  cruor  hie  de  stipite  manat. 

Heu,  fuge  crudelis  terras,  fuge  litus  avarum : 

nam  Polydorus  ego ;  hie  confixum  ferrea  texit  45' 

telorum  seges  et  iaculis  increvit  acutis.' 

Turn  vero  ancipiti  mentem  formidine  pressus 
obstipui,  steteruntque  comae  et  vox  faucibus  haesit. 
Hunc  Polydorum  auri  quondam  cum  pondere  magno 
infelix  Priamus  furtim  mandarat  alendum  5° 

Threicio  regi,  cum  iam  diffideret  armis 
Dardaniae,  cingique  urbem  obsidione  videret. 
Ille,  ut  opes  fractae  Teucrum,  et  fortuna  recessit, 
res  Agamemnonias  victriciaque  arma  secutus, 
fas  omne  abrumpit ;  Polydorum  obtruncat,  et  auro  55 

vi  potitur.     Quid  non  mortalia  pectora  cogis, 
auri  sacra  fames?     Postquam  pavor  ossa  reliquit, 
delectos  populi  ad  proceres  primumque  parentem 
monstra  deum  refero,  et  quae  sit  sententia  posco. 
Omnibus  idem  animus,  scelerata  excedere  terra,  60 

linqui  pollutum  hospitium,  et  dare  classibus  austros. 


68  The  jEnetd.  [BOOK  III. 

Ergo  instauramus  Polydoro  funus,  et  ingens 

aggeritur  tumulo  tellus ;  stant  Manibus  arae, 

caeruleis  maestae  vittis  atraque  cupresso, 

et  circum  Iliades  crinem  de  more  solutae ;  65 

inferimus  tepido  spumantia  cymbia  lacte 

sanguinis  et  sacri  pateras,  animamque  sepulchre 

condimus,  et  magna  supremum  voce  ciemus. 

Arrival  in  Delos. 

Inde,  ubi  prima  fides  pelago,  placataque  venti 
dant  maria  et  lenis  crepitans  vocat  Auster  in  altum,  7° 

deducunt  socii  navis  et  litora  complent  : 
provehimur  portu,  terraeque  urbesque  recedunt. 
Sacra  mari  colitur  medio  gratissima  tellus 
Nereidum  matri  et  Neptuno  Aegaeo, 

quam  plus  Arcitenens  oras  et  litora  circum  75 

errantem  Mycono  e  celsa  Gyaroque  revinxit, 
immotamque  coli  dedit  et  contemnere  ventos. 
Hue  feror  ;  haec  fessos  tuto  placidissima  portu 
accipit ;  egressi  veneramur  Apollinis  urbem. 
Rex  Anius,  rex  idem  hominum  Phoebique  sacerdos  80 

vittis  et  sacra  redimitus  tempora  lauro, 
occurrit;  veterem  Anchisen  adgnoscit  amicum. 
lungimus  hospitio  dextras,  et  tecta  subimus. 

Templa  dei  saxo  venerabar  structa  vetusto  : 
'Da  propriam,  Thymbraee,  domum  ;  da  moenia  fessis         85 
et  genus  et  mansuram  urbem  ;  serva  altera  Troiae 
Pergama,  reliquias  Danaum  atque  immitis  Achilli. 
Quern  sequimur?    Quove  ire  iubes,  ubi  ponere  sedes? 
Da,  pater,  augurium,  atque  animis  inlabere  nostris.' 

Response  of  the  Oracle. 

Vix  ea  fatus  eram  :  tremere  omnia  visa  repente,  9° 

liminaque  laurusque  dei,  totusque  moveri 


APOLLO. 


62-104.] 


The  Wanderings  of 


69 


mons  circum,  et  mugire  adytis  cortina  reclusis. 
Submissi  petimus  terrain,  et  vox  fertur  ad  auris : 
'Dardanidae  duri,  quae  vos  a  stirpe  parentum 
prima  tulit  tellus,  eadem  vos  ubere  laeto 
accipiet  reduces.     Antiquam  exquirite  matrem  : 


95 


x  A  SACRIFICB  (v.  119). 

hie  domus  Aeneae  cunctis  dominabitur  oris, 
et  nati  natorum,  et  qui  nascentur  ab  illis.' 

Haec  Phoebus ;  mixtoque  ingens  exorta  tumultu 
laetitia,  et  cuncti  quae  sint  ea  moenia  quaerunt, 
quo  Phoebus  vocet  errands  iubeatque  reverti? 
Turn  genitor,  veterum  volvens  monumenta  virorum, 
'  Audite,  O  proceres '  ait '  et  spes  discite  vestras  : 
Creta  lovis  magni  medio  iacet  insula  ponto ; 


7O  T/te  ^Eneid.  [BOOK  III. 

mons  Idaeus  ubi,  et  gentis  cunabula  nostrae.  !°5 

Centum  urbes  habitant  magnas,  uberrima  regna ; 

maximus  unde  pater,  si  rite  audita  recorder, 

Teucrus  Rhoeteas  primum  est  advectus  in  oras, 

optavitque  locum  regno.     Nondum  Ilium  et  arces 

Pergameae  steterant;  habitabant  vallibus  imis.  no 

Hinc  mater  cultrix  Cybeli  Corybantiaque  aera 

Idaeumque  nemus ;  hinc  fida  silentia  sacris, 

et  iuncti  currum  dominae  subiere  leones. 

Ergo  agite,  et,  divom  ducunt  qua  iussa,  sequamur ; 

placemus  ventos  et  Gnosia  regna  petamus.  "5 

Nee  longo  distant  cursu  ;  modo  luppiter  adsit, 

tertia  lux  classem  Cretaeis  sistet  in  oris.' 

Sic  fatus,  meritos  aris  mactavit  honores, 

taurum  Neptuno,  taurum  tibi,  pulcher  Apollo, 

nigram  Hiemi  pecudem,  Zephyris  felicibus  albam.  120 

Settlement  in  Crete. 

Fama  volat  pulsum  regnis  cessisse  paternis 
Idomenea  ducem,  desertaque  litora  Cretae, 
hoste  vacare  domos,  sedesque  adstare  relictas. 
Linquimus  Ortygiae  portus,  pelagoque  volamus, 
bacchatamque  iugis  Naxon  viridemque  Donysam,  125 

Olearon,  niveamque  Paron,  sparsasque  per  aequor 
Cycladas,  et  crebris  legimus  freta  consita  terris. 
Nauticus  exoritur  vario  certamine  clamor ; 
hortantur  socii :   Cretam  proavosque  petamus  ! 
Prosequitur  surgens  a  puppi  ventus  euntis  I3° 

et  tandem  antiquis  Curetum  adlabimur  oris. 
Ergo  avidus  muros  optatae  molior  urbis, 
Pergameamque  voco,  et  laetam  cognomine  gentem 
hortor  amare  focos  arcemque  attollere  tectis. 

lamque  fere  sicco  subductae  litore  puppes ;  J35 

conubiis  arvisque  novis  operata  iuventus ; 


105-168.]  The  Wanderings  of  ALneas.  71 

iura  domosque  dabam  :  subito  cum  tabida  membris, 

corrupto  caeli  tractu,  miserandaque  venit 

arboribusque  satisque  lues  et  letifer  annus. 

Linquebant  dulcis  animas,  aut  aegra  trahebant  140 

corpora ;  turn  sterilis  exurere  Sirius  agros ; 

arebant  herbae,  et  victum  seges  aegra  negabat. 

Rursus  ad  oraclum  Ortygiae  Phoebumque  remenso 

hortatur  pater  ire  mari,  veniamque  precari : 

quam  fessis  finem  rebus  ferat;  unde  laborum  145 

temptare  auxilium  iubeat ;  quo  vertere  cursus. 

Italy  Revealed  by  the  Penates. 

Nox  erat,  et  terris  animalia  somnus  habebat : 
effigies  sacrae  divom  Phrygiique  Penates, 
quos  mecum  a  Troia  mediisque  ex  ignibus  urbis 
extuleram,  visi  ante  oculos  adstare  iacentis  150 

in  somnis,  multo  manifest!  lumine,  qua  se 
plena  per  insertas  fundebat  luna  fenestras ; 
turn  sic  adfari  et  curas  his  demere  dictis  : 
'Quod  tibi  delate  Ortygiam  dicturus  Apollo  est, 
hie  canit,  et  tua  nos  en  ultro  ad  limina  mittit.  155 

Nos  te,  Dardania  incensa,  tuaque  arma  secuti, 
nos  tumidum  sub  te  permensi  classibus  aequor, 
idem  ventures  tollemus  in  astra  nepotes, 
imperiumque  urbi  dabimus ;  tu  moenia  magnis 
magna  para,  longumque  fugae  ne  linque  laborem,.  160 

Mutandae  sedes :  non  haec  tibi  litora  suasit 
Delius,  aut  Cretae  iussit  considere  Apollo. 
Est  locus,  Hesperiam  Grai  cognomine  dicunt, 
terra  antiqua,  potens  armis  atque  ubere  glaebae ; 
Oenotri  coluere  viri ;  nunc  fama  minores  165 

Italiam  dixisse  ducis  de  nomine  gentem  : 
hae  nobis  propriae  sedes ;  hinc  Dardanus  ortus, 
lasiusque  pater,  genus  a  quo  principe  nostrum. 


72  The  ^Eneid.  [BOOK  III. 

Surge  age,  et  haec  laetus  longaevo  dicta  parent! 

haud  dubitanda  refer  :  Corythum  terrasque  requirat  170 

Ausonias ;   Dictaea  negat  tibi  luppiter  arva.' 

The  Warning  is  Obeyed. 

Talibus  attonitus  visis  et  voce  deorum  — 
nee  sopor  illud  erat,  sed  coram  adgnoscere  voltus 
velatasque  comas  praesentiaque  ora  videbar ; 
turn  gelidus  toto  manabat  corpore  sudor  —  175 

corripio  e  stratis  corpus,  tendoque  supinas 
ad  caelum  cum  voce  manus,  et  munera  libo 
intemerata  focis.     Perfecto  laetus  honore 
Anchisen  facio  certum,  remque  ordine  pando. 
Adgnovit  prolem  ambiguam  geminosque  parentes,  180 

seque  novo  veterum  deceptum  errore  locorum. 
Turn  memorat :  '  Nate,  Iliacis  exercite  fatis, 
sola  mihi  talis  casus  Cassandra  canebat. 
Nunc  repeto  haec  generi  portendere  debita  nostro, 
et  saepe  Hesperiam,  saepe  Itala  regna  vocare.  185 

Sed  quis  ad  Hesperiae  ventures  litora  Teucros 
crederet,  aut  quem  turn  vates  Cassandra  moveret? 
Cedamus  Phoebo,  et  moniti  meliora  sequamur.' 
Sic  ait,  et  cuncti  dicto  paremus  ovantes. 
Hanc  quoque  deserimus  sedem,  paucisque  relictis  19° 

vela  damus,  vastumque  cava  trabe  currimus  aequor. 

The  Stormy  Voyage. 

Postquam  altum  tenuere  rates,  nee  iam  amplius  ullae 
adparent  terrae,  caelum  undique  et  undique  pontus, 
turn  mihi  caeruleus  supra  caput  adstitit  imber, 
noctem  hiememque  ferens,  et  inhorruit  unda  tenebris.        195 
Continue  venti  volvunt  mare,  magnaque  surgunt 
aequora  ;  dispersi  iactamur  gurgite  vasto  ; 
involvere  diem  nimbi,  et  nox  umida  caelum 


169-215-] 


The  Wanderings  of  ALneas. 


73 


abstulit;  ingeminant  abruptis  nubibus  ignes. 
Excutimur  cursu,  et  caecis  erramus  in  undis. 
Ipse  diem  noctemque  negat  discernere  caelo 
nee  meminisse  viae  media  Palinurus  in  unda. 
Tris  adeo  incertos  caeca  caligine  soles 
erramus  pelago,  totidem  sine  sidere  noctes. 
Quarto  terra  die  primum  se  attollere  tandem 
visa,  aperire  procul  mentis,  ac  volvere  fumum. 
Vela  cadunt,  remis  insurgimus  ;  haud  mora,  nautae 
adnixi  torquent  spumas  et  caerula  verrunt. 

The  Harpies  of  the  Strophades. 

Servatum  ex  undis  Strophadum  me  litora  primum 
accipiunt ;  Strophades  Graio  stant  nomine  dictae, 
insulae  lonio  in  magno,  quas  dira  Celaeno 


205 


HARPIBS. 


Harpyiaeque  colunt  aliae,  Phineia  postquam 
clausa  domus,  mensasque  metu  liquere  priores. 
Tristius  haud  illis  monstrum,  nee  saevior  ulla 
pestis  et  ira  deum  Stygiis  sese  extulit  undis. 


215 


74  The  SEneid.  [BOOK  III. 

Virginei  volucrum  voltus,  foedissima  ventris 
proluvies,  uncaeque  manus,  et  pallida  semper 
ora  fame. 

Hue  ubi  delati  portus  intravimus,  ecce 

laeta  bourn  passim  campis  armenta  videmus,  220 

caprigenumque  pecus  nullo  custode  per  herbas. 
Inruimus  ferro,  et  divos  ipsumque  vocamus 
in  partem  praedamque  lovem ;  turn  litore  curvo 
exstruimusque  toros,  dapibusque  epulamur  opimis. 
At  subitae  horrifico  lapsu  de  montibus  adsunt  225 

Harpyiae,  et  magnis  quatiunt  clangoribus  alas, 
diripiuntque  dapes,  contactuque  omnia  foedant 
immundo  ;  turn  vox  taetrum  dira  inter  odorem. 
Rursum  in  secessu  longo  sub  rupe  cavata, 
arboribus  clausi  circum  atque  horrentibus  umbris,  230 

instruimus  mensas  arisque  reponimus  ignem  : 
rursuin  ex  diverse  caeli  caecisque  latebris 
turba  sonans  praedam  pedibus  circumvolat  uncis, 
polluit  ore  dapes.     Sociis  tune,  arma  capessant, 
edico,  et  dira  bellum  cum  gente  gerendum.  235 

Haud  secus  ac  iussi  faciunt,  tectosque  per  herbam 
disponunt  enses  et  scuta  latentia  condunt. 
Ergo  ubi  delapsae  sonitum  per  curva  dedere 
litora,  dat  signum  specula  Misenus  ab  alta 
acre  cavo.     Invadunt  socii,  et  nova  proelia  temptant,        240 
obscenas  pelagi  ferro  foedare  volucres  : 
sed  neque  vim  plumis  ullam  nee  volnera  tergo 
accipiunt,  celerique  fuga  sub  sidera  lapsae 
semesam  praedam  et  vestigia  foeda  relinquunt. 

Evil  Prophecy  of  Celaeno. 

Una  in  praecelsa  consedit  rupe  Celaeno,  245 

infelix  vates,  rumpitque  hanc  pectore  vocem : 
'Bellum  etiam  pro  caede  bourn  stratisque  iuvencis, 


2 1 6-279.]  The  Wanderings  of  Aeneas.  75 

Laomedontiadae,  bellumne  inferre  paratis, 

et  patrio  Harpyias  insontis  pellere  regno? 

Accipite  ergo  animis  atque  haec  mea  figite  dicta,  250 

quae  Phoebo  pater  omnipotens,  mihi  Phoebus  Apollo 

praedixit,  vobis  Furiarum  ego  maxuma  pando. 

Italiam  cursu  petitis,  ventisque  vocatis 

ibitis  Italiam,  portusque  intrare  licebit  ; 

sed  non  ante  datam  cingetis  moenibus  urbem,  255 

quam  vos  dira  fames  nostraeque  iniuria  caedis 

ambesas  subigat  malis  absumere  mensas.' 

Dixit,  et  in  silvam  pennis  ablata  refugit. 

At  sociis  subita  gelidus  formidine  sanguis 
deriguit ;  cecidere  animi,  nee  iam  amplius  armis,  260 

sed  votis  precibusque  iubent  exposcere  pacem, 
sive  deae,  seu  sint  dirae  obscenaeque  volucres. 
Et  pater  Anchises  passis  de  litore  palmis 
numina  magna  vocat,  meritosque  indicit  honores : 
1  Di,  prohibete  minas  ;  di,  talem  avertite  casum,  265 

et  placidi  servate  pios  ! '     Turn  litore  funem 
deripere,  excussosque  iubet  laxare  rudentes. 
Tendunt  vela  Noti ;  fugimus  spumantibus  undis, 
qua  cursum  ventusque  gubernatorque  vocabat. 
Iam  medio  adparet  fluctu  nemorosa  Zacynthos  270 

Dulichiumque  Sameque  et  Neritos  ardua  saxis. 
Effugimus  scopulos  Ithacae,  Laertia  regna, 
et  terram  altricem  saevi  exsecramur  Ulixi. 
Mox  et  Leucatae  nimbosa  cacumina  mentis 
et  formidatus  nautis  aperitur  Apollo.  275 

Hunc  petimus  fessi  et  parvae  succedimus  urbi ; 
ancora  de  prora  iacitur,  stant  litore  puppes. 

Landing  at  Actium. 

Ergo  insperata  tandem  tellure  potiti, 
lustramurque  lovi  votisque  incendimus  aras, 


76  The  ALneid,  [BOOK  III. 

Actiaque  Iliacis  celebramus  litora  ludis.  280 

Exercent  patrias  oleo  labente  palaestras 

nudati  socii ;  iuvat  evasisse  tot  urbes 

Argolicas,  mediosque  fugam  tenuisse  per  hostis. 

Interea  magnum  sol  circumvolvitur  annum, 

et  glacialis  hiemps  aquilonibus  asperat  undas.  285 

Acre  cavo  clipeum,  magni  gestamen  Abantis, 

postibus  adversis  figo,  et  rem  carmine  signo  : 

AENEAS  HAEC  DE  DANAIS  VICTORIBVS  ARMA. 

Linquere  turn  portus  iubeo  et  considere  transtris  : 

certatim  socii  feriunt  mare  et  aequora  verrunt.  29° 

Protinus  aerias  Phaeacum  abscondimus  arces, 

litoraque  Epiri  legimus  portuque  .subimus 

Chaonio,  et  celsam  Buthroti  accedimus  urbem. 

Meeting  with  Andromache. 

Hie  incredibilis  rerum  fama  occupat  auris, 
Priamiden  Helenum  Graias  regnare  per  urbes,  295 

coniugio  Aeacidae  Pyrrhi  sceptrisque  potitum, 
et  patrio  Andromachen  iterum  cessisse  marito. 
Obstipui,  miroque  incensum  pectus  amore,   . 
compellare  virum  et  casus  cognoscere  tantos. 
Progredior  portu,  classis  et  litora  linquens,  3°° 

sollemnis  cum  forte  dapes  et  tristia  dona 
ante  urbem  in  luco  falsi  Simoentis  ad  undam 
libabat  cineri  Andromache,  Manisque  vocabat 
Hectoreum  ad  tumulum,  viridi  quern  caespite  inanem 
et  geminas,  causam  lacrimis,  sacraverat  aras.  3° 5 

Ut  me  conspexit  venientem  et  Tro'ia  circum 
arma  amens  vidit,  magnis  exterrita  monstris 
deriguit  visu  in  medio,  calor  ossa  reliquit ; 
labitur,  et  longo  vix  tandem  tempore  fatur : 
'Verane  te  facies,  verus  mihi  nuntius  adfers,  310 

nate  dea?     Vivisne,  aut,  si  lux  alma  recessit, 


280-329.] 


The  Wanderings  of 


77 


Hector  ubi  est?'     Dixit,  lacrimasque  effudit  et  omnem 

implevit  clamore  locum.     Vix  pauca  furenti 

subicio,  et  raris  turbatus  vocibus  hisco  : 

'Vivo  equidem,  vitamque  extrema  per  omnia  duco  ; 

ne  dubita,  nam  vera  vides. 

Heu,  quis  te  casus  deiectam  coniuge  tanto 

excipit,  aut  quae  digna  satis  fortuna  revisit 

Hectoris  Andromachen?     Pyrrhin'  conubia  servas?' 


OFFERINGS  TO  THE  DEAD  (vv.  301-5). 

Deiecit  voltum  et  demissa  voce  locuta  est : 
'O  felix  una  ante  alias  Priameia  virgo, 
hostilem  ad  tumulum  Troiae  sub  moenibus  aids 
iussa  mori,  quae  sortitus  non  pertulit  ullos, 
nee  victoris  eri  tetigit  captiva  cubile  ! 
Nos,  patria  incensa,  diversa  per  aequora  vectae, 
stirpis  Achilleae  fastus  iuvenemque  superbum, 
servitio  enixae,  tulimus :  qui  deinde,  secutus 
Ledaeam  Hermionen  Lacedaemoniosque  hymenaeos, 
me  famulo  famulamque  Heleno  transmisit  habendam. 


320 


325 


78  The  j&neid.  [BOOK  III. 

Ast  ilium,  ereptae  magno  inflammatus  amore  33° 

coniugis  et  scelerum  Furiis  agitatus,  Orestes 

excipit  incautum  patriasque  obtruncat  ad  aras. 

Morte  Neoptolemi  regnorum  reddita  cessit 

pars  Heleno,  qui  Chaonios  cognomine  campos 

Chaoniamque  omnem  Troiano  a  Chaone  dixit,  335 

Pergamaque  Iliacamque  iugis  hanc  addidit  arcem. 

Sed  tibi  qui  cursum  venti,  quae  fata  dedere? 

Aut  quisnam  ignarum  nostris  deus  adpulit  oris? 

Quid  puer  Ascanius?  superatne  et  vescitur  aura, 

quern  tibi  iam  Troia  —  340 

Ecqua  tamen  puero  est  amissae  cura  parentis? 

Ecquid  in  antiquam  virtutem  animosque  virilis 

et  pater  Aeneas  et  avunculus  excitat  Hector?' 

Reception  by  Helenas. 

Talia  fundebat  lacrimans  longosque  ciebat 
incassum  fletus,  cum  sese  a  moenibus  heros  345 

Priamides  multis  Helenus  comitantibus  adfert, 
adgnoscitque  suos,  laetusque  ad  limina  ducit, 
et  multum  lacrimas  verba  inter  singula  fundit. 
Procedo,  et  parvam  Troiam  simulataque  magnis 
Pergama,  et  arentem  Xanthi  cognomine  rivum  35° 

adgnosco,  Scaeaeque  amplector  limina  portae. 
Nee  non  et  Teucri  socia  simul  urbe  fruuntur : 
illos  porticibus  rex  accipiebat  in  amplis ; 
aulai  medio  libabant  pocula  Bacchi, 
impositis  auro  dapibus,  paterasque  tenebant.  355 

lamque  dies  alterque  dies  processit,  et  aurae 
vela  vocant  tumidoque  inflatur  carbasus  austro. 
His  vatem  adgredior  dictis  ac  talia  quaeso  : 
"Troiugena,  interpres  divom,  qui  numina  Phoebi, 
qui  tripodas,  Clarii  laurus,  qui  sidera  sentis,  360 

et  volucrum  linguas  et  praepetis  omina  pennae, 


330-393-]  The  Wanderings  of  ^Eneas.  79 

fare  age  —  namque  omnem  cursum  mihi  prospera  dixit 

religio,  et  cuncti  suaserunt  numine  divi 

Italiam  petere  et  terras  temptare  repostas  : 

sola  novum  dictuque  nefas  Harpyia  Celaeno  365 

prodigium  canit,  et  tristis  denuntiat  iras, 

obscenamque  famem  —  quae  prima  pericula  vito  ? 

Quldve  sequens  tantos  possim  superare  labores?' 

Prophecy  of  Helenus. 

Hie  Helenus,  caesis  primum  de  more  iuvencis, 
exorat  pacem  divom,  vittasque  resolvit  37° 

sacrati  capitis,  meque  ad  tua  limina,  Phoebe, 
ipse  manu  multo  suspensum  numine  ducit, 
atque  haec  deinde  canit  divino  ex  ore  sacerdos : 

'Nate  dea,  —  nam  te  maioribus  ire  per  altum 
auspiciis  manifesta  fides  :  sic  fata  deum  rex  375 

sortitur,  volvitque  vices  ;  is  vertitur  ordo  — 
pauca  tibi  e  multis,  quo  tutior  hospita  lustres 
aequora  et  Ausonio  possis  considere  portu, 
expediam  dictis ;  prohibent  nam  cetera  Parcae 
scire  Helenum  farique  vetat  Saturnia  luno.  3^° 

Principio  Italiam,  quam  tu  iam  rere  propinquam 
vicinosque,  ignare,  paras  invadere  portus, 
longa  procul  longis  via  dividit  invia  terris. 
Ante  et  Trinacria  lentandus  remus  in  unda, 
et  salis  Ausonii  lustrandum  navibus  aequor,  3^5 

infernique  lacus,  Aeaeaeque  insula  Circae, 
quam  tuta  possis  urbem  componere  terra  : 
signa  tibi  dicam,  tu  condita  mente  teneto  : 
cum  tibi  sollicito  secret!  ad  fluminis  undam 
litoreis  ingens  inventa  sub  ilicibus  sus  39° 

triginta  capitum  fetus  enixa  iacebit, 
alba,  solo  recubans,  albi  circum  ubera  nati, 
is  locus  urbis  erit,  requies  ea  certa  laborum. 


8o  The  ALneid.  [BOOK  III. 

Nee  tu  mensarum  morsus  horresce  futures : 

fata  viam  invenient,  aderitque  vocatus  Apollo.  395 

'Avoid  the  Eastern  Shore.' 

'Has  autem  terras,  Italique  hanc  litoris  oram, 
proxuma  quae  nostri  perfunditur  aequoris  aestu, 
effuge  ;  cuncta  mails  habitantur  moenia  Grais. 
Hie  et  Narycii  posuerunt  moenia  Locri, 
et  Sallentinos  obsedit  milite  campos  400 

Lyctius  Idomeneus ;  hie  ilia  ducis  Meliboei 
parva  Philoctetae  subnixa  Petelia  muro. 
Quin,  ubi  transmissae  steterint  trans  aequora  classes, 
et  positis  aris  iam  vota  in  litore  solves, 
purpureo  velare  comas  adopertus  amictu,  405 

ne  qua  inter  sanctos  ignis  in  honore  deorum 
hostilis  facies  occurrat  et  omina  turbet. 
Hunc  socii  morem  sacrorum,  hunc  ipse  teneto : 
hac  casti  maneant  in  religione  nepotes. 

'  Sail  round  Italy.' 

'Ast  ubi  digressum  Siculae  te  admoverit  orae  4J° 

ventus,  et  angusti  rarescent  claustra  Pelori, 
laeva  tibi  tellus  et  longo  laeva  petantur 
aequora  circuitu  :  dextrum  fuge  litus  et  undas. 
Haec  loca  vi  quondam  et  vasta  convolsa  ruina  — 
tantum  aevi  longinqua  valet  mutare  vetustas  —  4'5 

dissiluisse  ferunt,  cum  protinus  utraque  tellus 
una  foret ;  venit  medio  vi  pontus  et  undis 
Hesperium  Siculo  latus  abscidit,  arvaque  et  urbes 
litore  diductas  angusto  interluit  aestu. 

Dextrum  Scylla  latus,  laevum  implacata  Charybdis  420 

obsidet,  atque  imo  barathri  ter  gurgite  vastos 
sorbet  in  abruptum  fluctus  rursusque  sub  auras 
erigit  alternos  et  sidera  verberat  unda. 


VEILED    ROMAN    SACRIFICING. 

(v.  4°5-> 


394-432-] 


The  Wanderings  of  ALneas. 


At  Scyllam  caecis  cohibet  spelunca  latebris, 
ora  exsertantem  et  navis  in  saxa  trahentem. 
Prima  hominis  facies  et  pulchro  pectore  virgo 


81 


425 


SCVLLA. 


pube  tenus,  postrema  immani  corpore  pristis, 
delphinum  caudas  utero  commissa  luporum. 
Praestat  Trinacrii  metas  lustrare  Pachyni 
cessantem,  longos  et  circumflectere  cursus, 
quam  semel  informem  vasto  vidisse  sub  antro 
Scyllam,  et  caeruleis  canibus  resonantia  saxa. 


43° 


82  The  ^Eneid.  [BOOK  III. 

'Appease  Juno.' 

'Praeterea,  si  qua  est  Heleno  prudentia,  vati 
si  qua  fides,  animum  si  veris  implet  Apollo, 
unum  illud  tibi,  nate  dea,  proque  omnibus  unum  435 

praedicam,  et  repetens  iterumque  iterumque  monebo  : 
lunonis  magnae  primum  prece  numen  adora ; 
lunoni  cane  vota  libens,  dominamque  potentem 
supplicibus  supera  donis  :  sic  denique  victor 
Trinacria  finis  Italos  mittere  relicta.  44° 

'Seek  the  Sibyl.' 

'Hue  ubi  delatus  Cumaeam  accesseris  urbem, 
divinosque  lacus,  et  Averna  sonantia  silvis, 
insanam  vatem  aspicies,  quae  rupe  sub  ima 
fata  canit,  foliisque  notas  et  nomina  mandat. 
Quaecumque  in  foliis  descripsit  carmina  virgo,  445 

digerit  in  numerum,  atque  antro  seclusa  relinquit. 
Ilia  manent  immota  locis,  neque  ab  ordine  cedunt ; 
verum  eadem,  verso  tenuis  cum  cardine  ventus 
impulit  et  teneras  turbavit  ianua  frondes, 
numquam  deinde  cavo  volitantia  prendere  saxo,  45° 

nee  revocare  situs  aut  iungere  carmina  curat : 
inconsulti  abeunt,  sedemque  odere  Sibyllae. 
Hie  tibi  ne  qua  morae  fuerint  dispendia  tanti,  — 
quamvis  increpitent  socii,  et  vi  cursus  in  altum 
vela  vocet,  possisque  sinus  implere  secundos,  —  455 

quin  adeas  vatem  precibusque  oracula  poscas 
ipsa  canat,  vocemque  volens  atque  ora  resolvat. 
Ilia  tibi  Italiae  populos  venturaque  bella, 
et  quo  quemque  modo  fugiasque  ferasque  laborem 
expediet,  cursusque  dabit  venerata  secundos.  460 

Haec  sunt,  quae  nostra  liceat  te  voce  moneri. 
Vade  age,  et  ingentem  factis  fer  ad  aethera  Troiam.' 


433-483-]  The  Wanderings  of  ALneas.  83 

Parting  with  Helenus  and  Andromache. 

Quae  postquam  vates  sic  ore  effatus  amico  est, 
dona  dehinc  auro  gravia  sectoque  elephanto 
imperat  ad  navis  ferri,  stipatque  carinis  465 

ingens  argentum,  Dodonaeosque  lebetas, 
loricam  consertam  hamis  auroque  trilicem, 
et  conum  insignis  galeae  cristasque  comantis, 
arma  Neoptolemi ;  sunt  et  sua  dona  parenti. 
Addit  equos,  additque  duces  ;  47° 

remigium  supplet ;  socios  simul  instruit  armis. 


CHAIN  MAIL  (v.  467). 

Interea  classem  velis  aptare  iubebat 
Anchises,  fieret  vento  mora  ne  qua  ferenti. 
Quern  Phoebi  interpres  multo  compellat  honore  : 
'Coniugio,  Anchise,  Veneris  dignate  superbo,  475 

cura  deum,  bis  Pergameis  erepte  ruinis, 
ecce  tibi  Ausoniae  tellus  ;  hanc  arripe  velis. 
Et  tamen  hanc  pelago  praeterlabare  necesse  est ; 
Ausoniae  pars  ilia  procul,  quam  pandit  Apollo. 
Vade'  ait  'O  felix  nati  pietate.     Quid  ultra  480 

provehor,  et  fando  surgentis  demoror  austros?' 

Nee  minus  Andromache  digressu  maesta  supremo 
fert  picturatas  auri  subtemine  vestes 


84  The  ^Eneid.  [BOOK  III. 

et  Phrygiam  Ascanio  chlamydem  (nee  cedit  honore), 
textilibusque  onerat  donis,  ac  talia  fatur  :  485 

'  Accipe  et  haec,  manuum  tibi  quae  monumenta  mearum 
sint,  puer,  et  longum  Andromachae  testentur  amorem, 
coniugis  Hectoreae.     Cape  dona  extrema  tuorum, 
O  mihi  sola  mei  super  Astyanactis  imago  : 
sic  oculos,  sic  ille  manus,  sic  ora  ferebat ;  49° 

et  nunc  aequali  tecum  pubesceret  aevo.' 

Hos  ego  digrediens  lacrimis  adfabar  obortis  : 
'Vivite  felices,  quibus  est  fortuna  peracta 
iam  sua ;  nos  alia  ex  aliis  in  fata  vocamur. 
Vobis  parta  quies  ;  nullum  maris  aequor  arandum,  495 

arva  neque  Ausoniae  semper  cedentia  retro 
quaerenda  :  effigiem  Xanthi  Troiamque  videtis, 
quam  vestrae  fecere  manus,  melioribus,  opto, 
auspiciis,  et  quae  fuerit  minus  obvia  Grais. 
Si  quando  Thybrim  vicinaque  Thybridis  arva  500 

intraro,  gentique  meae  data  moenia  cernam, 
cognatas  urbes  olim  populosque  propinquos, 
Epiro,  Hesperia,  quibus  idem  Dardanus  auctor 
atque  idem  casus,  unam  faciemus  utramque 
Troiam  animis  ;  maneat  nostros  ea  cura  nepotes.'  505 

Departure  from  Epirus. 

Provehimur  pelago  vicina  Ceraunia  iuxta, 
unde  iter  Italiam  cursusque  brevissimus  undis. 
Sol  ruit  interea  et  montes  umbrantur  opaci ; 
sternimur  optatae  gremio  telluris  ad  undam, 
sortiti  remos,  passimque  in  litore  sicco  510 

corpora  curamus ;  fessos  sopor  inrigat  artus. 
Necdum  orbem  medium  Nox  horis  acta  subibat : 
haud  segnis  strato  surgit  Palinurus  et  omnis 
explorat  ventos,  atque  auribus  aera  captat ; 
sidera  cuncta  notat  tacito  labentia  caelo,  515 


484-545-]  The  Wanderings  of  sEneas.  85 

Arcturum  pluviasque  Hyadas  geminosque  Triones, 
armatumque  auro  circumspicit  Oriona. 
Postquam  cuncta  videt  caelo  constare  sereno, 
dat  clarum  e  puppi  signum  ;  nos  castra  movemus, 
temptamusque  viam  et  velorum  pandimus  alas.  520 

'  Italy  !    Italy  ! ' 

lamque  rubescebat  stellis  Aurora  fugatis, 
cum  procul  obscures  collis  humilemque  videmus 
Italian.     Italiam  primus  conclamat  Achates, 
Italiam  laeto  socii  clamore  salutant. 

Turn  pater  Anchises  magnum  cratera  corona  525 

induit,  implevitque  mero,  divosque  vocavit 
stans  celsa  in  puppi : 

'  Di  maris  et  terrae  tempestatumque  potentes, 
ferte  viam  vento  facilem  et  spirate  secundi.' 
Crebrescunt  optatae  aurae,  portusque  patescit  53° 

iam  propior,  templumque  adparet  in  arce  Minervae. 
Vela  legunt  socii,  et  proras  ad  litora  torquent. 
Portus  ab  Euroo  fluctu  curvatus  in  arcum ; 
obiectae  salsa  spumant  aspargine  cautes ; 
ipse  latet ;  gemino  demittunt  bracchia  muro  535 

turriti  scopuli,  refugitque  ab  litore  templum. 

Omen  of  the  Horses. 

Quattuor  hie,  primum  omen,  equos  in  gramine  vidi 

tondentis  campum  late,  candore  nivali. 

Et  pater  Anchises  :  '  Bellum,  O  terra  hospita,  portas  ; 

bello  armantur  equi,  bellum  haec  armenta  minantur.          54° 

Sed  tamen  idem  olim  curru  succedere  sueti 

quadrupedes,  et  frena  iugo  concordia  ferre ; 

spes  et  pads'  ait.     Turn  numina  sancta  precamur 

Palladis  armisonae,  quae  prima  accepit  ovantis, 

et  capita  ante  aras  Phrygio  velamur  amictu ;  545 


86  The  ^Eneid.  [BOOK  III. 

praeceptisque  Heleni,  dederat  quae  maxima,  rite 
lunoni  Argivae  iussos  adolemus  honores. 

Haud  mora,  continue  perfectis  ordine  votis, 
cornua  velatarum  obvertimus  antennarum, 
Graiugenumque  domos  suspectaque  linquimus  arva.  55° 

Hinc  sinus  Herculei  (si  vera  est  fama)  Tarenti 
cernitur ;  attollit  se  diva  Lacinia  contra, 
Caulonisque  arces  et  navifragum  Scylaceum. 

Charybdis. 

Turn  procul  e  fluctu  Trinacria  cernitur  Aetna, 

et  gemitum  ingentem  pelagi  pulsataque  saxa  555 

audimus  longe  fractasque  ad  litora  voces, 

exsultantque  vada,  atque  aestu  miscentur  arenae. 

Et  pater  Anchises  :  '  Nimirum  haec  ilia  Charybdis  : 

hos  Helenus  scopulos,  haec  saxa  horrenda  canebat. 

Eripite,  O  socii,  pariterque  insurgite  remis  ! '  56° 

Haud  minus  ac  iussi  faciunt,  primusque  rudentem 
contorsit  laevas  proram  Palinurus  ad  undas : 
laevam  cuncta  cohors  remis  ventisque  petivit. 
Tollimur  in  caelum  curvato  gurgite,  et  idem 
subducta  ad  Manis  imos  desedimus  unda.  565 

Ter  scopuli  clamorem  inter  cava  saxa  dedere : 
ter  spumam  elisam  et  rorantia  vidimus  astra, 
Interea  fessos  ventus  cum  sole  reliquit, 
ignarique  viae  Cyclopum  adlabimur  oris. 

Landing  in  Sicily. 

Portus  ab  accessu  ventorum  immotus  et  ingens  570 

ipse  ;  sed  horrificis  iuxta  tonat  Aetna  ruinis ; 
interdumque  atram  prorumpit  ad  aethera  nubem, 
turbine  fumantem  piceo  et  candente  favilla, 
attollitque  globos  flammarum  et  sidera  lambit; 
interdum  scopulos  avolsaque  viscera  montis  575 


546-607.]  The  Wanderings  of  ^sEneas.  87 

erigit  eructans,  liquefactaque  saxa  sub  auras 

cum  gemitu  glomerat.  fundoque  exaestuat  imo. 

Fama  est  Enceladi  semiustum  fulmine  corpus 

urgueri  mole  hac,  ingentemque  insuper  Aetnam 

impositam  ruptis  rlammam  exspirare  caminis ;  580 

et  fessum  quotiens  mutet  latus,  intremere  omnem 

murmure  Trinacriam,  et  caelum  subtexere  fumo. 

Noctem  illam  tecti  silvis  immania  monstra 

perferimus,  nee  quae  sonitum  det  causa  videmus. 

Nam  neque  erant  astrorum  ignes,  nee  lucidus  aethra          585 

siderea  polus,  obscuro  sed  nubila  caelo, 

et  lunam  in  nimbo  nox  intempesta  tenebat. 

The  Deserted  Greek. 

Postera  iamque  dies  primo  surgebat  Eoo 
umentemque  Aurora  polo  dimoverat  umbram  : 
cum  subito  e  silvis,  macie  confecta  suprema,  59° 

ignoti  nova  forma  viri  miserandaque  cultu 
procedit,  supplexque  manus  ad  litora  tendit. 
Respicimus  :  dira  inluvies  inmissaque  barba, 
consertum  tegumen  spinis  ;  at  cetera  Graius, 
[et  quondam  patriis  ad  Troiam  missus  in  armis.]  595 

Isque  ubi  Dardanios  habitus  et  Troia  vidit 
arma  procul,  paulum  aspectu  conterritus  haesit, 
continuitque  gradum  ;  mox  sese  ad  litora  praeceps 
cum  fletu  precibusque  tulit :  '  Per  sidera  tester, 
per  superos  atque  hoc  caeli  spirabile  lumen,  600 

tollite  me,  Teucri ;  quascumque  abducite  terras  ; 
hoc  sat  erit.     Scio  me  Danais  e  classibus  unum, 
et  bello  Iliacos  fateor  petisse  Penatis ; 
pro  quo,  si  sceleris  tanta  est  iniuria  nostri, 
spargite  me  in  fluctus,  vastoque  immergite  ponto.  605 

Si  pereo,  hominum  manibus  periisse  iuvabit.' 
Dixerat,  et  genua  amplexus  genibusque  volutans 


88  The  jEneid.  [BOOK  III. 

haerebat.     Qui  sit,  fari,  quo  sanguine  cretus, 

hortamur  ;  quae  deinde  agitet  fortuna,  fateri. 

Ipse  pater  dextram  Anchises,  haud  multa  moratus,  610 

dat  iuveni,  atque  animum  praesenti  pignore  firmat. 

Ille  haec,  deposita  tandem  formidine,  fatur  : 

'Sum  patria  ex  Ithaca,  comes' infelicis  Ulixi, 
nomine  Achaemenides,  Troiam  genitore  Adamasto 
paupere  —  mansissetque  utinani  fortuna  !  —  profectus.      61 5 
Hie  me,  dum  trepidi  crudelia  limina  linquunt, 
inmemores  socii  vasto  Cyclopis  in  antro 
deseruere.     Domus  sanie  dapibusque  cruentis, 
intus  opaca,  ingens  ;  ipse  arduus,  altaque  pulsat 
sidera  —  Di,  talem  terris  avertite  pestem ;  —  620 

nee  visu  facilis  nee  dictu  adfabilis  ulli. 
Visceribus  miserorum  et  sanguine  vescitur  atro. 
Vidi  egomet,  duo  de  numero  cum  corpora  nostro 
prensa  manu  magna,  medio  resupinus  in  antro, 
frangeret  ad  saxum,  sanieque  aspersa  natarent  625 

limina ;  vidi  atro  cum  membra  fluentia  tabo 
manderet,  et  tepidi  tremerent  sub  dentibus  artus. 
Haud  impune  quidem  ;  nee  talia  passus  Ulixes, 
oblitusve  sui  est  Ithacus  discrimine  tanto. 
Nam  simul  expletus  dapibus  vinoque  sepultus  630 

cervicem  inflexam  posuit,  iacuitque  per  antrum 
immensus,  saniem  eructans  et  frusta  cruento 
per  somnum  commixta  mero,  nos  magna  precati 
numina  sortitique  vices,  una  undique  circum 
fundimur,  et  telo  lumen  terebramus  acuto,  —  635 

ingens,  quod  torva  solum  sub  fronte  latebat, 
Argolici  clipei  aut  Phoebeae  lampadis  instar,  — 
et  tandem  laeti  sociorum  ulciscimur  umbras. 
Sed  fugite,  O  miseri,  fugite,  atque  ab  litore  funem 
rumpite.  640 

Nam  qualis  quantusque  cavo  Polyphemus  in  antro 


608-654-] 


The  Wanderings  of 


89 


lanigeras  claudit  pecudes  atque  ubera  pressat, 

centum  alii  curva  haec  habitant  ad  litora  volgo 

infandi  Cyclopes,  et  altis  montibus  errant. 

Tertia  iam  lunae  se  cornua  lumine  complent,  645 

cum  vitam  in  silvis  inter  deserta  ferarum 

lustra  domosque  traho,  vastosque  ab  rupe  Cyclopas 


POLYPHEMUS  (v.  657). 

prospicio,  sonitumque  pedum  vocemque  tremesco. 

Victum  infelicem,  bacas  lapidosaque  coma, 

dant  rami,  et  volsis  pascunt  radicibus  herbae.  650 

Omnia  conlustrans,  hanc  primum  ad  litora  classem 

conspexi  venientem.     Huic  me,  quaecumque  fuisset, 

addixi :  satis  est  gentem  effugisse  nefandam. 

Vos  animam  hanc  potius  quocumque  absumite  leto.' 


90  The  ^Eneid.  [BOOK  III. 

Polyphemus. 

Vix  ea  fatus  erat,  summo  cum  monte  videmus  655 

ipsum  inter  pecudes  vasta  se  mole  moventem 
pastorem  Polyphemum  et  litora  nota  petentem, 
monstrum  horrendum,  informe,  ingens,  cui  lumen  ademptum. 
Trunca  manu  pinus  regit  et  vestigia  firmat ; 
lanigerae  comitantur  oves  —  ea  sola  voluptas  660 

solamenque  mali. 

Postquam  altos  tetigit  fluctus  et  ad  aequora  venit, 
luminis  effossi  fluidum  lavit  inde  cruorem, 
dentibus  infrendens  gemitu,  graditurque  per  aequor 
iam  medium,  necdum  fluctus  latera  ardua  tinxit.  665 

Nos  procul  inde  fugam  trepidi  celerare,  recepto 
supplice  sic  merito,  tacitique  incidere  funem  ; 
verrimus  et  proni  certantibus  aequora  remis. 
Sensit,  et  ad  sonitum  vocis  vestigia  torsit ; 
verum  ubi  nulla  datur  dextra  adfectare  potestas,  670 

nee  potis  Ionics  fluctus  aequare  sequendo, 
clamorem  immensum  tollit,  quo  pontus  et  omnes 
contremuere  undae,  penitusque  exterrita  tellus 
Italiae,  curvisque  immugiit  Aetna  cavernis. 

The  Cyclopes. 

At  genus  e  silvis  Cyclopum  et  montibus  altis  675 

excitum  ruit  ad  portus  et  litora  complent. 
Cernimus  adstantis  nequiquam  lumine  torvo 
Aetnaeos  fratres,  caelo  capita  alta  ferentis, 
concilium  horrendum  :  quales  cum  vertice  celso 
aeriae  quercus,  aut  coniferae  cyparissi  680 

constiterunt,  silva  alta  lovis,  lucusve  Dianae. 
Praecipites  metus  acer  agit  quocumque  rudentis 
excutere,  et  vends  intendere  vela  secundis. 
Contra  iussa  monent  Heleni  Scyllam  atque  Charybdin 
inter,  utramque  viam  leti  discrimine  parvo,  685 


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65S-718-]  The  Wanderings  of  ALneas.  91 

ni  teneant  cursus ;  certum  est  dare  lintea  retro. 

Ecce  autem  Boreas  angusta  ab  sede  Pelori 

missus  adest.     Vivo  praetervehor  ostia  saxo 

Pantagiae  Megarosque  sinus  Thapsumque  iacentem. 

Talia  monstrabat  relegens  errata  retrorsus  690 

litora  Achaemenides,  comes  infelicis  Ulixi. 

Sicanio  praetenta  sinu  iacet  insula  contra 
Pleromyrium  undosum  ;  nomen  dixere  priores 
Ortygiam.     Alpheum  fama  est  hue  Elidis  amnem 
occultas  egisse  vias  subter  mare  ;  qui  nunc  695 

ore,  Arethusa,  tuo  Siculis  confunditur  undis. 
lussi  numina  magna  loci  veneramur ;  et  inde 
exsupero  praepingue  solum  stagnantis  Helori. 
Hinc  altas  cautes  proiectaque  saxa  Pachyni 
radimus,  et  fatis  numquam  concessa  moveri  700 

adparet  Camerina  procul  campique  Geloi", 
immanisque  Gela  fluvii  cognomine  dicta. 
Arduus  inde  Acragas  ostentat  maxuma  longe 
moenia,  magnanimum  quondam  generator  equorum  ; 
teque  datis  linquo  ventis,  palmosa  Selinus,  7°5 

et  vada  dura  lego  saxis  Lilybeia  caecis. 

Landing  at  Drepanum. 

Hinc  Dtepani  me  portus  et  inlaetabilis  ora 
accipit.     Hie,  pelagi  tot  tempestatibus  actus, 
heu  genitorem,  omnis  curae  casusque  levamen, 
amitto  Anchisen  :  hie  me,  pater  optume,  fessum  7l° 

deseris,  heu,  tantis  nequiquam  erepte  periclis ! 
Nee  vates  Helenus,  cum  multa  horrenda  moneret, 
hos  mihi  praedixit  luctus,  non  dira  Celaeno. 
Hie  labor  extremus,  longarum  haec  meta  viarum. 
Hinc  me  digressum  vestris  deus  adpulit  oris.  7J5 

Sic  pater  Aeneas  intentis  omnibus  unus 
fata  renarrabat  divom,  cursusque  docebat. 
Conticuit  tandem,  factoque  hie  fine  quievit. 


BOOK  IV.  — DIDO  AND   AENEAS. 

DIDO  converses  with  her  sister  Anna  of  her  love  for  ^Eneas  (vv. 
1-50),  which  she  betrays  also  by  other  tokens  (54-89).  Juno  concerts 
with  Venus  a  device  for  uniting  them  in  marriage  (90-128).  A  hunting 
party  is  formed  for  the  queen  and  her  guests :  Dido  and  tineas  are 
driven  by  the  divine  plot  to  take  shelter  in  a  cave  (129-172).  Fame 
reports  their  alliance:  jealous  wrath  of  larbas  (173-217).  Jupiter  sends 
Mercury  to  command  the  departure  of  ^Eneas,  whom  he  finds  laying  the 
foundations  of  the  citadel  (218-278).  ^Eneas  summons  his  companions  : 
Dido  reproaches  him  with  his  intended  flight  (279-392).  The  fleet  is 
made  ready :  he  listens  unmoved  to  the  entreaties  of  Dido  and  Anna 
(393-449).  The  queen,  maddened,  resolves  on  death,  first  seeking  magic 
incantations  (450-521).  Sleepless,  at  night,  she  exclaims  against  Trojan 
perfidy.  Meanwhile  Mercury  in  a  vision  again  warns  ^Eneas  to  flee  :  he 
hastens  the  departure  of  the  fleet  (522-583).  Despair  of  Dido  at  his 
flight :  she  invokes  curses  upon  the  fugitive  and  his  posterity  (584-629). 
Simulating  religious  rites,  she  causes  her  chamber  to  be  prepared,  and 
slays  herself,  after  a  last  appeal  to  her  sister  (629-692).  Juno,  by  em- 
bassy of  Iris,  releases  her  tormented  spirit  (623-705). 


1-30.]  Dido  and  Aeneas.  93 


Dido's  Love. 

AT  regina  gravi  iamdudum  saucia  cura 
volnus  alit  venis,  et  caeco  carpitur  igni. 
Multa  viri  virtus  animo,  multusque  recursat 
-gentis  honos  ;  haerent  infix!  pectore  voltus 
verbaque,  nee  placidam  membris  dat  cura  quietem.  5 

Postera  Phoebea  lustrabat  lampade  terras, 
umentemque  Aurora  polo  dimoverat  umbram, 
cum  sic  unanimam  adloquitur  male  sana  sororem : 
'Anna  soror,  quae  me  suspensam  insomnia  terrent ! 
Quis  novus  hie  nostris  successit  sedibus  hospes,  Jo 

quem  sese  ore  ferens,  quam  forti  pectore  et  armis ! 
Credo  equidem,  nee  vana  fides,  genus  esse  deorum  : 
degeneres  animos  timor  arguit.     Heu,  quibus  ille 
iactatus  fatis  !  quae  bella  exhausta  canebat ! 
Si  mihi  non  animo  fixum  immotumque  sederet,  1S 

ne  cui  me  vinclo  vellem  sociare  iugali, 
postquam  primus  amor  deceptam  morte  fefellit ; 
si  non  pertaesum  thalami  taedaeque  fuisset, 
huic  uni  forsan  potui  succumbere  culpae. 
Anna,  fatebor  enim,  miseri  post  fata  Sychaei  20 

coniugis  et  sparsos  fraterna  caede  Penatis, 
solus  hie  inflexit  sensus,  animumque  labantem     , 
impulit  :  adgnosco  veteris  vestigia  flammae. 
Sed  mihi  vel  tellus  optem  prius  ima  dehiscat, 
vel  Pater  omnipotens  adigat  me  fulmine  ad  umbras,  25 

pallentis  umbras  Erebi  noctemque  profundam, 
ante,  Pudor,  quam  te  violo,  aut  tua  iura  resolvo. 
Ille  meos,  primus  qui  me  sibi  iunxit,  amores 
abstulit ;  ille  habeat  secum  servetque  sepulchre.' 
Sic  effata  sinum  lacrimis  implevit  obortis.  3° 


94  The  ALneid.  [BOOK  IV. 


Anna's  Counsel. 

Anna  refert :  '  O  luce  magis  dilecta  sorori, 
solane  perpetua  maerens  carpere  iuventa, 
nee  dulcis  natos,  Veneris  nee  praemia  noris  ? 
Id  cinerem  aut  Manis  credis  curare  sepultos  ? 
Esto  :  aegram  nulli  quondam  flexere  mariti,  35 

non  Libyae,  non  ante  Tyro ;  despectus  larbas 
ductoresque  alii,  quos  Africa  terra  triumphis 
dives  alit :  placitone  etiam  pugnabis  amori  ? 
Nee  venit  in  mentem,  quorum  consederis  arvis  ? 
Hinc  Gaetulae  urbes,  genus  insuperabile  bello,  40 

et  Numidae  infreni  cingunt  et  inhospita  Syrtis  ; 
hinc  deserta  siti  regie,  lateque  furentes 
Barcaei.     Quid  bella  Tyro  surgentia  dicam, 
germanique  minas  ? 

Dis  equidem  auspicibus  reor  et  lunone  secunda  45 

hunc  cursum  Iliacas  vento  tenuisse  carinas. 
Quam  tu  urbem,  soror,  hanc  cernes,  quae  surgere  regna 
coniugio  tali  !     Teucrum  comitantibus  armis 
Punica  se  quantis  attollet  gloria  rebus  ! 
Tu  modo  posce  decs  veniam,  sacrisque  litatis  50 

indulge  hospitio,  causasque  innecte  morandi, 
dum  pelago  desaevit  hiemps  et  aquosus  Orion, 
quassataeque  rates,  dum  non  tractabile  caelum.' 

His  dictis  incensum  animum  inflammavit  amore, 
spemque  dedit  dubiae  menti,  solvitque  pudorem.  55 

Principio  delubra  adeunt,  pacemque  per  aras 
exquirunt ;  mactant  lectas  de  more  bidentis 
legiferae  Cereri  Phoeboque  patrique  Lyaeo, 
lunoni  ante  omnis,  cui  vincla  iugalia  curae. 
Ipsa,  tenens  dextra  pateram,  pulcherrima  Dido  60 

candentis  vaccae  media  inter  cornua  fundit, 
aut  ante  ora  deum  pinguis  spatiatur  ad  aras, 


CERES. 


31-92.]  Dido  and  ^Eneas.  95 

instauratque  diem  donis,  pecudumque  reclusis 
pectoribus  inhians  spirantia  consulit  exta. 

Dido's  Madness. 

Heu  vatum  ignarae  mentes  !  quid  vota  furentem  65 

quid  delubra  iuvant  ?     Est  mollis  flamma  medullas 
interea,  et  taciturn  vivit  sub  pectore  volnus. 
Uritur  infelix  Dido,  totaque  vagatur 
urbe  furens,  qualis  coniecta  cerva  sagitta, 
quam  procul  incautam  nemora  inter  Cresia  fixit  7° 

pastor  agens  telis,  liquitque  volatile  ferrum 
nescius  ;  ilia  fuga  silvas  saltusque  peragrat 
Dictaeos  ;  haeret  lateri  letalis  arundo. 
Nunc  media  Aenean  secum  per  moenia  ducit, 
Sidoniasque  ostentat  opes  urbemque  paratam ;  75 

incipit  effari,  mediaque  in  voce  resistit ; 
nunc  eadem  labente  die  convivia  quaerit, 
Iliacosque  iterum  demens  audire  labores 
exposcit,  pendetque  iterum  narrantis  ab  ore. 
Post,  ubi  digressi,  lumenque  obscura  vicissim  80 

luna  premit  suadentque  cadentia  sidera  somnos, 
sola  domo  maeret  vacua,  stratisque  relictis 
incubat,  ilium  absens  absentem  auditque  videtque ; 
aut  gremio  Ascanium,  genitoris  imagine  capta, 
detinet,  infandum  si  fallere  possit  amorem.  85 

Non  coeptae  adsurgunt  turres,  non  arma  iuventus 
exercet,  portusve  aut  propugnacula  bello 
tuta  parant ;  pendent  opera  interrupta,  minaeque 
murorum  ingentes  aequataque  machina  caelo. 

Juno's  Scheme. 

Quam  simul  ac  tali  persensit  peste  teneri  9° 

cara  lovis  coniunx,  nee  famam  obstare  furori, 
talibus  adgreditur  Venerem  Saturnia  dictis  : 


96  The  jEneid.  [BOOK  IV. 

'Egregiam  vero  laudem  et  spolia  ampla  refertis 

tuque  puerque  tuus,  magnum  et  memorabile  nomen, 

una  dolo  divom  si  femina  victa  duorum  est !  95 

Nee  me  adeo  fallit  veritam  te  moenia  nostra 

suspectas  habuisse  domos  Karthaginis  altae. 

Sed  quis  erit  modus,  aut  quo  nunc  certamine  tanto  ? 

Quin  potius  pacem  aeternam  pactosque  hymenaeos 

exercemus  ?     Habes,  tota  quod  mente  petisti :  100 

ardet  amans  Dido,  traxitque  per  ossa  furorem. 

Communem  hunc  ergo  populum  paribusque  regamus 

auspiciis  ;  liceat  Phrygio  servire  marito, 

dotalisque  tuae  Tyrios  permittere  dextrae.' 

Olli  —  sensit  enim  simulata  mente  locutam,  105 

quo  regnum  Italiae  Libycas  averteret  oras  — 
sic  contra  est  ingressa  Venus  :  '  Quis  talia  demens 
abnuat,  aut  tecum  malit  contendere  bello, 
si  modo,  quod  memoras,  factum  fortuna  sequatur? 
Sed  fatis  incerta  feror,  si  luppiter  unam  no 

esse  velit  Tyriis  urbem  Troiaque  profectis, 
miscerive  probet  populos,  aut  foedera  iungi. 
Tu  coniunx  :  tibi  fas  animurn  temptare  precando. 
Perge  ;  sequar.'     Turn  sic  excepit  regia  luno  : 
'  Mecum  erit  iste  labor  :  nunc  qua  ratione,  quod  instat       1 1 5 
confieri  possit,  paucis,  adverte,  docebo. 
Venatum  Aeneas  unaque  miserrima  Dido 
in  nemus  ire  parant,  ubi  primos  crastinus  ortus 
extulerit  Titan,  radiisque  retexerit  orbem. 
His  ego  nigrantem  commixta  grandine  nimbum,  120 

dum  trepidant  alae,  saltusque  indagine  cingunt, 
desuper  infundam,  et  tonitru  caelum  omne  ciebo. 
Diffugient  comites  et  nocte  tegentur  opaca : 
speluncam  Dido  dux  et  Troianus  eandem 
devenient;  adero,  et,  tua  si  mihi  certa  voluntas,  125 

[conubio  iungam  stabili  propriamque  dicabo.] 


93-I40-] 


Dido  and 


97 


hie  hymenaeus  erit.'  —  Non  adversata  petenti 
adnuit,  atque  dolis  risit  Cytherea  repertis. 


The  Hunt. 

Oceanum  interea  surgens  Aurora  reliquit. 
It  portis  iubare  exorto  delecta  iuventus ; 
retia  rara,  plagae,  lato  venabula  ferro, 
Massylique  ruunt  equites  et  odora  canum  vis. 
Reginam  thalamo  cunctantem  ad  limina  primi 
Poenorum  exspectant,  ostroque  insignis  et  auro 
stat  sonipes,  ac  frena  ferox  spumantia  mandit. 
Tandem  progreditur,  magna  stipante  caterva, 
Sidoniam  picto  chlamydem  circumdata  limbo. 


CHLAMYS. 


Cui  pharetra  ex  auro,  crines  nodantur  in  aurum, 
aurea  purpuream  subnectit  fibula  vestem. 
Nee  non  et  Phrygii  comites  et  laetus  lulus 


130 


'35 


140 


98  The  ^Eneid.  [BOOK  IV. 

incedunt.     Ipse  ante  alios  pulcherrimus  omnis 

infert  se  socium  Aeneas  atque  agmina  iungit. 

Qualis  ubi  hibernam  Lyciam  Xanthique  fluenta 

deserit  ac  Deluni  maternam  invisit  Apollo, 

instauratque  choros,  mixtique  altaria  circum  145 

Cretesque  Dryopesque  fremunt  pictique  Agathyrsi ; 

ipse  iugis  Cynthi  graditur,  mollique  fluentem 

fronde  premit  crinem  fingens  atque  implicat  auro ; 

tela  sonant  umeris  :  baud  illo  segnior  ibat 

Aeneas;  tantum  egregio  decus  enitet  ore.  150 

Postquam  altos  ventum  in  montis  atque  invia  lustra, 

ecce  ferae,  saxi  deiectae  vertice,  caprae 

decurrere  iugis ;  alia  de  parte  patentis 

transmittunt  cursu  campos  atque  agmina  cervi 

pulverulenta  fuga  glomerant  montisque  relinquunt.  155 

At  puer  Ascanius  mediis  in  vallibus  acri 

gaudet  equo,  iamque  hos  cursu,  iam  praeterit  illos, 

spumantemque  dari  pecora  inter  inertia  votis 

optat  aprum,  aut  fulvum  descendere  monte  leonem. 

The  Storm  and  Refuge. 

Interea  magno  misceri  murmure  caelum  160 

incipit ;  insequitur  commixta  grandine  nimbus  ; 
et  Tyrii  comites  passim  et  Troiana  iuventus 
Dardaniusque  nepos  Veneris  diversa  per  agros 
tecta  metu  petiere  ;  ruunt  de  montibus  amnes. 
Speluncam  Dido  dux  et  Troianus  eandem  165 

deveniunt :  prima  et  Tellus  et  pronuba  luno 
dant  signum  ;  fulsere  ignes  et  conscius  aether 
conubiis,  summoque  ulularunt  vertice  nymphae. 
Ille  dies  primus  leti  primusque  malorum 
causa  fuit ;  neque  enim  specie  famave  movetur,  170 

nee  iam  furtivum  Dido  meditatur  amorem  : 
coniugium  vocat ;  hoc  praetexit  nomine  culpam. 


141-186.] 


Dido  and 


99 


ROMAN  MARRIAGE  (v.  166). 
Rumor  Spreads  the  Story. 

Extemplo  Libyae  magnas  it  Fama  per  urbes  — 
Fama,  malum  qua  non  aliud  velocius  ullum ; 
mobilitate  viget,  viresque  adquirit  eundo,  175 

parva  metu  prime,  mox  sese  attollit  in  auras, 
ingrediturque  solo,  et  caput  inter  nubila  condit. 
Illam  Terra  parens,  ira  inritata  deorum, 
extremam  (ut  perhibent)  Coeo  Enceladoque  sororem 
progenuit,  pedibus  celerem  et  pernicibus  alis,  180 

monstrum  horrendum,  ingeris,  cui,  quot  sunt  corpore  plumae, 
tot  vigiles  oculi  subter,  mirabile  dictu, 
tot  linguae,  totidem  ora  sonant,  tot  subrigit  aures. 
Nocte  volat  caeli  medio  terraeque  per  umbram, 
stridens,  nee  dulci  declinat  lumina  somno ;  185 

luce  sedet  custos  aut  summi  culmine  tecti, 


ioo  The  sEneid.  [BOOK  IV. 

turribus  aut  altis,  et  magnas  territat  urbes ; 
tarn  ficti  pravique  tenax,  quam  nuntia  veri. 

Haec  turn  multiplici  populos  sermone  replebat 
gaudens,  et  pariter  facta  atque  infecta  canebat :  190 

venisse  Aenean,  Troiano  sanguine  cretum, 
cui  se  pulchra  viro  dignetur  iungere  Dido  ; 
nunc  hiemem  inter  se  luxu,  quam  longa,  fovere 
regnorum  immemores  turpique  cupidine  captos. 
Haec  passim  dea  foeda  virum  diffundit  in  ora.  195 

Protinus  ad  regem  cursus  detorquet  larban, 
incenditque  animum  dictis  atque  aggerat  iras. 

Jealous  Rage  of  larbas. 

Hie  Hammone  satus,  rapta  Garamantide  nympha, 
templa  lovi  centum  latis  immania  regnis, 
centum  aras  posuit,  vigilemque  sacraverat  ignem,  200 

excubias  divom  aeternas,  pecudumque  cruore 
pingue  solum  et  variis  florentia  limina  sertis. 
Isque  amens  animi  et  rumore  accensus  amaro 
dicitur  ante  aras  media  inter  numina  divom 
multa  lovem  manibus  supplex  orasse  supinis  :  205 

'luppiter  omnipotens,  cui  nunc  Maurusia  pictis 
gens  epulata  toris  Lenaeum  libat  honorem, 
aspicis  haec,  an  te,  genitor,  cum  fulmina  torques 
nequiquam  horremus,  caecique  in  nubibus  ignes 
terrificant  animos  et  inania  murmura  miscent  ?  210 

Femina,  quae  nostris  errans  in  finibus  urbem 
exiguam  pretio  posuit,  cui  litus  arandum 
cuique  loci  leges  dedimus,  conubia  nostra 
reppulit,  ac  dominum  Aenean  in  regna  recepit. 
Et  nunc  ille  Paris  cum  semiviro  comitatu,  215 

Maeonia  mentum  mitra  crinemque  madentem 
subnexus,  rapto  potitur  ;  nos  munera  templis 
quippe  tuis  ferimus,  famamque  fovemus  inanem.' 


187-236.] 


Dido  and  sEneas. 


IOI 


Mercury  Despatched  to  /Eneas. 

Talibus  orantem  dictis  arasque  tenentem 
audiit  omnipotens,  oculosque  ad  moenia  torsit 
regia  et  oblitos  famae  melioris  amantes. 
Turn  sic  Mercurium  adloquitur  ac  talia  mandat : 
'  Vade  age,  nate,  voca  Zephyros  et  labere  pennis, 
Dardaniumque  ducem,  Tyria  Karthagine  qui  nunc 
exspectat,  fatisque  datas  non  respicit  urbes, 
adloquere,  et  celeris  defer  mea  dicta  per  auras. 
Non  ilium  nobis  genetrix  pulcherrima  talem 
promisit,  Graiumque  ideo  bis  vindicat  armis  ; 
sed  fore,  qui  gravidam  imperils  belloque  frementem 
Italiam  regeret,  genus  alto  a  sanguine  Teucri 
proderet,  ac  totum  sub  leges  mitteret  orbem. 
Si  nulla  accendit  tantarum  gloria  rerum, 
nee  super  ipse  sua  molitur  laude  laborem, 
Ascanione  pater  Romanas  invidet  arces? 


225 


230 


MERCURY  WITH  CADUCBUS  (v.  244). 


Quid  struit,  aut  qua  spe  inimica  in  gente  moratur, 
nee  prolem  Ausoniam  et  Lavinia  respicit  arva? 


235 


102  The  ^Eneid.  [BOOK  IV. 

Naviget ;  haec  summa  est ;  hie  nostri  nuntius  esto.' 

Dixerat.     I  lie  patris  magni  parere  parabat 
imperio  ;  et  primum  pedibus  talaria  nectit 
aurea,  quae  sublimem  alis  sive  aequora  supra  240 

seu  terrain  rapido  pariter  cum  flamine  portant ; 
turn  virgam  capit :  hac  animas  ille  evocat  Oreo 
pallentis,  alias  sub  Tartara  tristia  mittit, 
dat  somnos  adimitque,  et  lumina  morte  resignat. 
Ilia  fretus  agit  ventos,  et  turbida  tranat  245 

nubila  ;  iamque  volans  apicem  et  latera  ardua  cernit 
Atlantis  duri,  caelum  qui  vertice  fulcit, 
Atlantis,  cinctum  adsidue  cui  nubibus  atris 
piniferum  caput  et  vento  pulsatur  et  imbri ; 
nix  umeros  infusa  tegit  ;  turn  flumina  mento  250 

praecipitant  senis,  et  glacie  riget  horrida  barba. 
Hie  primum  paribus  nitens  Cyllenius  alis 
constitit ;  hinc  toto  praeceps  se  corpore  ad  undas 
misit,  avi  similis,  quae  circum  litora,  circum 
piscosos  scopulos  humilis  volat  aequora  iuxta.  255 

Haud  aliter  terras  inter  caelumque  volabat, 
litus  arenosum  Libyae  ventosque  secabat 
materno  veniens  ab  avo  Cyllenia  proles. 

.ffineas  Warned  to  Flee. 

Ut  primum  alatis  tetigit  magalia  plantis, 
Aenean  fundantem  arces  ac  tecta  novantem  260 

conspicit ;  atque  illi  stellatus  iaspide  f ulva 
ensis  erat,  Tyrioque  ardebat  murice  laena 
demissa  ex  umeris,  dives  quae  munera  Dido 
fecerat,  et  tenui  telas  discreverat  auro. 

Continuo  invadit :  'Tu  nunc  Karthaginis  altae  265 

fundamenta  locas,  pulchramque  uxorius  urbem 
exstruis,  heu  regni  rerumque  oblite  tuarum  ? 
Ipse  deum  tibi  me  claro  demittit  Olympo 


MERCURY. 


237-298-]  Dido  and  ALneas.  103 

regnator,  caelum  ac  terras  qui  numine  torquet ; 

ipse  haec  ferre  iubet  celeris  mandata  per  auras  :  270 

Quid  struis,  aut  qua  spe  Libycis  teris  otia  terris  ? 

Si  te  nulla  movet  tantarum  gloria  rerum, 

[nee  super  ipse  tua  moliris  laude  laborem,] 

Ascanium  surgentem  et  spes  heredis  luli 

respice,  cui  regnum  Italiae  Romanaque  tellus  275 

debentur.'     Tali  Cyllenius  ore  locutus 

mortalis  visus  medio  sermone  reliquit, 

et  procul  in  tenuem  ex  oculis  evanuit  auram. 

Perplexity  of  /Eneas. 

At  vero  Aeneas  aspectu  obmutuit  amens, 
arrectaeque  horrore  comae,  et  vox  faucibus  haesit.  280 

Ardet  abire  fuga  dulcisque  relinquere  terras, 
attonitus  tanto  monitu  imperioque  deorum. 
Heu  quid  agat  ?     Quo  nunc  reginam  ambire  furentem 
audeat  adfatu  ?     Quae  prima  exordia  sumat  ? 
Atque  animum  nunc  hue  celerem,  nunc  dividit  illuc,          285 
in  partisque  rapit  varias  perque  omnia  versat. 
Haec  alternanti  potior  sententia  visa  est ; 
Mnesthea  Sergestumque  vocat  fortemque  Serestum, 
classem  aptent  taciti  sociosque  ad  litora  cogant, 
anna  parent,  et  quae  rebus  sit  causa  novandis  290 

dissimulent ;  sese  interea,  quando  optuma  Dido 
nesciat  et  tantos  rumpi  non  speret  amores, 
temptaturum  aditus,  et  quae  moHissima  fandi 
tempora,  quis  rebus  dexter  modus.     Ocius  omnes 
imperio  laeti  parent  ac  iussa  facessunt.  295 

Suspicion  of  Dido. 

At  regina  dolos  —  quis  fallere  possit  amantem?  — 
praesensit,  motusque  excepit  prima  futures, 
omnia  tuta  timens.     Eadem  impia  Fama  furenti 


IO4  The  j&neid.  [BOOK  IV. 

detulit  armari  classem  cursumque  parari. 

Saevit  inops  animi,  totamque  incensa  per  urbem  300 

bacchatur,  qualis  commotis  excita  sacris 

Thyias,  ubi  audito  stimulant  trieterica  Baccho 

orgia,  nocturnusque  vocat  clamore  Cithaeron. 

Tandem  his  Aenean  compellat  vocibus  ultro  : 

Dido's  Reproaches. 

'  Dissimulare  etiam  sperasti,  perfide,  tantum  305 

posse  nefas  tacitusque  mea  decedere  terra? 
Nee  te  noster  amor,  nee  te  data  dextera  quondam, 
nee  moritura  tenet  crudeli  funere  Dido  ? 
Quin  etiam  hiberno  moliris  sidere  classem, 
et  mediis  properas  aquilonibus  ire  per  altum,  310 

crudelis  ?     Quid,  si  non  arva  aliena  domosque 
ignotas  peteres,  sed  Troia  antiqua  maneret, 
Troia  per  undosum  peteretur  classibus  aequor  ? 
Mene  fugis?     Per  ego  has  lacrimas  dextramque  tuam  te 
(quando  aliud  mihi  iam  miserae  nihil  ipsa  reliqui)  315 

per  conubia  nostra,  per  inceptos  hymenaeos, 
si  bene  quid  de  te  merui,  fuit  aut  tibi  quicquam 
dulce  meum,  miserere  domus  labentis,  et  istam  — 
oro,  si  quis  adhuc  precibus  locus  —  exue  mentem. 
Te  propter  Libycae  gentes  Nomadumque  tyranni  320 

odere,  infensi  Tyrii  ;  te  propter  eundem 
exstinctus  pudor,  et,  qua  sola  sidera  adibam, 
fama  prior.     Cui  me  moribundam  deseris,  hospes? 
Hoc  solum  nomen  quoniam  de  coniuge  restat. 
Quid  moror?     An  mea  Pygmalion  dum  moenia  frater       325 
destruat,  aut  qaptam  ducat  Gaetulus  larbas  ? 
Saltern  si  qua  mihi  de  te  suscepta  fuisset 
ante  fugam  suboles,  si  quis  mihi  parvulus  aula 
luderet  Aeneas,  qui  te  tamen  ore  referret, 
non  equidem  omnino  capta  ac  deserta  viderer.'  330 


299-361-]  Dido  and  ^Eneas.  105 

.lEneas  Unmoved. 

Dixerat.     Ille  lovis  monitis  immota  tenebat 
lumina,  et  obnixus  curam  sub  corde  premebat. 
Tandem  pauca  refert :  '  Ego  te,  quae  plurima  fando 
enumerare  vales,  numquam,  regina,  negabo 
promeritam  ;  nee  me  meminisse  pigebit  Elissae,  335 

dum  memor  ipse  mei,  dum  spiritus  hos  regit  artus. 
Pro  re  pauca  loquar.     Neque  ego  hanc  abscondere  furto 
speravi  —  ne  finge  — fugam,  nee  coniugis  umquam 
praetendi  taedas,  aut  haec  in  foedera  veni. 
Me  si  fata  meis  paterentur  ducere  vitam  340 

auspiciis  et  sponte  mea  componere  curas, 
urbem  Troianam  primum  dulcisque  meorum 
reliquias  colerem,  Priami  tecta  alta  manerent, 
et  recidiva  manu  posuissem  Pergama  victis. 
Sed  nunc  Italiam  magnam  Gryneus  Apollo,  345 

Italiam  Lyciae  iussere  capessere  sortes : 
hie  amor,  haec  patria  est.     Si  te  Karthaginis  arces, 
Phoenissam,  Libycaeque  aspectus  detinet  urbis, 
quae  tandem,  Ausonia  Teucros  considere  terra, 
invidia  est  ?     Et  nos  fas  extera  quaerere  regna.  350 

Me  patris  Anchisae,  quotiens  umentibus  umbris 
nox  operit  terras,  quotiens  astra  ignea  surgunt, 
admonet  in  somnis  et  turbida  terret  imago  ; 
me  puer  Ascanius  capitisque  iniuria  cari, 
quern  regno  Hesperiae  fraudo  et  fatalibus  arvis.  355 

Nunc  etiam  interpres  divom,  love  missus  ab  ipso  — 
tester  utrumque  caput  —  celeris  mandata  per  auras 
detulit ;  ipse  deum  manifesto  in  lumine  vidi 
intrantem  muros,  vocemque  his  auribus  hausi. 
Desine  meque  tuis  incendere  teque  querelis ;  360 

Italiam  non  sponte  sequor.' 


io6 


The 


[BOOK  IV. 


Frenzy  of  Dido. 

Talia  dicentem  iamdudum  aversa  tuetur, 

hue  illuc  volvens  oculos,  totumque  pererrat 

luminibus  tacitis,  et  sic  accensa  profatur  : 

'  Nee  tibi  diva  parens,  generis  nee  Dardanus  auctor, 

perfide  ;  sed  duris  genuit  te  cautibus  horrens 


365 


ITALIAN  ORACLE  (v.  377). 


Caucasus,  Hyrcanaeque  admorunt  ubera  tigres. 

Nam  quid  dissimulo,  aut  quae  me  ad  maiora  reserve  ? 

Num  fletu  ingemuit  nostro  ?     Num  lumina  flexit  ? 

Num  lacrimas  victus  dedit,  aut  miseratus  amantem  est  ?  370 


362-402.]  Dido  and  ALneas.  107 

Quae  quibus  anteferam  ?     lam  iam  nee  maxuma  luno, 

nee  Saturnius  haec  oculis  pater  aspicit  aequis. 

Nusquam  tuta  fides.     Eiectum  litore,  egentem 

excepi,  et  regni  demens  in  parte  locavi  ; 

amissam  classem,  socios  a  morte  reduxi.  375 

Heu  furiis  incensa  feror  !     Nunc  augur  Apollo, 

nunc  Lyciae  sortes,  nunc  et  love  missus  ab  ipso 

interpres  divom  fert  horrida  iussa  per  auras. 

Scilicet  is  superis  labor  est,  ea  cura  quietos 

sollicitat.     Neque  te  teneo,  neque  dicta  refello.  380 

I,  sequere  Italiam  ventis,  pete  regna  per  undas. 

Spero  equidem  mediis,  si  quid  pia  numina  possunt, 

supplicia  hausurum  scopulis,  et  nomine  Dido 

saepe  vocaturum.     Sequar  atris  ignibus  absens, 

et  cum  frigida  mors  anima  seduxerit  artus,  385 

omnibus  umbra  locis  adero.     Dabis,  improbe,  poenas. 

Audiam,  et  haec  Manis  veniet  mihi  fama  sub  imos.' 

His  medium  dictis  sermonem  abrumpit,  et  auras 

aegra  fugit,  seque  ex  oculis  avertit  et  aufert, 

linquens  multa  metu  cunctantem  et  multa  parantem          390 

dicere.     Suscipiunt  famulae,  conlapsaque  membra 

marmoreo  referunt  thalamo  stratisque  reponunt. 

Preparations  for  Departure. 

At  pius  Aeneas,  quamquam  lenire  dolentem 
solando  cupit  et  dictis  avertere  curas, 

multa  gemens  magnoque  animum  labefactus  amore,          395 
iussa  tamen  divom  exsequitur,  classemque  revisit. 
Turn  vero  Teucri  incumbunt,  et  litore  celsas 
deducunt  toto  naves  ;  natat  uncta  carina  ; 
frondentisque  ferunt  remos  et  robora  silvis 
infabricata,  fugae  studio.  400 

Migrantis  cernas,  totaque  ex  urbe  ruentis. 
Ac  velut  ingentem  formicae  farris  acervum 


io8  The  ^Eneid.  [BOOK  IV. 

cum  populant,  hiemis  memores,  tectoque  reponunt ; 
it  nigrum  campis  agmen,  praedamque  per  herbas 
convectant  calle  angusto  ;  pars  grandia  trudunt  405 

obnixae  frumenta  umeris  ;  pars  agmina  cogunt 
castigantque  moras  ;  opere  omnis  semita  fervet. 

Dido's  Last  Appeal. 

Quis  tibi  turn,  Dido,  cernenti  talia  sensus  ? 
quosve  dabas  gemitus,  cum  litora  fervere  late 
prospiceres  arce  ex  summa,  totumque  videres  410 

misceri  ante  oculos  tantis  clamoribus  aequor  ? 
Improbe  Amor,  quid  non  mortalia  pectora  cogis? 
Ire  iterum  in  lacrimas,  iterum  temptare  precando 
cogitur,  et  supplex  animos  submittere  amori, 
ne  quid  inexpertum  frustra  moritura  relinquat.  415 

'  Anna,  vides  toto  properari  litore  ;  circum 
undique  convenere  ;  vocat  iam  carbasus  auras, 
puppibus  et  laeti  nautae  imposuere  coronas. 
Hunc  ego  si  potui  tantum  sperare  dolorem, 
et  perferre,  soror,  potero.     Miserae  hoc  tamen  unum        420 
exsequere,  Anna,  inihi.     Solam  nam  perfidus  ille 
te  colere,  arcanos  etiam  tibi  credere  sensus  ; 
sola  viri  mollis  aditus  et  tempora  noras. 
I,  soror,  atque  hostem  supplex  adfare  superbum  ; 
non  ego  cum  Danais  Troianam  exscindere  gentem  425 

Aulide  iuravi,  classemve  ad  Pergama  misi, 
nee  patris  Anchisae  cineres  Manisve  revelli, 
cur  mea  dicta  neget  duras  demittere  in  auris. 
Quo  ruit  ?     Extremum  hoc  miserae  det  munus  amanti : 
exspectet  facilemque  fugam  ventosque  ferentis.  430 

Non  iam  coniugium  antiquum,  quod  prodidit,  oro, 
nee  pulchro  ut  Latio  careat  regnumque  relinquat  : 
tempus  inane  peto,  requiem  spatiumque  furori, 
dum  mea  me  victam  doceat  fortuna  dolere. 


403-464-]  Dido  and  ^Eneas.  109 

Extremam  hanc  oro  veniam  —  miserere  sororis  —  435 

quam  mihi  cum  dederit,  cumulatam  morte  remittam.' 

Obduracy  of  ^Eneas. 

Talibus  orabat,  talisque  miserrima  fletus 
fertque  refertque  soror :  sed  nullis  ille  movetur 
fletibus,  aut  voces  ullas  tractabilis  audit ; 
fata  obstant,  placidasque  viri  deus  obstruit  auris.  440 

Ac,  velut  annoso  validam  cum  robore  quercum 
Alpini  Boreae  nunc  hinc  nunc  flatibus  illinc 
eruere  inter  se  certant  ;  it  stridor,  et  altae 
consternunt  terram  concusso  stipite  frondes  ; 
ipsa  haeret  scopulis,  et,  quantum  vertice  ad  auras  445 

aetherias,  tantum  radice  in  Tartara  tendit  : 
baud  secus  adsiduis  hinc  atque  hinc  vocibus  heros 
tunditur,  et  magno  persentit  pectore  curas ; 
mens  immota  manet ;  lacrimae  volvuntur  inanes. 

Dido  Haunted  by  Visions. 

Turn  vero  infelix  fatis  exterrita  Dido  450 

mortem  orat ;  taedet  caeli  convexa  tueri. 
Quo  magis  inceptum  peragat  lucemque  relinquat, 
vidit,  turicremis  cum  dona  imponeret  aris, 
horrendum  dictu,  latices  nigrescere  sacros, 
fusaque  in  obscenum  se  vertere  vina  cruorem.  455 

Hoc  visum  nulli,  non  ipsi  errata  sorori. 
Praeterea  fuit  in  tectis  de  marmore  templum 
coniugis  antiqui,  miro  quod  honore  colebat, 
velleribus  niveis  et  festa  fronde  revinctum : 
hinc  exaudiri  voces  et  verba  vocantis  460 

visa  viri,  nox  cum  terras  obscura  teneret ; 
solaque  culminibus  ferali  carmine  bubo 
saepe  queri  et  longas  in  fletum  ducere  voces ; 
multaque  praeterea  vatum  praedicta  priorum 


no 


The  ALneid. 


[BOOK  IV. 


terribili  monitu  horrificant.     Agit  ipse  furentem  465 

in  somnis  ferus  Aeneas ;  semperque  relinqui 

sola  sibi,  semper  longam  incomitata  videtur 

ire  viam,  et  Tyrios  deserta  quaerere  terra. 

Eumenidum  veluti  demens  videt  agmina  Pentheus, 

et  solem  geminum  et  duplicis  se  ostendere  Thebas  ;          470 

aut  Agamemnonius  scaenis  agitatus  Orestes 

armatam  facibus  matrem  et  serpentibus  atris 

cum  fugit,  ultricesque  sedent  in  limine  Dirae. 


ORESTES  AND  THE  FURIES. 


The  Funeral   Pyre. 

Ergo  ubi  concepit  furias  evicta  dolore 

decrevitque  mori,  tempus  secum  ipsa  modumque  475 

exigit,  et,  maestam  dictis  adgressa  sororem, 
consilium  voltu  tegit,  ac  spem  fronte  serenat  : 

'  Inveni,  germana,  viam  —  gratare  sorori  — 
quae  mihi  reddat  eum,  vel  eo  me  solvat  amantem. 
Oceani  finem  iuxta  solemque  cadentem  480 

ultimus  Aethiopum  locus  est,  ubi  maxumus  Atlas 


HECATE. 


465-5 T  3-]  Dido  and  jfcneas.  Ill 

axem  humero  torquet  stellis  ardentibus  aptum : 

hinc  mihi  Massylae  gentis  monstrata  sacerdos, 

Hesperidum  templi  custos,  epulasque  draconi 

quae  dabat,  et  sacros  servabat  in  arbore  ramos,  485 

spargens  umida  mella  soporiferumque  papaver. 

Haec  se  carminibus  promittit  solvere  mentes 

quas  velit,  ast  aliis  duras  immittere  curas, 

sistere  aquam  fluviis,  et  vertere  sidera  retro  ; 

nocturnosque  movet  Manis  :  mugire  videbis  490 

sub  pedibus  terram,  et  descendere  montibus  ornos. 

Tester,  cara,  decs  et  te,  germana,  tuumque 

dulce  caput,  magicas  invitam  accingier  artes. 

Tu  secreta  pyram  tecto  interiore  sub  auras 

erige,  et  arma  viri,  thalamo  quae  fixa  reliquit  495 

impius,  exuviasque  omnis,  lectumque  iugalem, 

quo  perii,  superimponas  :  abolere  nefandi 

cuncta  viri  monumenta  iuvat,  monstratque  sacerdos.' 

Haec  effata  silet ;  pallor  simul  occupat  ora. 

Non  tamen  Anna  novis  praetexere  funera  sacris  500 

germanam  credit,  nee  tantos  mente  furores 

concipit,  aut  graviora  timet,  quam  morte  Sychaei : 

ergo  iussa  parat. 

The  Pretended  Sacrifice. 

At  regina,  pyra  penetrali  in  sede  sub  auras 
erecta  ingenti  taedis  atque  ilice  secta,  505 

intenditque  locum  sertis,  et  fronde  coronat 
funerea ;  super  exuvias  ensemque  relictum 
effigiemque  toro  locat,  haud  ignara  futuri. 
Stant  arae  circum,  et  crines  effusa  sacerdos 
ter  centum  tonat  ore  decs,  Erebumque  Chaosque,  510 

tergeminamque  Hecaten,  tria  virginis  ora  Dianae. 
Sparserat  et  latices  simulates  fontis  Averni, 
falcibus  et  messae  ad  lunam  quaeruntur  aenis 


1 1 2  The  Aineid.  [BOOK  IV. 

pubentes  herbae  nigri  cum  lacte  veneni ; 

quaeritur  et  nascentis  equi  de  fronte  revolsus  515 

et  matri  praereptus  amor. 

Ipsa  mola  manibusque  piis  altaria  iuxta, 

unum  exuta  pedem  vinclis,  in  veste  recincta, 

testatur  moritura  deos  et  conscia  fati 

sidera ;  turn,  si  quod  non  aequo  foedere  amantes  520 

curae  numen  habet  iustumque  memorque,  precatur. 

Dido's  Despairing  Complaint. 

Nox  erat,  et  placidum  carpebant  fessa  soporem 
corpora  per  terras,  silvaeque  et  saeva  quierant 
aequora  :  cum  medio  volvuntur  sidera  lapsu, 
cum  tacet  oninis  ager,  pecudes  pictaeque  volucres,  525 

quaeque  lacus  late  liquidos,  quaeque  aspera  dumis 
rura  tenent,  somno  positae  sub  nocte  silenti 
[lenibant  curas,  et  corda  oblita  laborum]. 
At  non  infelix  animi  Phoenissa,  nee  umquam 
solvitur  in  somnos,  oculisve  aut  pectore  noctem  530 

accipit :  ingeminant  curae,  rursusque  resurgens 
saevit  amor,  magnoque  irarum  fluctuat  aestu. 
Sic  adeo  insistit,  secumque  ita  corde  volutat : 

'En,  quid  ago?     Rursusne  procos  inrisa  priores 
experiar,  Nomadumque  petam  conubia  supplex,  535 

quos  ego  sim  totiens  iam  dedignata  maritos? 
Iliacas  igitur  classes  atque  ultima  Teucrum 
iussa  sequar?     Quiane  auxilio  iuvat  ante  levatos, 
et  bene  apud  memores  veteris  stat  gratia  facti  ? 
Quis  me  autem,  fac  velle,  sinet,  ratibusve  superbis  540 

invisam  accipiet  ?     Nescis  heu,  perdita,  necdum 
Laomedonteae  sentis  periuria  gentis? 
Quid  turn,  sola  fuga  nautas  comitabor  ovantes, 
an  Tyriis  omnique  manu  stipata  meorum 
inferar,  et,  quos  Sidonia  vix  urbe  revelli,  545 


5I4-575-]  Dido  and  JEneas.  113 

rursus  agam  pelago,  et  ventis  dare  vela  iubebo? 

Quin  morere,  ut  merita  es,  ferroque  averte  dolorem. 

Tu  lacrimis  evicta  meis,  tu  prima  furentem 

his,  germana,  malis  oneras  atque  obicis  hosti. 

Non  licuit  thalami  expertem  sine  crimine  vitam  55o 

degere,  more  ferae,  tales  nee  tangere  curas  ! 

Non  servata  fides  cineri  promissa  Sychaeo  ! ' 

Tantos  ilia  suo  rumpebat  pectore  questus. 

tineas  Urged  by  Mercury. 

Aeneas  celsa  in  puppi,  iam  certus  eundi, 
carpebat  somnos,  rebus  iam  rite  paratis.  555 

Huic  se  forma  dei  voltu  redeuntis  eodem 
obtulit  in  somnis,  rursusque  ita  visa  monere  est  — 
omnia  Mercuric  similis,  vocemque  coloremque 
et  crinis  flavos  et  membra  decora  iuventa  : 
'Nate  dea,  potes  hoc  sub  casu  ducere  somnos,  560 

nee,  quae  te  .circum  stent  deinde  pericula,  cernis, 
demens,  nee  Zephyros  audis  spirare  secundos  ? 
Ilia  dolos  dirumque  nefas  in  pectore  versat, 
certa  mori,  varioque  irarum  fluctuat  aestu. 
Non  fugis  hinc  praeceps,  dum  praecipitare  potestas?          565 
Iam  mare  turbari  trabibus,  saevasque  videbis 
conlucere  faces,  iam  fervere  litora  flammis, 
si  te  his  attigerit  terris  Aurora  morantem. 
Heia  age,  rumpe  moras.     Varium  et  mutabile  semper 
femina.'     Sic  fatus,  nocti  se  immiscuit  atrae.  570 

The  Departure. 

Turn  vero  Aeneas,  subitis  exterritus  umbris, 
corripit  e  somno  corpus,  sociosque  fatigat : 
'  Praecipites  vigilate,  viri,  et  considite  transtris ; 
solvite  vela  citi.     Deus  aethere  missus  ab  alto 
festinare  fugam  tortosque  incidere  funes  575 


114  The  dEneid.  [BOOK  IV. 

ecce  iterum  stimulat.     Sequimur  te,  sancte  deorum, 

quisquis  es,  imperioque  iterum  paremus  ovantes. 

Adsis  o  placidusque  iuves,  et  sidera  caelo 

dextra  feras.'     Dixit,  vaginaque  eripit  ensem 

fulmineum,  strictoque  ferit  retinacula  ferro.  580 

Idem  omnes  simul  ardor  habet,  rapiuntque  ruuntque ; 

litora  deseruere  ;  latet  sub  classibus  aequor ; 

adnixi  torquent  spumas  et  caerula  verrunt. 

Dido's  Counsel  of  Pursuit. 

Et  iam  prima  novo  spargebat  lumine  terras 
Tithoni  croceum  linquens  Aurora  cubile.  585 

Regina  e  speculis  ut  primum  albescere  lucem 
vidit,  et  aequatis  classem  procedere  velis, 
litoraque  et  vacuos  sensit  sine  remige  portus, 
terque  quaterque  manu  pectus  percussa  decorum, 
flaventesque  abscissa  comas,  'Pro  luppiter,  ibit  590 

hie'  ait  'et  nostris  inluserit  advena  regnis? 
Non  arma  expedient,  totaque  ex  urbe  sequentur, 
deripientque  rates  alii  navalibus  ?     Ite, 
ferte  citi  flammas,  date  vela,  impellite  remos !  — 
Quid  loquor,  aut  ubi  sum?  Quae  mentem  insania  mutat?    595 
Infelix  Dido,  nunc  te  facta  impia  tangunt. 
Turn  decuit,  cum  sceptra  dabas.  —  En  dextra  fidesque, 
quern  secum  patrios  aiunt  portare  Penates, 
quem  subiisse  umeris  confectum  aetate  parentem ! 
Non  potui  abreptum  divellere  corpus,  et  undis  600 

spargere?     Non  socios,  non  ipsum  absumere  ferro 
Ascanium,  patriisque  epulandum  ponere  mensis?  — 
Verum  anceps  pugnae  fuerat  fortuna  :  —  fuisset. 
Quem  metui  moritura?     Faces  in  castra  tulissem, 
implessemque  foros  flammis,  natumque  patremque  605 

cum  genere  extinxem,  memet  super  ipsa  dedissem. 


576-636.]  Dido  and  sEneas.  115 

Dido's  Curse. 

'  Sol,  qui  terrarum  flammis  opera  omnia  lustras, 
tuque  harum  interpres  curarum  et  conscia  luno, 
nocturnisque  Hecate  triviis  ululata  per  urbes, 
et  Dirae  ultrices,  et  di  morientis  Elissae,  610 

accipite  haec,  meritumque  mails  advertite  numen, 
et  nostras  audite  preces.     Si  tangere  portus 
infandum  caput  ac  terris  adnare  necesse  est, 
^et  sic  fata  lovis  poscunt,  hie  terminus  haeret : 
at  bello  audacis  populi  vexatus  et  armis,  615 

finibus  extorris,  complexu  avulsus  luli, 
auxilium  imploret,  videatque  indigna  suorum 
funera  ;  nee,  cum  se  sub  leges  pacis  iniquae 
tradiderit,  regno  aut  optata  luce  fruatur, 
sed  cadat  ante  diem,  mediaque  inhumatus  arena.  620 

Haec  precor,  hanc  vocem  extremam  cum  sanguine  fundo. 
Turn  vos,  o  Tyrii,  stirpem  et  genus  omne  futurum 
exercete  odiis,  cinerique  haec  mittite  nostro 
munera.     Nullus  amor  populis,  nee  foedera  sunto. 
Exoriare  aliquis  nostris  ex  ossibus  ultor,  625 

qui  face  Dardanios  ferroque  sequare  colonos, 
nunc,  olim,  quocumque  dabunt  se  tempore  vires. 
Litora  litoribus  contraria,  fluctibus  undas 
imprecor,  arma  armis ;  pugnent  ipsique  nepotesque.' 

Death  of  Dido. 

Haec  ait,  et  partis  animum  versabat  in  omnis,  630 

invisam  quaerens  quam  primum  abrumpere  lucem. 
Turn  breviter  Barcen  nutricem  adfata  Sychaei ; 
namque  suam  patria  antiqua  cinis  ater  habebat  : 
'  Annam  cara  mihi  nutrix  hue  siste  sororem  ; 
die  corpus  properet  fluvial i  spargere  lympha,  635 

et  pecudes  secum  et  monstrata  piacula  ducat; 


Ii6  The  ALneid.  [BOOK  IV. 

sic  veniat ;  tuque  ipsa  pia  tege  tempora  vitta. 
Sacra  lovi  Stygio,  quae  rite  incepta  paravi, 
perficere  est  animus,  finemque  imponere  curis, 
Dardaniique  rogum  capitis  permittere  flammae.'  640 

Sic  ait :  ilia  gradum  studio  celerabat  anili. 

At  trepida,  et  coeptis  immanibus  effera  Dido, 
sanguineam  volvens  aciem,  maculisque  trementis 
interfusa  genas,  et  pallida  morte  futura, 
interiora  domus  inrumpit  limina,  et  altos  645 

conscendit  furibunda  rogos,  ensemque  recludit 
Dardanium,  non  hos  quaesitum  munus  in  usus. 
Hie,  postquam  Iliacas  vestes  notumque  cubile 
conspexit,  paulum  lacrimis  et  mente  morata, 
incubuitque  toro,  dixitque  novissima  verba  :  650 

'  Dulces  exuviae,  dum  fata  deusque  sinebant, 
accipite  hanc  animam,  meque  his  exsolvite  curis. 
Vixi,  et,  quern  dederat  cursum  fortuna,  peregi, 
et  nunc  magna  mei  sub  terras  ibit  imago. 
Urbem  praeclaram  statui ;  mea  moenia  vidi ;  655 

ulta  virum,  poenas  inimico  a  fratre  recepi ; 
felix,  heu  nimium  felix,  si  litora  tantum 
numquam  Dardaniae  tetigissent  nostra  carinae  ! ' 

Dixit,  et  os  impressa  toro,  '  Moriemur  inultae, 
sed  moriamur  '  ait.     '  Sic,  sic  iuvat  ire  sub  umbras.  660 

Hauriat  hunc  oculis  ignem  crudelis  ab  alto 
Dardanus,  et  nostrae  secum  ferat  omina  mortis.' 
Dixerat ;  atque  illam  media  inter  talia  ferro 
conlapsam  aspiciunt  comites,  ensemque  cruore 
spumantem,  sparsasque  manus.     It  clamor  ad  alta  665 

atria  ;  concussam  bacchatur  Fama  per  urbem. 
Lamentis  gemituque  et  femineo  ululatu 
tecta  fremunt ;  resonat  magnis  plangoribus  aether, 
non  aliter  quam  si  immissis  ruat  hostibus  omnis 
Karthago  aut  antiqua  Tyros,  flammaeque  furentes  670 


637-686.] 


Dido  and  ALneas. 


117 


culmina  perque  hominum  volvantur  perque  deorum. 

Audiit  exanimis,  trepidoque  exterrita  cursu 
unguibus  ora  soror  foedans  et  pectora  pugnis 
per  medios  ruit,  ac  morientem  nomine  clamat  : 
'  Hoc  illud,  germana,  fuit  ?     Me  f raude  petebas  ? 
Hoc  rogus  iste  mihi,  hoc  ignes  araeque  parabant  ? 


675 


DEATH  OF  DIDO. 

Quid  primum  deserta  querar  ?     Comitemne  sororem 

sprevisti  moriens  ?     Eadem  me  ad  fata  vocasses  ; 

idem  ambas  ferro  dolor,  atque  eadem  hora  tulisset. 

His  etiam  struxi  manibus,  patriosque  vocavi  680 

voce  deos,  sic  te  ut  posita  crudelis  abessem? 

Exstinxti  te  meque,  soror,  populumque  patresque 

Sidonios  urbemque  tuam.     Date  volnera  lymphis 

abluam,  et  extremus  si  quis  super  halitus  errat, 

ore  legam.'     Sic  fata,  gradus  evaserat  altos,  685 

semianimemque  sinu  germanam  amplexa  fovebat 


Ii8  The  jEneid.  [BOOK  IV. 

cum  gemitu,  atque  atros  siccabat  veste  cruores. 

Ilia,  graves  oculos  conata  attollere,  rursus 

deficit ;  infixum  stridit  sub  pectore  vulnus. 

Ter  sese  attollens  cubitoque  adnixa  levavit ;  690 

ter  revoluta  toro  est,  oculisque  errantibus  alto 

quaesivit  caelo  lucem,  ingemuitque  reperta. 

Descent  of  Iris. 

Turn  luno  omnipotens,  longum  miserata  dolorem 
difficilisque  obitus,  Irim  demisit  Olympo, 
quae  luctantem  animam  nexosque  resolveret  artus.  695 

Nam  quia  nee  fato,  merita  nee  morte  peribat, 
sed  misera  ante  diem,  subitoque  accensa  furore, 
nondum  illi  flavum  Proserpina  vertice  crinem 
abstulerat,  Stygioque  caput  damnaverat  Oreo. 
Ergo  Iris  croceis  per  caelum  roscida  pennis,  700 

mille  trahens  varies  adverso  sole  colores, 
devolat,  et  supra  caput  adstitit :  '  Hunc  ego  Diti 
sacrum  iussa  fero,  teque  isto  corpore  solvo.' 
Sic  ait,  et  dextra  crinem  secat :  omnis  et  una 
dilapsus  calor,  atque  in  ventos  vita  recessit.  705 


BOOK  V.  —  AENEAS  IN  SICILY.     THE  FUNERAL  GAMES. 


S,  departing,  sees  the  blaze  of  Dido's  funeral  pile.  A  storm 
threatens,  and  he  turns  his  course  towards  Sicily,  where  he  is  received 
with  welcome  by  Acestes  (1-41).  He  prepares  to  celebrate  with  sacri- 
fice and  funeral  games  the  anniversary  of  his  father's  death  (42-103). 
First  contest,  race  of  four  Galleys  ;  incidents  of  the  race  :  the  first  prize 
is  won  by  Cloanthus  (104-285).  Second  contest,  Foot-race:  Nisus  and 
Euryalus  (288-361).  Third  contest,  the  Cestus  :  Dares  and  Entellus  ; 
the  gigantic  strength  of  the  latter,  who  wields  the  gauntlets  of  Eryx 
(362-484).  Fourth  contest,  Archery  ;  the  dove  shot  in  mid-air  by 
Eurytion  ;  the  fiery  flight  of  Acestes'  arrow  (485-544).  The  Equestrian 
game,  Troianus,  led  by  Ascanius  in  skillful  evolutions  (545-603).  Juno 
moves  the  Trojan  women  to  repining  at  their  long  wandering  ;  led  by 
Pyrgo,  they  set  fire  to  the  fleet  :  the  flames  cannot  be  stayed,  until 
Jupiter  sends  a  timely  rain,  by  which  all  the  ships  but  four  are  rescued 
(604-699).  ^Eneas  purposes  to  found  a  colony  in  Sicily  ;  but  is  warned 
in  a  vision  by  Anchises  to  proceed  with  his  stoutest  followers  to 
Latium  :  those  who  desire  remain  behind  under  protection  of  Acestes  ; 
the  rest  set  sail  (700-778).  At  the  entreaty  of  Venus,  Neptune,  with 
the  Tritons  and  sea-nymphs,  attends  his  course.  The  fleet  passes  safe 
upon  the  waters,  with  the  loss  of  the  pilot  Palinurus  alone,  who,  over- 
come by  the  god  of  sleep,  falls  into  the  sea  and  perishes  (779-871). 


I2O  The  sEneid.  [BOOK  v. 

Voyage  Toward  Italy. 

TNTEREA  medium  Aeneas  iam  classe  tenebat 
J.   certus  iter,  fluctusque  atros  Aquilone  secabat, 
moenia  respiciens,  quae  iam  infelicis  Elissae 
conlucent  flammis.     Quae  tantum  accenderit  ignem, 
causa  latet  ;  duri  magno  sed  amore  dolores  5 

pollute,  notumque  furens  quid  femina  possit, 
triste  per  augurium  Teucrorum  pectora  ducunt. 

Ut  pelagus  tenuere  rates,  nee  iam  amplius  ulla 
occurrit  tellus,  maria  undique  et  undique  caelum, 
olli  caeruleus  supra  caput  adstitit  imber,  10 

noctem  hiememque  ferens,  et  inhorruit  unda  tenebris. 
Ipse  gubernator  puppi  Palinurus  ab  alta  : 
1  Heu  !  quianam  tanti  cinxerunt  aethera  nimbi  ? 
Quidve,  pater  Neptune,  paras  ?  '     Sic  deinde  locutus 
colligere  arma  iubet  validisque  incumbere  remis,  15 

obliquatque  sinus  in  ventum,  ac  talia  fatur : 
'  Magnanime  Aenea,  non,  si  mihi  luppiter  auctor 
spondeat,  hoc  sperem  Italian!  contingere  caelo. 
Mutati  transversa  fremunt  et  vespere  ab  atro 
consurgunt  venti,  atque  in  nubem  cogitur  aer.  20 

Nee  nos  obniti  contra,  nee  tendere  tantum 
sufficimus.     Superat  quoniam  Fortuna,  sequamur, 
quoque  vocat,  vertamus  iter.     Nee  litora  longe 
fida  reor  fraterna  Erycis  portusque  Sicanos, 
si  modo  rite  memor  servata  remetior  astra.'  25 

Turn  pius  Aeneas  :  '  Equidem  sic  poscere  ventos 
iamdudum  et  frustra  cerno  te  tendere  contra  : 
flecte  viam  velis.     An  sit  mihi  gratior  ulla, 
quove  magis  fessas  optem  demittere  naves, 
quam  quae  Dardanium  tellus  mihi  servat  Acesten,  30 

et  patris  Anchisae  gremio  complectitur  ossa  ? ' 
Haec  ubi  dicta,  petunt  portus,  et  vela  secundi 


i-62.]       ALneas  in  Sicily.      The  Funeral  Games.         121 

intendunt  Zephyri ;  fertur  cita  gurgite  classis, 
et  tandem  laeti  notae  advertuntur  arenae. 

Landing  at  Segesta. 

At  procul  ex  celso  miratus  vertice  mentis  35 

adventum  sociasque  rates,  occurrit  Acestes, 
horridus  in  iaculis  et  pelle  Libystidis  ursae, 
Troia  Criniso  conceptum  flumine  mater 
quern  genuit :  veterum  non  immemor  ille  parentum 
gratatur  reduces,  et  gaza  laetus  agresti  40 

excipit,  ac  fessos  opibus  solatur  amicis. 

Proclamation  of  the  Games. 

Postera  cum  primo  Stellas  Oriente  fugarat 
clara  dies,  socios  in  coetum  litore  ab  omni 
advocat  Aeneas,  tumulique  ex  aggere  fatur  : 
'  Dardanidae  magni,  genus  alto  a  sanguine  divom,  45 

annuus  exactis  completur  mensibus  orbis, 
ex  quo  reliquias  divinique  ossa  parentis 
condidimus  terra  maestasque  sacravimus  aras. 
lamque  dies,  nisi  fallor,  adest,  quern,  semper  acerbum, 
semper  honoratum  —  sic  di  voluistis  —  habebo.  50 

Hunc  ego  Gaetulis  agerem  si  Syrtibus  exsul, 
Argolicove  mari  deprensus  et  urbe  Mycenae, 
annua  vota  tamen  sollemnisque  ordine  pompas 
exsequerer,  strueremque  suis  altaria  donis. 
Nunc  ultro  ad  cineres  ipsius  et  ossa  parentis,  55 

baud  equidem  sine  mente,  reor,  sine  numine  divom, 
adsumus  et  portus  delati  intramus  amicos. 
Ergo  agite,  et  laetum  cuncti  celebremus  honorem ; 
poscamus  ventos;  atque  haec  me  sacra  quotannis 
urbe  velit  posita  templis  sibi  ferre  dicatis.  60 

Bina  bourn  vobis  Troia  generatus  Acestes 
dat  numero  capita  in  naves ;  adhibete  Penates 


122  The  ALneid.  [BOOK  V. 

et  patrios  epulis  et  quos  colit  hospes  Acestes. 

Praeterea,  si  nona  diem  mortalibus  almum 

Aurora  extulerit  radiisque  retexerit  orbem,  65 

prima  citae  Teucris  ponam  certamina  classis  ; 

quique  pedum  cursu  valet,  et  qui  viribus  audax 

aut  iaculo  incedit  melior  levibusque  sagittis, 

seu  crudo  fidit  pugnam  committere  caestu, 

cuncti  adsint,  meritaeque  exspectent  praemia  palmae.         70 

Ore  favete  omnes,  et  cingite  tempora  ramis.' 

Funeral  Rites  to  Anchises. 

Sic  fatus,  velat  materna  tempora  myrto ; 
hoc  Elymus  facit,  hoc  aevi  maturus  Acestes, 
hoc  puer  Ascanius,  sequitur  quos  cetera  pubes. 
Ille  e  concilio  multis  cum  milibus  ibat  75 

ad  tumulum,  magna  medius  comitante  caterva. 
Hie  duo  rite  mero  libans  carchesia  Baccho 


CARCHESIUM. 

fundit  humi,  duo  lacte  novo,  duo  sanguine  sacro, 

purpureosque  iacit  flores,  ac  talia  fatur  : 

'  Salve,  sancte  parens  :  iterum  salvete,  recepti  80 

nequiquam  cineres,  animaeque  umbraeque  paternae. 

Non  licuit  fines  Italos  fataliaque  arva, 

nee  tecum  Ausonium  (quicumque  est)  quaerere  Thybrim.' 

Dixerat  haec,  adytis  cum  lubricus  anguis  ab  imis 
septem  ingens  gyros,  septena  volumina  traxit,  85 


63-103.]      j^Lneas  in  Sicily.      The  Funeral  Games.      123 

amplexus  placide  tumulum  lapsusque  per  aras, 

caeruleae  cui  terga  notae,  maculosus  et  auro 

squamam  incendebat  fulgor,  ceu  nubibus  arcus 

mille  iacit  varies  adverse  sole  colores. 

Obstipuit  visu  Aeneas.     Ille  agmine  longo  90 

tandem  inter  pateras  et  levia  pocula  serpens 

libavitque  dapes,  rursusque  innoxius  imo 

successit  tumulo,  et  depasta  altaria  liquit. 


SERPENT  TASTING  THE  SACRIFICE. 

Hoc  magis  inceptos  genitori  instaurat  honores, 
incertus,  geniumne  loci  famulumne  parentis 
esse  putet  :  caedit  binas  de  more  bidentes, 
totque  sues,  totidem  nigrantis  terga  iuvencos  ; 
vinaque  fundebat  pateris,  animamque  vocabat 
Anchisae  magni  Manisque  Acheronte  remissos. 
Nee  non  et  socii,  quae  cuique  est  copia,  laeti 
dona  ferunt,  onerant  aras,  mactantque  iuvencos ; 
ordine  ae'na  locant  alii,  fusique  per  herbam 
subiciunt  veribus  prunas  et  viscera  torrent 


95 


100 


124  The  ALneid.  [BOOK  V. 

Exspectata  dies  aderat,  nonamque  serena 
Auroram  Phaethontis  equi  iam  luce  vehebant,  105 

famaque  finitimos  et  clari  nomen  Acestae 
excierat ;  laeto  complerant  litora  coetu, 
visuri  Aeneadas,  pars  et  certare  parati. 
Munera  principio  ante  oculos  circoque  locantur 
in  medio,  sacri  tripodes  viridesque  coronae,  no 

et  palmae  pretium  victoribus,  armaque  et  ostro 
perfusae  vestes,  argenti  aurique  talenta  ; 
et  tuba  commissos  medio  canit  aggere  ludos. 

The  Boat  Race. 

Prima  pares  ineunt  gravibus  certamina  remis 
quattuor  ex  omni  delectae  classe  carinae.  115 

Velocem  Mnestheus  agit  acri  remige  Pristim, 
mox  Italus  Mnestheus,  genus  a  quo  nomine  Memmi ; 
ingentemque  Gyas  ingenti  mole  Chimaeram, 
urbis  opus,  triplici  pubes  quam  Dardana  versu 
impellunt,  terno  consurgunt  ordine  remi;  120 

Sergestusque,  domus  tenet  a  quo  Sergia  nomen, 
Centauro  invehitur  magna,  Scy//aque  Cloanthus 
caerulea,  genus  unde  tibi,  Romane  Cluenti. 

Est  procul  in  pelago  saxum  spumantia  contra 
litora,  quod  tumidis  submersum  tunditur  olim  125 

fluctibus,  hiberni  condunt  ubi  sidera  cori ; 
tranquillo  silet,  immotaque  attollitur  unda 
campus,  et  apricis  static  gratissima  mergis. 
Hie  viridem  Aeneas  frondenti  ex  ilice  metam 
constituit  signum  nautis  pater,  unde  reverti  130 

scirent,  et  longos  ubi  circumflectere  cursus. 
Turn  loca  sorte  legunt,  ipsique  in  puppibus  auro 
ductores  longe  effulgent  ostroque  decori ; 
cetera  populea  velatur  fronde  iuventus, 
nudatosque  umeros  oleo  perfusa  nitescit.  135 


104-165.]     sEneas  in  Sicily.     The  Funeral  Games.      125 

Considunt  transtris,  intentaque  brachia  remis ; 
intent!  exspectant  signum,  exsultantiaque  haurit 
corda  pavor  pulsans,  laudumque  arrecta  cupido. 


The  Start. 


Inde,  ubi  clara  dedit  sonitum  tuba,  finibus  omnes, 

baud  mora,  prosiluere  suis  ;  ferit  aethera  clamor  140 

nauticus,  adductis  spumant  freta  versa  lacertis. 

Infindunt  pariter  sulcos,  totumque  dehiscit 

convulsum  remis  rostrisque  tridentibus  aequor. 

Non  tam  praecipites  biiugo  certamine  campum 

corripuere,  ruuntque  effusi  carcere  currus,  145 

nee  sic  immissis  aurigae  undantia  lora 

concussere  iugis  pronique  in  verbera  pendent. 

Turn  plausu  fremituque  virum  studiisque  faventum 

consonat  omne  nemus,  vocemque  inclusa  volutant 

litora,  pulsati  colles  clamore  resultant.  150 

The  Struggle. 

Effugit  ante  alios  primisque  elabitur  undis 
turbam  inter  fremitumque  Gyas ;  quern  deinde  Cloanthus 
consequitur,  melior  remis,  sed  pondere  pinus 
tarda  tenet.     Post  hos  aequo  discrimine  Pristis 
Centaurusque  locum  tendunt  superare  priorem;  155 

et  nunc  Pristis  habet,  nunc  victam  praeterit  ingens 
Centaurus,  nunc  una  ambae  iunctisque  feruntur 
frontibus,  et  longa  sulcant  vada  salsa  carina. 

lamque  propinquabant  scopulo  metamque  tenebant, 
cum  princeps  medioque  Gyas  in  gurgite  victor  160 

rectorem  navis  compellat  voce  Menoeten  : 
'  Quo  tantum  mihi  dexter,  abis  ?     Hue  dirige  gressum  ; 
litus  ama,  et  laevas  stringat  sine  palmula  cautes ; 
altum  alii  teneant.'     Dixit ;  sed  caeca  Menoetes 
saxa  timens  proram  pelagi  detorquet  ad  undas.  165 


126 


The  ALneid. 


[BOOK  V. 


'Quo  diversus  abis?'  iterum  '  Pete  saxa,  Menoete  ! 

cum  clamore  Gyas  revocabat ;  et  ecce  Cloanthum 

respicit  instantem  tergo,  et  propiora  tenentem. 

Ille  inter  navemque  Gyae  scopulosque  sonantes 

radit  iter  laevum  interior,  subitoque  priorem  170 

praeterit,  et  metis  tenet  aequora  tuta  relictis. 

Turn  vero  exarsit  iuveni  dolor  ossibus  ingens, 

nee  lacrimis  caruere  genae,  segnemque  Menoeten, 

oblitus  decorisque  sui  sociumque  salutis, 

in  mare  praecipitem  puppi  deturbat  ab  alta;  175 

ipse  gubernaclo  rector  subit,  ipse  magister, 

hortaturque  viros,  clavumque  ad  litora  torquet. 

At  gravis  ut  fun  do  vix  tandem  redditus  imo  est, 

iam  senior  madidaque  fluens  in  veste  Menoetes 

summa  petit  scopuli  siccaque  in  rupe  resedit.  180 

Ilium  et  labentem  Teucri  et  risere  natantem, 

et  salsos  rident  revomentem  pectore  fluctus. 


GALLEY. 


Hie  laeta  extremis  spes  est  accensa  duobus, 
Sergesto  Mnestheique,  Gyan  superare  morantem. 


166-215.]     ALneas  in  Sicily.     The  Funeral  Games.      127 

Sergestus  capit  ante  locum  scopuloque  propinquat,  185 

nee  tota  tamen  ille  prior  praeeunte  carina  ; 
parte  prior,  partem  rostro  premit  aemula  Pristis. 
At  media  socios  incedens  nave  per  ipsos 
hortatur  Mnestheus  :  '  Nunc,  nunc  insurgite  remis, 
Hectorei  socii,  Troiae  quos  sorte  suprema  190 

delegi  comites  ;  nunc  illas  promite  vires, 
nunc  animos,  quibus  in  Gaetulis  Syrtibus  usi, 
lonioque  mari  Maleaeque  sequacibus  undis. 
Non  iam  prima  peto  Mnestheus,  neque  vincere  certo ; 
quamquam    o!  --  sed     superent,    quibus     hoc,     Neptune, 
dedisti ;  195 

extremes  pudeat  rediisse  ;  hoc  vincite,  cives, 
et  prohibete  nefas.'     Olli  certamine  summo 
procumbunt ;  vastis  tremit  ictibus  aerea  puppis, 
subtrahiturque  solum  ;  turn  creber  anhelitus  artus 
aridaque  ora  quatit,  sudor  fluit  undique  rivis.  200 

The  Centaur  on  the  Rocks. 

Attulit  ipse  viris  optatum  casus  honorem. 
Namque  furens  animi  dum  proram  ad  saxa  suburguet 
interior,  spatioque  subit  Sergestus  iniquo, 
infelix  saxis  in  procurrentibus  haesit. 

Concussae  cautes,  et  acuto  in  murice  remi  205 

obnixi  crepuere,  inlisaque  prora  pependit. 
Consurgunt  nautae  et  magno  clamore  morantur, 
ferratasque  trudes  et  acuta  cuspide  contos 
expediunt,  fractosque  legunt  in  gurgite  remos. 

At  laetus  Mnestheus  successuque  acrior  ipso  210 

agmine  remorum  celeri  ventisque  vocatis 
prona  petit  maria  et  pelago  decurrit  aperto. 
Qualis  spelunca  subito  commota  columba, 
cui  domus  et  dulces  latebroso  in  pumice  nidi, 
fertur  in  arva  volans,  plausumque  exterrita  pennis  215 


128 


The 


[BOOK  V. 


dat  tecto  ingentem,  mox  acre  lapsa  quieto 
radit  iter  liquidum,  celeres  neque  commovet  alas  : 
sic  Mnestheus,  sic  ipsa  fuga  secat  ultima  Pristis 
aequora,  sic  illam  fert  impetus  ipse  volantem. 

The  Finish. 

Et  primum  in  scopulo  luctantem  deserit  alto 
Sergestum,  brevibusque  vadis  frustraque  vocantem 
auxilia,  et  fractis  discentem  currere  remis. 
Inde  Cyan  ipsamque  ingenti  mole  Chimaeram 
consequitur ;  cedit,  quoniam  spoliata  magistro  est. 
Solus  iamque  ipso  superest  in  fine  Cloanthus  : 
quern  petit,  et  summis  adnixus  viribus  urguet. 
Turn  vero  ingeminat  clamor,  cunctique  sequentem 
instigant  studiis,  resonatque  fragoribus  aether. 
Hi  proprium  decus  et  partum  indignantur  honorem 
ni  teneant,  vitamque  volunt  pro  laude  pacisci ; 


225 


230 


NEREIDS  (v.  240). 

hos  successus  alit  :  possunt,  quia  posse  videntur. 

Et  fors  aequatis  cepissent  praemia  rostris, 

ni  palmas  ponto  tendens  utrasque  Cloanthus 

fudissetque  preces,  divosque  in  vota  vocasset : 

'  Di,  quibus  imperium  est  pelagi,  quorum  aequora  curro,  235 

vobis  laetus  ego  hoc  candentem  in  litore  taurum 

constituam  ante  aras,  voti  reus,  extaque  salsos 


216-267.]     Aineas  in  Sicily.     The  Funeral  Games.      129 

porriciam  in  fluctus  et  vina  liquentia  fundam.' 

Dixit,  eumque  imis  sub  fluctibus  audiit  omnis 

Nereidum  Phorcique  chorus  Panopeaque  virgo,  240 

et  pater  ipse  manu  magna  Portunus  euntem 

impulit ;  ilia  Noto  citius  volucrique  sagitta 

ad  terram  fugit,  et  portu  se  condidit  alto. 


The  Prize. 


Turn  satus  Anchisa,  cunctis  ex  more  vocatis, 
victorem  magna  praeconis  voce  Cloanthum  245 

declarat,  viridique  advelat  tempora  lauro, 
muneraque  in  naves  ternos  optare  iuvencos, 
vinaque  et  argenti  magnum  dat  ferre  talentum. 
Ipsis  praecipuos  ductoribus  addit  honores  : 
victori  chlamydem  auratam,  quam  plurima  circum  250 

purpura  maeandro  duplici  Meliboea  cucurrit, 
intextusque  puer  frondosa  regius  Ida 
veloces  iaculo  cervos  cursuque  fatigat, 
acer,  anhelanti  similis,  quern  praepes  ab  Ida 
sublimem  pedibus  rapuit  lovis  armiger  uncis ;  255 

longaevi  palmas  nequiquam  ad  sidera  tendunt 
custodes,  saevitque  canum  latratus  in  auras. 
At  qui  deinde  locum  tenuit  virtute  secundum, 
levibus  huic  hamis  consertam  auroque  trilicem 
loricam,  quam  Demoleo  detraxerat  ipse  260 

victor  apud  rapidum  Simoenta  sub  Ilio  alto, 
donat  habere  viro,  decus  et  tutamen  in  armis. 
Vix  illam  famuli  Phegeus  Sagarisque  ferebant 
multiplicem,  conixi  umeris ;  indutus  at  olim 
Demoleos  cursu  pal  antes  Troas  agebat.  265 

Tertia  dona  facit  geminos  ex  aere  lebetas, 
cymbiaque  argento  perfecta  atque  aspera  signis. 


1 30  The  ^Eneid.  [BOOK  V. 

Return  of  the  Centaur. 

lamque  adeo  donati  omnes  opibusque  superbi 
puniceis  ibant  evincti  tempora  taenis, 

cum  saevo  e  scopulo  multa  vix  arte  revolsus,  270 

amissis  remis  atque  ordine  debilis  uno, 
inrisam  sine  honore  ratem  Sergestus  agebat. 
Qualis  saepe  viae  deprensus  in  aggere  serpens, 
aerea  quern  obliquum  rota  transiit,  aut  gravis  ictu 
seminecem  liquit  saxo  lacerumque  viator  ;  275 

nequiquam  longos  fugiens  dat  corpore  tortus, 
parte  ferox,  ardensque  oculis,  et  sibila  colla 
arduus  attollens,  pars  volnere  clauda  retentat 
nexantem  nodis  seque  in  sua  membra  plicantem  : 
tali  remigio  navis  se  tarda  movebat ;  280 

vela  facit  tamen,  et  velis  subit  ostia  plenis. 
Sergestum  Aeneas  promisso  munere  donat, 
servatam  ob  navem  laetus  sociosque  reductos. 
Olli  serva  datur,  operum  haud  ignara  Minervae, 
Cressa  genus,  Pholoe,  geminique  sub  ubere  nati.  285 

The  Foot  Race. 

Hoc  pius  Aeneas  misso  certamine  tendit 
gramineum  in  campum,  quem  collibus  undique  curvis 
cingebant  silvae,  mediaque  in  valle  theatri 
circus  erat ;  quo  se  multis  cum  milibus  heros 
consessu  medium  tulit  exstructoque  resedit.  290 

Hie,  qui  forte  velint  rapido  contendere  cursu, 
invitat  pretiis  animos,  et  praemia  ponit. 
Undique  conveniunt  Teucri  mixtique  Sicani, 
Nisus  et  Euryalus  primi, 

Euryalus  forma  insignis  viridique  iuventa,  295 

Nisus  amore  pio  pueri ;  quos  deinde  secutus 
regius  egregia  Priami  de  stirpe  Diores ; 
hunc  Salius  simul  et  Patron,  quorum  alter  Acarnan, 


268-314-]      ALncas  in  Sicily.     The  Funeral  Games.     131 

alter  ab  Arcadio  Tegeaeae  sanguine  gentis ; 

turn  duo  Trinacrii  iuvenes,  Helymus  Panopesque,  300 

adsueti  silvis,  comites  senioris  Acestae  ; 

multi  praeterea,  quos  fama  obscura  recondit. 

Aeneas  quibus  in  mediis  sic  deinde  locutus : 

'  Accipite  haec  animis,  laetasque  advertite  mentes 
nemo  ex  hoc  numero  mihi  non  donatus  abibit.  305 

Gnosia  bina  dabo  levato  lucida  ferro 
spicula  caelatamque  argento  ferre  bipennem , 
omnibus  hie  erit  unus  honos.     Tres  praemia  primi 
accipient,  flavaque  caput  nectentur  oliva. 
Primus  equum  phaleris  insignem  victor  habeto ;  310 


HORSE  WITH  TRAPPINGS. 


alter  Amazoniam  pharetram  plenamque  sagittis 
Threiciis,  lato  quam  circum  amplectitur  auro 
balteus,  et  tereti  subnectit  fibula  gemma ; 
tertius  Argolica  hac  galea  contentus  abito.' 


132  The  ALneid.  [BOOK  V. 

Nisus  and  Euryalus. 

Haec  ubi  dicta,  locum  capiunt,  signoque  repente  315 

corripiunt  spatia  audito,  limenque  relinquunt, 
effusi  nimbo  similes,  simul  ultima  signant. 
Primus  abit  longeque  ante  omnia  corpora  Nisus 
emicat,  et  ventis  et  fulminis  ocior  alis ; 

proxumus  huic,  longo  sed  proxumus  intervallo,  320 

insequitur  Salius ;  spatio  post  deinde  relicto 
tertius  Euryalus : 

Euryalumque  Helymus  sequitur  ;   quo  deinde  sub  ipso 
ecce  volat  calcemque  terit  iam  calce  Diores, 
incumbens  umero,  spatia  et  si  plura  supersint,  325 

transeat  elapsus  prior,  ambiguumque  relinquat. 

lamque  fere  spatio  extreme  fessique  sub  ipsam 
finem  adventabant,  levi  cum  sanguine  Nisus 
labitur  infelix,  caesis  ut  forte  iuvencis 

fusus  humum  viridisque  super  madefecerat  herbas.  330 

Hie  iuvenis  iam  victor  ovans  vestigia  presso 
haud  tenuit  titubata  solo,  sed  pronus  in  ipso 
concidit  immundoque  fimo  sacroque  cruore. 
Non  tamen  Euryali,  non  ille  oblitus  amorum ; 
nam  sese  opposuit  Salio  per  lubrica  surgens  ;  335 

ille  autem  spissa  iacuit  revolutus  arena. 
Emicat  Euryalus,  et  munere  victor  amici 
prima  tenet,  plausuque  volat  fremituque  secundo, 
Post  Helymus  subit,  et  nunc  tertia  palma  Diores. 

Protest  of  Salius. 

Hie  totum  caveae  consessum  ingentis  et  ora  340 

prima  patrum  magnis  Salius  clamoribus  implet, 
ereptumque  dolo  reddi  sibi  poscit  honorem. 
Tutatur  favor  Euryalum,  lacrimaeque  decorae, 
gratior  et  pulchro  veniens  in  corpore  virtus. 
Adiuvat  et  magna  proclamat  voce  Diores,  345 


315-375-]    jfcneas  in  Sicily.     The  Funeral  Games.       133 

qui  subiit  palmae,  frustraque  ad  praemia  venit 
ultima,  si  primi  Salio  reddentur  honores. 

The  Prizes  Awarded. 

Turn  pater  Aeneas  '  Vestra'  inquit  '  munera  vobis 
certa  manent,  pueri,  et  palmam  movet  ordine  nemo ; 
me  liceat  casus  misereri  insontis  amici.'  350 

Sic  fatus,  tergum  Gaetuli  immane  leonis 
dat  Salio,  villis  onerosum  atque  unguibus  aureis. 
Hie  Nisus,  '  Si  tanta  '  inquit  'sunt  praemia  victis, 
et  te  lapsorum  miseret,  quae  munera  Niso 
digna  dabis,  primam  menu  qui  laude  coronam,  355 

ni  rne,  quae  Salium,  fortuna  inimica  tulisset?' 
Et  simul  his  dictis  faciem  ostentabat  et  udo 
turpia  membra  fimo.     Risit  pater  optimus  olli, 
et  clipeum  efferri  iussit,  Didymaonis  artem, 
Neptuni  sacro  Danais  de  poste  refixum.  360 

Hoc  iuvenem  egregium  praestanti  munere  donat. 

The  Boxing  Match. 

Post,  ubi  confecti  cursus,  et  dona  peregit . 
'  Nunc  si  cui  virtus  animusque  in  pectore  praesens, 
adsit,  et  evinctis  attollat  brachia  palmis.' 
Sic  ait,  et  geminum  pugnae  proponit  honorem,  365 

victori  velatum  auro  vittisque  iuvencum, 
ensem  atque  insignem  galeam  solacia  victo. 
Nee  mora  :  continue  vastis  cum  viribus  effert 
ora  Dares,  magnoque  virum  se  murmure  tollit ; 
solus  qui  Paridem  solitus  contendere  contra,  370 

idemque  ad  tumulum,  quo  maximus  occubat  Hector, 
victorem  Buten  immani  corpore,  qui  se 
Bebrycia  veniens  Amyci  de  gente  ferebat, 
perculit,  et  fulva  moribundum  extendit  arena. 
Talis  prima  Dares  caput  altum  in  proelia  tollit,  375 


I34  The  jEneid.  [BOOK  V. 

ostenditque  umeros  latos,  alternaque  iactat 

brachia  protendens,  et  verberat  ictibus  auras. 

Quaeritur  huic  alius ;  nee  quisquam  ex  agmine  tanto 

audet  adire  virum  manibusque  inducere  caestus. 

Ergo  alacris,  cunctosque  putans  excedere  palma,  380 

Aeneae  stetit  ante  pedes,  nee  plura  moratus 

turn  laeva  taurum  cornu  tenet,  atque  ita  fatur  : 

'  Nate  dea,  si  nemo  audet  se  credere  pugnae, 

quae  finis  standi  ?     Quo  me  decet  usque  teneri  ? 

Ducere  dona  iube.'     Cuncti  simul  ore  fremebant  385 

Dardanidae,  reddique  viro  promissa  iubebant. 

Dares  and  Entellus. 

Hie  gravis  Entellum  dictis  castigat  Acestes, 
proximus  ut  viridante  toro  consederat  herbae  : 
'Entelle,  heroum  quondam  fortissime  frustra, 
tantane  tarn  patiens  nullo  certamine  tolli  390 

dona  sines?     Ubi  nunc  nobis  deus  ille  magister 
nequiquam  memoratus  Eryx  ?     Ubi  fama  per  omnem 
Trinacriam,  et  spolia  ilia  tuis  pendentia  tectis  ? ' 
Ille  sub  haec  :  '  Non  laudis  amor,  nee  gloria  cessit 
pulsa  metu ;  sed  enim  gelidus  tardante  senecta  395 

sanguis  hebet,  frigentque  effetae  in  corpore  vires. 
Si  mihi,  quae  quondam  fuerat,  quaque  improbus  iste 
exsultat  fidens,  si  nunc  foret  ilia  iuventas, 
haud  equidem  pretio  inductus  pulchroque  iuvenco 
venissem,  nee  dona  moror.'     Sic  deinde  locutus  400 

in  medium  geminos  immani  pondere  caestus 
proiecit  quibus  acer  Eryx  in  proelia  suetus 
ferre  manum,  duroque  intendere  brachia  tergo. 
Obstipuere  animi :  tantorum  ingentia  septem 
terga  bourn  plumbo  insuto  ferroque  rigebant.  405 

Ante  omnes  stupet  ipse  Dares,  longeque  recusat ; 
magnanimusque  Anchisiades  et  pondus  et  ipsa 


376-436.]    jfcneas  in  Sicily.     The  Funeral  Games.        135 

hue  illuc  vinclorum  immensa  volumina  versat. 
Turn  senior  tails  referebat  pectore  voces  : 

The  Cestus  of  Hercules. 

'  Quid,  si  quis  caestus  ipsius  et  Herculis  arma  410 

vidisset,  tristemque  hoc  ipso  in  litore  pugnam  ? 
Haec  germanus  Eryx  quondam  tuus  arma  gerebat,  — 
sanguine  cernis  adhuc  sparsoque  inf ecta  cerebro,  — 
his  magnum  Alciden  contra  stetit ;  his  ego  suetus, 
dum  melior  vires  sanguis  dabat,  aemula  necdum  415 

temporibus  geminis  canebat  sparsa  senectus. 
Sed  si  nostra  Dares  haec  Troi'us  arma  recusat, 
idque  pio  sedet  Aeneae,  probat  auctor  Acestes, 
aequemus  pugnas.     Erycis  tibi  terga  remitto  ; 
solve  metus  ;  et  tu  Troianos  exue  caestus.'  420 

Haec  fatus,  duplicem  ex  umeris  reiecit  amictum, 
et  magnos  membrorum  artus,  magna  ossa  lacertosque 
exuit,  atque  ingens  media  consistit  arena. 

The  Combat. 

Turn  satus  Anchisa  caestus  pater  extulit  aequos, 
et  paribus  palmas  amborum  innexuit  armis.  425 

Constitit  in  digitos  extemplo  arrectus  uterque, 
brachiaque  ad  superas  interritus  extulit  auras. 
Abduxere  retro  longe  capita  ardua  ab  ictu, 
immiscentque  manus  manibus,  pugnamque  lacessunt. 
I  lie  pedum  melior  motu,  f  retusque  iuventa ;  430 

hie  membris  et  mole  valens,  sed  tarda  trementi 
genua  labant,  vastos  quatit  aeger  anhelitus  artus. 
Multa  viri  nequiquam  inter  se  volnera  iactant, 
multa  cavo  lateri  ingeminant,  et  pectore  vastos 
dant  sonitus,  erratque  auris  et  tempora  circum  435 

crebra  manus,  duro  crepitant  sub  volnere  malae. 


136 


The  ALneid. 


[BOOK  V. 


DARKS  AND  ENTELLUS. 


Stat  gravis  Entellus  nisuque  immotus  eodem, 
corpora  tela  modo  atque  oculis  vigilantibus  exit. 
Ille,  velut  celsam  oppugnat  qui  molibus  urbem, 
aut  montana  sedet  circum  castella  sub  armis,  440 

nunc  hos,  nunc  illos  aditus,  omnemque  pererrat 
arte  locum,  et  variis  adsultibus  inritus  urguet. 
Ostendit  dextram  insurgens  Entellus,  et  alte 
extulit :  ille  ictum  venientem  a  vertice  velox 
praevidit,  celerique  elapsus  corpore  cessit.  445 

Entellus  vires  in  ventum  effudit,  et  ultro 
ipse  gravis  graviterque  ad  terram  pondere  vasto 
concidit,  ut  quondam  cava  concidit  aut  Erymantho, 
aut  Ida  in  magna,  radicibus  eruta  pinus. 
Consurgunt  studiis  Teucri  et  Trinacria  pubes  ;  450 

it  clamor  caelo,  primusque  accurrit  Acestes, 
aequaevumque  ab  humo  miserans  attollit  amicum. 
At  non  tardatus  casu  neque  territus  heros 
acrior  ad  pugnam  redit,  ac  vim  suscitat  ira. 


437-484-]    ALneas  in  Sicily.     The  Funeral  Games.        137 


Defeat  of  Dares. 


Turn  pudor  incendit  vires  et  conscia  virtus,  455 

praecipitemque  Daren  ardens  agit  aequore  toto, 

nunc  dextra  ingeminans  ictus,  nunc  ille  sinistra  ; 

nee  mora,  nee  requies ;  quam  multa  grandine  nimbi 

culminibus  crepitant,  sic  densis  ictibus  heros 

creber  utraque  manu  pulsat  versatque  Dareta,  460 

Turn  pater  Aeneas  procedere  longius  iras 
et  saevire  animis  Entellum  haud  passus  acerbis ; 
sed  finem  imposuit  pugnae,  fessumque  Dareta 
eripuit,  mulcens  dictis,  ac  talia  fatur  : 

'  Infelix,  quae  tanta  animum  dementia  cepit?  465 

Non  vires  alias  conversaque  numina  sends? 
Cede  deo.'     Dixitque  et  proelia  voce  diremit. 
Ast  ilium  fidi  aequales,  genua  aegra  trahentem, 
iactantemque  utroque  caput,  crassumque  cruorem 
ore  eiectantem  mixtosque  in  sanguine  dentes,  470 

ducunt  ad  naves ;  galeamque  ensemque  vocati 
accipiunt ;  palmam  Entello  taurumque  relinquunt. 
Hie  victor,  superans  animis  tauroque  superbus  : 

1  Nate  dea,  vosque  haec  '  inquit  '  cognoscite,  Teucri, 
et  mihi  quae  fuerint  iuvenali  in  corpore  vires,  475 

et  qua  servetis  revocatum  a  morte  Dareta.' 
Dixit,  et  adversi  contra  stetit  ora  iuvenci, 
qui  donum  adstabat  pugnae,  durosque  reducta 
libravit  dextra  media  inter  cornua  caestus, 
arduus,  effractoque  inlisit  in  ossa  cerebro.  480 

Sternitur  exanimisque  tremens  procumbit  humi  bos. 
Ille  super  tales  effundit  pectore  voces  : 
'  Hanc  tibi,  Eryx,  meliorem  animam  pro  morte  Daretis 
persolvo  ;  hie  victor  caestus  artemque  repono.' 


138  The  ^Eneid.  [BOOK  V. 

The  Contest  in  Archery. 

Protinus  Aeneas  celeri  certare  sagitta  485 

invitat  qui  forte  velint,  et  praemia  ponit, 


SHOOTING  WITH  THE  Bow. 

ingentique  manu  malum  de  nave  Seresti 

erigit,  et  volucrem  traiecto  in  fune  columbam 

quo  tendant  ferrum,  malo  suspendit  ab  alto. 

Convenere  viri,  deiectamque  aerea  sortem  490 

accepit  galea  ;  et  primus  clamore  secundo 

Hyrtacidae  ante  omnes  exit  locus  Hippocoontis ; 

quem  modo  navali  Mnestheus  certamine  victor 

consequitur,  viridi  Mnestheus  evinctus  oliva. 

Tertius  Eurytion,  tuus,  o  clarissime,  frater,  495 

Pandare,  qui  quondam,  iussus  confundere  foedus, 

in  medios  telum  torsisti  primus  Achivos. 

Extremus  galeaque  ima  subsedit  Acestes, 

ausus  et  ipse  manu  iuvenum  temptare  laborem. 

Turn  validis  flexos  incurvant  viribus  arcus  500 


485-532-]    &neas  in  Sicily.     The  Funeral  Games.       1 39 

pro  se  quisque  viri,  et  depromunt  tela  pharetris. 

Primaque  per  caelum,  nervo  stridente,  sagitta 

Hyrtacidae  iuvenis  volucres  diverberat  auras ; 

et  venit,  adversique  infigitur  arbore  mali. 

Intremuit  malus,  timuitque  exterrita  pennis  505 

ales,  et  ingenti  sonuerunt  omnia  plausu. 

Post  acer  Mnestheus  adducto  constitit  arcu, 

alta  petens,  pariterque  oculos  telumque  tetendit. 

Ast  ipsam  miserandus  avem  contingere  ferro 

non  valuit ;  nodos  et  vincula  linea  rupit,  510 

quis  innexa  pedem  malo  pendebat  ab  alto  : 

ilia  notos  atque  alta  volans  in  nubila  fugit. 

Turn  rapidus,  iamdudum  arcu  contenta  parato 

tela  tenens,  fratrem  Eurytion  in  vota  vocavit, 

iam  vacuo  laetam  caelo  speculatus,  et  alis  515 

plaudentem  nigra  figit  sub  nube  columbam. 

Decidit  exanimis,  vitamque  reliquit  in  astris 

aetheriis,  fixamque  refert  delapsa  sagittam. 

The  Omen  of  the  Arrow. 

Amissa  solus  palma  superabat  Acestes  ; 
qui  tamen  ae'rias  telum  contendit  in  auras,  520 

ostentans  artefhque  pater  arcumque  sonantem. 
Hie  oculis  subito  obicitur  magnoque  futurum 
augurio  monstrum  ;  docuit  post  exitus  ingens, 
seraque  terrifici  cecinerunt  omina  vates. 
Namque  volans  liquidis  in  nubibus  arsit  arundo,  525 

signavitque  viam  flammis,  tenuisque  recessit 
consumpta  in  ventos  ;  caelo  ceu  saepe  refixa 
transcurrunt  crinemque  volantia  sidera  ducunt. 
Attonitis  haesere  animis,  superosque  precati 
Trinacrii  Teucrique  viri ;  nee  maximus  omen  530 

abnuit  Aeneas  ;  sed  laetum  amplexus  Acesten 
muneribus  cumulat  magnis,  ac  talia  fatur  : 


140  The  jEneid.  [BOOK  v. 

'  Sume,  pater ;  nam  te  voluit  rex  magnus  Olympi 
talibus  auspiciis  exsortem  ducere  honores. 
Ipsius  Anchisae  longaevi  hoc  munus  habebis,  535 

cratera  impressum  signis,  quern  Thracius  olim 
Anchisae  genitori  in  magno  munere  Cisseus 
ferre  sui  dederat  monumentum  et  pignus  amoris.' 
Sic  fatus  cingit  viridanti  tempora  lauro, 
et  primum  ante  omnes  victorem  appellat  Acesten.  540 

Nee  bonus  Eurytion  praelato  invidit  honori, 
quamvis  solus  avem  caelo  deiecit  ab  alto. 
Proximus  ingreditur  donis,  qui  vincula  rupit ; 
extremus,  volucri  qui  fixit  arundine  malum. 

The  Equestrian  Game. 

At  pater  Aeneas,  nondum  certamine  misso,  545 

custodem  ad  sese  comitemque  impubis  luli 
Epytiden  vocat,  et  fidam  sic  fatur  ad  aurem  : 
'  Vade  age,  et  Ascanio,  si  iam  puerile  paratum 
agmen  habet  secum,  cursusque  instruxit  equorum, 
ducat  avo  turmas,  et  sese  ostendat  in  armis,  550 

die '  ait.     Ipse  omnem  longo  decedere  circo 
infusum  populum,  et  campos  iubet  esse  patentes. 

Incedunt  pueri,  pariterque  ante  ora  parentum 
frenatis  lucent  in  equis,  quos  omnis  euntes 
Trinacriae  mirata  fremit  Troiaeque  iuventus.  555 

Omnibus  in  morem  tonsa  coma  pressa  corona : 
cornea  bina  ferunt  praefixa  hastilia  ferro  : 
pars  levis  umero  pharetras ;  it  pectore  summo 
flexilis  obtorti  per  collum  circulus  auri. 
Tres  equitum  numero  turmae  ternique  vagantur  560 

ductores  :  pueri  bis  seni  quemque  secuti 
agmine  partito  fulgent  paribusque  magistris. 
Una  acies  iuvenum,  ducit  quam  parvus  ovantem 
nomen  avi  referens  Priamus, —  tua  clara,  Polite, 


533- 598-]   sEneas  in  Sicily.     The  Funeral  Games.        141 

progenies,  auctura  Italos,  —  quem  Thracius  albis  565 

portat  equus  bicolor  maculis,  vestigia  primi 

alba  pedis  frontemque  ostentans  arduus  albam. 

Alter  Atys,  genus  unde  Atii  duxere  Latini, 

parvus  Atys,  pueroque  puer  dilectus  lulo. 

Extremus,  formaque  ante  omnis  pulcher,  lulus  570 

Sidonio  est  invectus  equo  quem  Candida  Dido 

esse  sui  dederat  monumentum  et  pignus  amoris. 

Cetera  Trinacrii  pubes  senioris  Acestae 

fertur  equis. 

Excipiunt  plausu  pavidos,  gaudentque  tuentes  575 

Dardanidae,  veterumque  adgnoscunt  ora  parentum. 
Postquam  omnem  laeti  consessum  oculosque  suorum 
lustravere  in  equis,  signum  clamore  paratis 
Epytides  longe  dedit  insonuitque  flagello. 

Olli  discurrere  pares,  atque  agmina  terni  580 

diductis  solvere  choris,  rursusque  vocati 
convertere  vias  infestaque  tela  tulere. 
Inde  alios  ineunt  cursus  aliosque  recursus 
adversi  spatiis,  alternosque  orbibus  orbes 
impediunt,  pugnaeque  cient  simulacra  sub  armis  ;  585 

et  nunc  terga  fuga  nudant,  nunc  spicula  vertunt 
infensi,  facta  pariter  nunc  pace  feruntur. 
Ut  quondam  Greta  fertur  Labyrinthus  in  alta 
parietibus  textum  caecis  iter,  ancipitemque 
mille  viis  habuisse  dolum,  qua  signa  sequendi  590 

falleret  indeprensus  et  inremeabilis  error  ; 
baud  alio  Teucrum  nati  vestigia  cursu 
impediunt,  texuntque  fugas  et  proelia  ludo, 
delphinum  similes,  qui  per  maria  umida  nando 
Carpathium  Libycumque  secant  [luduntque  per  undas].    595 
Hunc  morem  cursus  atque  haec  certamina  primus 
Ascanius,  Longam  muris  cum  cingeret  Albam, 
rettulit,  et  priscos  docuit  celebrare  Latinos, 


142  The  jEneid.  [BOOK  V. 

quo  puer  ipse  modo,  secum  quo  Tro'ia  pubes  ; 

Albani  docuere  suos  ;  hinc  maxima  porro  600 

accepit  Roma,  et  patrium  servavit  honorem ; 

Troiaque  nunc  pueri,  Troianum  dicitur  agmen. 

Hac  celebrata  tenus  sancto  certamina  patri. 

The  Trojan  Women  Roused  by  Iris. 

Hie  primum  fortuna  fidem  mutata  novavit. 
Dum  variis  tumulo  referunt  sollemnia  ludis,  605 

Irim  de  caelo  misit  Saturnia  luno 
Iliacam  ad  classem,  ventosque  adspirat  eunti, 
multa  movens,  necdum  antiquum  saturata  dolorem. 
Ilia,  viam  celerans  per  mille  coloribus  arcum, 
nulli  visa  cito  decurrit  tramite  virgo.  610 

Conspicit  ingentem  concursum,  et  litora  lustrat, 
desertosque  videt  portus  classemque  relictam. 
At  procul  in  sola  secretae  Troades  acta 
amissum  Anchisen  flebant,  cunctaeque  profundum 
pontum  adspectabant  flentes.     '  Heu  tot  vada  fessis          615 
et  tantum  superesse  maris  ! '  vox  omnibus  una. 
Urbem  orant ;  taedet  pelagi  perferre  laborem. 
Ergo  inter  medias  sese  baud  ignara  nocendi 
conicit,  et  faciemque  deae  vestemque  reponit ; 
fit  Beroe,  Tmarii  coniunx  longaeva  Dorycli,  620 

cui  genus  et  quondam  nomen  natique  fuissent ; 
ac  sic  Dardanidum  mediam  se  matribus  infert: 

'O  miserae,  quas  non  manus  '  inquit  '  Achaica  bello 
traxerit  ad  letum  patriae  sub  moenibus  !     O  gens 
infelix,  cui  te  exitio  Fortuna  reservat?  625 

Septuma  post  Troiae  exscidium  iam  vertitur  aestas, 
cum  freta,  cum  terras  omnes,  tot  inhospita  saxa 
sideraque  emensae  ferimur,  dum  per  mare  magnum 
Italiam  sequimur  fugientem,  et  volvimur  undis. 
Hie  Erycis  fines  fraterni,  atque  hospes  Acestes :  630 


599-663-]  sEneas  in  Sicily.     The  Funeral  Games.         143 

quis  prohibet  muros  iacere  et  dare  civibus  urbem? 

O  patria  et  rapti  nequiquam  ex  hoste  Penates, 

nullane  iam  Troiae  dicentur  moenia?     Nusquam 

Hectoreos  amnes,  Xanthum  et  Simoenta,  videbo  ? 

Quin  agite  et  mecum  infaustas  exurite  puppes.  635 

Nam  mihi  Cassandrae  per  somnum  vatis  imago 

ardentes  dare  visa  faces  :  Hie  quaerite  Troiam ; 

hie  domus  est  inquit  vobis.     Iam  tempus  agi  res, 

nee  tantis  mora  prodigiis.     En  quattuor  arae 

Neptuno  ;  deus  ipse  faces  animumque  ministrat.'  640 

The  Women  Fire  the  Ships. 

Haec  memorans,  prima  infensum  vi  corripit  ignem, 
sublataque  procul  dextra  conixa  coruscat, 
et  iacit :  arrectae  mentes  stupefactaque  corda 
Iliadum.     Hie  una  e  multis,  quae  maxima  natu, 
Pyrgo,  tot  Priami  natorum  regia  nutrix :  645 

'  Non  Beroe  vobis,  non  haec  Rhoetei'a,  matres, 
est  Dorycli  coniunx ;  divini  signa  decoris 
ardentesque  notate  oculos  ;  qui  spiritus  illi, 
qui  voltus,  vocisque  sonus,  vel  gressus  eunti. 
Ipsa  egomet  dudum  Beroe'n  digressa  reliqui  650 

aegram,  indignantem,  tali  quod  sola  careret 
munere,  nee  meritos  Anchisae  inferret  honores.' 
Haec  effata. 

At  matres  primo  ancipites,  oculisque  malignis 
ambiguae  spectare  rates  miserum  inter  amorem  655 

praesentis  terrae  fatisque  vocantia  regna, 
cum  dea  se  paribus  per  caelum  sustulit  alis, 
ingentemque  fuga  secuit  sub  nubibus  arcum. 
Turn  vero  attonitae  monstris  actaeque  furore 
con  clamant,  rapiuntque  focis  penetralibus  ignem  ;  660 

pars  spoliant  aras,  frondem  ac  virgulta  facesque 
coniciunt.     Furit  immissis  Volcanus  habenis 
transtra  per  et  remos  et  pictas  abiete  puppes. 


144  The  ALneid.  [BOOK  V. 

The  Appeal  of  Ascanius. 

Nuntius  Anchisae  ad  tumulum  cuneosque  theatri 
incensas  perfert  naves  Eumelus,  et  ipsi  665 

respiciunt  atram  in  nimbo  volitare  favillam. 
Primus  et  Ascanius,  cursus  ut  laetus  equestres 
ducebat,  sic  acer  equo  turbata  petivit 
castra,  nee  examines  possunt  retinere  magistri. 
'  Quis  furor  iste  novus  ?    Quo  nunc,  quo  tenditis' inquit,    670 
'heu,  miserae  cives?    Non  hostem  inimicaque  castra 
Argivum,  vestras  spes  uritis.     En,  ego  vester 
Ascanius  ! '     Galeam  ante  pedes  proiecit  inanem, 
qua  ludo  indutus  belli  simulacra  ciebat ; 
accelerat  simul  Aeneas,  simul  agmina  Teucrum.  675 

Ast  illae  diversa  metu  per  litora  passim 
diffugiunt,  silvasque  et  sicubi  concava  furtim 
saxa  petunt ;  piget  incepti  lucisque,  suosque 
mutatae  adgnoscunt,  excussaque  pectore  luno  est. 
Sed  non  idcirco  flammae  atque  incendia  vires  680 

indomitas  posuere  ;  udo  sub  robore  vivit 
stuppa  vomens  tardum  fumum,  lentusque  carinas 
est  vapor,  et  toto  descendit  corpore  pestis, 
nee  vires  heroum  infusaque  flumina  prosunt. 

The  Flames  are  Stayed. 

Turn  pius  Aeneas  umeris  abscindere  vestem,  685 

auxilioque  vocare  deos,  et  tendere  palmas  : 
'  luppiter  omnipotens,  si  nondum  exosus  ad  unum 
Troianos,  si  quid  pietas  antiqua  labores 
respicit  humanos,  da  flammam  evadere  class! 
nunc,  Pater,  et  tenues  Teucrum  res  eripe  leto.  690 

Vel  tu,  —  quod  superest,  —  infesto  fulmine  morti, 
si  mereor,  demitte,  tuaque  hie  obrue  dextra.' 
Vix  haec  ediderat,  cum  effusis  imbribus  atra 
tempestas  sine  more  furit,  tonitruque  tremescunt 


664-726.]  sEneas  in  Sicily.     The  Funeral  Games.         145 

ardua  terrarum  et  campi ;  ruit  aethere  toto  695 

turbidus  imber  aqua  densisque  nigerrimus  austris  ; 
implenturque  super  puppes  ;  semiusta  madescunt 
robora ;  restinctus  donee  vapor  omnis,  et  omnes, 
quattuor  amissis,  servatae  a  peste  carinae. 

At  pater  Aeneas,  casu  concussus  acerbo,  703 

nunc  hue  ingentes,  nunc  illuc  pectore  curas 
mutabat  versans,  Siculisne  resideret  arvis, 
oblitus  fatorum,  Italasne  capesseret  oras. 
Turn  senior  Nautes,  unum  Tritonia  Pallas 
quern  docuit,  multaque  insignem  reddidit  arte,  705 

haec  responsa  dabat,  vel  quae  portenderet  ira 
magna  deum,  vel  quae  fatorum  posceret  ordo ; 
isque  his  Aenean  solatus  vocibus  infit : 

The  Division  of  the  Colony. 

'  Nate  dea,  quo  fata  trahunt  retrahuntque,  sequamur  ; 
quidquid  erit,  superanda  omnis  fortuna  ferendo  est.  710 

Est  tibi  Dardanius  divinae  stirpis  Acestes : 
hunc  cape  consiliis  socium  et  coniunge  volentem  ; 
huic  trade,  amissis  superant  qui  navibus,  et  quos 
pertaesum  magni  incepti  rerumque  tuarum  est ; 
longaevosque  senes  ac  fessas  aequore  matres,  715 

et  quidquid  tecum  invalidum  metuensque  pericli  est, 
delige,  et  his  habeant  terris  sine  moenia  fessi : 
urbem  appellabunt  permisso  nomine  Acestam.' 

Talibus  incensus  dictis  senioris  amici, 

turn  vero  in  curas  animo  diducitur  omnes.  720 

Et  nox  atra  polum  bigis  subvecta  tenebat : 
visa  dehinc  caelo  facies  delapsa  parentis 
Anchisae  subito  tales  effundere  voces  : 
'  Nate,  mihi  vita  quondam,  dum  vita  manebat, 
care  magis,  nate,  Iliads  exercite  fatis,  725 

imperio  lovis  hue  venio,  qui  classibus  ignem 


146  The  ^Eneid.  [BOOK  V. 

depulit,  et  caelo  tandem  miseratus  ab  alto  est. 

Consiliis  pare,  quae  nunc  pulcherrima  Nautes 

dat  senior ;  lectos  iuvenes,  fortissima  corda, 

defer  in  Italiam  ;  gens  dura  atque  aspera  cultu  730 

debellanda  tibi  Latio  est.     Ditis  tamen  ante 

infernas  accede  domos,  et  Averna  per  alta 

congressus  pete,  nate,  meos.     Non  me  impia  namque 

Tartara  habent,  tristes  umbrae,  sed  amoena  piorum 

concilia  Elysiumque  colo.     Hue  casta  Sibylla  735 

nigrarum  multo  pecudum  te  sanguine  ducet : 

turn  genus  omne  tuum,  et  quae  dentur  moenia,  disces. 

lamque  vale  :  torquet  medios  Nox  humida  cursus, 

et  me  saevus  equis  Oriens  adflavit  anhelis.' 

Dixerat,  et  tenuis  fugit,  ceu  f umus,  in  auras.  740 

Aeneas,  '  Quo  deinde  ruis,  quo  proripis  ? '  inquit, 

'  Quern  fugis,  aut  quis  te  nostris  complexibus  arcet  ? ' 

Haec  memorans  cinerem  et  sopitos  suscitat  ignes, 

Pergameumque  Larem  et  canae  penetralia  Vestae 

farre  pio  et  plena  supplex  veneratur  acerra.  745 

The  Feeble  Left  Behind. 

Extemplo  socios  primumque  arcessit  Acesten, 
et  lovis  imperium  et  cari  praecepta  parentis 
edocet,  et  quae  nunc  animo  sententia  constet. 
Haud  mora  consiliis,  nee  iussa  recusat  Acestes. 
Transcribunt  urbi  matres,  populumque  volentem  750 

deponunt,  animos  nil  magnae  laudis  egentes. 
Ipsi  transtra  novant,  flammisque  ambesa  reponunt 
robora  navigiis,  aptant  remosque  rudentesque, 
exigui  numero,  sed  bello  vivida  virtus. 

Interea  Aeneas  urbem  designat  aratro       '  755 

sortiturque  domos  ;  hoc  Ilium  et  haec  loca  Troiam 
esse  iubet.     Gaudet  regno  Troianus  Acestes, 
indicitque  forum  et  patribus  dat  iura  vocatis. 


NEPTUNE 


727-79°-]  ^Eneas  in  Sicily.     The  Funeral  Games.         147 

Turn  vicina  astris,  Erycino  in  vertice  sedes 

fundatur  Veneri  Idaliae,  tumuloque  sacerdos  760 

ac  lucus  late  sacer  additur  Anchiseo. 

lamque  dies  epulata  novem  gens  omnis,  et  aris 
factus  honos  :  placidi  straverunt  aequora  venti, 
creber  et  adspirans  rursus  vocat  Auster  in  altum. 
Exoritur  procurva  ingens  per  litora  fletus  ;  765 

complexi  inter  se  noctemque  diemque  morantur. 
Ipsae  iam  matres,  ipsi,  quibus  aspera  quondam 
visa  maris  facies  et  non  tolerabile  nomen, 
ire  volunt,  omnemque  fugae  perferre  laborem. 
Quos  bonus  Aeneas  dictis  solatur  amicis,  770 

et  consanguineo  lacrimans  commendat  Acestae. 
Tris  Eryci  vitulos  et  Tempestatibus  agnam 
caedere  deinde  iubet,  solvique  ex  ordine  funem. 
Ipse,  caput  tonsae  foliis  evinctus  olivae, 
stans  procul  in  prora  pateram  tenet,  extaque  salsos  775 

porricit  in  fluctus  ac  vina  liquentia  fundit. 
Prosequitur  surgens  a  puppi  ventus  euntes. 
Certatim  socii  feriunt  mare  et  aequora  verrunt. 

Appeal  of  Venus  to  Neptune. 

At  Venus  interea  Neptunum  exercita  curis 
adloquitur,  talesque  effundit  pectore  questus :  780 

'  lunonis  gravis  ira  nee  exsaturabile  pectus 
cogunt  me,  Neptune,  preces  descendere  in  omnes  ; 
quam  nee  longa  dies,  pietas  nee  mitigat  ulla, 
nee  lovis  imperio  fatisque  infracta  quiescit. 
Non  media  de  gente  Phrygum  exedisse  nefandis  785 

urbem  odiis  satis  est,  nee  poenam  traxe  per  omnem  : 
reliquias  Troiae,  cineres  atque  ossa  peremptae 
insequitur  :  causas  tanti  sciat  ilia  furoris. 
Ipse  mihi  nuper  Libycis  tu  testis  in  undis 
quam  molem  subito  excierit :  maria  omnia  caelo  790 


148  The  ALneid.  [BOOK  V. 

miscuit,  Aeoliis  nequiquam  freta  procellis, 
in  regnis  hoc  ausa  tuis. 

Per  scelus  ecce  etiam  Troianis  matribus  actis 
exussit  foede  puppes,  et  classe  subegit 


NEPTUNE. 

amissa  socios  ignotae  linquere  terrae.  795 

Quod  superest,  oro,  liceat  dare  tuta  per  undas 
vela  tibi,  liceat  Laurentem  attingere  Thybrim,  — 
si  concessa  peto,  si  dant  ea  moenia  Parcae.' 

Neptune's  Promise. 

Turn  Saturnius  haec  domitor  maris  edidit  aid  : 
'  Fas  omne  est,  Cytherea,  meis  te  fidere  regnis,  800 

unde  genus  ducis  :  merui  quoque ;  saepe  furores 
compressi,  et  rabiem  tantam  caelique  marisque. 
Nee  minor  in  terris,  Xanthum  Simoentaque  tester, 
Aeneae  mihi  cura  tui.     Cum  Troi'a  Achilles 
exanimata  sequens  impingeret  agmina  muris,  805 

milia  multa  daret  leto,  gemerentque  repleti 
amnes,  nee  reperire  viam  atque  evolvere  posset 
in  mare  se  Xanthus,  Pelidae  tune  ego  forti 
congressum  Aenean  nee  dis  nee  viribus  aequis 
nube  cava  rapui,  cuperem  cum  vertere  ab  imo  810 


791-829.]  ^Lneas  in  Sicily.     The  Funeral  Games.         149 

structa  meis  manibus  periurae  moenia  Troiae. 

Nunc  quoque  mens  eadem  perstat  mihi :  pelle  timores. 

Tutus,  quos  optas,  portus  accedet  Averni. 

Unus  erit  tantum,  amissum  quern  gurgite  quaeres  ; 

unum  pro  multis  dabitur  caput.'  815 

His  ubi  laeta  deae  permulsit  pectora  dictis, 
iungit  equos  auro  Genitor,  spumantiaque  addit 
frena  feris,  manibusque  omnes  effundit  habenas. 


NEPTUNE  IN  HIS  CAR. 

Caeruleo  per  summa  levis  volat  aequora  curru  ; 
subsidunt  undae,  tumidumque  sub  axe  tonanti 
sternitur  aequor  aquis ;  fugiunt  vasto  aethere  nimbi. 
Turn  variae  comitum  facies,  immania  cete, 
et  senior  Glauci  chorus,  Inousque  Palaemon, 
Tritonesque  citi,  Phorcique  exercitus  omnis ; 
laeva  tenent  Thetis,  et  Melite,  Panopeaque  virgo, 
Nisaee,  Spioque,  Thaliaque,  Cymodoceque. 

Hie  patris  Aeneae  suspensam  blanda  vicissim 
gaudia  pertemptant  mentem  :  iubet  ocius  omnes 
attolli  malos,  intendi  brachia  velis. 


820 


825 


1 50  The  jtfLneid.  [BOOK  V. 

Una  omnes  fecere  pedem,  pariterque  sinistros,  830 

nunc  dextros  solvere  sinus  ;  una  ardua  torquent 
cornua  detorquentque  ;  ferunt  sua  flamina  classem. 
Princeps  ante  omnes  densum  Palinurus  agebat 
agmen ;  ad  hunc  alii  cursum  contendere  iussi. 

Palinurus  Lost. 

lamque  fere  mediam  caeli  nox  humida  metam  835 

contigerat ;  placida  laxabant  membra  quiete 
sub  remis  fusi  per  dura  sedilia  nautae  : 
cum  levis  aetheriis  delapsus  Somnus  ab  astris 
ae'ra  dimovit  tenebrosum  et  dispulit  umbras, 
te,  Palinure,  petens,  tibi  somnia  tristia  portans  840 

insonti ;  puppique  deus  consedit  in  alta, 
Phorbanti  similis,  funditque  has  ore  loquelas  : 
'  laside  Palinure,  ferunt  ipsa  aequora  classem ; 
aequatae  spirant  aurae  ;  datur  hora  quieti. 
Pone  caput,  fessosque  oculos  furare  labori :  845 

ipse  ego  paulisper  pro  te  tua  munera  inibo.' 
Cui  vix  attollens  Palinurus  lumina  fatur  : 
'  Mene  salis  placidi  voltum  fluctusque  quietos 
ignorare  iubes  ?     Mene  huic  confidere  monstro  ? 
Aenean  credam  quid  enim  fallacibus  auris  850 

et  caelo,  totiens  deceptus  fraude  sereni  ? ' 

Talia  dicta  dabat,  clavumque  affixus  et  haerens 
nusquam  amittebat,  oculosque  sub  astra  tenebat. 
Ecce  deus  ramum  Lethaeo  rore  madentem, 
vique  soporatum  Stygia,  super  utraque  quassat  855 

tempora,  cunctantique  natantia  lumina  solvit. 
Vix  primos  inopina  quies  laxaverat  artus, 
et  super  incumbens  cum  puppis  parte  revolsa, 
cumque  gubernaclo,  liquidas  proiecit  in  undas 
praecipitem  ac  socios  nequiquam  saepe  vocantem ;  860 

ipse  volans  tenues  se  sustulit  ales  ad  auras. 


830-871-]  sEneas  in  Sicily.     The  Funeral  Games.         151 

Currit  iter  tutum  non  secius  aequore  classis, 
promissisque  patris  Neptuni  interrita  fertur. 

lamque  adeo  scopulos  Sirenum  advecta  subibat, 
difficiles  quondam  multorumque  ossibus  albos,  865 

turn  rauca  adsiduo  longe  sale  saxa  sonabant  : 
cum  pater  amisso  fluitantem  errare  magistro 
sensit,  et  ipse  ratem  nocturnis  rexit  in  undis, 
multa  gemens,  casuque  animum  concussus  amici : 
'  O  nimium  caelo  et  pelago  confise  sereno,  870 

nudus  in  ignota,  Palinure,  iacebis  arena  ! ' 


BOOK   VI.  —  THE   WORLD   BELOW. 


arrives  at  Cumas,  and  seeks  the  Sibyl's  cave  :  the  temple  of 
Phoebus,  constructed  by  Daedalus  (vv.  1-41).  Inspiration  of  the  Sibyl: 
she  prophesies  war  (42-97).  JEneas  solicits  that  he  may  enter  the  abode 
of  Hades:  the  required  gift  to  Proserpine  of  the  Gold  Bough  (98-155). 
Death  of  Misenus.  While  the  trees  are  felled  for  his  funeral  pile,  JEnezs, 
guided  by  doves  to  the  mouth  of  Acheron,  finds  the  sacred  bough  :  the 
funeral  rites  (156-235).  After  due  rites  have  been  paid,  he  follows  the 
Sibyl  to  the  world  of  shadows  :  apparitions  of  horror  at  its  entrance  ; 
Charon  and  his  skiff  (236-336).  Shade  of  Palinurus  on  the  hither  side 
(337-381).  The  passage  of  Styx  :  Cerberus,  and  the  judge  Minos.  The 
abode  of  suicides  and  unhappy  lovers  :  the  angry  shade  of  Dido  (382- 
476).  Shades  of  fallen  heroes  :  Deiphobus  accosts  tineas,  but  is 
checked  by  the  Sibyl  (477-547).  Phlegethon,  and  the  fiery  dungeons 
of  the  damned:  the  judge  Rhadamanthos  ;  the  Giants,  Tityos,  Ixion, 
Theseus  (548-627).  The  branch  is  fixed  at  the  entrance  of  the  palace 
of  Dis  :  the  Elysian  Fields  ;  ancient  heroes  of  Troy  (628-678).  The 
shade  of  Anchises  is  met  in  a  secluded  vale  :  he  explains  the  system 
and  divine  life  of  things  (679-755).  Anchises  unfolds  the  heroic  story 
and  future  glories  of  Rome  (756-854).  Vision  of  the  young  Marcellus: 
the  two  Gates  of  Sleep  (855-902). 


(  1 


Z 


i-3o.]  The   World  Below.  153 


Cumae  and  the  Temple  of  Apollo. 

SIC  fatur  lacrimans,  classique  immittit  habenas, 
et  tandem  Euboicis  Cumarum  adlabitur  oris. 
Obvertunt  pelago  proras  ;  turn  dente  tenaci 
ancora  fundabat  naves,  et  litora  curvae 

praetexunt  puppes.     luvenum  manus  emicat  ardens  5 

litus  in  Hesperium ;  quaerit  pars  semina  flammae 
abstrusa  in  venis  silicis,  pars  densa  ferarum 
tecta  rapit  silvas,  inventaque  flumina  monstrat. 
At  pius  Aeneas  arces,  quibus  altus  Apollo 
praesidet,  horrendaeque  procul  secreta  Sibyllae  10 

antrum  immane  petit,  magnum  cui  mentem  animumque 
Delius  inspirat  vates,  aperitque  futura. 
lam  subeunt  Triviae  lucos  atque  aurea  tecta. 

The  Work  of  Daedalus. 

Daedalus,  ut  fama  est,  fugiens  Minoi'a  regna, 
praepetibus  pennis  ausus  se  credere  caelo,  15 

insuetum  per  iter  gelidas  enavit  ad  Arctos, 
Chalcidicaque  levis  tandem  super  adstitit  arce. 
Redditus  his  primum  terris,  tibi,  Phoebe,  sacravit 
remigium  alarum,  posuitque  immania  templa. 
In  foribus  letum  Androgei :  turn  pendere  poenas  20 

Cecropidae  iussi  —  miserum  !  —  septena  quotannis 
corpora  natorum ;  stat  ductis  sortibus  urna. 
Contra  elata  mari  respondet  Gnosia  tellus : 
hie  crudelis  amor  tauri,  suppostaque  furto 
Pasiphae,  mixtumque  genus  prolesque  biformis  25 

Minotaurus  inest,  Veneris  monumenta  nefandae  ; 
hie  labor  ille  domus  et  inextricabilis  error ; 
magnum  reginae  sed  enim  miseratus  amorem 
Daedalus  ipse  dolos  tecti  ambagesque  resolvit, 
caeca  regens  filo  vestigia.     Tu  quoque  magnam  30 


154 


The  Aineid. 


[BOOK  VI. 


THESEUS  AND  THE  MINOTAUR  (v.  26). 

partem  opere  in  tanto,  sineret  dolor,  Icare,  haberes. 
Bis  conatus  erat  casus  effingere  in  auro ; 
bis  patriae  cecidere  manus. 

The  Cumeean  Sibyl. 

Quin  protinus  omnia 

perlegerent  oculis,  ni  iam  praemissus  Achates 
adforet,  atque  una  Phoebi  Triviaeque  sacerdos, 
Deiphobe  Glauci,  fatur  quae  talia  regi : 
'  Non  hoc  ista  sibi  tempus  spectacula  poscit ; 
nunc  grege  de  intacto  septem  mactare  iuvencos 
praestiterit,  totidem  lectas  de  more  bidentes.' 
Talibus  adfata  Aenean  (nee  sacra  morantur 
iussa  viri),  Teucros  vocat  alta  in  templa  sacerdos. 

Approach  of  the  God. 

Excisum  Eubo'icae  latus  ingens  rupis  in  antrum, 
quo  lati  ducunt  aditus  centum,  ostia  centum ; 


35 


40 


31-76.]  The   World  Below.  155 

unde  ruunt  totidem  voces,  responsa  Sibyllae. 

Ventum  erat  ad  limen,  cum  virgo,  Poscere  fata  45 

tempus  ait ;  deus,  ecce,  deus  !     Cui  talia  fanti 

ante  fores  subito  non  voltus,  non  color  unus, 

non  comptae  mansere  comae  ;  sed  pectus  anhelum, 

et  rabie  fera  corda  tument ;  maiorque  videri, 

nee  mortale  sonans,  adflata  est  numine  quando  50 

iam  propiore  del.     '  Cessas  in  vota  precesque, 

Tros  '  ait  'Aenea?    Cessas?     Neque  enim  ante  dehiscent 

attonitae  magna  ora  domus.'     Et  talia  fata 

conticuit.     Gelidus  Teucris  per  dura  cucurrit 

ossa  tremor,  funditque  preces  rex  pectore  ab  imo :  55 

'  Phoebe,  graves  Troiae  semper  miserate  labores, 
Dardana  qui  Paridis  direxti  tela  manusque 
corpus  in  Aeacidae,  magnas  obeuntia  terras 
tot  maria  intravi  duce  te,  penitusque  repostas 
Massylum  gentes  praetentaque  Syrtibus  arva,  60 

iam  tandem  Italiae  fugientis  prendimus  oras ; 
hac  Troiana  tenus  fuerit  Fortuna  secuta. 
Vos  quoque  Pergameae  iam  fas  est  parcere  genti, 
dique  deaeque  omnes  quibus  obstitit  Ilium  et  ingens 
gloria  Dardaniae.     Tuque,  o  sanctissima  vates,  65 

praescia  venturi,  da,  non  indebita  posco 
regna  meis  fatis,  Latio  considere  Teucros 
errantisque  deos  agitataque  numina  Troiae. 
Turn  Phoebo  et  Triviae  solido  de  marmore  templum 
instituam,  festosque  dies  de  nomine  Phoebi.  70 

Te  quoque  magna  manent  regnis  penetralia  nostris : 
hie  ego  namque  tuas  sortes  arcanaque  fata, 
dicta  meae  genti,  ponam,  lectosque  sacrabo, 
alma,  viros.     Foliis  tantum  ne  carmina  manda, 
ne  turbata  volent  rapidis  ludibria  vends ;  75 

ipsa  canas  oro.'     Finem  dedit  ore  loquendi. 


156  The  ^Eneid.  [BOOK  VI. 

The  Sibyl's  Prophecy. 

At,  Phoebi  nondum  patiens,  immanis  in  antro 
bacchatur  vates,  magnum  si  pectore  possit 
excussisse  deum ;  tanto  magis  ille  fatigat 
os  rabidum,  fera  corda  domans,  fingitque  premendo.  So 

Ostia  ianique  domus  patuere  ingentia  centum 
sponte  sua,  vatisque  ferunt  responsa  per  auras  : 

'  O  tandem  magnis  pelagi  defuncte  periclis ! 
Sed  terrae  graviora  manent.  In  regna  Lavini 
Dardanidae  venient ;  mitte  hanc  de  pectore  curam  ;  85 

sed  non  et  venisse  volent.     Bella,  horrida  bella, 
et  Thybrim  multo  spumantem  sanguine  cerno. 
Non  Simois  tibi,  nee  Xanthus,  nee  Dorica  castra 
defuerint;  alius  Latio  iam  partus  Achilles, 
natus  et  ipse  dea ;  nee  Teucris  addita  luno  90 

usquam  aberit ;  cum  tu  supplex  in  rebus  egenis 
quas  gentes  Italum  aut  quas  non  oraveris  urbes ! 
Causa  mali  tanti  coniunx  iterum  hospita  Teucris 
externique  iterum  thalami. 

Tu  ne  cede  malis,  sed  contra  audentior  ito,  95 

qua  tua  te  Fortuna  sinet.     Via  prima  salutis, 
quod  minime  reris,  Graia  pandetur  ab  urbe.' 

Talibus  ex  adyto  dictis  Cumaea  Sibylla 
horrendas  canit  ambages  antroque  remugit, 
obscuris  vera  involvens  :  ea  frena  furenti  100 

concutit,  et  stimulos  sub  pectore  vertit  Apollo. 

Appeal  of  tineas. 

Ut  primum  cessit  furor  et  rabida  ora  quierunt, 

incipit  Aeneas  heros  :  '  Non  ulla  laborum, 

o  virgo,  nova  mi  facies  inopinave  surgit ; 

omnia  praecepi  atque  animo  mecum  ante  peregi.  105 

Unum  oro  :  quando  hie  inferni  ianua  regis 

dicitur,  et  tenebrosa  palus  Acheronte  refuse, 


ORPHEUS  AND    EURYDICE. 
(Relief  at  Naples.) 


77-I25-]  The    World  Below.  157 

ire  ad  conspectum  cari  genitoris  et  ora 

contingat ;  doceas  iter  et  sacra  ostia  pandas. 

Ilium  ego  per  flammas  et  mille  sequentia  tela  no 

eripui  his  umeris,  medioque  ex  hoste  recepi ; 

ille  meum  comitatus  iter,  maria  omnia  mecum 

atque  omnes  pelagique  minas  caelique  ferebat, 

invalidus,  vires  ultra  sortemque  senectae. 

Quin,  ut  te  supplex  peterem  et  tua  limina  adirem,  1 1 5 

idem  orans  mandata  dabat.     Gnatique  patrisque, 

alma,  precor,  miserere;  —  potes  namque  omnia,  nee  te 

nequiquam  lucis  Hecate  praefecit  Avernis;  — 

si  potuit  Manes  arcessere  coniugis  Orpheus, 

Threi'cia  fretus  cithara  fidibusque  canoris,  120 

si  fratrem  Pollux  alterna  morte  redemit, 

itque  reditque  viam  totiens.     Quid  Thesea,  magnum 

quid  memorem  Alciden  ?     Et  mi  genus  ab  love  summo.' 


The  Answer. 

Talibus  orabat  dictis,  arasque  tenebat, 
am  sic  orsa  loqui  vates  :  '  Sate  sanguine  divom, 


158  The  ALneid.  [BOOK  VI. 

Tros  Anchisiade,  facilis  descensus  Averno; 

noctes  atque  dies  patet  atri  ianua  Ditis ; 

sed  revocare  gradum  superasque  evadere  ad  auras, 

hoc  opus,  hie  labor  est.     Fauci,  quos  aequus  amavit 

luppiter,  aut  ardens  evexit  ad  aethera  virtus,  i-o 

dis  geniti  potuere.     Tenent  media  omnia  silvae, 

Cocytusque  sinu  labens  circumvenit  atro. 

Quod  si  tantus  amor  menti,  si  tanta  cupido  est, 

bis  Stygios  innare  lacus,  bis  nigra  videre 

Tartara,  et  insano  iuvat  indulgere  labori,  ^5 

accipe,  quae  peragenda  prius.     Latet  arbore  opaca 

aureus  et  foliis  et  lento  vimine  ramus, 

lunoni  infernae  dictus  sacer ;  hunc  tegit  omnis 

lucus,  et  obscuris  claudunt  convallibus  umbrae. 

Sed  non  ante  datur  telluris  operta  subire,  140 

auricomos  quam  quis  decerpserit  arbore  fetus. 

Hoc  sibi  pulchra  suum  ferri  Proserpina  munus 

instituit.     Primo  avulso  non  deficit  alter 

aureus,  et  simili  frondescit  virga  metallo. 

Ergo  alte  vestiga  oculis,  et  rite  repertum  145 

carpe  manu ;  namque  ipse  volens  facilisque  sequetur, 

si  te  fata  vocant ;  aliter  non  viribus  ullis 

vincere,  nee  duro  poteris  convellere  ferro. 

Praeterea  iacet  exanimum  tibi  corpus  amici  — 

heu  nescis  —  totamque  incestat  funere  classem,  150 

dum  consulta  petis  nostroque  in  limine  pendes. 

Sedibus  hunc  refer  ante  suis  et  conde  sepulchre. 

Due  nigras  pecudes  ;  ea  prima  piacula  sunto  : 

sic  demum  lucos  Stygis  et  regna  invia  vivis 

aspicies.'     Dixit,  pressoque  obmutuit  ore.  155 

The  Unburied  Misenus. 

Aeneas  maesto  defixus  lumina  voltu 
ingreditur,  linquens  antrum,  caecosque  volutat 


126-189.]  The   World  Below.  159 

eventus  animo  secum.     Cui  fidus  Achates 

it  comes,  et  paribus  curis  vestigia  figit. 

Multa  inter  sese  vario  sermone  serebant,  160 

quem  socium  exanimem  vates,  quod  corpus  humandum 

diceret.     Atque  illi  Misenum  in  litore  sicco, 

ut  venere,  vident  indigna  morte  peremptum, 

Misenum  Aeoliden,  quo  non  praestantior  alter 

acre  ciere  viros,  Martemque  accendere  cantu.  165 

Hectoris  hie  magni  fuerat  comes,  Hectora  circum 

et  lituo  pugnas  insignis  obibat  et  hasta : 

postquam  ilium  vita  victor  spoliavit  Achilles, 

Dardanio  Aeneae  sese  fortissimus  heros 

addiderat  socium,  non  inferiora  secutus.  170 

Sed  turn,  forte  cava  dum  personat  aequora  concha, 

demens,  et  cantu  vocat  in  certamina  divos, 

aemulus  exceptum  Triton,  si  credere  dignum  est, 

inter  saxa  virum  spumosa  inmerserat  unda. 

Ergo  omnes  magno  circum  clamore  fremebant,  175 

praecipue  pius  Aeneas.     Turn  iussa  Sibyllae, 
haud  mora,  festinant  flentes,  aramque  sepulchri 
congerere  arboribus  caeloque  educere  certant. 
Itur  in  antiquam  silvam,  stabula  alta  ferarum  ; 
procumbunt  piceae,  sonat  icta  securibus  ilex,  180 

fraxineaeque  trabes  cuneis  et  fissile  robur 
scinditur,  advolvunt  ingentis  montibus  ornos. 
Nee  non  Aeneas  opera  inter  talia  primus 
hortatur  socios,  paribusque  accingitur  armis. 

Finding  of  the  Golden  Bough. 

Atque  haec  ipse  suo  tristi  cum  corde  volutat,  185 

adspectans  silvam  inmensam,  et  sic  voce  precatur : 
'  Si  nunc  se  nobis  ille  aureus  arbore  ramus 
ostendat  nemore  in  tanto,  quando  omnia  vere 
heu  nimium  de  te  vates,  Misene,  locuta  est.' 


1 60  The  dELneid.  [BOOK  VI. 

Vix  ea  fatus  erat,  geminae  cum  forte  columbae  190 

ipsa  sub  ora  viri  caelo  venere  volantes, 
et  viridi  sedere  solo.     Turn  maximus  heros 
maternas  agnoscit  aves,  laetusque  precatur : 
'  Este  duces,  o,  si  qua  via  est,  cursumque  per  auras 
dirigite  in  lucos,  ubi  pinguem  dives  opacat  195 

ramus  humum.     Tuque,  o,  dubiis  ne  defice  rebus, 
diva  parens.'     Sic  effatus  vestigia  pressit, 
observans  quae  signa  ferant,  quo  tendere  pergant. 
Pascentes  illae  tantum  prodire  volando, 
quantum  acie  possent  oculi  servare  sequentum.  200 

Inde  ubi  venere  ad  fauces  grave  olentis  Averni, 
tollunt  se  celeres,  liquidumque  per  aera  lapsae 
sedibus  optatis  geminae  super  arbore  sidunt, 
discolor  unde  auri  per  ramos  aura  refulsit. 
Quale  solet  silvis  brumali  frigore  viscum  205 

fronde  virere  nova,  quod  non  sua  seminat  arbos, 
et  croceo  fetu  teretis  circumdare  truncos, 
talis  erat  species  auri  frondentis  opaca 
ilice,  sic  leni  crepitabat  brattea  vento. 

Corripit  Aeneas  extemplo  avidusque  refringit  210 

cunctantem,  et  vatis  portat  sub  tecta  Sibyllae. 

Funeral  of  Misenus. 

Nec  minus  interea  Misenum  in  litore  Teucri 
flebant,  et  cineri  ingrato  suprema  ferebant. 
Principio  pinguem  taedis-et  robore  secto 
ingentem  struxere  pyram,  cui  frondibus  atris  215 

intexunt  latera,  et  ferales  ante  cupressos 
constituunt,  decorantque  super  fulgentibus  armis. 
Pars  calidos  latices  et  aena  undantia  flammis 
expediunt,  corpusque  lavant  frigentis  et  unguunt. 
Fit  gemitus.     Turn  membra  toro  defleta  reponunt,  220 

purpureasque  super  vestes,  velamina  nota, 


190-237.] 


The   World  Below. 


161 


coniciunt.     Pars  ingenti  subiere  feretro, 
triste  ministerium,  et  subiectam  more  parentum 
aversi  tenuere  facem.     Congesta  cremantur 
turea  dona,  dapes,  fuso  crateres  olivo. 
Postquam  conlapsi  cineres  et  flamma  quievit, 
reliquias  vino  et  bibulam  lavere  favillam, 
ossaque  lecta  cado  texit  Corynaeus  ae'no. 
Idem  ter  socios  pura  circumtulit  unda, 
spargens  rore  levi  et  ramo  felicis  olivae, 
lustravitque  viros,  dixitque  novissima  verba. 
At  plus  Aeneas  ingenti  mole  sepulchrum 
imponit,  suaque  arma  viro,  remumque  tubamque, 


225 


230 


PROMONTORY  OF  MISBNUM. 


monte  sub  aerio,  qui  nunc  Misenus  ab  illo 
dicitur,  aeternumque  tenet  per  saecula  nomen. 


235 


Sacrifices  to  the  Gods  Below. 


His  actis,  propere  exsequitur  praecepta  Sibyllae. 
Spelunca  alta  fuit  vastoque  immanis  hiatu, 


1 62  The  SEneid,  [BOOK  VI. 

scrupea,  tuta  lacu  nigro  nemorumque  tenebris, 

quam  super  baud  ullae  poterant  impune  volantes 

tendere  iter  pennis  —  talis  sese  halitus  atris  240 

faucibus  effundens  supera  ad  convexa  ferebat : 

unde  locum  Grai  dixerunt  nomine  Aornon. 

Quattuor  hie  primum  nigrantis  terga  iuvencos 

constituit,  frontique  invergit  vina  sacerdos  ; 

et  summas  carpens  media  inter  cornua  saetas  245 

ignibus  imponit  sacris,  libamina  prima, 

voce  vocans  Hecaten,  Caeloque  Ereboque  potentem. 

Supponunt  alii  cultros,  tepidumque  cruorem 

suscipiunt  pateris.     Ipse  atri  velleris  agnam 

Aeneas  matri  Eumenidum  magnaeque  sorori  250 

ense  ferit,  sterilemque  tibi,  Proserpina,  vaccam. 

Turn  Stygio  regi  nocturnas  inchoat  aras, 

et  solida  imponit  taurorum  viscera  flammis, 

pingue  superque  oleum  infundens  ardentibus  extis. 

Ecce  autem,  primi  sub  lumina  solis  et  ortus,  255 

sub  pedibus  mugire  solum,  et  iuga  coepta  moveri 

silvarum,  visaeque  canes  ululare  per  umbram, 

adventante  dea.     '  Procul  o  procul  este,  profani,' 

conclamat  vates,  '  totoque  absistite  luco ; 

tuque  invade  viam,  vaginaque  eripe  ferrum  :  260 

nunc  animis  opus,  Aenea,  nunc  pectore  firmo.' 

The  Descent. 

Tantum  effata,  furens  antro  se  immisit  aperto ; 
ille  ducem  baud  timidis  vadentem  passibus  aequat. 

Di,  quibus  imperium  est  animarum,  umbraeque  silentes, 
et  Chaos,  et  Phlegethon,  loca  nocte  tacentia  late,  265 

sit  mihi  fas  audita  loqui ;  sit  numine  vestro 
pandere  res  alta  terra  et  caligine  mersas ! 

Ibant  obscuri  sola  sub  nocte  per  umbram, 
perque  domos  Ditis  vacuas  et  inania  regna : 


238-299-]  The   World  Below.  163 

quale  per  incertam  lunam  sub  luce  maligna  270 

est  iter  in  silvis,  ubi  caelum  condidit  umbra 
luppiter,  et  rebus  nox  abstulit  atra  colorem. 

Dire  Shapes  at  the  Entrance. 

Vestibulum  ante  ipsum,  primisque  in  faucibus  Orci, 

Luctus  et  ultrices  posuere  cubilia  Curae  ; 

pallentesque  habitant  Morbi,  tristisque  Senectus,  275 

et  Metus,  et  malesuada  Fames,  ac  turpis  Egestas, 

terribiles  visu  formae  :  Letumque,  Labosque  ; 

turn  consanguineus  Leti  Sopor,  et  mala  mentis 

Gaudia,  mortiferumque  adverse  in  limine  Bellum, 

ferreique  Eumenidum  thalami,  et  Discordia  demens,          280 

vipereum  crinem  vittis  innexa  cruentis. 

In  medio  ramos  annosaque  brachia  pandit 
ulmus  opaca,  ingens,  quam  sedem  Somnia  volgo 
vana  tenere  ferunt,  foliisque  sub  omnibus  haerent. 
Multaque  praeterea  variarum  monstra  ferarum:  285 

Centauri  in  foribus  stabulant,  Scyllaeque  biformes, 
et  centumgeminus  Briareus,  ac  belua  Lernae 
horrendum  stridens,  flammisque  armata  Chimaera, 
Gorgones  Harpyiaeque  et  forma  tricorporis  umbrae. 
Corripit  hie  subita  trepidus  formidine  ferrum  290 

Aeneas,  strictamque  aciem  venientibus  offert, 
et,  ni  docta  comes  tenues  sine  corpore  vitas 
admoneat  volitare  cava  sub  imagine  formae, 
inruat,  et  frustra  ferro  diverberet  umbras. 

The  Styx. 

Hinc  via,  Tartarei  quae  fert  Acherontis  ad  undas.         295 
Turbidus  hie  caeno  vastaque  voragine  gurges 
aestuat,  atque  omnem  Cocyto  eructat  arenam. 
Portitor  has  horrendus  aquas  et  flumina  servat 
terribili  squalore  Charon,  cui  plurima  mento 


1 64 


The  AZneid. 


[BOOK  VI. 


CHARON. 


canities  inculta  iacet ;  stant  lumina  flamma,  300 

sordidus  ex  umeris  nodo  dependet  amictus. 

Ipse  ratem  conto  subigit,  velisque  ministrat, 

et  ferruginea  subvectat  corpora  cymba, 

iam  senior,  sed  cruda  deo  viridisque  senectus. 

Hue  omnis  turba  ad  ripas  effusa  ruebat,  305 

matres  atque  viri,  defunctaque  corpora  vita 
magnanimum  heroum,  pueri  innuptaeque  puellae, 
impositique  rogis  iuvenes  ante  ora  parentum : 
quam  multa  in  silvis  autumni  frigore  primo 
lapsa  cadunt  folia,  aut  ad  terram  gurgite  ab  alto  310 

quam  multae  glomerantur  aves,  ubi  frigidus  annus 


300-343-]  The    World  Below.  165 

trans  pontum  fugat,  et  terris  immittit  apricis. 

Stabant  orantes  primi  transmittere  cursum, 

tendebantque  manus  ripae  ulterioris  amore. 

Navita  sed  tristis  nunc  hos  nunc  accipit  illos,  315 

ast  alios  longe  submotos  arcet  arena. 

Aeneas,  miratus  enim  motusque  tumultu, 
'  Die'  ait  'o  virgo,  quid  volt  concursus  ad  amnem? 
Quidve  petunt  animae,  vel  quo  discrimine  ripas 
hae  linquunt,  illae  remis  vada  livida  verrunt?'  320 

Olli  sic  breviter  fata  est  longaeva  sacerdos : 
'  Anchisa  generate,  deum  certissima  proles, 
Cocyti  stagna  alta  vides  Stygiamque  paludem, 
di  cuius  iurare  timent  et  fallere  numen. 
Haec  omnis,  quam  cernis,  inops  inhumataque  turba  est;  325 
portitor  ille  Charon ;  hi,  quos  vehit  unda,  sepulti. 
Nee  ripas  datur  horrendas  et  rauca  fluenta 
transportare  prius  quam  sedibus  ossa  quierunt. 
Centum  errant  annos  volitantque  haec  litora  circum ; 
turn  demum  admissi  stagna  exoptata  revisunt.'  330 

Constitit  Anchisa  satus  et  vestigia  pressit, 
multa  putans,  sortemque  animo  miseratus  iniquam. 
Cernit  ibi  maestos  et  mortis  honore  carentes 
Leucaspim  et  Lyciae  ductorem  classis  Oronten, 
quos,  simul  ab  Troia  ventosa  per  aequora  vectos,  335 

obruit  Auster,  aqua  involvens  navemque  virosque. 

The  Ghost  of  Palinurus. 

Ecce  gubernator  sese  Palinurus  agebat, 
qui  Libyco  nuper  cursu,  dum  sidera  servat, 
exciderat  puppi  mediis  effusus  in  undis. 
Hunc  ubi  vix  multa  maestum  cognovit  in  umbra,  340 

sic  prior  adloquitur :  '  Quis  te,  Palinure,  deorum 
eripuit  nobis,  medioque  sub  aequore  mersit  ? 
Die  age.     Namque  mihi,  fallax  haud  ante  repertus, 


1 66  The  ALneid.  [BOOK  vi. 

hoc  uno  response  animum  delusit  Apollo, 

qui  fore  te  ponto  incolumem,  finesque  canebat  345 

venturum  Ausonios.     En  haec  promissa  fides  est  ? ' 

Ille  autem  :  '  Neque  te  Phoebi  cortina  fefellit, 

dux  Anchisiade,  nee  me  deus  aequore  mersit. 

Namque  gubernaclum  multa  vi  forte  revolsum, 

cui  datus  haerebam  custos  cursusque  regebam,  350 

praecipitans  traxi  mecum.     Maria  aspera  iuro 

non  ullum  pro  me  tantum  cepisse  timorem, 

quam  tua  ne,  spoliata  armis,  excussa  magistro, 

deficeret  tantis  navis  surgentibus  undis. 

Tris  Notus  hibernas  immensa  per  aequora  noctes  355 

vexit  me  violentus  aqua ;  vix  lumine  quarto 

prospexi  Italiam  summa  sublimis  ab  unda. 

Paulatim  adnabam  terrae  ;  iam  tuta  tenebam, 

ni  gens  crudelis  madida  cum  veste  gravatum 

prensantemque  uncis  manibus  capita  aspera  mentis  360 

ferro  invasisset,  praedamque  ignara  putasset. 

Nunc  me  fluctus  habet,  versantque  in  litore  venti. 

Quod  te  per  caeli  iucundum  lumen  et  auras, 

per  genitorem  oro,  per  spes  surgentis  lull, 

eripe  me  his,  invicte,  malis  :  aut  tu  mihi  terram  365 

inice,  namque  potes,  portusque  require  Velinos; 

aut  tu,  si  qua  via  est,  si  quam  tibi  diva  creatrix 

ostendit  —  neque  enim,  credo,  sine  numine  divom 

flumina  tanta  paras  Stygiamque  innare  paludem  — 

da  dextram  misero,  et  tecum  me  tolle  per  undas,  370 

sedibus  ut  saltern  placidis  in  morte  quiescam.' 

Talia  fatus  erat,  coepit  cum  talia  vates : 
'  Unde  haec,  o  Palinure,  tibi  tarn  dira  cupido  ? 
Tu  Stygias  inhumatus  aquas  amnemque  severum 
Eumenidum  aspicies,  ripamve  iniussus  adibis?  375 

Desine  fata  deum  flecti  sperare  precando. 
Sed  cape  dicta  memor,  duri  solatia  casus. 


344-4°9-]  The   World  Below.  167 

Nam  tua  finitimi,  longe  lateque  per  urbes 

prodigiis  acti  caelestibus,  ossa  piabunt, 

et  statuent  tumulum,  et  tumulo  sollemnia  mittent,  380 

aeternumque  locus  Palinuri  nomen  habebit.' 

His  dictis  curae  emotae,  pulsusque  parumper 

corde  dolor  tristi :  gaudet  cognomine  terrae. 

Charon. 

Ergo  iter  inceptum  peragunt  fluvioque  propinquant. 
Navita  quos  iam  inde  ut  Stygia  prospexit  ab  unda  385 

per  taciturn  nemus  ire  pedemque  advertere  ripae, 
sic  prior  adgreditur  dictis,  atque  increpat  ultro  : 
'  Quisquis  es,  armatus  qui  nostra  ad  flumina  tendis, 
fare  age,  quid  venias,  iam  istinc,  et  comprime  gressum. 
Umbrarum  hie  locus  est,  somni  noctisque  soporae ;  390 

corpora  viva  nefas  Stygia  vectare  carina. 
Nee  vero  Alciden  me  sum  laetatus  euntem 
accepisse  lacu,  nee  Thesea  Pirithoumque, 
dis  quamquam  geniti  atque  invicti  viribus  essent. 
Tartareum  ille  manu  custodem  in  vincla  petivit,  395 

ipsius  a  solio  regis,  traxitque  trementem  ; 
hi  dominam  Ditis  thalamo  deducere  adorti.' 

Quae  contra  breviter  fata  est  Amphrysia  vates  : 
'  Nullae  hie  insidiae  tales ;  absiste  moveri ; 
nee  vim  tela  ferunt ;  licet  ingens  ianitor  antro  400 

aeternum  latrans  exsanguis  terreat  umbras, 
casta  licet  patrui  servet  Proserpina  limen. 
Troi'us  Aeneas,  pietate  insignis  et  armis, 
ad  genitorem  imas  Erebi  descendit  ad  umbras. 
Si  te  nulla  movet  tantae  pietatis  imago,  405 

at  ramum  hunc '  (aperit  ramum,  qui  veste  latebat) 
'adgnoscas.'     Tumida  ex  ira  turn  corda  residunt. 
Nee  plura  his.     Ille  admirans  venerabile  donum 
fatalis  virgae,  longo  post  tempore  visum, 


1 68 


The 


[BOOK  VI. 


caeruleam  advertit  puppim,  ripaeque  propinquat.  410 

Inde  alias  animas,  quae  per  iuga  longa  sedebant, 

deturbat,  laxatque  foros  ;  simul  accipit  alveo 

ingentem  Aenean.     Gemuit  sub  pondere  cymba 

sutilis,  et  multam  accepit  rimosa  paludem. 

Tandem  trans  fluvium  incolumis  vatemque  virumque         415 

inform!  limo  glaucaque  exponit  in  ulva. 

Cerberus  on  the  Threshold. 

Cerberus  haec  ingens  latratu  regna  trifauci 
personal,  adverse  recubans  immanis  iji  antro. 


CERBERUS. 

Cui  vates,  horrere  videns  iam  colla  colubris, 
melle  soporatam  et  medicatis  frugibus  offam 
obicit.     Ille  fame  rabida  tria  guttura  pandens 
corripit  obiectam,  atque  immania  terga  resolvit 
fusus  humi,  totoque  ingens  extenditur  antro. 


420 


410-451-]  The   World  Below.  169 

Occupat  Aeneas  aditum  custode  sepulto, 

evaditque  celer  ripam  inremeabilis  undae.  425 

The  Untimely  Dead. 

Continue  auditae  voces,  vagitus  et  ingens, 
infantumque  animae  flentes  in  limine  primo, 
quos  dulcis  vitae  exsortes  et  ab  ubere  raptos 
abstulit  atra  dies  et  funere  mersit  acerbo. 
Hos  iuxta  falso  damnati  crimine  mortis.  430 

Nee  vero  hae  sine  sorte  datae,  sine  iudice,  sedes  : 
quaesitor  Minos  urnam  movet ;  ille  silentum 
conciliumque  vocat  vitasque  et  crimina  discit. 
Proxuma  deinde  tenent  maesti  loca,  qui  sibi  letum 
insontes  peperere  manu,  lucemque  perosi  435 

proiecere  animas.     Quam  vellent  aethere  in  alto 
nunc  et  pauperiem  et  duros  perferre  labores ! 
Fas  obstat,  tristisque  palus  inamabilis  undae 
alligat,  et  noviens  Styx  interfusa  coercet. 

The  Fields  of  Mourning. 

Nec  procul  hinc  partem  fusi  monstrantur  in  omnem       440 
lugentes  campi :  sic  illos  nomine  dicunt. 
Hie,  quos  durus  amor  crudeli  tabe  peredit, 
secreti  celant  calles  et  myrtea  circum 
silva  tegit ;  curae  non  ipsa  in  morte  relinquunt. 
His  Phaedram  Procrimque  locis,  maestamque  Eriphylen    445 
crudelis  nati  monstrantem  volnera,  cernit, 
Evadnenque  et  Pasiphaen  ;  his  Laodamia 
it  comes,  et  iuvenis  quondam,  nunc  femina,  Caeneus, 
rursus  et  in  veterem  fato  revoluta  figuram. 

The  Shade  of  Dido. 

Inter  quas  Phoenissa  recens  a  volnere  Dido  450 

errabat  silva  in  magna ;  quam  Troius  heros 


The 


[BOOK  VI. 


LAODAMIA  (v.  447). 

ut  primum  iuxta  stetit  adgnovitque  per  umbras 

obscuram,  qualem  primo  qui  surgere  mense 

aut  videt,  aut  vidisse  putat  per  nubila  lunam, 

demisit  lacrimas,  dulcique  adfatus  amore  est :  455 

'  Infelix  Dido,  verus  mihi  nuntius  ergo 
venerat  exstinctam,  ferroque  extrema  secutam  ? 
Funeris  heu  tibi  causa  fui  ?     Per  sidera  iuro, 
per  superos,  et  si  qua  fides  tellure  sub  ima  est, 
invitus,  regina,  tuo  de  litore  cessi.  460 

Sed  me  iussa  deum,  quae  nunc  has  ire  per  umbras, 
per  loca  senta  situ  cogunt  noctemque  profundam, 
imperiis  egere  suis  ;  nee  credere  quivi 
hunc  tantum  tibi  me  discessu  ferre  dolorem. 
Siste  gradum,  teque  aspectu  ne  subtrahe  nostro.  465 

Quern  fugis  ?     Extremum  fato,  quod  te  adloquor,  hoc  est.' 

Talibus  Aeneas  ardentem  et  torva  tuentem 
lenibat  dictis  animum,  lacrimasque  ciebat. 
Ilia  solo  fixes  oculos  aversa  tenebat, 

nee  magis  incepto  voltum  sermone  movetur,  47o 

quam  si  dura  silex  aut  stet  Marpesia  cautes. 
Tandem  corripuit  sese,  atque  inimica  refugit 
in  nemus  umbriferum,  coniunx  ubi  pristinus  illi 
respondet  curis  aequatque  Sychaeus  amorem. 


452-504-]  The    World  Below.  171 

Nee  minus  Aeneas,  casu  concussus  iniquo,  475 

prosequitur  lacrimis  longe,  et  miseratur  euntem. 

The  Souls  of  Warriors. 

Inde  datum  molitur  iter.     lamque  arva  tenebant 
ultima,  quae  bello  clari  secreta  frequentant. 
Hie  illi  occurrit  Tydeus,  hie  inclutus  armis 
Parthenopaeus  et  Adrasti  pallentis  imago ;  480 

hie  multum  fleti  ad  superos  belloque  caduci 
Dardanidae,  quos  ille  omnes  longo  ordine  cernens 
ingemuit,  Glaucumque  Medontaque  Thersilochumque, 
tris  Antenoridas,  Cererique  sacrum  Polyphoeten, 
Idaeumque,  etiam  currus,  etiam  arma  tenentem.  485 

Circumstant  animae  dextra  laevaque  frequentes ; 
nee  vidisse  semel  satis  est ;  iuvat  usque  morari, 
et  conferre  gradum,  et  veniendi  discere  causas. 
At  Danaum  proceres  Agamemnoniaeque  phalanges 
ut  videre  virum  fulgentiaque  arma  per  umbras,  490 

ingenti  trepidare  metu ;  pars  vertere  terga, 
ceu  quondam  petiere  rates ;  pars  tollere  vocem 
exiguam,  inceptus  clamor  frustratur  hiantes. 

Deiphobus. 

Atque  hie  Priamiden  laniatum  corpore  toto 
Deiphobum  videt  et  lacerum  crudeliter  ora,  495 

ora  manusque  ambas,  populataque  tempora  raptis 
auribus,  et  truncas  inhonesto  volnere  nares. 
Vix  adeo  adgnovit  pavitantem  et  dira  tegentem 
supplicia,  et  notis  compellat  vocibus  ultro : 
'  Deiphobe  armipotens,  genus  alto  a  sanguine  Teucri,        500 
quis  tarn  crudeles  optavit  sumere  poenas  ? 
Cui  tantum  de  te  licuit  ?     Mihi  fama  suprema 
nocte  tulit  fessum  vasta  te  caede  Pelasgum 
procubuisse  super  confusae  stragis  acervum. 


172  The  sEneid.  [BOOK  VI. 

Tune  egomet  tumulum  Rhoeteo  litore  inanem  505 

constitui,  et  magna  Manes  ter  voce  vocavi. 
Nomen  et  arma  locum  servant ;  te,  amice,  nequivi 
conspicere,  et  patria  decedens  ponere  terra.' 

Ad  quae  Priamides  :  '  Nihil  o  tibi  amice  relictum  ; 
omnia  Deiphobo  solvisti  et  funeris  umbris.  510 

Sed  me  fata  mea  et  scelus  exitiale  Lacaenae 
his  mersere  malis ;  ilia  haec  monumenta  reliquit. 
Namque  ut  supremam  falsa  inter  gaudia  noctem 
egerimus,  nosti ;  et  nimium  meminisse  necesse  est. 
Cum  fatalis  equus  saltu  super  ardua  venit  515 

Pergama,  et  armatum  peditem  gravis  attulit  alvo, 
ilia,  chorum  simulans,  evantes  orgia  circum 
ducebat  Phrygias  ;  flammam  media  ipsa  tenebat 
ingentem,  et  summa  Danaos  ex  arce  vocabat. 
Turn  me,  confectum  curis  somnoque  gravatum,  520 

infelix  habuit  thalamus,  pressitque  iacentem 
dulcis  et  alta  quies  placidaeque  simillima  morti. 
Egregia  interea  coniunx  arma  omnia  tectis 
amovet,  et  fidum  capiti  subduxerat  ensem ; 
intra  tecta  vocat  Menelaum,  et  limina  pandit,  525 

scilicet  id  magnum  sperans  fore  munus  amanti, 
et  famam  exstingui  veterum  sic  posse  malorum. 
Quid  moror  ?     Inrumpunt  thalamo  ;  comes  additur  una 
hortator  scelerum  Aeolides.     Di,  talia  Grai's 
instaurate,  pio  si  poenas  ore  reposco !  530 

Sed  te  qui  vivum  casus,  age,  fare  vicissim, 
attulerint.     Pelagine  venis  erroribus  actus, 
an  monitu  divom  ?     An  quae  te  fortuna  fatigat, 
ut  tristes  sine  sole  domos,  loca  turbida,  adires  ? ' 

The  Parting  of  the  Ways. 

Hac  vice  sermonum  roseis  Aurora  quadrigis  535 

iam  medium  aetherio  cursu  traiecerat  axem ; 


505-568.]  The    World  Below.  173 

et  fors  omne  datum  traherent  per  talia  tempus ; 

sed  comes  admonuit,  breviterque  adfata  Sibylla  est : 

'Nox  ruit,  Aenea ;  nos  flendo  ducimus  horas. 

Hie  locus  est,  partes  ubi  se  via  findit  in  ambas :  540 

dextera  quae  Ditis  magni  sub  moenia  tendit, 

hac  iter  Elysium  nobis ;  at  laeva  malorum 

exercet  poenas,  et  ad  impia  Tartara  mittit.' 

Deiphobus  contra  :  '  Ne  saevi,  magna  sacerdos  ; 

discedam,  explebo  numerum,  reddarque  tenebris.  545 

I  decus,  i,  nostrum  ;  melioribus  utere  fatis  ! ' 

Tantum  effatus,  et  in  verbo  vestigia  torsit. 


Tartarus. 


Respicit  Aeneas  subito,  et  sub  rupe  sinistra 
moenia  lata  videt,  triplici  circumdata  muro, 
quae  rapidus  flammis  ambit  torrentibus  amnis,  550 

Tartareus  Phlegethon,  torquetque  sonantia  saxa. 
Porta  adversa  ingens,  solidoque  adamante  columnae, 
vis  ut  nulla  virum,  non  ipsi  exscindere  bello 
caelicolae  valeant ;  stat  ferrea  turris  ad  auras, 
Tisiphoneque  sedens,  palla  succincta  cruenta,  555 

vestibulum  exsomnis  servat  noctesque  diesque.  • 

Hinc  exaudiri  gemitus,  et  saeva  sonare 
verbera ;  turn  stridor  ferri,  tractaeque  catenae. 

Constitit  Aeneas,  strepitumque  exterritus  hausit. 
1  Quae  scelerum  facies,  o  virgo,  effare  ;  quibusve  560 

urguentur  poenis  ?     Quis  tantus  plangor  ad  auras  ? ' 
Turn  vates  sic  orsa  loqui :  '  Dux  inclute  Teucrum, 
nulli  fas  casto  sceleratum  insistere  limen ; 
sed  me  cum  lucis  Hecate  praefecit  Avernis, 
ipsa  deum  poenas  docuit,  perque  omnia  duxit.  565 

Gnosius  haec  Rhadamanthus  habet,  durissima  regna, 
castigatque  auditque  dolos,  subigitque  fateri, 
quae  quis  apud  superos,  furto  laetatus  inani, 


1/4  The  AZneid.  [BOOK  VI. 

distulit  in  seram  commissa  piacula  mortem. 

Continue  sontes  ultrix  accincta  flagello  570 

Tisiphone  quatit  in  sultans,  torvosque  sinistra 

intentans  angues  vocat  agmina  saeva  sororum. 

Turn  demum  horrisono  stridentes  cardine  sacrae 

panduntur  portae.     Cernis  custodia  qualis 

vestibulo  sedeat,  facies  quae  limina  servet?  575 

Quinquaginta  atris  immanis  hiatibus  Hydra 

saevior  intus  habet  sedem.     Turn  Tartarus  ipse 

bis  patet  in  praeceps  tantum  tenditque  sub  umbras, 

quantus  ad  aetherium  caeli  suspectus  Olympum. 

Famous  Evil-doers. 

'  Hie  genus  antiquum  Terrae,  Titania  pubes,  580 

fulmine  deiecti  fundo  volvuntur  in  imo. 
Hie  et  Aloidas  geminos  immania  vidi 
corpora,  qui  manibus  magnum  rescindere  caelum 
adgressi,  superisque  lovem  detrudere  regnis. 
Vidi  et  crudeles  dantem  Salmonea  poenas,  585 

dum  flammas  lovis  et  sonitus  imitatur  Olympi. 
Quattuor  hie  invectus  equis  et  lampada  quassans 
per  Graium  populos  mediaeque  per  Elidis  urbem 
ibat  ovans,  divomque  sibi  poscebat  honorem, — 
demens,  qui  nimbos  et  non  imitabile  fulmen  590 

acre  et  cornipedum  pulsu  simularet  equorum. 
At  pater  omnipotens  densa  inter  nubila  telum 
contorsit,  non  ille  faces  nee  fumea  taedis 
lumina,  praecipitemque  immani  turbine  adegit. 
Nee  non  et  Tityon,  Terrae  omniparentis  alumnum,  595 

cernere  erat,  per  tota  novem  cui  iugera  corpus 
porrigitur,  rostroque  immanis  voltur  obunco 
immortale  iecur  tondens  fecundaque  poenis 
viscera,  rimaturque  epulis,  habitatque  sub  alto 
pectore,  nee  fibris  requies  datur  ulla  renatis.  600 


569-612.] 


The   World  Below. 


Quid  memorem  Lapithas,  Ixiona  Pirithoumque?— 
quos  super  atra  silex  iam  iam  lapsura  cadentique 
imminet  adsimilis;  lucent  genialibus  altis 
aurea  fulcra  toris,  epulaeque  ante  ora  paratae 


175 


TANTALUS,  IXION,  AND  SISYPHUS. 

regifico  luxu  ;  Furiarum  maxima  iuxta  605 

accubat,  et  manibus  prohibet  contingere  mensas, 
exsurgitque  facem  attollens,  atque  intonat  ore. 

Punishments  of  the  Impious. 

'  Hie,  quibus  invisi  fratres,  dum  vita  manebat, 
pulsatusve  parens,  et  fraus  innexa  clienti, 
aut  qui  divitiis  soli  incubuere  repertis,  610 

nee  partem  posuere  suis  (quae  maxima  turba  est), 
quique  ob  adulterium  caesi,  quique  arma  secuti 


176  The  AZneid.  [BOOK  vi. 

impia  nee  veriti  dominorum  fallere  dextras, 

inclusi  poenam  exspectant.     Ne  quaere  doceri 

quam  poenam,  aut  quae  forma  viros  fortunave  mersit.       615 

Saxum  ingens  volvunt  alii,  radiisque  rotarum 

districti  pendent ;  sedet,  aeternumque  sedebit, 

infelix  Theseus ;  Phlegyasque  miserrimus  omnis 

admonet,  et  magna  testatur  voce  per  umbras  : 

Discite  iustitiam  moniti,  et  non  temnere  divas.  620 

Vendidit  hie  auro  patriam,  dominumque  potentem 

imposuit ;  fixit  leges  pretio  atque  refixit ; 

hie  thalamum  invasit  natae  vetitosque  hymenaeos ; 

ausi  omnes  immane  nefas,  ausoque  potiti. 

Non,  mihi  si  linguae  centum  sint  oraque  centum,  625 

ferrea  vox,  omnis  scelerum  comprendere  formas, 

omnia  poenarum  percurrere  nomina  possim.' 

Haec  ubi  dicta  dedit  Phoebi  longaeva  sacerdos : 
'  Sed  iam  age,  carpe  viam  et  susceptum  perfice  munus ; 
adceleremus '  ait ;  '  Cyclopum  educta  caminis  630 

moenia  conspicio  atque  adverse  fornice  portas, 
haec  ubi  nos  praecepta  iubent  deponere  dona.' 
Dixerat,  et  pariter,  gressi  per  opaca  viarum, 
corripiunt  spatium  medium,  foribusque  propin quant. 
Occupat  Aeneas  aditum,  corpusque  recent!  635 

spargit  aqua,  ramumque  adverso  in  limine  figit. 

The  Elysian  Fields. 

His  demum  exactis,  perfecto  munere  divae, 
devenere  locos  laetos  et  amoena  virecta 
fortunatorum  nemorum  sedesque  beatas. 
Largior  hie  campos  aether  et  lumine  vestit  640 

purpureo,  solemque  suum,  sua  sidera  norunt. 
Pars  in  gramineis  exercent  membra  palaestris, 
contendunt  ludo  et  fulva  luctantur  arena ; 
pars  pedibus  plaudunt  choreas  et  carmina  dicunt. 


613-678-]  The   World  Below.  177 

Nee  non  Threicius  longa  cum  veste  sacerdos  645 

obloquitur  numeris  septem  discrimina  vocum, 

iamque  eadem  digitis,  iam  pectine  pulsat  eburno. 

Hie  genus  antiquum  Teucri,  pulcherrima  proles, 

magnanimi  heroes,  nati  melioribus  annis, 

Ilusque  Assaracusque  et  Troiae  Dardanus  auctor.  650 

Arma  procul  currusque  virum  miratur  inanes. 

Stant  terra  defixae  hastae,  passimque  soluti 

per  campum  pascuntur  equi.     Quae  gratia  currum 

armorumque  fuit  vivis,  quae  cura  nitentis 

pascere  equos,  eadem  sequitur  tellure  repostos.  655 

Conspicit,  ecce,  alios  dextra  laevaque  per  herbam 
vescentis,  laetumque  choro  paeana  canentis 
inter  odoratum  lauri  nemus,  unde  superne 
plurimus  Eridani  per  silvam  volvitur  amnis. 
Hie  manus  ob  patriam  pugnando  volnera  passi,  660 

quique  sacerdotes  casti,  dum  vita  manebat, 
quique  pii  vates  et  Phoebo  digna  locuti, 
inventas  aut  qui  vitam  excoluere  per  artes, 
quique  sui  memores  alios  fecere  merendo, 
omnibus  his  nivea  cinguntur  tempora  vitta.  665 

Quos  circumfusos  sic  est  adfata  Sibylla, 
Musaeum  ante  omnes,  medium  nam  plurima  turba 
hunc  habet,  atque  umeris  exstantem  suspicit  altis  : 
'  Dicite,  felices  animae,  tuque,  optime  vates, 
quae  regio  Anchisen,  quis  habet  locus  ?     Illius  ergo          670 
venimus,  et  magnos  Erebi  transnavimus  amnes.' 
Atque  huic  responsum  paucis  ita  reddidit  heros : 
1  Nulli  certa  domus ;  lucis  habitamus  opacis, 
riparumque  toros  et  prata  recentia  rivis 
incolimus.     Sed  vos,  si  fert  ita  corde  voluntas,  675 

hoc  superate  iugum ;  et  facili  iam  tramite  sistam.' 
Dixit,  et  ante  tulit  gressum,  camposque  nitentis 
desuper  ostentat ;  dehinc  summa  cacumina  linquunt. 


1 78  The  ^Eneid.  [BOOK  VI. 

Anchises. 

At  pater  Anchises  penitus  convalle  virenti 
inclusas  animas  superumque  ad  lumen  ituras  680 

lustrabat  studio  recolens,  omnemque  suorum 
forte  recensebat  numerum  carosque  nepotes, 
fataque  fortunasque  virum  moresque  manusque. 
Isque  ubi  tendentem  adversum  per  gramina  videt 
Aenean,  alacris  palmas  utrasque  tetendit,  685 

effusaeque  genis  lacrimae,  et  vox  excidit  ore  : 

'Venisti  tandem,  tuaque  exspectata  parenti 
vicit  iter  durum  pietas  ?     Datur  ora  tueri, 
nate,  tua,  et  notas  audire  et  reddere  voces  ? 
Sic  equidem  ducebam  animo  rebarque  futurum,  690 

tempora  dinumerans,  nee  me  mea  cura  fefellit. 
Quas  ego  te  terras  et  quanta  per  aequora  vectum 
accipio !  quantis  iactatum,  nate,  periclis ! 
Quam  metui,  ne  quid  Libyae  tibi  regna  nocerent ! ' 
Ille  autem  :  '  Tua  me,  genitor,  tua  tristis  imago,  695 

saepius  occurrens,  haec  limina  tendere  adegit : 
stant  sale  Tyrrheno  classes.     Da  iungere  dextram, 
da,  genitor,  teque  amplexu  ne  subtrahe  nostro.' 
Sic  memorans,  largo  fletu  simul  ora  rigabat. 
Ter  conatus  ibi  collo  dare  brachia  circum,  700 

ter  frustra  comprensa  manus  effugit  imago, 
par  levibus  ventis  volucrique  simillima  somno. 

The  River  Lethe. 

Interea  videt  Aeneas  in  valle  reducta 
seclusum  nemus  et  virgulta  sonantia  silvis, 
Lethaeumque,  domos  placidas  qui  praenatat,  amnem.        705 
Hunc  circum  innumerae  gentes  populique  volabant ; 
ac  —  velut  in  pratis  ubi  apes  aestate  serena 
floribus  insidunt  variis,  et  Candida  circum 
lilia  funduntur  —  strepit  omnis  murmure  campus. 


679-741-]  The   World  Below.  179 

Horrescit  visu  subito,  causasque  requirit  710 

inscius  Aeneas,  quae  sint  ea  flumina  porro, 
quive  viri  tanto  complerint  agmine  ripas. 

Discourse  of  Anchises. 

Turn  pater  Anchises  :  '  Animae,  quibus  altera  fato 
corpora  debentur,  Lethaei  ad  fluminis  undam 
secures  latices  et  longa  oblivia  potant.  715 

Has  equidem  memorare  tibi  atque  ostendere  coram, 
iampridem  hanc  prolem  cupio  enumerare  meorum, 
quo  magis  Italia  mecum  laetere  reperta.' 
'  O  pater,  anne  aliquas  ad  caelum  hinc  ire  putandum  est 
sublimis  animas,  iterumque  ad  tarda  reverti  720 

corpora  ?     Quae  lucis  miseris  tarn  dira  cupido  ? ' 
'  Dicam  equidem,  nee  te  suspensum,  nate,  tenebo,' 
suscipit  Anchises,  atque  ordine  singula  pandit. 

'  Principio  caelum  ac  terras  camposque  liquentis 
lucentemque  globum  Lunae  Titaniaque  astra  725 

spiritus  intus  alit,  totamque  infusa  per  artus 
mens  agitat  molem  et  magno  se  corpore  miscet. 
Inde  hominum  pecudumque  genus,  vitaeque  volantum, 
et  quae  marmoreo  fert  monstra  sub  aequore  pontus. 
Igneus  est  ollis  vigor  et  caelestis  origo  730 

seminibus,  quantum  non  noxia  corpora  tardant, 
terrenique  hebetant  artus  moribundaque  membra. 
Hinc  metuunt  cupiuntque,  dolent  gaudentque,  neque  auras 
dispiciunt  clausae  tenebris  et  carcere  caeco. 
Quin  et  supremo  cum  lumine  vita  reliquit,  735 

non  tamen  omne  malum  miseris  nee  funditus  omnes 
corporeae  excedunt  pestes,  penitusque  necesse  est 
multa  diu  concreta  modis  inolescere  miris. 
Ergo  exercentur  poenis,  veterumque  malorum 
supplicia  expendunt :  aliae  panduntur  inanes  740 

suspensae  ad  ventos  ;  aliis  sub  gurgite  vasto 


i8o  The  ^Eneid.  [BOOK  VI. 

infectum  eluitur  scelus,  aut  exuritur  igni; 

quisque  suos  patimur  Manes ;  exinde  per  amplum 

mittimur  Elysium,  et  pauci  laeta  arva  tenemus ; 

donee  longa  dies,  perfecto  temporis  orbe,  745 

concretam  exemit  labem,  purumque  relinquit 

aetherium  sensum  atque  aurai  simplicis  ignem. 

Has  omnes,  ubi  mille  rotam  volvere  per  annos, 

Lethaeum  ad  fluvium  deus  evocat  agmine  magno, 

scilicet  immemores  supera  ut  convexa  revisant,  750 

rursus  et  incipiant  in  corpora  velle  reverti.' 

Dixerat  Anchises,  natumque  unaque  Sibyllam 
conventus  trahit  in  medios  turbamque  sonantem, 
et  tumulum  capit,  unde  omnes  longo  ordine  possit 
adversos  legere,  et  venientum  discere  vultus.  755 

Future  Roman  Heroes. 

1  Nunc  age,  Dardaniam  prolem  quae  deinde  sequatur 
gloria,  qui  maneant  Itala  de  gente  nepotes, 
inlustris  animas  nostrumque  in  nomen  ituras, 
expediam  dictis,  et  te  tua  fata  docebo. 

Ille,  vides,  pura  iuvenis  qui  nititur  hasta,  760 

proxuma  sorte  tenet  lucis  loca,  primus  ad  auras 
aetherias  Italo  commixtus  sanguine  surget, 
Silvius,  Albanum  nomen,  tua  postuma  proles, 
quern  tibi  longaevo  serum  Lavinia  coniunx 
educet  silvis  regem  regumque  parentem,  765 

unde  genus  Longa  nostrum  dominabitur  Alba. 

'  Proxumus  ille  Procas,  Troianae  gloria  gentis, 
et  Capys,  et  Numitor,  et  qui  te  nomine  reddet 
Silvius  Aeneas,  pariter  pietate  vel  armis 
egregius,  si  umquam  regnandam  acceperit  Albam.  770 

Qui  iuvenes  !     Quantas  ostentant,  aspice,  vires, 
atque  umbrata  gerunt  civili  tempora  quercu ! 
Hi  tibi  Nomentum  et  Gabios  urbemque  Fidenam, 


742-784.] 


The  World  Below. 


181 


hi  Collatinas  imponent  montibus  arces, 

Pometios  Castrumque  Inui  Bolamque  Coramque.  775 

Haec  turn  nomina  erunt,  nunc  sunt  sine  nomine  terrae. 


AUGUSTUS  (v.  792). 
Romulus. 

'Quin  et  avo  comitem  sese  Mavortius  addet 
Romulus,  Assaraci  quem  sanguinis  Ilia  mater 
educet.     Viden,  ut  geminae  stant  vertice  cristae, 
et  pater  ipse  suo  superum  iam  signal  honore  ? 
En,  huius,  nate,  auspiciis  ilia  incluta  Roma 
imperium  terris,  animos  aequabit  Olympo, 
septemque  una  sibi  muro  circumdabit  arces, 
felix  prole  virum  :  qualis  Berecyntia  mater 


780 


1 82  The  sEneid.  [BOOK  VI. 

invehitur  curru  Phrygias  turrita  per  urbes,  785 

laeta  deum  partu,  centum  complexa  nepotes, 
omnes  caelicolas,  omnes  supera  alta  tenentes. 

The  Julian  Line. 

'  Hue  geminas  nunc  flecte  acies,  hanc  aspice  gentem 
Romanesque  tuos.     Hie  Caesar  et  omnis  lull 
progenies,  magnum  caeli  ventura  sub  axem.  790 

Hie  vir,  hie  est,  tibi  quern  promitti  saepius  audis, 
Augustus  Caesar,  Divi  genus,  aurea  condet 
saecula  qui  rursus  Latio  regnata  per  arva 
Saturno  quondam,  super  et  Garamantas  et  Indos 
proferet  imperium  :  iacet  extra  sidera  tellus,  795 

extra  anni  solisque  vias,  ubi  caelifer  Atlas 
axem  umero  torquet  stellis  ardentibus  aptum. 
Huius  in  adventum  iam  nunc  et  Caspia  regna 
responsis  horrent  divom  et  Maeotia  tellus, 
et  septemgemini  turbant  trepida  ostia  Nili.  800 

Nee  vero  Alcides  tantum  telluris  obivit, 
fixerit  aeripedem  cervam  licet,  aut  Erymanthi 
pacarit  nemora,  et  Lernam  tremefecerit  arcu ; 
nee,  qui  pampineis  victor  iuga  flectit  habenis, 
Liber,  agens  celso  Nysae  de  vertice  tigres.  805 

Et  dubitamus  adhuc  virtute  extendere  vires, 
aut  metus  Ausonia  prohibet  consistere  terra  ? 

The  Kings. 

'  Quis  procul  ille  autem  ramis  insignis  olivae 
sacra  ferens  ?  Nosco  crines  incanaque  menta 
regis  Romani,  primus  qui  legibus  urbem  810 

fundabit,  Curibus  parvis  et  paupere  terra 
missus  in  imperium  magnum.     Cui  deinde  subibit, 
otia  qui  rumpet  patriae  residesque  movebit 
Tullus  in  arma  viros  et  iam  desueta  triumphis 


ROMAN    EMPEROR    RECEIVING    SUBMISSION. 
(Marcus  Aurelius.) 


785-823.] 


The   World  Belozv. 


agmina.     Quern  iuxta  sequitur  iactantior  Ancus, 
nunc  quoque  iam  nimium  gaudens  popularibus  auris. 
Vis  et  Tarquinios  reges,  animamque  superbam 
ultoris  Bruti,  fascesque  videre  receptos  ? 
Consulis  imperium  hie  primus  saevasque  secures 


NUMA  (v.  810). 

accipiet,  natosque  pater  nova  bella  moventes 
ad  poenam  pulchra  pro  libertate  vocabit. 
Infelix,  utcumque  ferent  ea  facta  minores, 
vincet  amor  patriae  laudumque  immensa  cupido. 


820 


184  The 

Quin  Decios  Drusosque  procul  saevumque  securi 

aspice  Torquatum  et  referentem  signa  Camillum.  825 

Caesar  and  Pompey. 

'  Illae  autem,  paribus  quas  fulgere  cernis  in  armis, 
Concordes  animae  nunc  et  dum  nocte  premuntur, 
heu  quantum  inter  se  bellum,  si  lumina  vitae 
attigerint,  quantas  acies  stragemque  ciebunt ! 
Aggeribus  socer  Alpinis  atque  arce  Monoeci  830 

descendens,  gener  adversis  instructus  Eois. 
Ne,  pueri,  ne  tanta  animis  adsuescite  bella, 
neu  patriae  validas  in  viscera  vertite  vires ; 
tuque  prior,  tu  parce,  genus  qui  ducis  Olympo, 
proice  tela  manu,  sanguis  meus !  —  835 

'  Ille  triumphata  Capitolia  ad  alta  Corintho 
victor  aget  currum,  caesis  insignis  Achivis. 
Eruet  ille  Argos  Agamemnoniasque  Mycenas, 
ipsumque  Aeaciden,  genus  armipotentis  Achilli, 
ultus  avos  Troiae,  templa  et  temerata  Minervae.  840 

Quis  te,  magne  Cato,  tacitum%  aut  te,  Cosse,  relinquat  ? 
Quis  Gracchi  genus,  aut  geminos,  duo  fulmina  belli, 
Scipiadas,  cladem  Libyae,  parvoque  potentem 
Fabricium  vel  te  sulco,  Serrane,  serentem  ? 
Quo  fessum  rapitis,  Fabii  ?     Tu  Maxumus  ille  es;  845 

unus  qui  nobis  cunctando  restituis  rem. 
Excudent  alii  spirantia  mollius  aera, 
credo  equidem,  vivos  ducent  de  marmore  voltus, 
orabunt  causas  melius,  caelique  meatus 
describent  radio,  et  surgentia  sidera  dicent :  850 

tu  regere  imperio  populos,  Romane,  memento  ; 
hae  tibi  erunt  artes ;  pacisque  imponere  morem, 
parcere  subiectis,  et  debellare  superbos.' 

Sic  pater  Anchises,  atque  haec  mirantibus  addit : 
'Aspice,  ut  insignis  spoliis  Marcellus  opimis  855 


TRIUMPHAL    CHARIOT. 


824^863.] 


The   World  Below. 


i85 


ingreditur,  victorque  viros  supereminet  omnes ! 
Hie  rem  Romanam,  magno  turbante  tumultu, 
sistet,  eques  sternet  Poenos  Gallumque  rebellem, 
tertiaque  arma  patri  suspendet  capta  Quirino.' 


POMPEV  (V.  831). 


The  Young  Marcellus. 


Atque  hie  Aeneas,  —  una  namque  ire  videbat 
egregium  forma  iuvenem  et  fulgentibus  armis, 
sed  frons  laeta  parum,  et  deiecto  lumina  voltu : 
'  Quis,  pater,  ille,  virum  qui  sic  comitatur  euntem  ? 


860 


1 86  The  jEneid.  [BOOK  VI. 

Filius,  anne  aliquis  magna  de  stirpe  nepotum  ? 
Quis  strepitus  circa  comitum  !     Quantum  instar  in  ipso  !  865 
Sed  nox  atra  caput  tristi  circumvolat  umbra.' 
Turn  pater  Anchises,  lacrimis  ingressus  obortis : 
'  O  gnate,  ingentem  luctum  ne  quaere  tuorum  ; 
ostendent  terris  hunc  tantum  fata,  neque  ultra 
esse  sinent.     Nimium  vobis  Romana  propago  870 

visa  potens,  Superi,  propria  haec  si  dona  fuissent. 
Quantos  ille  virum  magnam  Mavortis  ad  urbem 
campus  aget  gemitus,  vel  quae,  Tiberine,  videbis 
funera,  cum  tumulum  praeterlabere  recentem  ! 
Nee  puer  Iliaca  quisquam  de  gente  Latinos  875 

in  tantum  spe  toilet  avos,  nee  Romula  quondam 
ullo  se  tantum  tellus  iactabit  alumno. 
Heu  pietas,  heu  prisca  fides,  invictaque  bello 
dextera !     Non  illi  se  quisquam  impune  tulisset 
obvius  armato,  seu  cum  pedes  iret  in  hostem,  880 

seu  spumantis  equi  foderet  calcaribus  armos. 
Heu,  miserande  puer,  si  qua  fata  aspera  rumpas, 
tu  Marcellus  eris.     Manibus  date  lilia  plenis, 
purpureos  spargam  flores,  animamque  nepotis 
his  saltern  adcumulem  donis,  et  fungar  inani  885 

munere.' — Sic  tota  passim  regione  vagantur 
aeris  in  campis  latis,  atque  omnia  lustrant. 
Quae  postquam  Anchises  natum  per  singula  duxit, 
incenditque  animum  famae  venientis  amore, 
exin  bella  viro  memorat  quae  deinde  gerenda,  890 

Laurentisque  docet  populos  urbemque  Latini, 
et  quo  quemque  modo  fugiatque  feratque  laborem. 

The  Gates  of  Sleep. 

Sunt  geminae  Somni  portae,  quarum  altera  fertur 
cornea,  qua  veris  facilis  datur  exitus  umbris  ; 
altera  candenti  perfecta  nitens  elephanto,  895 


864-901.] 


The  World  Below. 


sed  falsa  ad  caelum  mittunt  insomnia  Manes. 
His  ubi  turn  natum  Anchises  unaque  Sibyllam 
prosequitur  dictis,  portaque  emittit  eburna, 
ille  viam  secat  ad  naves  sociosque  revisit : 
turn  se  ad  Caietae  recto  fert  litore  portum. 
Ancora  de  prora  iacitur,  stant  litore  puppes. 


1 8; 


900 


NOTES. 


BOOKS  I-VI. 


GENEALOGY  OF  THE  ROYAL  FAMILY  OF  TROY. 


Scamander.     Idaea 


Teucer. 
Batea. 


llus. 


llus. 

I 
Laomedon. 

Priam. 
Hector,  etc. 


Erichthonius. 
Tros. 


Assaracus. 
Capys. 
Anchises.      Venus. 


>£neas. 
Ascanius. 


THE    yENEID. 


BOOK  I. 

VERSES  1-33  are  introductory,  giving  the  subject  and  the  occasion. 
The  action  begins  with  Juno's  soliloquy.  Cf.  the  beginning  of  Paradise 
Lost,  where  vv.  1-26  correspond  to  /En.  i.  1-7  (general  subject), 
vv.  27-33  to  i-  8-1 1  (invocation,  with  an  inquiry),  vv.  34-49  to  i.  12-33 
(answer  to  the  inquiry),  and  the  action  begins  with  v.  50.  The  opening 
stanzas  of  Tasso's  Jerusalem  Delivered  are  a  close  imitation  of  Virgil's 
introduction. 

It  will  add  greatly  to  the  understanding  and  interest  of  the  ^Eneid  to 
consult  the  corresponding  passages  in  Homer,  which  are  frequently 
cited,  with  references  to  Bryant's  translation  (Bry.).  In  general,  the 
first  six  books  have  a  certain  correspondence  with  the  Odyssey,  and  the 
last  six  with  the  Iliad ;  but  the  direct  allusions  to  the  Iliad  are  much 
more  frequent  in  the  former  portion. 

The  following  verses  (generally  regarded  as  spurious)  are  sometimes 
prefixed  to  the  ./Eneid: 

I  lie  ego,  qui  quondam  gracili  modulatus  avena 
Carmen,  et  egressus  silvis  vicina  coegi 
Ut  quamvis  avido parerent  arva  colono, 
Gratum  opus  agricolis :  at  nunc  horrent ia  Mortis. 

These  have  been  often   imitated,  as  by  Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  i.  I 

(proem) : 

Lo !    I,  the  man  whose  Muse  whylome  did  maske, 
As  time  her  taught,  in  lowly  shephard's  weeds, 
Am  now  enforst,  a  farre  unfitter  taske, 
For  trumpets  steme  to  chaunge  mine  oaten  reeds, 
And  sing  of  knights'  and  ladies'  gentle  deeds. 

Cf.  also  the  beginning  of  Milton's  Paradise  Regained  and  of  Cowper's 
Task. 

Verse  i.  Arma  virumque,  i.e.  the  conflicts  attending  the  settlement 
in  Italy,  and  the  adventures  of  the  hero  who  led  the  expedition.  (For 
construction  see  §  238  ;  G.  333,2;  H.  371,  n.)  Compare  the  opening  of 
the  Iliad  and  of  the  Odyssey. 


1 92  Notes.  [ 

O  goddess,  sing  the  wrath  of  Peleus'  son 
Achilles,  sing  the  deadly  wrath  that  brought 
Woes  numberless  upon  the  Greeks,  etc. 

Iliad,  Bry.  i.  i. 

Which  of  the  gods  put  strife  between  the  chiefs 
That  they  should  thus  contend  ?    Latona's  son 
And  Jove's. 

Ibid.,  i.  9. 

—  primus  venit  (§  191 ;  G.  325,  R.7)  :  the  settlement  of  Antenor  (i.  242  ; 
Liv.  i.  i)  is  not  reckoned,  as  North  Italy  (Cisalpine  Gaul)  was  not  until 
42  B.C.  considered  as  belonging  to  Italy  proper.     By  some  primus  is 
made  =  of  old. 

2.  Italiam  :  ace.  of  end  of  motion  (§  258,  b,  N.5  ;  G.  337,  N.1  ;  H.  380, 
3).  —  fatO  (§  245  ;  G.  408  ;  H.  416)  profugus,  i.e.  not  merely  an  adven- 
turer, but  driven  from  his  home  by  fate  :  the  verbal  adj.  here  =  a  perf. 
participle.  —  Lavinia  (the  last  i  has  the  sound  of  y,  as  in  pinion,  and 
is  not  counted  in  scanning),  i.e.  the  western  coast  of  Italy,  where  is  the 
town  of  La-vinium,  assumed  to  be  named  for  Lavinia,  the  Italian  bride 
of  .<Eneas.     The  reading  Lavina  is  less  approved. 

3.  ille,  etc.,  the  man  long  tossed ;  there  is  no  verb  to  be  supplied,  the 
pronoun  is  in  a  kind  of  apposition  with  qui=  —  terris,  alto :  locative 
abl.  (§  258,7;  G.  385,  N.1 ;  H.  425,  2,  N.3). 

4.  vi,  the  immediate  cause  or  instrument,  while  ob  iram  is  more 
remote,  the  primary  cause  ;  cf.  fato  above.  —  superum,  gen.  pi.  (§  40,  e  ; 
G.  33,  R.4;  H.  52,  3).  —  memorem,  ever-mindful,  i.e.  which  would  never 
let  him  escape  from  her  mind.     Juno,  the  goddess  of  the  sky,  is  here, 
after  the  fashion  of  Greek  mythology,  represented  as  filled  with  a  vin- 
dictive and  relentless   hatred   of  Troy,  which   does   not   stop  at  the 
destruction  of  the  city,  but  pursues  .^Eneas  into  his  distant  exile. 

5.  et  bello,  i.e.  his  sufferings  did  not  end  with  his  arrival,  but  con- 
tinued in  the  subsequent  wars  (§  258,  f;  G.  385,  N.1 ;  H.  425,  2,  N.3). 

—  dum  conderet  (§  328  ;  G.  572  ;    H.  519,  ii,  2),  till  he  could  found : 
the  subjunctive  here  shows  the  act  as  the  purpose  of  the  gods  ;  for 
although  they  thwarted  him  to  please  Juno,  yet  they  meant  in  the  end 
that  he  should  succeed. 

6.  Latio,  dat.  after  inferret  (§  228,  but  cf.  225,  b  •  G.  347,  R.1;  H. 
385,  4).     Latium  is  the  undulating  plain  between  the  Sabine  mountains 
and  the  sea  :  its  inhabitants  are  called  Latini,  and  its  language  Latin. 
The  name  was  thought  to  be  derived  from  an  ancient  king,  Latinus ; 
but  in  fact  the  king  is  mythical:  he  is  a  so-called  eponymous  hero,  i.e. 
one  invented  to  account  for  the  name.  —  Latinum.      The  Latin  race 
existed  before  the  arrival  of  ^Eneas;  but  in  Virgil's  time  it  had  long 


1. 14.]  The  ALneid.  193 

been  incorporated  with  Rome,  and  many  great  families  traced  their  de- 
scent from  it  :  he  therefore  represents  the  whole  as  if  sprung  from 
Troy. 

7.  Albani  patres.     Alba  Longa  was  the  head  of  the  Latin  league 
of  thirty  confederate  towns.     When  conquered  by  Rome,  its  leading 
families,  Albani  patres,  were  said  to  have  been  transferred  to  Rome, 
which  then  became  chief  of  the  confederacy.     The  term  refers  here,  in 
general,  to  the  great  senatorial  families. 

8.  Musa,  etc.     Virgil  follows  the  regular  epic  method,  invoking  the 
Muse  and  referring  all  the  plot  to  the  gods.     Cf.  Bry.  quoted  in  note 
on  v.  i.  —  quo  numine  laeso.      Of  this  vexed  passage  the  meaning 
seems  to  be:  what  purpose  [of  Juno]  having  been  thwarted?     The  an- 
swer is  in  w.  12-22,  as  that  to  quid  dolens  is  in  w.  23-28  in  inverse 
order.     The  two  causes,  then,  were  that  ^neas  hindered  her  plans,  and 
that  he  was  personally  hateful  to  her.     This  view  agrees  best  with  the 
etymology  of  numen,  the  will  or  power  of  the  gods  as  expressed  by 
their  nod  (nuo). 

9.  quidve  dolens,  feeling  pain  at  what :  dolere  is  transitive  also  in 
prose.      See  §  237,  6;  G.  330,  R.1 ;  H.  371,  iii.  —  tot  volvere  casus. 
"  The  misfortunes  are  regarded  as  a  destined  circle  which  ^Eneas  goes 
through."     For  the  infinitive  with  impulerit  by  a  poetic  use,  see  §  331, 
g;  G.  546,  N.8;  H.  535,  iv. 

10.  pietate  (§  245;  G.  408;  H.  416),  i.e.,  his  filial  devotion  in  the  res- 
cue of  his  father,  as  well  as  his  piety  towards  the  gods.     The  gods  could 
pursue  with  vengeance  even  a  pious  man,  either  because  under  the  power 
of  Fate  he  thwarted  their  purposes,  or  because  his  ancestors  had  com- 
mitted crimes,  as  was  the  case  with  the  descendants  of  Pelops.     Both 
causes  existed  in  the  case  of  ^Eneas  (see  the  story  of  Laomedon).  — 
labores :  §  228,  a  ;  G.  331  ;  H.  386,  3. 

11.  impulerit,  indir.  question  (§  334;  G.  467;  H.  529,  i).  —  animis, 
dative;  supply  sunt  (§231;  6.349;  11.387).  —  tantae  .  .  .  irae,  such 
wrath  (as  she  exhibits);  for  plu.  see  §  75,  c ;  G.  204,  N.6;  H.  130,  2, — 
though  the  use  is  here  slightly  different  (cf.  Teacher's  Book). 

12.  antiqua,  i.e.  in  reference  to  Virgil's  time. 

13.  Karthago :  the  probable  date  of  the  foundation   of  Carthage 
(B.C.  812),  was  some  three  centuries  later  than  that  generally  assumed 
for  the  destruction  of  Troy  (B.C.  1184),  and  so  later  than  the  occur- 
rences here  referred  to.  —  Italiam  contra :  the  map  shows  how  pre- 
cisely the  two  cities  front  each  other.  —  longe,  modifying  contra. 

14.  dives  opum:  a  poetical  extension  of  the  gen.  with  relative  adjs. 
(§  218,  c  ;  G.  374,  N.6;  H.  399,  i,  3).  —  studiis,  in  its  passion  for,  abl.  of 


194 


Notes. 


Fig.  i. 


Fig.  2. 


specification  (§  253;  G.  397;  H.  424).  For  the  plural  see  note  on  irae 
above.  Virgil  had  in  mind  no  doubt  the 
experience  of  Rome  in  the  Punic  Wars. 

1 5.  quam  .  .  .  coluisse,  -which  Juno  is 
said  to  have  cherished,  etc.  (§  330,  b ;  G. 
528;  H.  534,  i).  The  gods  were  naturally 
supposed  to  be  especially  fond  of  the 
places  where  they  were  most  worshiped, 
or  whence  their  worship  first  came.  Juno 
had  an  old  and  famous  temple  at  Samos 
(see  Fig.  i  ;  from  a  coin).  —  unam  :  often 
used  with  superlatives  for  emphasis  ;  here, 
magis  omnibus  =  a  superlative. 

16.  posthabita  Samo,  holding  Samos  in  less  regard  (§  255;  G.  410; 
H.  431) — arma  :  Juno  in 

several  of  her  manifestations 
is  represented  with  shield 
and  spear  (see  Fig.  2  ;  from 
coins).  The  reference  here  is 
probably  to  some  arms  long 
preserved  in  her  temple, 
corresponding  to  the  relics 
of  saints  in  Christian 
churches.  Compare,  also, 
the  famous  chariot  tied  with  the  Gordian  knot,  Q.  Curtius,  iii.  2. 

17.  currus  :  see  the  elaborate  description  in  Iliad,  v.  720-723;  Bry. 
903.  —  hoc  refers  to  Carthage,  but  takes  the  gender  of  regnum  (§  195 
d;  G.  211,  R.5;  H.  445,  4).— tendit  .  .  .  fovetque,  this  the  goddess  — 
if  by  any  means  the  fates  permit  —  already  aims  and  fondly  hopes  to  make 
the  seat  of  royal  power  for  the  nations.  —  gentibus,  dative  of  reference 
(§  235;  G.  350,  2;  H.  384,  i2).  —  sinant,  future  protasis,  of  which  the 
apodosis  is  absorbed  in  tendit  esse,  etc.  —  iam  turn,  even  then  while  Car- 
thage was  in  its  infancy,  and  before  Rome  was  founded.  —  tendit  esse  : 
see  §  331,  g ;  G.  423,  N.2 ;  H.  533,  ii,  2  ;  esse  is  used  with  regnum  instead 
of  the  regular  subjunctive  construction,  and  depends  on  tendit  j    cf. 
adire,  z'.  10.  —  fovet,  cherishes  the  hope. 

19.  sed  enim,  but  [she  feared  for  Carthage]  for,  etc.,  referring  to 
the  doubt  implied  in  si  ...  sinant.     An  ellipsis  is  implied,  as  with 
Greek  dXXA  ydp.  —  duel  (§336  A;  G.  650;  H.  523,    i):  present  tense, 
because  vEneas,  the  founder  of  the  race,  was  still  living. 

20.  Tyrias  .  .  .  arces :  Carthage  was  one  of  a  group  of  colonies 


1. 26.]  The  AZneid.  195 

from  Tyre.  —  quae  verteret,  subj.  of  purpose  (§317;  G.  630;  H.  497,  i); 
for  the  tense  see  §  286  ;  G.  510;  H.  491. 

2 1 .  populum  late  regem,  a  people  widely  ruling.     The  word  populus, 
used  in  its  political  sense,  is  constantly  personified.     For  the  adjective 
use  of  regem,  see  §  188,  d;  G.  288,  R.;  H.  441,  3. — bello:  §  253 ;  G. 
398;  H.  424.  —  belloque  superbum:  properly,  flushed  with  victory  (see 
Vocab.).     Cf.  Milton,  Comus,  v.  33  : 

An  old  and  haughty  nation,  proud  in  arms. 

22.  excidio  Libyae,  datives:  one  to  what,  the  other  for  what  (§233,  a; 
G.  356;  H.  390).  —  volvere,  i.e.  the  thread  of  destiny  (Servius):  the 
simple  verb  is  not  elsewhere  used  in  this  meaning,  but  its  compounds 
often  mean  to  spin  (Ovid,  Her.  xii.  4;  Sen.,  Here.  F.  181;  Claud.  R. 
P.  I,  53).    The  Parcae,  or  Destinies  (Gr.  Hotpot),  are  conceived  as  spinning 
the  threads  of  human  fate  :   Clotho  holds  a  spindle  ;  Lachesis  draws 

the  thread,  and  Atropos  cuts  it  off  :  — 

• 

Comes  the  blind  Fury  with  the  abhorred  shears, 
And  slits  the  thin-spun  life.  —  Lycidas. 

Those  three  fatall  Sisters,  whose  sad  hands 
Doo  weave  the  direfull  threds  of  destinie, 
And  in  their  wrath  brake  off  the  vitall  bands. 

SPENSER,  Daphndida,  vv.  16-18. 

Cf.  also  Milton,  Arcades,  vv.  65  ff.,  and  see  the  song  of  the  Fates  from 
Catullus,  translated  by  Gayley,  Classic  Myths,  p.  279.  The  three 
"  weird  (i.e.  fateful)  sisters  "  in  Macbeth  are  originally  the  Scandinavian 
goddesses  of  destiny  (cf.  Gray,  Bard,  vv.  49  ff.,  98-100). 

23.  veteris  belli,  the  Trojan  war  (§  218,  a  ;  G.  374  ;  H.  399).  —  Sa- 
turnia,  daughter  of  Saturn  (Kronos),  according  to  the  Greek  theogony; 
Italian  mythology  does  not  connect  Saturnus,  the  old  god  of  husbandry, 
and  Juno  ;  cf.  Eel.  iv.  6,  note.     Saturnia  has  no  verb. 

24.  ad  Troiam,  round  Troy  (§  258,  c,  N.1  ;  G.  386,  R.2  ;  cf.  H.  380, 
ii,  i). — .pro  caris  Argis :  the  Grecian  Hera  (identified  with  Juno)  was 
worshiped  with  especial  veneration  at  Argos,  as  the  great  goddess  of 
the  Dorian  race.     The  ruins  of  a  famous  temple  have  lately  been  dis- 
covered near  there.      Argos  is  here  put  for  all  Greece.  —  prima,  as  chief. 

25-28.    Parenthetical,  particularizing  the  grounds  of  Juno's  enmity. 

25.  necdum  etiam,  nor  even  now.  —  irarum,  plural,  referring  to  the 
many  manifestations  of  her  wrath  (§  75,  c  ;  G.  204,  R.6  ;  H.  130,  2). 

26.  animo :  in  prose  ex  would  be  repeated  (§  243,  b  \  G.  390,  R.8 ; 
H.  412,  2).  —  manet:  §  205,  d;  G.  285,  i;  H.  463,  i.  —  alta  mente,  etc. 
(§  258,  /;  G.  385,  N.2 ;  H.  425,  N.8),  laid  away  deep  in  her  mind.  — 
repostum  for  repositum,  a  syncopated  form  (§  10,  c ;  G.  725;  H.  635,  2). 


196  Notes.  [ 

27.  iudicium  Paridis,   see   Introduction.     Tennyson's   CEnone  tells 
the  story.  —  spretae  formae,  of  her  slighted  beauty,  i.e.  of  the  disparage- 
ment shown  to  her  beauty  in  the  decision  of  Paris  (§  292,  a  ;  G.  667, 
R.2 ;  H.  549,  N.2). 

In  George  Peele's  Arraignment  of  Paris,  Juno  thus  expresses  her 
resentment  when  the  apple  is  awarded  to  Venus  : 

But  he  [Paris]  shall  run  and  ban  the  dismal  day 
Wherein  his  Venus  bare  the  ball  away  ; 
And  heaven  and  earth  just  witnesses  shall  be, 
I  will  revenge  it  on  his  progeny. 

28.  genus  invisum :  i.e.  from  jealousy,  since  Dardanus,  the  founder 
of  the  Trojan  race,  was  son  of  Jupiter  and  Electra  (.rEn.  viii.  135). — 
Ganymedis:  see  Introd.,  p.  34. 

29.  his  accensa,  inflamed  by  these  things,  i.e.  what  has  been  told  in 
the  foregoing  lines  (§  248,  c,  i;  G.  401;  H.  420).  —  super  (=insuper), 
"besides,  i.e.  in  addition  to  her  anxiety  for  Carthage.  —  aequore:  §  258,  /, 
2;  G.  388;  H.  425,  2. 

30.  Troas :  Greek  ace.  pi.  of  Tros  (§  64;  G.  66,  4 ;  H.  68).  —  reliquias 
Danaum,  those  left  by  the  Greeks,  i.e.  escaped  from  them  (literally,  in 
our  vulgar  phrase,  the  "  leavings "  of  the  Greeks) ;  cf.  Addison,   Cam- 
paign: "  Refuse  of  swords  and  gleanings  of  a  fight."     Virgil  uses  the 
Homeric   tribal   names   Danai,  Achrvi,  etc.,   indiscriminately  for  the 
Greeks  in  general.  —  atque,  and  especially  (§  1 56,  a) :  for  construction, 
cf.  note,  v.  27. 

31.  Latio :  §  258,  a,  N.8  ;  G.  390,  2,  N.3  ;  H.  414,  N.1 

32.  errabant,  had  wandered  (and  still  were  wandering):  §  277,  b;  G. 
234;  H.  469,  2  ;  cf.  note  on  gero,  v.  48. 

33.  tantae  molls,  [a  task]  of  so  great  toil  was  it  (as  is  indicated  by 
the  description  preceding),  a  very  common  use  of  the  demonstrative 
adj.  or  pronoun,  cf.  tantae,  v.\\  (§215;  G.  365,  366 ;  H.  402).  —  condere : 
§  270;  G.  422;  H.  538. 

34.  The  story  begins  in  the  middle,  as  in  the  Odyssey  (in  medias  res 
.  .  .  auditorem  rapit,  Hor.  Ars  Poetica,  148).     The  Trojans  are  sailing 
round  Sicily  to  avoid  the  dangerous  Strait  of  Messina  (iii.  562),  and 
have  just  left  Drepanum  (iii.  707;  see  Map).     The  earlier  adventures 
are  told  afterwards  by  the  hero  himself  (books  ii.,  iii.).    This  is  a  natural 
device  to  rouse  interest  (as  in  many  modern  novels).     Cf.  also  Par. 
Lost,  which,  as  Milton  himself  says,  "  hastes  into  the  midst  of  things, 
presenting  Satan  with  his  angels  now  fallen  into  hell "  (see  i.  50),  the 
story  of  their  fall  not  being  fully  told  till  bk.  v,  w.  563  ff. 

35.  vela  dabant  laeti,  at  the  prospect  of  a  speedy  end  of  their  wan- 


1. 42.] 


The 


197 


derings.  —  sails,  of  the  salt  [sea].  So  fiXs  in  Greek.  —  acre,  bronze 
(beaks  of  the  ships).  The  most  ancient  metal  work  was  chiefly  of 
bronze,  an  alloy  of  copper  and  tin,  much  easier  to  melt  than  pure 
copper,  as  well  as  harder.  —  ruebant,  were  ploughing  up ;  ruo,  here 
transitive,  =  eruo. 

36.  cum  luno  .  .  .  secum,  sc.  loquitur.      The  construction  would 
require  the  omitted  verb  in  the  indicative  (§  325,^;  G.  581,  R.).  —  sub 
pectore,  i.e.  in  her  heart,  as  we  say.     The  ancients  as  well  as  we  local- 
ized the  passions,  but  referred  anger  to  the  lower  vital  organs  (subter 
praecordia)  instead  of  the  heart,  which  was  with  them  the  seat  of  the 
intellect.  —  servans:  cf.  "Nursing  her  wrath  to  keep  it  warm."     Burns, 
Tarn  o1  Shanter. 

37.  incepto :  §  243,  6;  G.  388;  H.  413,  N.3  —  mene  desistere,  what! 
I  desist!     (§274;  G.  534;  H.  539,  iii).    The  similar  construction  with 
ut  (§  332,  c  ;  G.  558;    H.  486,  ii,  N.)  refers  to  the  future,  but  here  there 
is  little  difference. 

38.  nee  posse,  and  be  unable.  —  Italia:  for  construction,  cf.  Latio, 
v.  31. 

39.  quippe,  to  be  sure  (expressing  indignation  by  giving  an  ironical 
explanation  of  the  facts).  —  Pallasne  .   .  .  potuit,  i.e.  could  Pallas  do 
this,  while  I,  forsooth,  the  queen  of  the  gods,  am  baffled  in  my  efforts  ? 

This  is  a  reply  to  the  ironical  suggestion  of  vetor. ne  :  regularly,  as 

here,  appended  to  the  emphatic  word,  which  regularly  comes  first.  — 
classem  Argivom  (§  7),  i.e.  the  fleet  of  Ajax  Oileus  (see  Od.  iv.  499- 
511;  Bry.  641). 

40.  ipsos,  the  men  themselves  (opposed  to  the  ships).  —  ponto,  either 
instrumental  (means)  or  locative. 

41.  unius,  a  whole  fleet  for  one  man's  crime;  opposed  to  classem, 
etc.,  -v.  39. — furias:  the  great  crimes  of  antiquity  were  supposed  to  be 


committed  in  a  frenzy  induced  by  the  Furies, 
the  agents  of  divine  wrath  (compare  "by 
instigation  of  the  Devil "  in  modern  indict- 
ments). Hence  furiae  is  often  used  of 
ungovernable  passion.  Ajax  is  said  to  have 
offered  violence  to  Cassandra,  daughter  of 
Priam  and  priestess  of  Pallas,  and  that,  too, 
even  at  the  altar  of  the  goddess. 

42.  ipsa  iaculata,  hurling  -with  her  own 
hand.  Pallas  was  the  only  deity  except  Jove 
who  might  wield  the  thunderbolt.  (See  Fig. 
3  ;  from  an  ancient  coin.) 


Fig.  3- 


198  Notes. 

44.  pectore,  abl.  of  separation  (§  243,  b;  G.  390,  R.8;  H.  414,  N.1). 
—  turbine,  abl.  of  means(§  248,  c,  i ;  0.401;  H.42O).  —  scopulo,  locative 
abl.  or  dat.;  see  §  260,  a;  G.  385,  R.2;  H.  425,  N.3.  So  in  the  speech  of 
Belial  to  the  fallen  angels,  Par.  Lost,  ii.  178  ff.  : 

While  we,  perhaps 
Designing  or  exhorting  glorious  war, 
Caught  in  a  fiery  tempest,  shall  be  hurl'd 
Each  on  his  rock  transfix'd,  the  sport  and  prey 
Of  racking  whirlwinds. 

46.  incedo,  move :  the  word  suggests  dignity  by  mentioning  the  gait 
at  all  when  there  is  no  need  of  it.     The  incessus  of  the  gods  was  an 
even  gliding  movement,  not  the  mere  human  act  of  walking.     Cf.  Gray, 
Progress  of  Poesy,  v.  39  (of  Venus): 

In  gliding  state  she  wins  her  easy  way. 

47.  soror:  see  II.  xvi.  432;  Bry.  545: 

When  the  son  of  crafty  Saturn  saw  them  meet, 

His  heart  was  touched  with  pity,  and  he  thus  bespoke 

His  spouse  and  sister  Juno. 

In  Greek  mythology,  the  king  and  queen  of  heaven  are  both  children  of 
Kronos  (Saturn).  —  una  cum  gente :  here  is  a  double  antithesis,  first 
in  reference  to  unius,  v.  41,  a  whole  race  compared  with  a  single  man 
Ajax,  and  second  to  ego,  a  single  race  of  men  compared  with  the  queen 
of  the  gods.  —  annos :  §  256 ;  G.  336 ;  H.  379. 

48.  gero,  have  been  (and  still  am)  waging  (§  276,  a  ;  G.  230;  H.  467, 
2) ;   cf.  note  on  errabant,  v.  32.  —  quisquam :    implying   a  negative 
(§  105,  h\  G.  317;  H.  457).  —  adoret:  the  reading  varies  with  adorat; 
the  subjunctive  seems  better  (§  268;  G.  466;  H.  486,  ii). 

49.  imponet:  the  future  in  this  usage  differs  little  from  the  subjunc- 
tive.—  praeterea,  any  more  (save  those  who   adore   already).  —  aris, 
dative  (§  228;  G.  347  ;  H.  386). 

50.  corde:  258,/;  G.  385,  N.1;  H.  425,  2,  N.3 

51.  patriam,   luctantes,   indignantes :    these  words  belong  strictly 
only   to    persons ;    their    use    makes    a   lively  personification    of    the 
Winds.  —  austris  (§  248,  c,  2;   G.  401  ;   H.  420),  one  of  the  most 
violent  winds  used  for  them  all.  —  feta:  translate  by  teeming*  keeping 
the  metaphor. 

52.  Aeoliam,  one  of  the  Lipari  Islands,  north-east  of  Sicily.     In  Od. 
x.  1-27,  are  described  the  visit  of  Ulysses  to  JEoYiz,  his  friendly  recep- 
tion by  .^Lolus,  and  his  departure  with  the  unfavorable  winds  tied  up 
in  a  bag  (cf.  the  witches  in  Macbeth,  i.  3.  ioff.);  for  construction  cf. 
Italiam,  -•.  2. 


1.65.]  The  ^Eneid.  199 

54.  imperio:  §  248,*-;  0.401;  H.  420.  —  vinclis,  for  vinculis:  so 
periclum,  and  many  other  words ;  cf .  repostum,  v.  26.  —  carcere :  cf. 
Lycidas,  v.  97  :  "  That  not  a  blast  was  from  his  dungeon  stray'd." 

55.  cum  murmure  mentis :  cf.  v.  245,  and  Hor.  Od.  iii.  29,  38.     For 
construction  see  §  248;   G.  399;    H.  419,  iii.      Imitated  by  Phineas 
Fletcher,  Purple  Island,  vi.   15: 

So  have  I  seen  the  earth  strong  winds  detaining 
In  prison  close  ;  they  scorning  to  be  under 
Her  dull  subjection,  and  her  power  disdaining, 
With  horrid  strugglings  tear  their  bonds  in  sunder. 

56.  arce,  a  lofty  seat  or  citadel  within  the  cave  or  beside  it,  not  the 
mountain  itself  (§  258,/;  G.  385,  N.1;  H.  425,  N.3).  —  sceptra :  the  poets 
often  use  the  plural  for  metrical  reasons;  see  note  on  irae,  v.  n. — 
animos,  passions,  regular  in  the  .plural  for  the  feelings,  especially  pride. 
—  iras:  cf.  v.  25,  and  note. 

58.  ni :  old  form  for  nisi,  retained  in  laws,  religious  formulas,  and 
poetry,  and  found  in  late  prose.  —  ni  faciat,  more  vivid  than  the  imper- 
fect as  suggesting  the  possibility  that  he  may  omit  it ;  see  §  308,  e,  and 
N.  ;  G.  596,  R.1 ;  H.  509,  N.2    The  apodosis  is  in  ferant,  verrant;   cf. 
Lucretius,  i.  277-79 : 

Sunt  igitur  venti  nimirum  corpora  caeca, 

quae  mare,  quae  terras,  quae  denique  nubila  caefi 

•verrunt  ac  subito  vexantia  turbine  raptant. 

59.  quippe  (not  here  ironical),  doubtless  they  -would  bear  away.  — 
verrant,  sweep,  here  intrans. ;   cf.   "  the  sweeping  whirlwind's  sway." 
Gray,  The  Bard,  v.  75. 

61.  molem  et  mentis  (ace.  plur.),  the  mass  of  lofty  mountains;  this 
use  is  called  hendiadys,  a  figure  by  which  two  nouns  are  used  with  a 
conjunction  instead  of  one  modified  noun.  —  insuper,  above  them. 

62.  foedere  certo,   under  fixed  conditions;  a  compact,  as  it  were, 
between  sovereign  and  vassal  (§  248;  G.  399;  H.  419,  iii). 

63.  sciret,  etc.,  should  know,  when  bidden,  both  how  to  check  and  to 
give  loose  rein  (§  317,2;   G.  630;    H.  497,   i).  —  premere,  from  the 
motion  of  the  hand  in  drawing  the  reins  (cf.  xi.  600)  is  opposed  to 
laxas  dare;  habenas  is  obj.  of  both  verbs.     For  the  inf.  see  §  271 ; 
G.  423;  H.  533.  —  iussus:  §292;  G.  664;  H.  549,  i. 

64.  vocibus  :  §  249;   G.  407;  H.  421,  i.  —  usa  est:    elide,  reading 
usa'st  (§  13,  b  ;  G.  719,  exc.;  H.  27,  N.). 

65.  namque  (in  prose  more  commonly  etenim,  for,  you  see)  intro- 
duces the  reason  of  her  coming  to  him.  —  divom  .  .  .  rex :  cf .  II.  i.  544  ; 
Bry.  688. 


2OO  Notes.  [ 

66.  mulcere,  in  prose  ut  mulceas  (§  331,  g ;  G.  423,  N.2  ;  H.  535,  iv). 
See  Od.  x.  21  ;  Bry.  25.  —  vento :  the  winds  were  thought  to  calm,  as 
well  as  raise,  the  sea  (cf.  Eel.  ii.  26). 

67.  aequor :  a  kind  of  cognate  accusative  (§  238  ;  G.  332,  333,  2  ;  H. 
371,  ii,  N.). 

68.  Ilium.   They  "  carried  Ilium  "  because  they  were  on  their  way  to 
found  a  new  city  to  continue  the  old  race.  —  victos :  as  the  old  home  of 
the  Penates  was  destroyed,  they  might  be  called  conquered.  —  Penates  : 
these  were  the  Roman  household  gods,  but  very  vaguely  conceived. 

69.  incute  vim,  give  force  to  the  -winds,  as  it  were  by  a  blo^u  of  his 
sceptre.  —  submersas,  i.e.  "  so  that  they  will  be  sunk,"  so-called  prolep- 
tic  use  of  the  participle. 

70.  age  diversos,  drive  them  (the  men)  scattered  (cf.  last  note). — 
disice,  often  improperly  spelled  disiice  (§  n,  b,  2). 

7 1 .  sunt  mini :  for  dat.  cf .  animis,  v.  1 1 .  —  praestanti  corpore  :  §251; 
G.  400;  H.  419,  ii. 

72.  quarum:   §  216;  G.  371  ;  H.  397,  3.  — forma:  §  253;  G.  397; 
H.  424. — Deiopea,  instead  of  being  in  the  ace.  as  obj.  of  iungam,  is 
attracted  into  the  case  of  the  rel.  quae. 

73.  iungam,  sc.  tibi:  Juno  bribes  him,  because  the  act  is  beyond  his 
lawful  province  (cf.  II.  xiv.  267;  Bry.  320).  —  conubio :  §248;  G.  399; 
H.  419,  iii.  —  propriam  dicabo,  -will  assign  [her]  to  you  as  your  own 
(§186,^5  G.  325). 

74.  omms,  ace.  pi.  —  meritis,  services.  —  exigat,  purpose  (§317,  i; 
G.  545;  H.  497,  ii). 

75.  facial  te  parentem,  two  accusatives  (§239,  i,  a;  G.  340;  H. 
373).  —  prole,  abl.  of  means  (§  248,  c  ;  G.  401 ;  H.  420). 

76.  tuus  .  .  .  explorare,  yours  the  task  to  determine  what  you  will 
have :  the  whole  speech  is  exculpatory  as  well  as  submissive. 

Father  Eternal,  thine  is  to  decree  ; 

Mine,  both  in  heaven  and  earth,  to  do  thy  will. 

Par.  Lost,  x.  68,  69. 

For  construction  see  §270;  6.422;  H.  538.  —  optes  :  §334;  6.467; 
H.  529,  i. 

77.  mini:  §235;  G.  350,  2;  H.  384,  i2. —  capessere:  §  167,  c\  G. 
191,  5;  H.  336,  N.2. 

78.  tu  mihi  .   .  .  concilias,  you  win  for  me  whatever  rule  I  have, 
implying  that  it  is  small;  cf.  our  "such  as  it  is."  —  hoc  quodcumque 
regni,  a  short  form  for  hoc  regnum  quodcumque  est  (§216;  G.  369; 
H.  397,  3).  —  sceptra  lovemque,  the  sceptre  (i.e.  power)  from  Jove  (hen- 


1.85.]  The  Aineid.  201 

diadys,  cf.  v.  61  and  note).     By  v.  62  his  power  is  direct  from  Jupiter  ; 
but  Juno  might  be  supposed  to  have  obtained  it  for  him. 

79.  accumbere  :  see  note  on  mulcere,  v.  66.     The  Romans  reclined 
at  meals,  and  Virgil  attributes  the  same  custom  to  earlier  nations  and  to 
the  gods,  though  in  fact  the  early  Greeks  sat,  as  we  do. 

80.  nimborum:  §  218;  G.  374,  N.8;  H.  399,  3. 

81.  conversa  cuspide,  with  spear-point  turned.     Macrobius  says  the 
description  of  the  storm  is  taken  from  Nasvius'  Punic  War,  but  see  Od. 
v.  295  ;  Bry.  347. 

82.  velut  agmine  facto   (abl.  abs.),  like  an  assaulting  column,  the 
technical  term  for  a  column  of  attack. 

83.  qua,  where  (§  258^,  cf.  §  148,  e  ;  G.  389  ;  H.  304,  ii,  3). — tur- 
bine, abl.  of  manner.     Cf.  Par.  Lost,  x.  695  ff.  : 

Now  from  the  north 
Of  Norumbega,  and  the  Samoed  shore, 
Bursting  their  brazen  dungeon,  arm'd  with  ice, 
And  snow,  and  hail,  and  stormy  gust  and  flaw, 
Boreas  and  Caecias,  and  Argestes  loud, 
And  Thracias,  rend  the  woods,  and  seas  upturn  ; 
With  adverse  blast  upturns  them  from  the  south 
Notus,  and  Afer  black  with  thunderous  clouds 
From  Serralonia  :  thwart  of  these,  as  fierce, 
Forth  rush  the  Levant  and  the  Ponent  winds, 
Eurus  and  Zephyr,  with  their  lateral  noise, 
Sirocco  and  Libecchio. 

84.  incubuere  :  the  perfect  suddenly  shifts  the  point  of  view,  to  indi- 
cate the  swiftness  of  the  act  ;  and  now  they  have  fallen  upon  the  sea,  and 
are  ploughing  up  (ruunt,  cf.  v.  35  and  note);  cf.  Od.  v.  291  ;  Bry.  348.  — - 
mari :   §  228  ;  G.  347  ;  H.  386.     The  sea  is  so  often  mentioned  that, 
for  variety,  a  large  number  of  names  are  necessary.     Thus,  altum  alta, 
aequor  aequora,  marts  aequor,  mare  maria,  aestus,  sal,  salum,fluctus  (sing, 
and   plur.),  pontus,   unda   undae,  pelagus,  freta,  vada  (salsa),  vortex, 
gurges,  are  all  used  in  essentially  the  same  meaning.     Cf.  Thomson's 
Seasons,  Winter: 

Then  issues  forth  the  storm  with  sudden  burst, 
And  hurls  the  whole  precipitated  air 
Down  in  a  torrent.    On  the  passive  main 
Descends  the  ethereal  force,  and  with  strong  gust 
Turns  from  its  bottom  the  discolored  deep. 

85.  Eurusque,  etc.     The  winds  from  all  quarters  are  conceived  as  let 
loose  together,  and  by  their  simultaneous  action  in  opposite  directions, 
causing  the  storm,  a  natural  enough  conception  in  a  cyclonic  disturb- 
ance.—  procellis,  gusts  (§  248,  c,  2;  G.  405,  N.8;  H.  421,  ii). 


2O2  Notes. 


86.  Africus  :  the  south-west  wind  (sirocco),  blowing  hot  from  Africa, 
is  often  one  of  the  most  violent  on  the  Italian  coast. 

87.  virum:  cf.  superum,  v.  4. 

89.  Teucrorum,  the  Trojans:  so  called  from  Teucer,  one  of  their 
forefathers.     As  the  Trojans  have  to  be  constantly  mentioned,  Virgil, 
for  variety,  uses  all  the  names  that  can  be  made  from  the  names  of 
their  various  ancestors  or  heroes,  or  from  anything  else  connected  with 
them  (as  Anchisiadae,  Laomedontiadae,  Dardani,  etc.),  just  as  the  Greeks 
are  called  by  various  tribal  names,  Achivi,  Danai,  Argivi,  etc.  (see  v. 
30,  note).  —  ponto  nox,  etc.  :  cf.  Thomson,  Winter  : 

Through  the  black  night  that  sits  immense  around. 

90.  poll,  the  poles  =  the  heavens  which  revolve  upon  them  (according 
to  the  ancient  astronomy).  —  micat,  flashes  :  the  word  expresses  both 
the  glittering  and  the  quivering  effect  of  the  flash. 

92.  solvuntur,  etc.,  his  limbs  are  paralyzed  by  the  chill  of  terror  (see 
Od.  v.  297;  Bry.  356);  the  ancients  betrayed  their  emotions  in  a  far 
more  lively  way  than  would  be  allowable  in  heroes  of   the  present 
time. 

His  bold  .(Eneas,  on  like  billows  tossed 
In  a  tall  ship,  and  all  his  country  lost, 
Dissolves  with  fear  ;  and,  both  his  hands  upheld, 
Proclaims  them  happy  whom  the  Greeks  had  quelled 
In  honorable  fight. 

WALLER,  Oftlie  Dangers  his  Majesty  Escaped,  w.  89-93. 

93.  duplicis  palmas,  both  his  hands.     The  ancient  attitude  of  prayer 
was  not  with  clasped  hands,  but  with  the  palms  spread  upward,  as  if  to 
receive  the  blessing:  hence  the  emphasis  of  the  phrase  "worship  with 
clean  hands." 

94.  refert,  simply,  utters  (strictly,  brings  back  his  words  to  the  light 
as  things  before  hidden).  —  ter  quaterque  :  cf.  Od.  v.  306  ;  Bry.  366. 

95.  quis,  dat.  plur.  following  contigit.  —  ante  ora  :   a  happy  lot, 
because   their   friends   were   witnesses   of    their  deeds    and    glorious 
death. 

96.  contigit,  befell  :  usually  said  of  good  fortune,  as  here.  —  oppe- 
tere,  sc.  mortem,  hence,  to  die. 

97.  Tydide,  son  of  Tydeus,  Diomedes,  who  met  ^Eneas  in  single  com- 
bat (II.  v.  297;  Bry.  201).  —  campis  :  locative  abl.  —  mene  potuisse,  to 
think  that  I  could  not  have,  etc.  ;  cf.  v.  37  (§  274;  G.  534;  H.  539).  — 
dextra  :  abl.  of  instrument. 

99.    saevus,  stern,  not  sparing  the  foe  :  so  even  the  gentle  tineas  is 


I.  108.]  The  j&neid.  203 

called  saevus,  xii.  107.  —  iacet,  lies  slain;  hence  telo,  abl.  of  instru- 
ment.—  Aeacidae,  i.e.  Achilles,  grandson  of  ^Eacus. 

loo.  Sarpedon :  the  Lycian  prince,  son  of  Jupiter.  In  Homer,  his 
body  is  said  to  have  been  borne  home  by  Sleep  and  Death ;  but  Virgil 
does  not  care  for  this  detail.  —  Simois,  etc.,  the  Simo'is  rolls  the  shields, 
and  helms,  and  stalwart  forms  of  so  many  heroes  carried  away  beneath, 
its  waves  (see  II.  xii.  22  ;  Bry.  29) ;  grammatically  tot  belongs  to  all  the 
accusatives. 

102.  iactanti,  as  he  utters  (dat.  of  reference,  §  235;  G.  350,  2  ;  H. 
384,  I2),  supply  ei:    the  Latin  often  omits  a  pronoun  when  a  word 
which  would  agree  with  it  is  present  to  indicate  the  case.  —  procella, 
the  hurricane,  concretely,  as  the  solid  body  that  strikes  ;  Aquilone,  the 
particular  wind  that  produces  it,  and  so  makes  it  howl  (stridens) ;  for 
abl.  see  §  248,  c ;  G.  401 ;  H.  420.     The  various  winds  are  loosely  spoken 
of,  without  much  regard  to  their  direction,  but  the  most  violent  are 
chosen. 

103.  adversa,  right  in  his  face  (adj.  for  adv.,  §  191 ;  G.  325,  R.6;  H. 

443)- 

Exaggeration  is  natural  in  unstudied  narrative.  Virgil  adopts  it  here 
in  imitation  of  the  more  artless  epic.  The  hyperbole  in  the  following 
description  (cf.  iii.  564-7)  set  a  literary  fashion  which  lasted  for  almost 
two  thousand  years.  Among  countless  examples,  one  from  Shakspere 
(Othello,  ii.  I.  II  ff.)  will  serve  : 

For  do  but  stand  upon  the  foaming  shore, 

The  chidden  billow  seems  to  pelt  the  clouds  ; 

The  wind-shaked  surge,  with  high  and  monstrous  mane, 

Seems  to  cast  water  on  the  burning  Bear 

And  quench  the  guards  of  the  ever-fixed  pole  : 

I  never  did  like  molestation  view 

On  the  enchafed  flood. 

Cf.  Pericles,  iii.  i.   I:   "These   surges,  That   wash   both   heaven   and 
hell." 

104.  avertit  (sc.  se;  cf.  v.  158,  note),  dat:  the  subject  is  prora. 
The  prow  by  turning  away  is  said  to  cause  the  broaching-to. 

105.  cumulo,  abl.  of  manner;  cf.  v.  83. 

106.  his :  §  235  ;  G.  350,  2  ;  H.  384,  i.2 

107.  aestus,  the  seething  flood  (originally  the  boiling  of  heated  water). 
—  arenis  :  the  water  is  turbid  with  sand;  they  are  approaching  the 
Syrtes.     See  v.  in. 

108.  Notus:  cf.   note   on  Aquilone,  v.  102.  —  torquet,  hurls:  the 
word  is  usually  applied  to  the  hurling  of  a  spear,  from  the  revolving 


204  Notes.  [ 

motion  (like  that  of  a  rifle-ball)  given  by  the  thong  wound  round  it.  — 
latentia,  hidden  by  the  roaring  waves  :  in  calm  they  are  visible  (dors-urn 
immune,  v.  no)  at  the  surface.  These  reefs  are  supposed  to  lie  just 
outside  the  Bay  of  Carthage. 

109.  Parenthetical :  Rocks  like  what,  in  midwater,  the  Italians  call 
'  altars?  —  not,  necessarily,  this  particular  group,  which  they  probably 
knew  nothing  about. 

no.   Eurus  :  cf.  notes  on  w.  102,  108. 

in.  in  brevia  et  Syrtis,  shoals  and  quicksands,  i.e.  probably  the 
shoals  of  the  great  Syrtis ;  but  Virgil  has  evidently  compressed  the 
northern  coast  of  Africa  from  south  to  north.  —  visu  :  §  303  ;  G.  436 ; 
H.  547. 

112.  aggere,  embankment:  a  figure  from  military  operations;  ships 
drawn  up  on  land  were  thus  intrenched  (cf.  castris,  iv.  604). 

114.  ipsius,  i.e.  ^Eneas,  the  leader  himself;  cf.  the  common  ipse  dixit. 
—  ingens  pontus  :   like  our  phrase   "  a  heavy  sea."  —  a  vertice  :  the 
phrase,  as  often,  belongs  probably  with  the  verb,  but  in  sense  serves  as 
an  adj. 

115.  puppim:  §  56,  b  ;  G.   57  ;   H.  62.  —  CXCUtitur,  ts  thrown  over- 
board :  the  regular  term  for  being  thrown  from  a  chariot  or  horse,  etc. 

116.  ter:  the  number  is  proverbial  ("three  times  round  went  our 
gallant  ship  "). 

117.  rapidus,  greedy  (cf.  rapio,  seize).  —  aequore,  locative  abl. 

118.  rari,  scattered,  i.e.  the  drowning  crew. 

119.  arma  :  shields,  for  instance,  would  float  visibly  for  a  while  ;  but 
the  word  may  refer  to  any  equipments. 

121.  qua,  instrumental  ablative  (§  248,  c  ;  G.  401  ;  H.  420). 

122.  laxis  compagibus  (instrumental  abl.),  with  loosened  joints. 

123.  imbrem,  properly  rain-flood;  but  here  water  in  general.  —  rimis, 
abl.  of  manner  ;  cf.  w.  83,  105. 

124.  murmure,  abl.  of  manner. 

126.  stagna  refusa,  i.e.  the  still  waters  beneath  were  forced  forth 
(lit.,  poured  back}  upon  the  surface.  —  vadis,  abl.  of  separation  (§  243  ; 
G.  390,  N.8;  H.  414,  N.1). — commotus,  disturbed,  inwardly;  but  as  a 
god  he  must  be  represented  with  placidum  caput  (cf.  v.  n). — alto, 
locative  abl.  or  possibly  abl.  of  separation. 

127.  unda,  abl.  of  separation. 

128.  aequore,  cf.  v.  29. 

129.  caeli  ruina,  the  wreck  of  the  sky:  the  violent  rain  is  regarded  as 
an  actual  downfall  of  the  sky  itself. 

130.  fratrem,  obj.  of  latuere,  were  hidden  from  (§  239,  d).  —  doli, 


I.  145-]  The  ALneid.  205 

irae,  her  craft  (known  to  him  as  her  brother),  and  the  -wrath  which  led 
to  its  exercise. 

131.   dehinc,  here  monosyllabic. 

i  32-  generis  fiducia  vestri,  confidence  in  your  origin :  the  winds  were 
the  sons  of  Aurora  and  the  Titan  Astraeus ;  and  so  on  one  side  of  divine 
origin,  and  on  the  other  sprung  from  the  rivals  of  the  gods. 

133.  iam,  at  length,  with  the  notion  of  a  gradual  progression,  the 
regular  force  of  the  word.  —  caelum,  etc.  :  cf.  Par.  Lost,  iv.  452-3 : 

I  heard  the  wrack, 
As  earth  and  sky  would  mingle. 

134.  miscere:  §  271 ;  G.  423  ;  H.  533. 

135.  quos  ego:    he  leaves  the  threat  to  their  imagination;  he  can 
spare  no  time  for  words.      Such  a  break  is  called  aposiopesis,  i.e.  a 
sudden  silence  (§  386;  G.  691  ;  H.  637,  xi,  3).  —  componere  :  §  270  ;  G. 
422  ;  H.  538. 

136.  post,  hereafter;  commissa, your  misdeeds.  —  non  simili  poena 
(abl.  of  instrument),  no  penalty  like  this.  —  luetis,  atone  for:  the  word 
signifies  the  payment  of  a  debt  or  fine  (the  true  meaning  of  poena). 

139.  sorte  datum:  Jupiter,  Neptune,  and  Pluto  were  said  to  have 
chosen  their  realms  by  lot.     Supply  esse  (§  336,  2  ;  G.  650;  H.  523,  i). 

140.  vestras  :  though  addressing  Eurus,  he  includes  them  all.  —  aula  : 
as  a  king,  he  must  have  his  court  somewhere. 

141.  clause,  i.e.  reign  over  the  imprisoned  winds,  without  power  to 
let  them  loose. 

142.  dicto:  §  247,  b;  H.  417,  N.5 

144.  Cymothoe,  a  sea  nymph,  and  Triton,  Neptune's  trumpeter  ("the 
herald  of  the  sea  "),  blowing  a  conch-shell,  are  mentioned  to  suggest  all 
the  minor  sea-divinities.    "  Scaly  Triton's  winding  shell."    Camus,  v.  873. 
"Or  hear  old  Triton  blow  his  wreathed  horn."     Wordsworth,  Sonnet, 
'The  World  is,'  etc.     Spenser  mentions  "lightfoot  Cymothoe"  and  all 
the  rest  of  the  fifty  Nereids  by  name  in  the  Faery  Queen,  iv.  n.  48-51, 
adding : 

All  these  the  daughters  of  old  Nereus  were, 
Which  have  the  sea  in  charge  to  them  assinde, 
To  rule  his  tides,  and  surges  to  uprere, 
To  bring  forth  stormes,  or  fast  them  to  upbinde, 
And  sailors  save  from  wreckes  of  wrathfull  winde. 

—  adnixus,  pushing  against  the  ships. 

145.  scopulo,    abl.  of  separation.  —  levat :    using  the  trident  as  a 
"  lever." 


2O6  Notes. 


146.  syrtis,  the  sand-banks  piled  against  the  ships  ;  cf.  v.  112. 

147.  leVibus,  light,  skimming  the  surface.  —  rotis,  abl.  of  manner. 

148.  veluti,y«J/«J  .'  introducing  the  first  and  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated of  Virgil's  similes.     The  ferocity  of  a  mob  and  the  power  of 
eloquence  were  things  very  familiar  to  the  Romans.     For  a  Roman  riot 
quelled  in  this  way  see  the  lively  scene  with  which  Shakspere's  Corio- 
lanus  opens.  —  magno  in  populo  :  the  greater  the  crowd  the  more  strik- 
ing the  effect.  —  saepe  belongs  properly  to  the  whole  idea,  and  so  is 
equivalent  to  as  often  happens. 

149.  seditio,  revolt,  lit.  a  going  apart  (—  se-itio).  —  animis  (abl.  of 
manner)  ,'  -with  passion  ;  cf.  v.  56,  note.  —  ignobile,  mean  or  obscure  (lit. 
of  no  recognizable  standing:  in-  gnosco). 

1  50.  iam  :  see  note,  v.  1  33.  —  faces  :  Rome,  then  largely  built  of 
wood,  was  very  vulnerable  to  this  favorite  weapon  of  the  mob. 

151.  turn,  correl.  with  cum,  v.  148.  —  gravem,  of  weight  or  influence. 

—  meritis,  services  (to  the  state).  —  si  quern  belongs  with  virum. 

152.  conspexere,  plur.   because   here   the   individuals  are   thought 
of,   though   a  collective   noun   is   used    before.  —  adstant,   stand  by 
(attentive). 

153.  regit  .  .  .  animos,  sways  their  minds  by  words  (addressed  to 
their  reason)  ;  pectora  mulcet,  calms  their  passion  (whose  seat  is  in  the 
breast;  cf.  note  to  v.  36).  —  mulcet:  used  originally  of  the  stroking  of 
an  animal,  and  so  of  soothing  the  blind  passion  of  the  crowd. 

154.  fragor,  crash  of  the  breakers  (f  range). 

155.  caelo,    locative  abl.  —  curru,  dat.  (§68;  G.  61,  N.2  ;  H.  116). 

—  secundo,  smoothly  gliding  (lit.  following  [the  horses]  ;  old  participial 
form  =  sequendo). 

157.  quae  proxima  (sc.  erant),  the  nearest. 

158.  vertuntur,  turn  :  used  in  the  reflexive  or  "middle"  sense  (cf. 
TptirofJUL),  expressed  in  English  by  the  active  form  and  in  Latin  more 
commonly  by  the  passive  (§  in,  a;  G.  219;  H.  465);  but  the  active  is 
also  common  in  the  same  sense  after  Cicero's  time;  cf.  v.  104. 

1  60.  obiectu,  interposition,  i.e.  :  an  island  makes  a  harbor  by  inter- 
posing its  shores,  against  which  every  billow  breaks,  dividing  and  rolling 
back  in  two  curving  (sinus)  reflected  waves.  —  quibus,  abl.  of  instrument 
(§  248,  c  ;  G.  401  ;  H.  420). 

162.  rapes,  the  rocky  shore  in  general  ;  scopuli,/ra&r  or  headlands.  — 
scopulus  (ffKOirf\os,  from  <r/coir^w)  is  a  rock  suitable  for  a  look-out,  a  bor- 
rowed word;  the  corresponding  Latin  form,  speculum,  has  a  different 
sense.  —  gemini,  twin,  i.e.  corresponding,  one  on  each  side.  For  the 
whole  description  cf.  Od.  xiii.  96  ;  Bry.  117  ;  also  ix.  136  ;  Bry.  164. 


1. 176.] 


The  jEneid. 


207 


164.  scaena,  properly  the  decorated  wall  (frons  scaenae)  at  the  back 
of   the  stage  in    Roman 

theatres ;  here,  the  back-  F'S-  4- 

ground  of  woods  and 
hills  as  seen  from  the 
shore.  (See  Fig.  4.)  — 
silvis  (abl.  of  quality : 
§  251  ;  G.  400;  H.  419, 
ii;  cf.  scopulis,  v.  166),  a 
dark  forest  -with  bristling 
shade  (referring  to  the 
forms  of  the  firs,  etc.), 
like  a  scene  with  waving 

woods,  juts  over  from  above.     Cf.  Akenside,  Pleasures  of  the  Imagina- 
tion, ii.  277  : 

Aloft,  recumbent  o'er  the  hanging  ridge, 

The  brown  woods  waved,  etc. 

165.  umbra,  abl.  of  manner.     Cf.  Comus,  w.  37-39  : 

This  drear  wood, 

The  nodding  horror  of  whose  shady  brows 
Threats  the  forlorn  and  wandering  passenger. 

Par.  Lost,  \.  296 : 

A  pathless  desert,  dusk  with  horrid  shades. 

166.  scopulis  (abl.  of  quality),  i.e.  it  is  a  cave  of  overhanging  rocks. 

167.  aquae  dulces,  fresh  springs  (opposed  to  amarae,  brackish  or 
salt] ;  cf.  Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden  :  %  Where  the  rivulets  of  sweet  water 
ran."  —  vivo  saxo   (abl.  of  material,  §  244;  G.  396,  N.8  ;  H.  415,  iii), 
living  rock,  i.e.  in  its  natural  site,  and  so  sharing  in  the  common  life  of 
nature. 

170.  omni  ex  numero,  twenty  in  all  (v.  381):  one  was  lost ;  twelve 
were  scattered  but  afterwards  came  to  shore  (v.  393). 

171.  amore,  abl.  of  manner. 

172.  TroSs:   §64;   G.  66,  4;    H.  68.  —  arena:    §  249;   G.  407; 
H.  421,  i. 

173.  sale  tabentis,  dripping  with  the  brine  (abl.  of  means). 

174.  8ftici,/romj?int  (§  229,  c;  G.  345,  R.1 ;  H.  385,  4). 

175.  foliis,  dry  leaves,  used  as  tinder  (§  248,  c  ;  G.  401  ;  H.  420). 

176.  nutrimenta,  any  thing  that  would  keep  the  spark  alive,  —  chips, 
stubble,  etc.  (§  225,  d;  G.  348  ;  H.  384,  2).  —  rapuit,  etc.,  he  kindled  a 
blaze  in  dry  fuel.     The  word  seems  to  refer  to  the  sudden  bursting  out 
of  the  flame. 


2O8  Notes. 


177.  Cererem,   corn:   identified    with   the    goddess   herself   by   the 
so-called  figure,  metonymy;  cf.  Bacchi,  ^.215.  —  corruptam,  damaged.  — 
arma,  utensils,  such  as  hand-mills  (saxa),  baking  pans,  etc. 

178.  expediunt,  i.e.  from  the  ships.  —  fessi  rerum,  -weary  of  toil  : 
the^are  eager  to  catch  ever  so  short  a  respite.    For  genitive,  see  §  218,  c; 
G.  374,  N.6  ;  H.  399,  iii.  —  receptas,  recovered  from  the  sea. 

179.  torrere,  to  parch,  before  grinding  or  bruising  (frangere)  :  the 
wet  grain  would  particularly  need  it. 

1  80.   scopulum  conscendit:  cf.  Od.  x.  146  ;  Bry.  176. 

181.  pelago,  locative  abl.  —  Anthea  (§  63,  /;  G.  65  ;  H.  68)  si  quern 
videat  (indir.  quest.,  §  334,  /;  G.  460,  b  ;  H.  529,  i),  [to  see]  if  he  can 
see  any  [thing  of]  Antheus. 

183.  Capyn  :  §  63,  g  ;  H.  68,  2.  —  arma,  shields,  perhaps  arranged 
in  order  along  the  quarter. 

184.  cervos  :  see  Od.  x.  158;  Bry.  190. 

187.  hie,  adverb. 

188.  tela:  §  201,  d;  G.  616,  2  ;  H.  445,  9. 

190.  cornibus:  §  251  ;  G.  400;  H.  419,  ii. 

191.  miscet  inter,  i.e.  he  breaks  up  the  herd  and  disperses  it  among 
the  trees  so  that  trees  and  deer  are  in  a  manner  mixed. 

193.   fundat:  §  327,  a;  G.  577;  H.  520,  i,  2. 

195.  deinde  (dissyl.),  next.  —  cadis  onerarat,  had  laden  in  jars  (dat, 
§  225,  d;  G.  348  ;  H.  384,  ii,  2).  —  Acestes  :  they  had  stopped  at  Segesta 
on  their  way  and  been  entertained  by  Acestes.     This  is  not  distinctly 
stated  here,  though  implied  in  v.  34,  because  ^Eneas  is  to  stop  there 
again  on  his  later  voyage  (Book  vj. 

196.  heros,  Acestes  ;  see  Od.  ix.  196;  Bry.  2,  7. 

198.  ignari,  without  knowledge.  —  ante:   adv.  equivalent  to  an  adj. 
qualifying  malorum,  which  is  itself  used  as  a  noun  (cf.  §  188,  e  •  G.  439, 
2  ;  H.  443,  N.8),  a  use  common  in  Greek,  and  not  very  rare  in  Latin. 
Cf.  Od.  xii.  208  ;  Bry.  249. 

199.  0  passi  graviora,  ye  who  have  suffered  heavier  woes  ;  cf.  Od.  xx. 
1  8  ;  Bry.  20. 

200.  Scyllaeam,  ofScylla  (§  190  ;  G.  362,  R.1  ;  H.  395,  N.2).  —  rabiem, 
madness,   especially  of   animals  ;    appropriate   of  Scylla,    who  is   sur- 
rounded by  dogs  or  wolves  (iii.  424-432).     (See  Fig.  on  p.  81  of  Text.) 
—  penitus,  far  within,  i.e.  the  depths  of  Charybdis,  to  which  scopulos 
refers. 

201.  accestis  =  accessistis  (§  128,  b  ;  G.  131,  N.4;  H.  235,  3  ;  cf.  iv. 
606,  v.  786).  —  Cyclopea,  i.e.  of  Sicily  ;  cf.  iii.  569. 

203.   meminisse:  §  270;  G.  422;  H.  538. 


I.  225.]  The  jEneid.  209 

204.  discrimina  rerum,  doubts  and  dangers :  discrimen  is  properly 
the  decision,  hence  the  turning-point  on  which  the  decision  hinges. 

205.  tendimus,  sc.  iter. 

207.  rebus  secundis,  dative  (§  225  ;  G.  344 ;  H.  384,  ii). 

208.  curis,  abl.  of  cause. 

209.  voltu,   abl.   of  instrument.  —  altum  corde,    deep   in   his  heart 
(locative  abl.). 

210.  se  accingunt,  gird  themselves  =  make  ready :  the  loose-hanging 
clothes  of  the  ancients  had  to  be  buckled  up  for  any  active  work.  — 
praedae,  for  their  prey,  i.e.  to  prepare  the  feast. 

211.  costis,  abl.  of  separation.  —  viscera  :  properly,  the  great  internal 
organs,  heart,  liver,  etc.,  but  often  used  for  flesh  in  general,  or  whatever 
soft  parts  are  beneath  the  skin. 

212.  pars  secant  (§  205,  c,  i  ;  G.  211,  exc.  a  ;  H.  461,  i),  see  II.  i. 
465  ;  Bry.  582.  —  veribus,  abl.  of  instrument.      (See  Fig.  42,  p.  343.) 

215.  Bacchi   (§  248,  c,  R.  ;  G.  383,  i  ;  H.  410,  v,  i) :  cf.  Cererem, 
v.  177,  and  note.  —  implentur :  §  in,  a  ;  G.  219 ;  H.  465;  cf.  v.  158. 

216.  exempta,  sc.   est,    when    their  hunger  had  been  satisfied  (lit., 
taken  away).     For  mood  and  tense  see  §  324;  G.  561  ;  H.  471,  4, 
and  518. 

217.  requirunt,  i.e.  they  question  one  another  as  to  the  fate  of  each 
of  their  lost  comrades. 

218.  seu  credant,  ind.  quest.,  of  which  the  direct  would  be  credamus, 
shall  we  believe  (§  334,  b  ;  G.  467  ;  H.  486,  ii) ;    it  depends  on  dubii, 
wavering.      Cf.   Comus,  v.  410:  "Where  an  equal  poise  of  hope  and 
fear  Does  arbitrate  th'  event." 

219.  exaudire,  hear  [as  they  call]  from  the  distance.     Possibly  Virgil 
refers  to  the  custom  of  calling  the  dead  (conclamatio)  as  a  part  of  the 
funeral  rites. 

221.    secum:  he  must  not  show  grief  in   the  sight  of  his  men  (cf. 
w.  198,  208-9). 

223.   finis,  the  end  of  the  day,  or  of  the  feast. 

223-225.    Cf.  Spenser,  Mother  Hubberd^s  Tale,  w.  1225  ff . : 

Now  when  high  Jove,  in  whose  almightie  hand 
The  care  of  Kings  and  power  of  Empires  stand, 
Sitting  one  day  within  his  turret  hye, 
From  whence  he  viewes,  with  his  black-lidded  eye, 
Whatso  the  heaven  in  his  wide  vawte  containes, 
And  all  that  in  the  deepest  earth  rematnes. 

Milton,  Par.  Lost,  iii.  56  ff.  : 

Now  had  th'  Almighty  Father  from  above 
From  the  pure  empyrean  where  he  sits 


2IO  Notes. 


High  thron'd  above  all  highth,  bent  down  his  eye, 
His  own  works  and  their  works  at  once  to  view. 

224.   despiciens,  looking  down  upon.     For  an  ancient  wall   painting 
of  Jupiter  in  a  similar  attitude  see  Fig.  5.  —  velivolum,  winged  with 

Fig.  5. 


sails.  Latin  as  compared  with  Greek  is  curiously  bare  of  such  com- 
pounds as  this,  and  most  of  those  attempted  by  the  poets  gained  no 
root  in  the  language. 

225.  sic,  i.e.,  despiciens. 

226.  regnis  :  locative  abl. 

227.  iactantem,  revolving,  properly  shifting  his  cares  about  like  a 
heavy  load.  —  tails  curas,  such  cares  as  became  the  ruler  of  the  world, 
indicated  by  despiciens,  etc. 

228.  tristior,  sadder  than  her  wont  (§  93,  a  :  G.  297  ;  H.  444,  i).  — 
oculos,  with  suffusa  :  see  §  240,  c  ;  G.  338  ;  H.  378. 

231.  quid  committere  potuere,  what  can  they  have  done  (§  288,  a  ; 
G.  254,  R.l ;  H.  537,  i). 

232.  tot  funera  passis,  having  suffered  (§  290,  d)  so  many  losses, 
particularly  in  the  fall  of  Troy. 

233.  terrarum  orbis,   the  circle  of  the  lands :   nearly  =  the  whole 
(known)   earth,  though   referring   in  particular  to  the   Mediterranean 
countries.  —  ob   Italiam,  i.e.  on  account  of  Juno's  opposition  to  their 
destined  voyage  to  Italy  all  harbors  are  closed  in  order  to  hinder  them. 

234.  nine,  from  him  and  his  race.  —  Romanos  .  .   .  fore,  ind.  disc, 
depending  on  pollicitus  (§  336  ;  G.  650 ;  H.  523).  —  volventibus  annis : 
cf.  "  circling  years."  Par.  Lost,  vii.  342. 

235.  Teucri,   see   note,  v.  89.  —  revocato,  restored,   recalled    from 
destruction. 


1. 253.]  The  ^Sneid.  211 

236.  tenerent,  shall  hold;  imperf.  by  sequence  of  tenses  (§  286; 
G.  509  ;  H.  493,  i). 

237-  pollicitus  :  supply  es,  or  better,  read  pollicitu's  (§  13,  b  ;  G.  703, 
R.3,  N.;  H.  36,  51,  N.).  —  sententia,  (new)  purpose.  —  te,  i.e.  your 
action. 

238.  hoc,  abl.  of  means  (§  248,  c  ;    G.  401  ;    H.  420).  —  equidem, 
at  least. 

239.  fatis  .  .  .  rependens,  compensating  adverse  fate  by  [the  hopes 
of  a  happier]  fate  (abl.  of  means). 

240.  mine,  opposed  to  the  time  indicated  by  solabar  :  /  used  to  find 
comfort  for  the  fall  of  Troy  ;  but  now  I  find  that  hope  was  vain. 

243.  tutus  (emphatic),  i.e.   though  far  within   the  bounds   (intima 
regna)  of  a  hostile  people  (Liburnorum) . 

244.  superare,  pass  beyond,  but  with  the  suggestion  of  surmounting 
difficulties.     Cf.  Eel.  viii.  6. 

245.  per  ora  novem.     Venus  pauses   in  her  appeal  to  describe  a 
curious  natural  phenomenon.     The  Timavus  is  the  name  of  a  small 
river  and  bay,  or  creek,  at  the  head  of  the  Adriatic,  where  several  springs 

—  the  actual  number  is  seven  —  flow  by  underground  channels  in  the 
limestone  into  the  salt  water.     When  the  waters  are  forced  back  by  a 
storm,  the  salt  water  finds  its  way  through  these  crevices,  so  as  to  dis- 
gorge "  with  roaring  flood  "  through  the  springs  upon  the  land,  — pelago 
premit  arva  sonanti. 

247.  urbem  Patavi :  §  2i4,/;  G.  361,  N.1 ;  H.  396,  vi. 

248.  arma  fixit,  i.e.  in  the  temples,  in  gratitude  for  the  peace  which 
made  them  useless.     This  refers  to  an  ancient  custom  by  which  the 
implement  of  an  abandoned  vocation  was  made  a  votive  offering.     So 
in  Eel.  vii.  24. 

249.  compostus,  undisturbed ;   literally,  settled  to  rest  after  the  tur- 
moils of  his  former  wars.     By  many  editors  it  is  taken  as  referring  to 
the  burial  of  Antenor.     The  words  are  capable  of  either  meaning  (see 
Vocabulary).     For  the  form,  see  note  on  v.  26. 

250.  progenies,  i.e.  Venus  the  daughter  of  Jove,  and  ./Eneas  her  son, 
with  whom  she  naturally  identifies  herself.  —  adnuis,  dost  promise  (by 
thy  nod) :  present  tense,  as  if  no  change  of  Jove's  purpose  were  possible. 

—  caeli  arcem,  the  height  of  heaven ;  ./Eneas  was  deified   (xii.   794  ; 
Liv.  i.  2). 

251.  infandum,  O  horror  (lit.,  unspeakable)!  —  unius,  i.e.  of  Juno. 
253.   hie  (referring  to  the  previously  stated  facts,  but  agreeing  in 

gender  with  honos ;  see  §  195,  d ;  G.  211,  R.6  ;  H.  445,  4),  is  this  the 
honor  shown  to  piety  ?  —  reponis,  restore  us  to  our  rule,  i.e.  give  us  that 


212 


Notes. 


[,/ENEID. 


Fig.  6. 


which  is  already  ours  by  your  promise.     Cf.  Marlowe   and  Nash,  Dido, 
act  i.  : 

False  Jupiter,  reward's!  thou  virtue  so  ? 

What,  is  not  piety  exempt  from  woe  ? 

254.  olli,  old  form  for  illi   (§   100,  a  ;  G.   104,   iii,  N.1 ;  H.  186,  iii, 
foot-note). 

255.  voltu,  etc.     Virgil  so  identifies  Jupiter  with  the  sky  that  he 
indicates  his  personal  expression  by  the  corresponding  appearance  of 
Nature.     (See  derivation  of  the  name  in  Vocabulary.) 

256.  oscula  (dim.  of  os),  the  pretty  lips.  —  libavit,  gently  kissed;  for 
development  of  meaning  see  Vocabulary. 

257.  parce  metu  (dat,  cf.  curru,  v.  156),  spare  your  fears. 

258.  tibi:  §  235  ;  G.  350,  2  ;  H.  384,  4. 

259.  sublimem,  on  high  (see 
§  191  ;  G.  325,  R.e  ;  H.  443). 

260.  sententia  :  see  v.  237. 

262.  longius,  farther. — vol- 
vens,  unrolling,  as  it  were,  the 
scroll  of  fate.     (See  Fig.  6.)  — 
movebo,  disclose  (lit.  disturb). 

263.  Italia,  ablative  ;  notice 
the  quantity  of  the  a. 

264.  mores,  i.e.  institutions. 
—  viris:   §235;   G.  344;    H. 
384,  4.  —  ponet,  shall  establish; 
used  in  a  slightly  different  sense 
with    its    two    objects.      This 
usage     is     sometimes     called 
zeugma;  but  the  difference  in 
sense  often  exists  only  in  the 

translation,  and  was  not  perceptible  to  the  Romans. 

265.  tertia  aestas,  i.e.  he  shall  live  to  reign  three  years  in  peace.  — 
regnantem :  §  292,  e;  G.  536.  —  viderit:  §  328  ;  G.  571  ;  H.  519,  ii. 

266.  terna:  §  95,  b;  G.  97,  R.8  ;  H.  174,  23.  —  Rutulis  (dat.  of  ref- 
erence,  see  viris,  v.  264) :  a  Volscian   people   who,   with   their  king 
Turnus,  were  the  chief  antagonists  of  ^Eneas  on  his  settlement  in  Italy. 
(See  Book  vii.  and  Livy,  i.  2.) — at,  i.e.  though  ^Eneas's  reign  shall  be 
short,  yet,  etc. 

267.  liilo:  §  231,  b;  G.  349,  R.5;  H.  387,  N.1 

268.  stetit :  for  tense,  see  §  276,  e,  N.  ;  G.  569  ;  H.  519,  i.  —  regno  : 
§  248;  G.  399;  H.  419,  iii. 


1. 284.] 


The 


213 


Fig.  7. 


269.  volvendis,  with  an  active  force,  as  if  from  a  deponent  (reflexive) 
form  volvor  (§  296,  footnote).  —  mensibus,  apparently  abl.  abs. 

270.  Lavini :  see  note,  -v.  247.     271.   longam  Albam  :  see  Livy,  i.  2. 

272.  hie,  i.e.  at  Alba.  —  iam,  i.e.  after  the   transfer.  —  regnabitur 
(impers.,  §  146,  d;  G.  208,  2  ;   H.  301,  i),  the  dynasty  shall  last.  —  annos  : 
§  256  ;  G.  336  ;  II.  379. 

273.  Hectorea  :  the  race  is  here  called  after  its  greatest  hero,  perhaps 
also  with  a  hint  of  the  prowess  of  the  kings.     See  note,  v.  89. 

Thus  in  stout  Hector's  race  three  hundred  years 
The  Roman  sceptre  royal  shall  remain. 

MARLOWE  AND  NASH,  Dido,  \. 

—  regina,  princess,  as  daughter  of  Numitor;  sacerdos,  priestess,  as  vestal 
virgin. 

274-  geminam  .  .  .  prolem,  shall  give  birth  to  twin  children. —  partu  : 
§  248;  G.  399  ;  H.  419,  iii. — dabit :  §  328  ;  G.  571  ;  H.  519,  ii.  —  Ilia, 
i.e.  of  the  house  of  Ilus  :  she  is  commonly 
called  Rhea  Silvia  ;  see  the  story  in  Livy,  i.  3. 

275.  lupae  tegmine  (§  245;  G.  408  ;  H.  416): 
Romulus  was  no  doubt  represented  in  pictures, 
etc.,  clad  in  a  wolf  skin,  as  Hercules  in  the  lion's 
skin.    (See  Fig.  7.)  —  laetus,  exulting,  i.e.  proud 
of  the  distinction. 

276.  Mavortia   moenia,   the  -walls  sacred  to 
Mars  (Mavors),  the  patron  deity  of  Rome,  and 
naturally  the  imputed  father  of  its  founder. 

279.  quin,  nay  even  (qui-ne  ?  why  not  ?). 

280.  metu  :  abl.  of  manner  or  means.  —  fati- 
gat,  harasses. 

282.  togatam  :  the  toga  was  the  peculiar  garb 
of  the  Romans,  and  was  required  to  be  worn  on 
all  state  occasions.     (See  Fig.  80.)     As  it  was 
the  robe  of  peace,  the  phrase  here  alludes  to 
their  civil  greatness,  while  rerum  dominos,  lords 
of  affairs,  indicates  their  military  dominion. 

283.  placitum,  sc.  est.  —  lustris  (abl.  abso- 
lute), the  period  between  two  successive  public  purifications  (luo), — 
in  theory  four  years,  but  in  later  practice  five ;  here  used  indefinitely. 

284.  Assaraci :  Ilus  and  Assaracus,  sons  of  Tros,  were  the  founders 
of  the  two  royal  families  of  Troy  (see  Table,  p.  190  of  notes).  —  Phthia 
(the  home  of  Achilles,  in  Thessaly),  and  Mycenae  (the  royal  city  of 
Agamemnon)  stand  for  all  Greece,  made  subject  to  Rome  B.C.  146. 


214 


Notes. 


285.  Argis,  dat.  (§  229,  c  ;  G.  346,  N.6 ;  H.  385,  4). 

286.  Caesar  (also  lulius,  v.  288),  i.e.  Augustus.  —  origine :  §  251  ; 
G.  400  ;  H.  4 1 9,  ii. 

287.  terminet,  subj.  of  purpose  (§  317,  2;  G.  630;  H.  497,  i). — 
Oceano,  abl.  of  means.     Cf .  Par.  Lost,  xii.  369-7 1  : 

He  shall  ascend 

The  throne  hereditary,  and  bound  his  reign 
With  Earth's  wide  bounds,  his  glory  with  the  heavens. 

289.  caelo :   Augustus  was  honored  as  a  divinity  before  his  death, 
though  no  temples  were  erected  to  him  in  Rome  (see  Horace,  Odes, 
passim).  —  (Mentis :  the  allusion  is  probably  to  the  surrender  by  the 
Parthians  of  the  standards  taken  from  Crassus  (cf.  vii.  606). 

290.  hie  quoque,  he  too,  as  well  as  ^Eneas. 

291.  The  return  of  the  Golden  Age  is  suggested.     See  Eel.  iv  (Pollio) 
and  Pope's  adaptation  of  it  (Messiah),  and  see  note  on  vi.  792.     Cf. 
Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  v  (proem): 

For  during  Saturnes  ancient  reigne  it's  sayd 

That  all  the  world  with  goodnesse  did  abound  : 

All  loved  vertue,  no  man  was  affray'd 

Of  force,  ne  fraud  in  wight  was  to  be  found  : 

No  warre  was  known,  no  dreadfull  trompets  sound  ; 

Peace  universal!  rayn'd  mongst  men  and  beasts. 

292.  cana,  clad  in  -white,  a  type  of  purity  and  dignity.  —  Fides :  one 
of  the  most  characteristic  features  of  the  Roman  religion  was  the  wor- 
ship of  abstract  qualities,  as  Faith,  Honor,  Modesty,  Fortune.  —  Vesta, 
goddess  of  the  Hearth  (see  note,  v.  68).  —  Quirinus,  a  Sabine  god  of 
war  (quiris,  spear),  with  whom  Romulus  was  identified  after  his  death. 
The  hill  Quirinalis  had  its  name  from  him,  and  on  it  was  his  chief 
temple.  —  Remo :  here  represented  as  ruling  with  his  brother,  not  as 
slain  by  him  according  to  the  common  legend. 


Fig.  8. 


293.  ferro,  depending  on  clauden- 
tur  (abl.  of  means). 

294.  Belli  portae  :  the  temple  gates 
of  Janus  Quirinus  were  open  in  time 
of  war  and  closed  in  peace.     They 
were  closed  by  Augustus  for  the  first 
time  after  two  hundred  years  (B.C.  29, 
and  again  B.C.  25).     By  a  free  poetic 
image,  Bellona  (to  whom  the  actions 
in  w.  295  and  296  belong)  as  well  as 
Furor  seem  to  be  here  confounded 
with  Janus.     For  the  temple  of  Janus 


I.  307.]  The  ALneid.  2 1 5 

see  Fig.  8  (from  a  coin).  —  impius  :  alluding  to  the  civil  war,  a  conflict 
between  persons  bound  together  by  a  common  kindred  and  religion. 

296.  Cf.  Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso,  iii.  45  : 

Shall  shut  up  Mars  remote  from  light  of  day 
And  Furor's  hands  shall  bind  behind  his  back. 

See  Spenser's  description  of  the  binding  of  Furor  :  Faery  Queen,  ii. 

4-  H.  15- 

297.  Maia  (§  244,  a  ;  G.  395;    H.  415,  ii)  genitum,  Mercury,  identi- 
fied with  the  Greek  Hermes.     His  mother  Maia,  daughter  of  Atlas, 
became  the  chief  star  of  the  Pleiades.     Cf.  Spenser,  Mother  Hubberd's 
Tale,  w.  1257  ff . : 

The  Sonne  of  Maia,  soone  as  he  receiv'd 

That  word,  streight  with  his  azure  wings  he  cleav'd 

The  liquid  clowdes,  and  lucid  firmament ; 

Ne  staid,  till  that  he  came  with  steep  descent 

Unto  the  place,  where  his  prescript  did  showe. 

There  stouping,  like  an  arrow  from  a  bowe, 

He  soft  arrived  on  the  grassie  plaine, 

And  fairly  paced  forth  with  easie  paine, 

Till  that  unto  the  Pallace  nigh  he  came. 

298.  pateant  (§  331  ;    G.  546  ;    H.  498,  i),  to  have  (see  that  they  are) 
opened,  depending  on  the  idea  of  commanding  implied  in  demittit. 

299.  hospitio,  abl.  of  manner.  —  fati  :  §  218,  a ;  G.  374  ;  H.  399,  i,  2. 

300.  arceret :  the  purpose  of  Jupiter  (§  317,  i ;  G.  544,  i  ;    H.  497, 
ii).     The  tense  changes  on  account  of  the  difference  in  the  relations  of 
the  clauses.     The  strict  sequence  would  be  secondary  in  both  cases 
(§  287,  e  ;  G.  511,  R.1 ;  H.  495,  ii),  but  the  object-clause  (the  command), 
like  indirect  discourse,  admits  irregular  sequence  more  easily  than  the 
pure  purpose-clause.  —  finibus  :  §  243,  a  ;  G.  390  ;  H.  414,  N.1  —  aera, 
ace.  (for  form  see  §  63,7;  G.  65  ;  H.  68). 

301.  remigio,  oarage:  the  winged  cap  of  Mercury  (petasus)  and  the 
winged  sandals  (talarid)  are  compared  to  a  ship's  banks  of  oars. 

302.  -que,  and  accordingly,  this  idea  being  expressed  by  the  closeness 
of  the  connection  made  by  -que. 

303.  quietum,  i.e.  free  from  alarm,  which  might  lead  her  to  oppose 
their  coming ;  benignam,  implying  active  good  will  and  help. 

306.  lux  alma,  the  kindly  light  (root  in  alo).  —  exire,  depending  on 
constituit,  below.     (Observe  that  each  pair  of  infinitives  —  exire,  ex- 
plorare  ;  quaerere,  ref  erre  —  is  connected  by  -que,  while  the  two  pairs 
are  joined  by  no  conjunction.) 

307.  oras,  governed  by  ad  in  accesserit  (§  228,0;  G.  331  ;  H.  386,  3). 
The  subjunctive  is  in  ind.  quest,  after  explorare. 


216 


Notes. 


308.  nam  introduces  the  reason  of  his  doubt.     He  sees  they  are  not 
cultivated,  but  he  is  in  doubt  whether  they  are  the  waste  lands  of  a 
people,  or  absolutely  wild.  —  videt :  the  long  final  syllable  is  retained 
from  an  earlier  quantity  on  account  of  the  caesura  (caesura  bucolica,  see 

§  362,  b,  R.  ;  G.  753,  R.2  ;  H.  61 1,  2). ne  .  .  .  -ne :  §  149,  d ;  G.  458, 

N.8  ;  H.  529,  3,  N.1 

309.  exacta,  his  discoveries  (lit.  things  found  out). 

312.  comitatus,  passive  (§  135,  b  ;  G.  167,  N.2;  H.  231,  2).  —  Achate: 
§  248,  c,  I  ;  G.  214,  R.2 ;  H.  415,  i,  I. 

313.  bina,  because  usually  borne  in  pairs  (§  95,  d ;  G.  97,  N.1  ;  H.  174, 
2 4.  —  crispans,  brandishing  (shaking  as   he  moved) ;  cf.  II.  xii.  298  ; 
Bry.  360.  —  ferro :  abl.  of  quality. 

314.  cui :  §  228,  b  ;  G.  344.  —  obvia,  to  meet  him  (§  191  ;  G.  325,  R.6). 
Notice  that  the  metre  enables  us  to  tell  the  case  of  media  and  of  obvia. 

315.  virginis :    to  address   a  mortal,  a  divinity  must  take   mortal 
shape ;  here,  that  of  a  huntress  maid  is  appropriate  to  the  locality.  — 
habitum,  carriage  (appearance).  —  arma,  loosely  used  of  the  dress  as 
well  as  the  equipments,  see  w.  318-320. 

316.  Spartanae  :  used  as  if  in  apposition  with  virginis,  i.e.  either  of 

a  Spartan  maid  or  such  a  one  as  Harpalyce, 
etc.  —  Harpalyce,  a  female  warrior  of  Thrace. 
Representations  of  these  were  probably 
familiar  to  the  Romans  in  works  of  art  : 
hence  the  present,  fatigat.  —  qualis,  in 
such  guise  as  (supply  talis  virginis).  — fati- 
gat, urges  on,  drives.  For  a  similar  costume 
see  Fig.  9  (from  a  statuette  of  Diana). 

317.  Hebrum  (§  228,  a  ;  G.  331  ;  H.  386, 
3)  :  the  other  reading  Eurum  seems  better, 
but  is  against  the  manuscripts. 

318.  umeris,  abl.  or  dat.  —  de  more,  after 
the  manner  of  hunters.  —  habilem,  light  for 
handling  (cf.  English  handy). 

319.  venatrix,      explanatory     apposition 
(§  184  ;  G.  325  ;   H.  363),  as  a  huntress.  — 
diffundere :  see  §  331,^;  G.  423,  N.2  ;  H.  533, 
ii,  2  ;  cf .  v.  66. 

320.  genu :    §  240,  c  ;  G.  338  ;   H.  378  ; 
cf .  oculos,  v.  228.      (See  Fig.  9.)  —  sinus, 
folds  (of  the  outer  garment),  governed  by 
collecta    used   in  a   reflexive   or  "  middle " 


Fig.  9. 


1.336-]  The  ALneid.  217 

sense  (§§  1 1 1,  a,  240,  c,  N. ;  G.  338,  N.2) :  having  her  flowing  folds  gathered 
in  a  knot. 

321.  monstrate,  show,  if  you  have  seen  (hence,  easily  passing  into  an 
indir.  quest.,  whether  you  have  seen  ;  see  §  334,  f',  G.  460,  b\   H.  529,  ii, 
I,  N.1).     Cf.  Marlowe  and  Nash,  Dido,  act  i.  : 

Ho,  ycrang  men  !  saw  you,  as  you  came, 
Any  of  all  my  sisters  wandering  here, 
Having  a  quiver  girded  to  her  side, 
And  clothed  in  a  spotted  leopard's  skin  ? 

322.  errantem,  ranging  in  quest  of  game  ;  prementem,  pressing  close 
in  pursuit,  and  so  following  a  long  distance :  in  either  case  they  might 
lose  their  way. 

325.  Venus,  Veneris  filius,  brought  together,  to  put  more  sharply 
the  fact  that  they  do  not  meet  as  mother  and  son. 

326.  mihi :  §  232,  a  ;  G.  354;  H.  388,  i. 

327.  memorem,  deliberative  subj.  (§  268;  G.  465;  H.  484,  v).     The 
question  takes  the  place  of  a  name.  —  namque  gives  the  reason  for  the 
doubt  implied  by  the  question.  —  virgo  :  this,  his  first  idea,  he  corrects 
as  inconsistent  with  the  divinity  suggested  by  her  face  and  voice.  —  tibi, 
sc.  est  (§  231 ;  G.  349  ;  H.  387). 

328.  hominem,  a  kind  of  cognate  accusative  (237,  c;  G.  333,  N.6; 
H.  371,  ii,  N.).  —  o  dea  certe.     This  mode  of  address  became  a  literary 
convention.     Thus  Ferdinand  accosts  Miranda  in  Shakspere's  Tempest, 

ii.  i.  421  : 

Most  sure,  the  goddess 

On  whom  these  airs  attend  !    Vouchsafe  my  prayer 
May  know  if  you  remain  upon  this  island,  etc. 

Cf.  Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered,  iv.  35  ;  Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  ii.  3.  33  ; 
iii.  5.  35,  36  ;  Milton,  Par.  Lost,  v.  361 ;  etc.,  etc. 

329.  Phoebi  soror :  Diana,  as  he  judges  from  her  dress.  —  sanguinis, 
partitive  genitive  (§  216  ;  G.  367  ;  H.  397). 

330.  sis,  subjunc.  of  wish  (§  267  ;  G.  260  ;  H.  483).  —  quaecumque, 
sc.  es. 

332.   locorumque  :  -que  is  elided  before  erramus  in  the  next  verse 
(§  359,  ',  R-;  G.  728  ;  H.  608,  i,  N.6);  cf.  v.  448. 

334.  multa  hostia,  many  a  victim,  in  case  you  grant  my  prayer. 

335.  equidem,  /'/  is  true  (concessive):  "though  I  claim  no  such  title, 
yet  I  will  reply."  —  honore  :  §  245,  a,  2 ;  G.  402  ;  H.  421,  N.2 

336.  virginibus:  §  231  ;  G.  349;  H.  387.  —  mos  est,  i.e.  this  is  only 
the  usual  dress  of  Tyrian  maidens,  and  does  not  indicate  a  goddess  as 
you  suppose. 


2  1  8  Notes. 


337.  coturno  :  the  high-laced  boot  was  also  a  part  of  the  hunting 
dress;  see  Eel.  vii.  32.     Cf.  Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  i.  6.  16: 

9        Sometimes  Diana  he  her  takes  to  be, 

But  misseth  bow  and  shaftes,  and  buskins  to  her  knee. 

338.  Punica   (Poenica,  compare  munio,   moenia),  a  word   kindred 
with   Phoenician.  —  Tyrios,  Agenoris  :    added  to  explain   Punica,  of 
which  .(Eneas  could  be  expected  to  know  nothing,  as  well  as  to  indicate 
a  civilized  race  ;  hence  sed  in  the  next  verse.     Agenor  was  father  of 
Cadmus  and  Europa,  and  founder  of  Sidon,  the  metropolis  of  Tyre. 
The  lands,  however,  are  not  Phoenician,  but  Libyan. 

339.  genus  :  in  app.  with  the  noun  implied  in  Libyci. 

341.  fugiens,  present  in  reference  to  profecta.  —  longa  est,  i.e.  it 
would  be  a  long  story  to  recount  the  wrongs  (§  311,  c;  G.  254,  R.1  ;  H. 
476,  5)- 

342.  ambages,  details  (lit.  roundabout  ways,  ins  and  outs).  —  fastigia, 
the  main  (salient)  points  (only);  hence  sed. 

343.  huic,  i.e.  Dido.  —  ditissimus,  etc.,  richest  of  the  Phoenicians  in 
land  (§  218,  c;  G.  374  ;  H.  399,  iii).     Many  read  auri  as  better  suited 
to  the  circumstances.     But  agri  seems  best  supported,  and,  to  a  Roman, 
land  would  be  the  first  indication  of  wealth. 

344.  miserae  :  see  note  to  mini,  v.  326. 

345.  intactam,  a  maid  ;  primis  ominibus,  in  her  first  marriage  (abl. 
of  means)  ;  the  ritual  of  consulting  omens  (used  in  all  important  mat- 
ters, and  especially  in  marriage,  cf.  iv.  166,  note)  is  put  for  marriage- 
rites  in  general. 

347.  ante,  etc.,  than  all  others.  —  scelere:  §  253;  G.  397  ;  H.  424. 

348.  quos  inter  medius,  in  the  midst  between  them  came  a  feud,  i.e. 
a  quarrel  came  between  (inter)  and  separated  them  (medius):   §  191  ; 
G.  325,  R.6  ;  H.  443  ;  cf.  sublimem,  v.  259.  —  Sychaeus  :  the  y  is  here 
short,  though  long  in  v.  343.     The  poets  often  take  such  liberties  with 
foreign  proper  names. 

349.  impius  ante  aras,  clam  ferro  incautum.     Notice  the  colloca- 
tion of  words,  which  heightens  the  impiety  and  treachery  of  the  act. 

350.  amorum  :  §  218  ;  G.  374  ;  H.  399. 

352.  malus,  wickedly.  —  amantem,  used  as  a  noun  (§  188,  a  ;  G.  437  ; 
H.  441,  2). 

353.  ipsa  sed:   the  idea  is,  "but  in  vain,  for  her  husband  himself 
came  and  revealed  the  crime."  —  inhumati,  unburied,  hence  his  restless 
spirit  must  haunt  the  place. 

355.   aras  .  .  .  pectora  :  the  plurals  have  no  real  force  ;  see  v.  57. 


1. 374.]  The  ALneid.  219 

356.  nudavit,  laid  bare  the  altars  as  the  scene,  and  his  breast  as 
the  evidence,  of  the  crime  (the  so-called  zeugma,  which  may  here  be 
imitated  in   English;    cf.  i.  264,  note).  —  retexit,  uncovered;    cf.  re- 
cludit,  v.  358 :    the  particle  re,  by  reversing  an  act,  may  be  said  to 
undo  it. 

357.  celerare :  cf.  accumbere,  v.  79,  mulcere,  v.  66. 

358.  veteres,  old,  and  so  not  discovered  by  Pygmalion. 
359-   ignotum,  i.e.  kept  secret,  apart  from  his  other  wealth. 

360.  his  commota,  i.e.  the  crime  produces  fear ;  the  treasures  give 
hope  of  escape.  —  parabat,  began  to  make  ready  (for  the  so-called  zeugma 
cf.  note  on  v.  356). 

361.  conveniunt,  those  gather,  in  whom,  etc.  —  quibus,  dat.  (§  231 ; 
G.  349;  H.  387).  —  odium,  i.e.  for  past  wrongs  ;  metus,  i.e.  for  wrongs 
to  come.  —  tyranni,  obj.  gen.  (§  217  ;  G.  363,  2;  H.  396,  iii). 

363.  avari,  etc. :  his  greed  is  contrasted  with  the  distance  to  which 
his  treasures  are  gone.  — pelago:  §  258,  £•;  G.  389;  H.  425,  i,  i. 

365.  devenere  locos,  landed  at  the  spot,  lit.  came  down  (from  the  sea 
that  rises  toward  the  horizon)  to  the  places.  Cf.  conscendi,  v.  381,  also 
dvdyeiv,  Kardyeiv.  —  locos  :  §  258,  b,  N.5  ;  G.  337,  N.2  ;  H.  380,  3. 

367.  mercati,  sc.  sunt.  —  Byrsam.     The  colonists,  according  to  the 
story,  bought  as  much  land  as  they  could  cover  with  a  bull's  hide. 
By  cutting  the  hide  into  strips,  they  got  a  generous  site  for  their  town. 
The  legend  probably  arose  from  a  confusion  of  the  Phoenician  bursa, 
"  citadel,"  with  /3fy<ra,  "  hide." 

368.  possent :  subj.  in  ind.  disc.,  being  part  of  the  terms  of  the 
bargain  (§  341,  c  ;  G.  628  ;  H.  528,  i). 

369.  vos :  expressed  for  emphasis  on  account  of  the  change  of  sub- 
ject (§  194,  a  ;  G.  207  ;  H.  446). 

370.  talibus,  as  follows. 

371.  imo:  §  193;  G.  291,  R.2;  H.  440,  N.12 

372.  repetens,  going  back;  pergam  (§  307,  b;  G.  596,  i  ;  H.  509), 
continue  on,  i.e.  give  the  whole  story  in  detail  from  first  beginning. 

374.  ante  .  .  .  componat,  Vesper  would  sooner  bring  the  day  to  an 
end,  closing  [the  gate  of]  Olympus.  So  the  phrase  "  open  the  gates  of 
the  morning  "  ;  as  in  Landor,  Gebir,  vi.  1-4  : 

Now  to  Aurora  borne  by  dappled  steeds 
The  sacred  gate  of  orient  pearl  and  gold 
Expanded  slow  to  strains  of  harmony. 

Mount  Olympus  in  Thessaly,  the  residence  of  the  gods,  had  come  to  be 
the  conventional  poetic  term  for  heaven.     In  English  poetry  it  is  some- 


22O  Notes. 


times  used  even  for  the  Christian  heaven,  as  by  Henry  More,  The  Philos- 
opher's Devotion  : 

He  [i.e.  God]  that  on  Olympus  high 
Tends  his  flock  with  watchful  eye. 

377.  forte  sua,  by  its  own  chance  (fors),  i.e.   there  was  no  hostile 
intent.  —  oris  :  cf  .  Latio,  v.  6. 

378.  plus  :  properly  so  called  on  account  of  his  filial  piety  in  carrying 
away  his  father  ;  but  the  word  was  probably  not  restricted  to  that,  but 
indicates  Virgil's  whole  idea  of  his  character.  —  ex,  from  the  midst  of. 

379.  fama  .  .  .  notus  :  a  boast  quite  in  keeping  with  ancient  notions. 
Modesty,  real  or  assumed,  is  a  late  growth  of  civilization. 

380.  patriam  :  because  Dardanus,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Electra,  came 
originally  from  Italy.    (See  Table,  p.  190.)  —  genus  :  he  is  to  reestablish 
the  race  in  its  old  home. 

381.  bis  denis:  the  distributive  is  used,  because  ten  are  counted  each 
time  (§  95,  c  ;  G.  97,  R.2  ;  H.  174,  2).  —  conscendi  aequor,  /  climbed  the 
sea,  because  the  sea  seems  to  rise  as  it  recedes  (cf.  v.  365)  ;  or,  aban 
doning  the  figure,  translate  by  embarked  upon.  —  navibus  :  §  248,  c  ; 
G.  392,  R.2  ;  H.  420. 

382.  secuta:  §  290,  b  ;  G.  282,  N.  ;  H.  550,  N.1  —  data,  spoken  at 
various  times  (see  ii.  771  ;  iii.  94,  154). 

383.  vix,  i.e.  and  these  with  difficulty. 

384.  ipse,  opposed  to  the  ships.  —  ignotus,  though  he  has  just  said 
fama  notus  :  his  person  is  unknown,  though  his  fame  has  spread.  — 
Libyae,  the  only  continent  left,  for  he  has  been  driven  from  Asia  (Troy) 
and  Europe  (Thrace),  and  is  still  forbidden  to  reach  Italy. 

385.  querentem  (cf.  i.  102,  note),  conative  pres.  (§  276,  b  ;  G.  227,  N.2  ; 
H.  467,  6). 

Him  more  complaining  Venus  suffered  not, 
But  broke  his  sad  tale  in  the  midst  and  spake. 

—  nec,  and  not  (qualifying  passa)  .     The  Latin  likes  to  combine  nega- 
tive and  connective  in  one  word. 

387.  baud  invisus  caelestibus  :  for  it  is  by  favor  of  heaven  that  you 
have  arrived  in  this  hospitable  land. 

388.  adveneris,  subjunc.  with  causal  qui  (§  320,  e;  G.  633  ;  H.  517). 

389.  perge  modo,  only  go  on,  and  you  will  find  good  fortune. 

390.  reduces,  etc.:  for  two  accusatives  in  apposition  after  verbs  of 
knowing,  saying,  etc.,  see  §  186,  c  ;  G.  340  ;  H.  373. 

392.   vani,  falsely  (cf.  malus,  v.  352  ;  medius,  v.  348,  etc.),  not  neces- 
sarily implying  any  conscious  deceit  on  the  part  of  the  parents. 


1. 4i2.]  Tfte  Aineid.  221 

393-400.  The  swans  are  in  two  groups,  one  alighting  (terras  capere), 
the  other  looking  down  on  the  place  where  the  first  has  alighted  (terras 
captas),  and  preparing  to  join  them.  These  groups  are  again  described, 
the  former  as  reduces,  the  latter  in  cinxere,  etc.,  in  398.  The  ships 
correspond  to  the  two  groups  :  those  already  in  the  harbor  (portum 
tenet),  to  the  former,  and  those  just  coming  in  (subit  ostia),  to  the 
latter. 

394.  lapsa,  swooping  down  on  the  swans,  which  flew  low  like  most 
other  water-fowl.  —  plaga,  abl.  —  aperto  caelo,  where  they  were  ex- 
posed, as  were  the  ships  on  the  open  sea. 

395.  turbabat,  of  late  was  scattering ;  but  now  (nunc),  etc. —  ordine, 
i.e.  reunited  after  their  dispersion  (turbabat). 

398.  cinxere,  encircled  (a  poetic  way  of  saying  that  they  made  a 
ring   in   the   sky).  —  coetu,  abl.  of   manner.  —  cantus,  showing   their 
freedom  from  alarm.     This  picture  of  security  is  a  good  omen  for  the 
ships. 

399.  baud  aliter :  correlative  with  ut  in  v.  397.  —  pubes  tuorum,  the 
band  of  your  youths  (lit.,  the  youth  of  yours;  tuorum  and  pubes  refer  to 
the  same  person);  cf.  \abv  'AXCUWP,  II.  ii.  120. 

400.  subit  ostia,  are  making  the  entrance,  —  to  speak  nautically,  as 
we  may  in  this  connection  (§  228,  a  ;  G.  331  ;  H.  386,  3). 

402.  avertens  (§  292  ;  G.66S  >   H.  549,  i),  as  she  turned  away,  and 
not  till  then,  she  allowed  her  divine  nature  to  appear. 

403.  ambrosiae   (II.  i.  529 ;    Bry.   668) :   properly   immortal.     Most 
commonly  applied  to  the  food  of  the  gods ;  but  the  gods  used  ambrosia 
also  for  ointment   (II.  xiv.  170  ;   Bry.  206)   and  perfume  (Od.  iv.  445  ; 
Bry.   573).     Translate  here  by  ambrosial.     Cf.  Par.  Lost,  v.  56  :  "  His 
dewy  locks  distilled  ambrosia." 

404.  vestis  defluxit :   all  the  goddesses  except  Diana  (v.  320)  had 
flowing  garments.  —  imos :  see  note,  v.  371. 

405.  patuit  (used  in  a  kind  of  passive  sense),  was  manifest  a  god- 
dess;  cf.  incedo,  v.  46. 

407.  natum,  your  [true]  son :  emphatic  by  its  position.  —  tu  quoque, 
i.e.  as  well  as  the  other  divinities.  —  dextrae  :  §  248,  a,  R. ;  G.  346,  N.6 ; 

H.38S,3- 

408.  iungere  :  cf.  note,  v.  66. 

409.  veras,  i.e.  in  our  true  character,  as  mother  and  son. 

410.  talibus :  §  189,  b  ;  G.  204,  N.2  ;  H.  441,  i. 

412.  amictu,  with  circumfudit  (§  225,  d ;  G.  348  ;  H.  384,  2).  Con- 
cealment by  a  mist  is  a  very  common  device  in  epic  poetry  ;  cf.  II.  v. 
345 ;  Bry.  422. 


222 


Notes. 


415.  Paphum,  Paphos,  in  Cyprus,  the  seat  of  the  most  noted  temple 
and  worship  of  Venus.  —  sublimis  :  cf.  v.  259,  and  the  poetical  use  of 
sublime  in  English ;  as  in  Cowper's  Task,  i.  203  : 

Kites  that  swim  sublime 
In  still  repeated  circles,  screaming  loud. 

416.  Sabaeo  ture :  cf.  Par.  Lost,  iv.  162  : 

Sabaean  odors,  from  the  spicy  shore 
Of  Arabic  the  blest. 

417.  ture,  sertis:  no  blood  was  shed  on  the  altars  of  Venus.     The 
garland  played  a  prominent  part  in  religious  and  other  rites.   The  manu- 
facture of  garlands  as  an  article  of  commerce  is  represented  in  Fig.  10. 

Fig.   10. 


419.  ascendebant,  they  were  now  climbing  (descriptive  imperf.,  as  the 
poet  here  takes  a  new  point  of  view).  —  plurimus,  high  above,  i.e.  so 
large  that  much  of  its  bulk  was  above  the  city  (§  200,  d;  H.  453,  5). 

420.  adversas  arces,  the  towers  before  him. 

421.  molem  :   from  a  distance  the  city  seems  one  mass  of  buildings. 
—  magalia  quondam,  but  now  (i.e.  shortly  before)  a  cluster  of  huts. 
The  word  itself  is  Phoenician,  and  the  suburbs  of  Carthage  retained  the 
name  of  Magalia. 

422.  miratur  .  .  .  viarum :  he  wonders  at  these  signs  of  a  great 
city  in  what  he  thought  a  desert  (v.  384). —  strata  {pavements)  viarum,  a 
Greek  way  of  speaking  =  stratas  vias  (§  216,  b  ;  G.  372,  N.2;  H.  397,  N.4). 

423-436.    Cf.  the  similar  description   in    Lander's   Gebir,   ii.   8-22  : 
"  Some  raise  the  painted  pavement,"  etc. 


1. 442.]  The  ALneid.  223 

423.  pars  .  .  .  pars,  in  appos.  with  Tyrii,  but  best  translated  with 
the  infinitives.  —  ducere,  depending  on  instant  (§271  ;  G.  423  ;  H.  533). 

424.  subvolvere,  to  roll  up  by  putting  levers,  etc.,  under  (observe  the 
two  opposite  senses  of  sub  in  composition,  as  seen  in  submitto,  which 
means  either  to  send  up  [from  below]  or  to  send  down  [from  above]). 

425.  tectO,/or  a  group  of  buildings  (§  235  ;  G.  344  ;   H.  384,  4) :  the 
plough  does  not  seem  to  have  been  used  in  tracing  the  site  of  single 
dwellings.  —  sulco,  with  a  furrow.     A  peculiar  idea  of  appropriation 
was  by  the  ancients  associated  with  the  use  of  the  plough. 

426.  This  apparently  spurious  line  contradicts  v.  507  ;  see  note,  v.  264. 

427.  theatris  :  an  idea  from  Virgil's  own  time  ;  no  permanent  theatre 
was  built  in  Rome  till  B.C.  58,  and  none  of  stone  till  B.C.  55,  though  one 
had  been  attempted  a  hundred  years  before. 

429.  rupibus :  §  258,  a,  N.3;  G.  390,  2,  N.3;  H.  414,  N.1 —  scaenis : 
see  note,  v.  164.     (See  also  Fig.  4.) 

430.  qualis  .  .  .  labor,  suc/i  (the  omitted  antecedent  of  qualis)  toil 
was  theirs  as  busies  the  bees.     A  celebrated  simile,  often  imitated ;  the 
most  famous  imitation  is  Milton's  {Par.  Lost,  i.  768-75). 

434.  venientum,  archaic  form  of  genitive  (§  87,  d ;  G.  83,  N.2);  cf. 
Herrick,  To  Mrs.  Anne  Soame : 

So  smells  the  breath  about  the  hives 
When  well  the  work  of  honey  thrives 
And  all  the  busy  factors  come 
Laden  with  wax  and  honey  home. 

—  agmine  facto,  as  if  making  a  sally  ;  cf.  v.  82. 

435.  ignavom,  lazy,  or  inefficient  for  lack  of  skill.  —  pecus,  prae- 
sepibus,  used  strictly  only  of  cattle.     The  whole  description  is  taken 
from  Georg.  iv.  162-169. 

436.  fervet,  is  all  alive  (a  figure  derived  from  the  agitation  of  boiling). 
438.   suspicit  (see  note,  v.  424),  looks  up  to.    He  has  now  come  down 

the  hill  and  approached  the  walls. 
439-440.   Cf.  Par.  Lost,  x.  441  ff.  : 

He  through  the  midst  unmark'd, 
In  show  plebeian  angel  militant 
Of  lowest  order  passed,  etc. 

440.  viris :  §  248,  a,  R.  ;  G.  346,  N.6 ;  H.  385,  3.  —  ulli :  §  232,  l>,  cf. 
c;  G.  354,  N.I;  H.  388,  3. 

442.  quo  loco,  the  spot  where  (§  200,  b  ;  G.  616  ;  H.  445,  8).  —  primum 
signum,  the  first  token  of  rest  :  opposed  to  iactati  undis  (this  accounts 
for  the  juxtaposition  of  primum  and  iactati). 


224  Notes.  [ 

444.  acris,  spirited :  an  omen  of  their  energy  and  warlike  disposition. 
The  adjective  is,  as  often  in  poetry,  a  descriptive  epithet,  not  denoting 
an  individual,  but  expressing  a  general  characteristic,  as  we  should  say 
"  the  cruel  tiger."  —  sic,  i.e.  by  this  omen.  —  fore  :  a  continuation  of 
the  omen,  in  indir.  disc.  (§  336,  N.2;  G.  649,  N.2;  H.  523,  i,  N.). 

445.  facilem  victu,  easily  subsisting:  the  supine  (§  303;  G.  436; 
H.  547)  is  to  be  taken  from  vivo.     Thus  the  horse  is  represented  as  an 
omen  both  of  prosperity  in  peace  and  success  in  war.     See  Anchises' 
interpretation  in  iii.  540. 

447.  numine  divae,  i.e.  the  presence  of  the  goddess  herself,  meaning 
that  she  loved  to  dwell  and  show  her  power  there. 

448.  surgebant,  crowned  (lit.  rose  on  the  steps).  —  gradibus :  §  258, 
/,  3 ;  G.  385,  N.1 ;  H.  425,  2,  N.8.  —  nexaeque  .  .  .  trabes,  cross-beams 
cased  with  bronze.     The  abundance  of  metal-work  shows  the  costliness 

and  splendor  of  the  structure. quo  is  elided  before  acre,  in  next  line  ; 

see  v.  332,  and  note. 

450.   hoc  primum,  etc.  :  the  temple  gives  the  first  hint  of  Dido's  in- 
terest in  his  fortunes  (see  the  description  that  follows). 

452.  rebus,  abl.  (§  254,  b  ;  G.  401,  N.6 ;  H.  425,  i,  N.). 

453.  dum  lustrat,  as  he  surveys  (§  276,  e ;  G.  229,  R.  ;  H.  467,  4). 
This  verb  is  used  originally  of  the  priest's  going  about  in  purification : 
hence  of  other  forms  of  survey  or  passing  under  review. 

454.  quae  .  .  .  sit,  notice  how  easily  miratur  takes  two  different 
constructions,  —  an  object  and  a  clause  (§  334  ;  G.  467 ;  H.  529,  i)  — 
a  common  thing  in  Latin  and  Greek. 

455.  artificum  manus,  the  artists'  skill ;  operum  laborem,  the  toil  of 
the  work,  i.e.  the  toilsome  work.     There  is  nothing  to  indicate  that  the 
temple  was  unfinished.  —  inter  se,  a  doubtful  expression,  perhaps,  com- 
paring them  with  each  other. 

456.  pugnas :  probably  painted  in  the  vestibule  or  colonnade.    These 
pictures  could  have  no  significance  for  the  Phoenicians.    Virgil  here  trans 
fers  to  this  nation  the  arts  and  customs  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans.    Cf. 
Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  i.  140-475  (where  the  dreamer  sees  the  whole 
story  of  the  ./Eneid  painted  on  the  walls  of  the  temple  of  Venus),  and 
Knighfs   Tale,  w.  1109-1230.      The  device  was  a  favorite  one  with 
mediaeval  poets. 

457.  iam,  by  this  time. 

458.  saevum   ambobus :    enraged  against  Agamemnon   as   well   as 
hostile  to  Troy.     His  quarrel  with  Agamemnon  is  the  subject  of  the 
Iliad. 

461.   en  Priamus,  probably  in  the  scene  of  the  ransom  of  Hector's 


1. 480.] 


The 


22$ 


body  (v.  484).     (See  Fig.  1 1  ;  from  an  ancient  relief.)  —  sua  praemia, 
its  fit  reward  (§  196,  c\  G.  309,  2;  H.  449,  2). 

462.  rerum,/0r  trials,  obj.  gen.  (§  217 ;  G.  363,  2  ;  H.  396,  iii). 

463.  solve  metus :  as  if  fear  contracted  or  congealed  the  heart.  — 
aliquam  salutem,  some  [degree  of]  safety.  —  fama,  this  renown  of  Troy. 

466.  uti,    how,   introducing   the   indir.    question.      The   scenes   are 
generally  taken  from  the  Iliad,  Books  xii.,  xix.,  x.,  vi.,  xxii.,  xxiv.,  v. ; 
those  representing  Troilus,   Memnon,  and   Penthesilea,  are  from  the 
"Cyclic  poets." 

467.  hac:  see  II.  xiv.  14  ;  Bry.  17. 


Fig.  ii. 


468.  hac  :  another  scene,  II.  xv.  7  ;  Bry.  8.  —  cristatus  :  see  II.  viii. 
1 60  ;  Bry.  199. 

469.  Rhesi :  see  II.  x.  474  ;  Bry.  560.  —  niveis  veils :  an  anachronism ; 
Homer's  "  tents  "  are  board  huts  thatched  with  straw. 

471.  vastabat,  imperf.  describing  the  scene  shown  by  the  picture. 

472.  avertit,  perf.  of  narrative  :  the  fact  is  simply  told  historically. 
473-   gustassent,  subj.  as  showing  the  motive  (§327,  N.  ;  G.  577; 

H.  520,  ii).  The  city,  said  the  oracle,  could  not  be  taken  if  these  horses 
should  taste  food  on  the  plain  of  Troy.  Hence  on  the  night  of  their 
arrival  they  were  seized  by  Ulysses  and  Diomedes  (II.  x.  434  ;  Bry.  515). 

475.  Achilli:  §  229,  c  ;  G.  346,  N.6  ;  385,  4.* 

476.  fertur,  haeret :  the  present  tense  describes  the  picture.  —  curru : 
§  227,  e,  3 ;  G.  346,  N.G  —  resupinus,  on  his  back,  and  feet  foremost. 

477-   huic:  §  235,  a ;  G.  350,  I ;  H.  384,  4,  N.2 

479.  interea :  another  picture,  see  II.  vi.  293  ;  Bry.  383. 

480.  crinibus  passis  (pando),  with  dishevelled  hair  (lit.,  spread  loosely 
over  their  shoulders) ;   a  sign  of  mourning,  which  is  closely  connected 


226 


Notes. 


with  supplication  in  all  ages.  The  Romans  often  wore  mourning  to 
excite  compassion  for  their  friends  in  peril.  —  peplum,  the  outside  gar- 
ment of  the  Grecian  women ;  in  particular,  the  costly  robe  borne  to  the 
temple  of  Pallas  in  the  Panathenaic  festival.  Virgil  ascribes  this  Athen- 
ian rite  to  the  Trojan  women. 

481.  tunsae  pectora,  beating  their  [own]   breasts ;   see  §  240,  c,  N.  ; 
G.  338 ;  H.  378;  cf.  note  on  v.  320.     For  tense  see  secuta,  v.  382. 

482.  aversa,  averting  her  face;  see   II.  vi.  311  ;   Bry.  406.  —  solo: 
§  258,7,  3  ;  G.  385,  N.i;  H.  425,  2,  N.3 

483.  raptaverat,  i.e.  the  scene  of  the  ransom  is  after  the  body  has 
been  dragged  about  the  walls. 

484.  exanimum,  indicating  that  Hector  had  been  dragged  still  living 
at  the  car  of  Achilles ;   cf.  tumentis  (ii.  273),  which  would  be  used  only 
of  the  living  body.     In  Homer,  however,  he  seems  to  have  been  dead. 
See  II.  xxiv.  477  ;  Bry.  600. 

485.  turn  dat :  the  common  historical  present ;  the  preceding  verbs 
have  been  descriptive  of   the  actual  pictures.  —  vero,  introducing  as 

p.     I2  usual  the  most  important  moment  of 

the  narrative. 

487.  tendentem  manus,  in  suppli- 
cation. 

488.  se  quoque,  i.e.  in  another  bat- 
tle scene.  —  Achivis :    cf.    viris,    -v. 
440. 

489.  Memnonis :    Memnon,  son  of 
Tithonus  and  Aurora,  led  the   ^Ethio- 
pian allies  of  Troy.     The  myth,  how- 
ever, places   ^Ethiopia  in  the   East; 
hence  Eoas. 

490.  lunatis,   crescent:     the    form 
of  the  Amazonian  shield  was  a  cres- 
cent, with  a  cusp  in  the  middle.    (See 
Fig.    12.) — peltis,     abl.    of    quality 
(§  251  ;  G.  400;  H.  419,  ii). 

491.  mediis,  in  the  midst  (as  often  ; 
cf.  v.  109). 

492.  exsertae,  uncovered,  as  repre- 
sented in  works  of  art. 

493.  bellatrix,  virgo  :  the  contrast 
suggested  in  these  words  is  heightened 

by  their  position  as  first  and  last  in  the  verse.     Such  personages  as  the 


1. 508.] 


The  ALneid. 


227 


Amazons  Penthesilea  and  Hippolyta  (who  was  conquered  by  Theseus), 
and  the  Volscian  princess  Camilla  (./En.  vii.  803),  have  in  modern  roman- 
tic poetry  given  rise  to  the  familiar  figure  of  the  warlike  maid,  e.g. 
Ariosto's  Bradamante,  Tasso's  Clorinda,  Spenser's  Britomartis. — 
viris  :  cf.  note  on  Achilli,  v.  47  5. 

494.  miranda,  pred.  after  videntur  :  seem  marvelous  ;  i.e.  he  gazes 
at  them  with  wonder;  see  Od.  vii.  133  ;  Bry.  161. 

497.  stipante,  thronging  about,  an  almost  technical  word  for  escorting 
a  great  personage  ;  so  attendants  are  often  called  stipatores. 

498.  quails,  correlative  with  tails,  v.   503;    see  Od.  vi.  102;    Bry. 
128.  —  Eurotae,  the  Eurotas,  a  river  of  Sparta;    here  Diana  was  wor- 
shiped ;  Mt.  Cynthus  was  also  one  of  her  favorite  haunts. 

499.  Chores,  the  dancing  bands. 

502.  Latonae  :  notice  with  what  effect  the  human  element  is  intro- 
duced, the  mother's  pride  heightening  the  daughter's  glory. 

505.  forlbus,  in  the  doorway,  i.e.  of  the  cella,  or  interior  temple  (d  in 
Fig.  13),  in  front  of  which  was  the  porch  (pronaos  ;  c  in  Fig.  13).  The 

Fig.  13- 


temple  had  a  vaulted  roof  (called  testudo,  as  resembling  the  shell  of  a 
tortoise).     (See  Figs.  13  and  14.)  — media:  cf.  v.  491. 

506.  alte  subnixa,  sitting  on  high. 

507.  iura  dabat :    a   Roman  picture.     From  the  close  relation  of 
government  and  religion  in  Rome,  temples  were  used  for  all  public  pur- 
poses :  the  Senate  met,  the  treasury  was  kept,  and  courts  were  held  in 
temples.  —  iura,  leges,  i.e.  she  acted  both  as  judge  and  as  law-giver. 

508.  aequabat,  trahebat :    the  shares  were  first  made  as  equal  as 
possible,  and  were  then  assigned   by  lot,  —  as   the    Romans   divided 
provinces,  etc.,  among  their  magistrates. 


228 


Notes. 


509.  cum  subito  :    Dido  was  thus  occupied  when  suddenly,  etc. 
COncursu,  the  crowd  that  had  flocked  about  them  as  strangers. 

510.  videt :  for  mood  see  §  325,  b  ;  G.  581 ;  H.  521,  ii,  i. 

511.  aequore,  loc.  abl. 

512.  penitus,  far  away  (a  secondary  meaning;    see  Vocabulary). 
oras :  cf.  Italiam,  v.  2. 

Fig.  14. 


514.  coniungere  depends  on  ardebant  (=  volebant). 

515.  res  incognita,  i.e.  the  object  of  their  embassy  and  the  nature  of 
their  reception. 

516.  dissimulant,    remain   hidden   (they  conceal  something,  that  is, 
their  presence  ;  cf.  simulans,  v.  352,  pretending  something  that  is  not). 

517.  linquant  (ind.  quest.)  depends  on  speculantur  (watch  to  see). 

518.  nam :  he  wonders  why  they  come,  for  they  have  the  appearance 
of  a  regular  embassy,  and  the  formal  nature  of  the  embassy,  also  sug- 
gested in  this  clause,  indicates  something  of  importance. 

519.  orantes,  used  almost  like  the  fut.  part,  of  purpose  (§§  290,  a,  3 ; 
293,  £,  2;  G.  670,  3,  N.  ;    H.   549,  3).  —  clamore  :  occasion  explained 
byw.  539-41- 

520.  coram  fandi,  of  speaking  to  the  queen  in  person. 

521.  maxumus,  eldest,  and  so  first  in  rank.  —  placido  :    as  suited  his 
age  and  dignity  ;  contrasted  with  clamore,  u.  519. 

522.  condere  :    cf.  w.  66  (note),  319,  408. 

523.  iustitia,  with  just  restraint,  as  representing  a  superior  civiliza- 
tion among  the  savage  tribes  of  Africa  (gentis,  ace.  pi.).     In  reality, 
Dido  had  only  built  her  city  by  sufferance ;    but  this  address  might 
properly  be  spiced  with  flattery. 

524.  maria :  cf.  aequor,  v.  67. 

525.  infandos,  inhuman,  as  violating  the  right  of  peaceful  strangers. 


I.  545.]  The  jEneid.  229 

526.  propius   aspice,   look   more   closely  at  our  condition :    though 
coming  in  an  armed  fleet,  we  have  no  hostile  purposes. 

527.  non :  emphatic  from  its  position  at  the  beginning  of  the  line. 
"  We  have  not,  as  your  people  seem  to  suppose."  —  populate,  infin.  of 
purpose  (§  273,  e;  G.  421,  N.1,  a  ;  H.  533,  ii). 

528.  vertere,  drive  away  as  booty. 

529.  non  ea  vis,  etc.,  i.e.  we  have  no  such  thought  of  violence  ;  con- 
quered men  are  of  course  capable  of  no  such  insolence. 

530.  Hesperiam,  i.e.  "  the  western  land,"  a  name  for  Italy  borrowed 
from  the  Greeks.     Greek  &T7re/>os  (the  breathing  stands  for  the  digam- 
ma)  is  represented  in  Latin  by  the  cognate  vesper,  evening. 

532.  Oenotri :  (Enotria  (from  ol^os),  means  "land  of  vines."  —  nunc: 
this  implies  that  CEnotria  was  its  former  name.  —  fama,  sc.  est. 

533.  Italiam  (a  word  allied  with  vitulus)  means  "land  of  herds." 
—  duels,  i.e.  Italus,  the  eponymous  hero  (see  v.  6),  said  to  have  been  a 
colonist  from  Arcadia. 

534.  hie  cursus  fuit,  this  (namely,  to  this  land)  was  our  voyage.    This 
is  the  first  of  many  incomplete  verses  found  in  the  ^Eneid,  evidences  of 
the  unfinished  state  in  which  the  poem  was  left  by  Virgil's  early  death. 

535.  cum  subito  :  cf.  v.  509,  note.  — adsurgens  fluctu,  rising  over  the 
stormy  sea.     The  noun   maybe  either  dat.  or  abl.  —  nimbosus  Orion  : 
seasons  in  ancient  times  were  named  from  the  rising  and  setting  of 
certain  constellations.     When  Orion  sets  just  before  sunrise,  winter  is 
at  hand  ;  and  it  was  this  sign  which  originally  gave  that  constellation 
its  ill-repute.     But  perhaps  Virgil  had  no  distinct  astronomical  appear- 
ance in  mind,  but  merely  associated  Orion  with  bad  weather,  using 
nimbosus  simply  as  a  descriptive  epithet.     Cf.   Spenser,  Faery  Queen, 
iv.  n.  13  :  "Huge  Orion,  that  doth  tempests  still  portend." 

536.  tulit,  sc.  nos.  — austris,  one  wind  put  generally  for  all. 

538.  pauci,  only  a  few  of  us,  with  a  negative  idea,  as  almost  always 
with  this  word.  —  oris  :  §  258,  N.1;  G.  358  ;  H.  380,  4. 

539.  tarn  barbara,  i.e.  is  so  barbarous  as  to,  etc. 

541.   prima  terra,  the  very  margin  of  the  land  (§  193;    G.  291,  R.2  ; 
H.  440,  N.I  2). 

543.  at  sperate,  at  least  expect  (supply  esse).  —  fandi,  right  (only 
used  in  this  sense,  as  the  opposite   of  nefandi,  unspeakable,  and  so 
wrong). 

544.  erat :  he  does  not  know  that  ./Eneas  is  still  alive. 

545.  pietate  (abl.  of  specification,  qualifying  iustior :  §  253  ;  G.  397  ; 
H.  424),  i.e.  scrupulous  in  performing  his  duties  to  the  gods.     Observe 
the  chiastic  order  of  the  words  (§  344,  /;  G.  682  ;  H.  562). 


230  Notes.  [ 

546.  vescitur,  breathes  (lit.  feeds  on,  air  being  as  necessary  to  life  as 
food).     See  Od.  xiv.  44  ;  Bry.  51. 

547.  aetheria,  of  heaven,  as  opposed  to  the  Lower  World.  —  occu- 
bat,  now  lies  low.  —  umbris,  loc.  ablative. 

548.  non  metus :  in  that  case  you  need  have  no  fear,  for  ^Eneas  will 
repay  the  obligation.     The  connection  would  be  easier  if  we  could  read 
ne  te,  no  fear  lest  you  repent  of  being  beforehand  with  him  in  kind  offices. 
As  it  is,  we  must  separate  the  two  clauses,  and  translate  the  second,  nor 
regret  to  have  been  the  first  in  the  rivalry  of  kind  offices,  i.e.  by  making 
tineas  your  debtor  in  receiving  us  hospitably.  —  certasse:    §   270,  6,; 
G.  422  ;  H.  410,  iv ;  for  tense  see  §  288,  e  ;  G.  280,  2. 

549.  poeniteat  (§  266;   6.263,  3!   H.  484;   cf.  Eel.  x.  17):    it  is 
with  reference  to  the  ideas  here  expressed  that  ^Eneas  is  described  in 
vv.  544,   545 ;    his  virtue  (pietate)  would  prompt  him,  and  his  power 
(bello,  etc.)  would  enable  him  to  repay  kindness.  —  stint  et,  etc.,  i.e.  in 
the  event  of  his  death  (which  Ilioneus,  to  avoid  the  omen  of  speaking 
of  such  a  calamity,  does  not  mention),  the  cities  and  fields  (arva)  of 
Sicily  will  be  our  refuge,  and  you  will  have  the  friendship  of  Acestes  to 
repay  your  kindness  to  us. 

551.  liceat  (for  mood  cf.  poeniteat,  v.  549)  subducere,  let  it  be 
allowed  us  to  haul  up  our  storm-racked  ships. 

552.  silvis,  loc.  abl.  —  aptare  trabes  :  the  beams  would  have  to  be 
hewed  and  fitted ;  stringere  remos :  the  oars,  hardly  more  than  saplings, 
would  only  need  to  be  stripped  and  slightly  trimmed. 

553.  Italiam,  with  tendere  (for  ace.  see  v.  2,  note). 

554.  tendere  (sc.  iter),  depending  on  datur  (see  v.  66,  note).  —  pe- 
tamus,  the  purpose  of  subducere,  etc. 

555.  sin  (opposed  to  si,  v.  553),  but  if  (on  the  other  hand).  —  salus, 
hope  of  safety. 

556.  iam,  any  longer. 

557.  freta,  seas,  as  often.  —  sedes  paratas,  i.e.  the  cities  of  Acestes, 
in  contrast  to  those  they  hoped  to  build  themselves. 

559.   fremebant,  murmured  their  applause,  according  to  the  manners 
of  the  heroic  age  ;  see  II.  i.  22  ;  Bry.  29. 

561.  voltum  demissa,  with  downcast  face  (in  womanly  modesty  as  ad- 
dressing men)  ;  for  construction:  cf.  sinus  collecta,  v.  320. 

562.  solvite :  see  note,  v.  463. 

563.  talia,  i.e.  the  attack  on  the  Trojans  as  they  attempted  to  land 
(v.  541).     This  is  Dido's  apology  for  the  inhospitable  conduct  of  her 
subjects.     Observe  the  distinctly  modern  motive. 

564.  late  tueri,  i.e.  for  fear  of  Pygmalion  she  cannot  safely  allow 
strangers  even  to  land. 


1. 587.]  The  JEneid.  23 1 

565.  Aeneadum,  the  Trojans  generally,  but  with  a  courteous  refer- 
ence to  their  chief.  —  quis  nesciat  (deliberative  subj.,  §  268;  G.  259; 
H.  486,  ii),  who  can  be  ignorant? 

566.  virtutesque  virosque  (hendiadys) :  more  emphatic  than  virtutes 
virorum.    Observe  that,  while  these  words  are  connected  by  -que,  the 
calamities  (incendia),  being  a  separate  class,  are  introduced  by  the  ad- 
versative aut.  —  tanti,  that  great. 

567.  obtusa,  blunted  by  their  own  misfortunes.  —  pectora:  here  put 
for  the  whole  soul,  including  the  intellect. 

568.  nec  tam  aversus  sol,  i.e.  their  hearts  are  not  chilled  by  unkindly 
skies,  as  men's  might  be  in  cold  regions,  far  from  the  sun's  course. 

Nearer  the  sun,  though  they  more  civil  seem, 
Revenge  and  luxury  have  their  esteem. 

WALLER,  Epitaph  on  Dunch. 

569.  Saturnia  arva :  because  Saturn  was  supposed  to  have  ruled  as 
king  in  Italy  in  the  Golden  Age. 

570.  Erycis  fines :  Eryx,  a  son  of  Butes  and  Venus,  gave  his  name  to 
a  mountain  in  the  west  of  Sicily,  where  was  a  celebrated  temple  of  Venus. 
He  is  mentioned  afterwards  as  a  famous  pugilist  (v.  392). 

571.  auxilio,  men  and  arms;  opibus,  supplies  of  food,  money,  etc. 

572.  voltis  et  =  et  si  VOltis,  and  again  if  you  wish  (§  310,  c  ;  G.  598; 
H.  507,  i). 

573.  urbem  quam  statuo  (§  200  b  ;  G.  617,  N.2  ;  H.  445,  9).     More 
commonly  the  relative  would  precede  the  noun,  and  a  demonstrative  (ea) 
stand  in  the  antecedent  clause ;  as,  quam  urbem  statuo,  ea  vestra  est ; 
but  the  commonest  form  of  all  is  ea  urbs  quam  statuo  vestra  est.  — 
subducite,  i.e.  and  remain  here. 

574.  agetur,  shall  be  dealt  with.  —  mihi :  cf.  ulli,  v.  440. 

576.  adforet,  were  [now]  here  (§  267  and  b  ;  G.  260,  261  ;  H.  483,  I,  2). 
—  equidem,  in  fact:  I  will  even  go  so  far  as  to  send  in  search  of  him. 

578.   si,  in  case. 

580.  iamdudum  .  .  .  ardebant,  had  been  long  eager  (§  277,  b  ;  G.  234  ; 
H.  469,  2). 

582.   dea :  cf.  note  on  Maia,  v.  297.  —  sententia,  purpose  (not  feeling). 

584.   unus,  one  only,  Orontes  (z/.  113). 

586.  circumfusa,  surrounding  (lit,  poured  about  them).     Cf.  Od.  vii. 
143;  Bry.  174. 

587.  purgat,  clears,  as  we  say  of  the  weather. 

Then  melted  into  air  the  liquid  cloud, 
And  all  the  shining  vision  stood  revealed. 

AKENSIDK,  Pleasures  of  the  Imagination,  ii.  229. 


232  Notes. 

588.  restitit,  stood  forth,  a  very  common  meaning  of  re-  in  composi- 
tion; see  ii.  590.     Cf.  Lander's  lines: 

When  sea-born  Venus  guided  o'er 
Her  warrior  to  the  Punic  shore, 
Around  that  radiant  head  she  threw 
In  deep'ning  clouds  ambrosial  dew: 
But  when  the  Tyrian  queen  drew  near, 
The  light  pour'd  round  him  fresh  and  clear. 

589.  umeros  (Gr.  ace.),  i.e.  in  form  and  build.  —  ipsa,  herself,  the 
goddess  of  beauty. 

590.  lumen  purpureum,  the  ruddy  glow.    Cf.  Gray,  Progress  of  Poesy, 
v.  41  :  "  The  bloom  of  young  desire,  and  purple  light  of  love." 

591.  laetos,  of  the  sparkling  of  the  eyes  in  joy.    Cf.  Od.  vi.  229;  Bry. 
291.  —  honores,  charms. 

592.  quale  .  .  .  decus,  such  beauty  as  art  gives  to  ivory  ;  strictly  there 
would  be  an  antecedent,  tale  decus,  in  apposition  with  the  objects  of 
adflarat  (§  200,  b ;  G.  616,  i  ;  H.  445,  9). 

594.  cunctis  improvisus,  unexpectedly  to  all  (§  232,  a;  G.  354;  H. 
388,  4)- 

595.  coram,  before  you.     Cf.  Od.  xxiv.  321;  Bry.  389. 

597.  sola,  alone,  i.e.  of  all  strangers. 

598.  quae  nos  .  .  .  socias,  who  make  us  sharers  in  your  city  and  home. 
—  reliquias  Danaum :  see  note  on  v.  30. 

599.  omnium  :  §  218,  a  ;  G.  374  ;  H.  399,  i,  3. 

600.  urbe,  locative  ablative. 

601.  non  opis  est  nostrae,  it  is  not  -within  our  resources  (§  214,  d;  G. 
366  ;  H.  401),  i.e.  our  means  are  insufficient.  —  nee  quicquid,  nor  [of] 
whatever  exists  of  the  Dardan  race  (with  an  implied  antecedent  in  the 
genitive). 

603.  si  qua  numina:  cf.  ii.  536,  v.  688.     For  the  form  see  §  105  d; 
G.  107,  N.2 ;  H.  190,  i.  —  si  quid,  etc.,  if  justice  is  of  any  account.     Cf. 
Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered,  v.  68  : 

For,  if  the  heavens  look  not  with  eyes  unjust 
On  mortal  deeds  and  innocence  forget,  etc. 

di   ferant,    may  the  gods  repay,   etc.  (optative  subj.,  §  267;   G.  260; 
H.  484,  i). 

604.  sibi:§235;G.359;H.39i.  — recti:§2i8;G.374;H.  399,  3.  N.1 

605.  tam  laeta,  etc.,  what  age  has  been  so  blest  as  to,  etc.  ? 

607.  montibus,  dat.  of  reference  for  gen.  modifying  convexa  (§  235, 
a;G.  350,  I;  H.  384,4,  N.2). 

608.  conveza,  the  rounded  masses.  —  pascet :  the  aether  of  the  sky, 


1. 630.]  The  ALneid.  233 

refined  from  gross  exhalations  of  the  earth,  was  thought  to  feed  the  per- 
petual fire  of  the  stars.     Cf.  Par.  Lost,  Hi.  716-719. 

609.  manebunt,  shall  abide  with  us. 

610.  quae  me  cumque  (tmesis,  §  385  ;  G.  726;  H.  636,  v,  3):  the  poets 
thus  separate  many  compounds  inseparable  in  prose. 

611.  HIS  neS  pe|tit:  see  §  347,  a,  4;  G.  706,  7;  H.  577,  5. 

612.  post  =  postea. 

613.  First  her  feeling  was  astonishment  at  the  apparition;  then  her 
interest  was  awakened  by  the  strange  fate  which  had  brought  him  there. 

615.  casus,  destiny. 

6 1 6.  vis,  not  merely  power  but  violence,  as  usual  in  the  singular. — 
immanibus  oris,  these  wild  shores,  as  inhabited  by  the  barbarous  African 
tribes  (for  dat.  see  v.  538,  note). 

617.  Dardanio  :  a  spondaic  line  (§  362,  a;  G.  784;  H.  610,  3);  the  o  is 
not  elided  (§  359,  e\  G.  784,  N.6;  H.  608,  ii). 

618.  a\SBSit  fostering  (alo),  a  regular  epithet  of  Venus. 

619.  atque  equidem,  and  in  fact :  now  I  think  of  it,  I  do  remember. 
—  Teucrum:  Teucer,  upon  his  return  from  the  Trojan  war,  was  driven 
from  home  by  his  father  Telamon  because  he  did  not  bring  back  his 
brother  Ajax,  and  sought  a  home  in  Cyprus,  where  he  built  a  second 
Salamis.     He  is  here  represented  as  stopping  on  the  way  at  Tyre,  ap- 
parently to  make  terms  with  Belus,  who  was  then  master  of  Cyprus.  — 
venire:  §  336A,  N.1 ;  G.  281,  N.;  H.  537,  i. 

623.  iam,  even  (cf.  iam  turn). 

624.  Pelasgi,  Grecian:  properly,  a  race  inhabiting  Greece  before  the 
Hellenic.     Some  of  the  populations  of  Greece,  notably  the  Arcadians, 
were  of  this  race. 

625.  ipse,  emphasizing  hostis,  which  =  though  an  enemy.  —  ferebat, 
extolled. 

626.  volebat,  would  have  it  that,  etc.  (not  "  wished  he  had  been," 
which  would  be  vellet:  §  311,  b;  G.  258  ;  H.  486,  i) :  see  iii.  108.    There 
was  also  in  the  Trojan  line  a  Teucer,  from  whom  the  Trojans  are  called 
Teucri  (see  Table,  p.  190). 

627.  agite,  come  !  —  tectis  :  §  258,  N.1 ;  G.  358 ;  H.  380,  4. 

629.  demum,  as  usual,  has  an  implied  exclusive  force,  "  in  this  land 
and  no  one  before." 

630.  mali  miseris:  observe  the  effect  of  the  juxtaposition  (cf.  v.  349, 
note)  of  these  words  and  of  the  alliteration. 

Who,  by  the  art  of  known  and  feeling  sorrows, 
Am  pregnant  to  good  pity. 

King  Lear,  iv.  6.    226. 


234  Notes. 

What  sorrow  was,  thou  bad'st  her  know, 

And  from  her  own  she  learned  to  melt  at  others'  woe. 

GRAY,  Hymn  to  Adversity,  w.  15,  16. 

632.  templis,  loc.  abl.  —  indicit,  proclaims :  an  almost  technical  word 
in  connection  with  sacred  observances.  —  honorem,  technical  term  for 
a  sacrifice  of  thanksgiving. 

635.  terga  suum,  chines  of  swine  (the  part  put  for  the  whole). 

636.  munera,  laetitiam,  in  appos.  with  terga,  etc.     These  gifts  were 
as  well  the  usual  marks  of  hospitality  (munera)  as  a  means  to  enable  the 
companions  to  join  in  the  festivities  (laetitiam).  — dii,  for  diei  (§  74, 
a;  G.  63,  N.1 ;  H.  121,  i). 

637.  interior:  §  193  ;  H.  440,  N.1 

638.  instruitur,  is  decked,  temporarily,  for  the  occasion.  —  mediis 
tectis :  not  in  the  ordinary  dining-room  (triclinium},  but  in  the  great 
state  apartment  (atrium). 

639.  laboratae,  embroidered  (lit.  wrought}.  —  vestes,  mantles,  used  as 
drapery  for  the  couches,  as  is  still  the  custom  in  many  parts  of  the  East ; 
being  uncut  fabrics  they  were  as  well  adapted  for  this  purpose  as  for 
clothing,  and  were  also  a  valuable  article  of  wealth.  —  ostroque  superbo, 
of  gorgeous  purple,  i.e.  plain,  but  precious  on  account  of  the  royal  and 
costly  dye  (murex).     The  Tyrian  purple  was  famous. 

640.  ingens  argentum,  a  vast  [amount  of  ]  silver  plate.  —  auro  :  in- 
stead of  directly  mentioning  the  golden  goblets  and  vases,  Virgil  speaks 
of  the  heroic  figures  chased  and  embossed  (caelata)  upon  them. 

642.    ducta,  brought  down  (i.e.  continued  in  unbroken  series). 

644.  rapidum  (predicate,  §  186,  c ;  G.  325),  swiftly,  or  in  haste  (adj. 
for  adv.  :  §  191  ;  G.  325,  R.6  ;  H.  443). 

645.  ferat,  to  report  these  things($-$y.,ft  R.;  G.  546,  R.2;  H.  499,  2), fol- 
lowing the  command  implied  in  praemittit. 

646.  stat,  centres.  —  can,  fond  (lit.  dear ;  the  feeling  is  really  trans- 
ferred). 

647.  munera :  the  guest  also  was  expected  to  offer  gifts.  —  ruinis, 
dat.  (§  229;  G.  345;  H.  385,  4,  2). 

648.  pallam  :  a  rectangular  mantle  of  wool  reaching  to  the  feet.     It 
is  not  definitely  distinguished  from  thepallium,  but  has  more  heroic  and 
dignified  associations.     Cf.  "  gorgeous  Tragedy  in  sceptred  pall,"  Mil- 
ton, //  Penseroso,  v.  97.  —  signis  auroque  rigentem,  stiff  with  figures  of 
gold  (hendiadys,  cf.  note,  v.  61).     For  a  highly  ornamented   robe  see 
Fig.  15;  for  other  articles  of  apparel  here  mentioned  see  Fig.  16. 

649.  In  Homer  the  various  articles  of  head-dress,  especially  the  veils, 
are  treated  as  most  important  points  of  feminine  apparel ;   hence   the 
veil  is  a  suitable  gift  to  Dido. 


1. 659.] 


Tile 


235 


650.   Mycenis :   Agamemnon's   capital.     The  objects  are  of  all  the 
more  value  from  their  associations. 

Fig.  16. 
Fig.  15. 


651.   peteret :  the  last  syllable  is  long ;  see  note  on  v.  308. 

654.  collo  :  an  unusual  case  of  the  dat.  (cf.  §  233,  b}  without  a  verb; 
cf.  iii.  109  :  optavit  locum  regno.  — 

monile :  see  Fig.  17,  and  tail-piece,  p.  396. 

655.  duplicem   .    .    .   corona m,   a 
coronet  of   two   rings,   one   set  with 
jewels  and  the  other  of  gold.  — gem- 
mis,  abl.  of  manner. 

656.  haec  celerans,   speeding  these 
commands. 

658.  consilia:  see^.  674. —  faciem, 
form,  retaining  no  doubt  an  earlier 
meaning  of  the  word  (which  is  con- 
nected with  facio,  cf.  the  theatrical  "make-up"). 

659.  donis :  866^.714.     It  has  sometimes  been  thought  that  donis 


236  Notes. 

was  not  a  suitable  means  for  the  action  of  incendat,  but  the  practice  of 
the  world  seems  to  justify  Virgil.  Cf.  Shakspere's  Twelfth  Night,  iii. 
4.  1-3.  Besides,  these  were  royal  gifts,  and  associated  with  ./Eneas  him 
self,  so  that  their  cost  was  no  measure  of  their  value.  —  furentem, 
inflame  the  queen  to  madness  (proleptic  use  of  the  adjective,  cf.  v.  69). 

660.  ossibus,  in  her  frame  (dative);  cf.  iv.  101. 

661.  domum  ambiguam,  the  treacherous  house,  as  described  in  vv. 
348-368.  —  bilingues,  i.e.  saying  one  thing  and  meaning  another.     The 
bad  faith  of  the  Carthaginians  (Punica  fides)  was  proverbial,  at  least 
among  their  enemies  the  Romans. 

662.  urit,  inflames  her  with  anxiety. 

664.  solus,  i.e.  who  alone  art:  nom.,  as  if  it  were  in  a  rel.  clause,  and 
not  voc.  though  in  appos.  with  nate  (§  241,  a;  G.  201,  R.2  ;  H.  369,  2). 

665.  tela  Typhoea :  see  Vocab.     A  favorite  idea  with  the  ancients, 
who  sometimes  even  represented  Cupid  as  wielding  the  thunderbolts  of 
Jove,  —  an  indication  of  the  resistless  force  of  love.     Cf.  Denham, 
Friendship,  st.  19 : 

'Tis  he  commands  the  Powers  above  ; 
Phoebus  resigns  his  darts,  and  Jove 
His  thunder  to  the  god  of  love. 

666.  numina,  i.e.  the  exercise  of  your  power. 

667.  frater  ut  iactetur,  how  thy  brother  (^Eneas  was  Venus'  son)  is 
tossed,  etc.  (indir.  quest,  after  nota,  sc.  sunt). 

668.  iactetur,  with  u  long,  perhaps  according  to  an  earlier  usage 
(§  359. /;  G.  721 ;  H.  608,  v). 

669.  nota,  are  things  known  to y oil :  neut.  plur.  in  imitation  of  Greek. 
—  nostro,  my.     The  plural  of  the  first  person  is  often  used  in  Latin,  as 
that  of  the  second  regularly  is  in  English,  for  the  singular. 

671.  vereor  quo,  lam  anxious  whither  (indir.  question),  a  common 
construction  in  colloquial  and  early  Latin. 

672.  cardine,   crisis:  lit.   hinge  or  turning-point  (§  259,  a;  G.  393; 
H.  429).  —  cessabit,  supply  luno. 

673.  capere,  cingere :  military  phrases.     The  infinitives  depend  on 
meditor  in  the  sense  of  cogito  or  some  similar  word  (§  271;  G.  423  ; 
H-  533)-  —  ante,  in  advance.  —  flamma,  the  flames  of  love,  but  with  an 
allusion  to  military  operations. 

674.  ne  quo  numine,  lest  by  the  influence  of  some  divinity  (i.e.  Juno). 

675.  mecum  teneatur,  botind  to  me  (as  if  they  were  tied  together). 

676.  qua  possis,  indir.  question  depending  on  the  idea  of  thought 
implied  in  mentem. 

677.  accitu :  §  245  ;  G.  408 ;  H.  416. 


1. 700.]  The  SEneid.  237 

678.  cura,  object  of  care  (as  often). 

679.  pelago  restantia,  remaining  from  the  sea  (§   243,  a;    G.   390; 
H.  414,  N.1). 

680.  sopitum  somno   (abl.   of  manner),  slumbering  in  sleep.     This 
alliterative  use  of  words  from  the  same  root  is  common  in  poetry  (figura 
etymologica,  §  344,  m).  —  Cythera :  see  note,  v.  257. 

682.  medius,  etc.,  i.e.  come  in  to  interrupt. 

683.  noctem  (§  256;  G.  336;  H.  379).  —  non   amplius  (§  247,  c  ; 
G.  296,  R.4  ;  H.  417,  N.'2)  unam,  one  night,  no  more. 

684.  falle,  counterfeit.  —  notos,  because  Cupid  is  also  a  boy  ;  hence 
the  disguise  will  be  easy. 

688.  ut  (v.  685)  inspires,  purpose  of  indue  (v.  684).  —  fallas  veneno, 
i.e.  poison  her  unnoticed,  the  same  idea  as  in  occultum  ignem.  —  Cf. 
Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  iii.  1 .  56 : 

Through  her  bones  the  false  instilled  fire 
Did  spred  it  selfe,  and  venime  close  inspire. 

690.  gaudens  incedit :  he  practises  his  steps  with  a  mischievous  de- 
light in  the  masquerading  trick. 

691.  Ascanio :  §  235,  a  ;  G.  350,  i ;  H.  384,  4.  —  membra,  frame. 

692.  inrigat,  sheds  like  dew,  cf.  Od.  ii.  395;  Bry.  447. 

Entice  the  dewy-feathered  sleep.  —  //  Penseroso. 

693.  adspirans,  breathing  its  fragrance. 

694.  floribus,  abl.  of  means  with  complectitur. 

695.  ibat :  the  use  of  the  imperf .  prevents  any  break  in  the  narrative, 
by  throwing  the  action  into  the  same  time  as  what  precedes. 

696.  duce :  §  255,  a ;  G.  409  ;  H.  431,  4.  —  laetus :  imitating  the  feeling 
and  action  which  Ascanius  would  naturally  have  shown  (different  from 
the  mischief  implied  in  v.  690). 

697.  cum  venit  .  .  .  iam  se  composuit :  the  indicative  is  used  because 
cum  here  =ut  or  ubi  (§  325  ;  G.  580 ;  H.  518).    In  prose  we  should  have 
venit,  composuerat ;  we  may  compare  the  historical  present. 

698.  aurea,  contracted  into  two  syllables  in  scanning  (§  347,  c  ;  G. 
727  ;  H. 608,  iii).  —  mediam  \oca.v\\.,  placed  herself  in  them  idst,  probably 
at  the  middle  place  of  the  middle  couch,  with  .^Lneas  on  her  left  and 
Bitias  on  her  right,  with  the  rest  on  the  side  couches.     For  an  ancient 
representation  of  this  feast  see  head-piece  to  book  ii.     Virgil  describes 
a  banquet  of  his  own  time. 

700.  discumbitur  (§  146,  d;  G.  208,  2  ;  H.  465,  i),  i.e.  they  recline 
in  their  respective  (dis-)  places. — ostro  :  §  260,  c,  N. ;  G.  418,  4;  H. 
435.  »• 


238 


Notes. 


701.  dant  lymphas :    this  washing  of   hands  was   usual  at  ancient 
banquets.  —  manibus  :    seen,  on  viris,  v.  264.  —  canistris  :    §  258,  a, 
N.8;  G.  390,  N.2;   H.  414,  N.1. 

702.  tonsis  villis :  with  the  nap  clipped  close  (abl.  of  quality,  §  251  ; 
G.  400  ;  H.  419,  ii). 

703.  quibus  (dat.  of  possession,  see  v.  336,  note)  cura  struere,  whose 
care  it  was  to  set  forth  the  provisions. — longam  penum,  i.e.  the  long 
array  of  the  banquet. 

706.  onerent,  subj.  of  purpose  (§  317,  2  ;  G.  630  ;  H.  497,  i). 

707.  limina  laeta,  the  glad  door-ways,  as  if  they  shared  the  joy  of 
the  feasters.  —  nee  non :  §  209,  a  ;  G.  449 ;  H.  553. 

710.  flagrantis,  ruddy  as  flame,  i.e.  of  more  than  human  beauty. 

711.  Apparently  v.  649  repeated  from  the  margin  of  some  manuscript. 

712.  pesti,  ruin. 

713.  expleri  mentem:    see  n.  on  sinus,  v.  320.  —  tuendo  :  §  301,  i ; 
G.  431  ;  H.  542,  iv. 

715.   complexu,  abl.  of  separation  or  loc.  abl.  —  pependit:    §324; 
G.  561 ;  H.  518,  N.1 

717.  oculis:  §  248,  c,  i  ;  G.  401  ;  H.  420. 

718.  Dido  :  the  repetition  of  the  subject  gives  an  added  pathos,  as  if 
it  were  "  alas,  poor  Dido  ! " 

719.  insidat,  lit.  lies  in  wait ;   and  so,  plots  against  her ;  or,  as  this 
meaning  is  not  found  elsewhere,  clings  to  her. 

721.  praevertere,  turn  away,  i.e.  from  Sychaeus  to  a  new  object. — 
vivo  amore  (abl.  of  means),  as  opposed  to  the  dead  Sychaeus. 

722.  resides,  pi.  of  reses.  — desueta,  disused  to  love. 

723.  postquam  (sc.  est  or  fuit;  see  note  on  pependit,  v.  715)  :   the 
wine  was  not  brought  in  till  after  the  feast.  —  epulis,  dative. 

724.  coronant,  wreathe  with  a  garland,  as  is  seen  by  comparison  with 


Fig.  18. 


iii.  525  and  the  Greek 
(II.  i.  470;  Bry.  593). 
(See  Fig.  18  ;  from  an 
ancient  relief.)  Cf. 
Cowley,  Davideis,  bk. 
ii.:  "  And  the  crown 'd 
goblets  nimbly  mov'd 
around." 

725.  fit,  then  rises. — 
tectis    (abl.),   through 
the  hall. 

726.  atria:  see  note, 


1. 733.] 


The  ALneid. 


239 


-.'.  638.  —  dependent  :  night  has  come  on  before  they  finish.  —  laqueari- 
bus  (see  note  on  complexu,  v.  715),  panels:  the  sunken  panels 
(lacus)  between  the  cross-beams  of  the  ceiling  were  decorated  with 
gilding,  an  arrangement  often  imitated  in  modern  buildings.  —  aureis, 
two  syllables.  —  lychni  :  see  Fig.  20.  Cf.  Par.  Lost,  i.  726-730: 

From  the  arched  roof, 
Pendent  by  subtle  magic,  many  a  row 
Of  starry  lamps  and  blazing  cressets,  fed 
With  naphtha  and  asphaltus,  yielded  light 
As  from  a  sky. 

Pope,  Temple  of  Fame,  vv.  143,  144  : 

As  heav'n  with  stars,  the  roof  with  jewels  glows, 
And  ever-living  lamps  depend  in  rows. 

727.  funalia,   links,  i.e.  torches  in  which  a  stout  cord  (funis)  did 
service  as  wicking. 

728.  hie,  hereupon. 

728-730.    Thus  translated  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh: 

The  queen  anon  commands  the  weighty  bowl, 
Weighty  with  precious  stones  and  massy  gold, 
To  flow  with  wine.     This  Belus  used  of  old, 
And  all  of  Belus'  line. 


F'g-  J9- 


729.  pateram,  a  shallow  bowl  or  saucer  used  for  libations  (Fig.  19), 
here  an  heir-loom  in  the  royal  house  ; 

it  is  here  brought   out   to  honor  the 
guest. 

730.  soliti,  sc.  implere.  —  silentia  : 
the  first  bringing  in  of  the  wine  had  a 
sacred  character,  and,  before  the  drink- 
ing began,  a  small   quantity  was   always 
poured  out  as  a  libation. 

731.  luppiter,  as 
the  god   of   hospi- 
tality (liospitalis~).  — 
dare  iura,  define  the 
rights  of  strangers  : 
the   term   properly 
refers  to  the  func- 

tion of  a  judge,  and  hence  is  here  equivalent  to  protect  the  rights. 

732.  Tyriis,  dative  after  laetum  (§  234;  G.  359;  H.  391). 

733.  veils,  grant  (§  266,  and  a  ;   G.  263  ;    H.  484).  —  huius  :  §  219  ; 
G.  376  ;  H.  406,  ii. 


240  Notes.  [ 

734.  luno,  as  the  tutelar  divinity  of  Carthage. 

735.  celebrate,  throng,  or  attend  in  large  numbers  ;    hence  used  in 
nearly  the  same  sense  as  its  English  derivative.  —  faventes,  strictly, 
"speaking  words  of  good  omen"  ;  hence,  with  expressions  of  joy,  and 
without  wrangling  to  disturb  the  hallowed  rites.     Ill-omened   words, 
among  which  were  reckoned  all  expressions  of  hatred  or  sorrow,  were 
supposed   to  mar  the  effect  of  religious  observances. 

736.  laticum   honorem,    i.e.    the   liquid   which   pays   honor   to  the 
divinity. 

737-  prima,  she  first,  as  first  in  rank.  —  libato,  impersonal,  when 
libation  had  been  made  (§  255,  c  ;  G.  410,  N.4  ;  H.  431,  N.'2).  —  summo 
Ore,  with  the  tip  of  her  lips  :  as  hostess  she  must  go  through  the  form, 
but  she  keeps  the  feminine  proprieties. 

738.  increpitans,  with  a  challenge  (to  drink  deep).  —  impiger,  noth- 
ing loth,  contrasted  with  Dido's  summo  ore. 

740.  cithara,  lyre,  abl.  of  means  (the   usual  way  of  expressing  an 
accompanying  musical  instrument).  —  crinitus:    so  ancient  bards  are 
represented,  as  well  as  Apollo,   the  god   of  song.     See  Od.  viii.  62  ; 
Bry.  86.     Cf.  Milton,  Vacation  Exercise,  v.  37  :   "  Listening  to  what  un- 
shorn Apollo  sings." 

741.  Atlas  :    Atlas  was  fabled  to  have  been  the  first  astronomer,  and 
was  identified  with  the  mountain  in  Africa  which  bounded  the  western 
horizon  of  the  ancients.    So  here,  lopas,  coming  from  the  same  vicinity, 
is  represented  as  a  Numidian  taught  by  Atlas.     The  subject  of  his  song 
was  common  matter  for  poetical  treatment  among  the  ancients.     So 
Silenus  gives  an  account  of  the  origin  of  the  universe  in  Eel.  vi.  31-40  ; 
see  also  Ovid.,  Met.  i.     The  present  passage  is  elaborately  imitated  by 
Cowley,  Davideis,  bk.  iii  : 

Whilst  Melchor  to  his  harp  with  wondrous  skill 

His  noble  verse  through  Nature's  secrets  led  : 
He  sung  what  spirit  through  the  whole  mass  is  spread, 
Everywhere  all  ;  how  heavens  God's  laws  approve 
And  think  it  rest  eternally  to  move,  etc. 


742.   labores,  eclipses  ;  cf.  Par.  Lost,  ii.  665,  666: 


The  laboring  moon 
Eclipses  at  their  charms. 

743.  unde  (sc.  sint),  indir.  quest. 

744.  Hyadas  :   see  Vocab.  and  note  on  v.  535.  —  geminos  Triones, 
the  two  Bears  (i.e.  the  Great  and  the  Little  Bear). 


II.  6.]  The  ALneid.  241 

746.  mora  noctibus,  i.e.  in  winter.  —  tardis,  opposed  to  properent. 

Night  has  its  heavenly  course  as  well  as  day. 

747.  ingeminant  plausu  (abl.  of  means),  increase  their  applause. 

748.  nec  non  et  (cf.  v.  707),  so  also,  as  another  part  of  the  entertain- 
ment. 

749.  longum  amorem,  long  draughts  of  love. 

750.  multa  :  the  particularity  of  her  inquiries  shows  her  wish  to  pro- 
long the  interview.  —  Priamo  :  §  260  c  ;  cf.  note  on  ostro,  v.  700. 

751.  quibus  armis  :  since  he  came  from  a  different  region  from  the 
rest  of  the  forces  (Ethiopia),  his  arms  seem  to  have  been  famous  and  to 
have  been  described  in  the  Epic  Cycle  ;  cf.  z>.  489.  —  Aurorae  filius  :  in 
Isaiah,  xiv.  12,  the  monarch  of  the  East  is  called  "  son  of  the  morning." 

752.  quantus,  how  tall  or  how  mighty. 

753.  immo,  nay  rather  (always  with  a  negative  force).     Here  it  intro- 
duces the  request  for  a  complete  narration  from  the  beginning  (a  prima 
origine),  as  contrasted  with  the  preceding  separate  details. 

755.  nam,  introducing  the  reason  for  her  asking  an  account  of  his 
wanderings. 

BOOK  II. 

Eneas'  tale  to  Dido  takes  up  Books  ii.  and  iii.  and  brings  the  story 
of  the  poem  down  to  the  point  at  which  book  i.  opens.  On  the  simi- 
larity between  Virgil's  conduct  of  the  narrative  and  Milton's  in  Par. 
Lost  see  note  on  i.  34. 

1.  conticuere  (perf.  indicating  a  momentary  act),  -were  hushed ;  tene- 
bant,  imperf.  of  continued  action. 

2.  toro,  the  couch  on  which  he  reclined  at  table. 

3.  infandum,  etc.     Cf.  Par.  Lost,  v.  561  ff . : 

Thus  Adam  made  request ;  and  Raphael 
After  short  pause  assenting,  thus  began  : 
"  High  matter  thou  enjoin'st  me,  O  prince  of  men, 
Sad  task  and  hard  ;  for  how  shall  I  relate 
To  human  sense  the  invisible  exploits 
Of  warring  spirits  ?  how,  without  remorse 
The  ruin  of  so  many  ?  " 

4.  ut  eruerint  (indir.  quest,  depending  on  the  verb  to  tell  implied  in 
dolorem  renovare),  how  the  Greeks  utterly  destroyed,  etc. 

5.  miserrima,  emphatic,  from   its   position   in   the  relative   clause 
(§  200,  d;  G.  616;  H.  453,  5). 

6.  et  quorum,  etc.,  may  be  translated  literally  ;   cf.  Tennyson's  Ayl- 
mer's  Field,  v.  12  :    "  And  been  himself  a  part  of  what  he  told."     So  in 


242  Notes. 

his  Ulysses,  v.  18  :    "I  am  a  part  of  all  that  I  have  met."  —  fando, 'in 
speaking;  compare  tuendo,  i.  713. 

7.  Myrmidonum  Dolopumve,  the  soldiers  of  Achilles,  who  was  the 
fiercest,  as  Ulysses  (Ulixes)  was  the  wiliest  of  the  Greeks.     Being  of 
the  same  class,  they  are  connected  with  each  other  by  -ve,  and  with  the 
others  by  the  disjunctive  aut  (§  156  c;  G.  493  ;  H.  554,  ii,  2). 

8.  temperet  a  lacrimis,  could  refrain  from  tears  (lor  subjunc.  see 
§  268  ;  G.  259;  H.  486,  ii):  the  verb  is  more  commonly  followed  in  this 
sense  by  the  abl.  alone  or  the  dat.  —  caelo,  from  the  sky. 

9.  praecipitat :    Night  is  regarded  as  running  its  course  through  the 
heaven  in  the  same  way  as  the  day  or  the  Sun.     So  Pope,  Dunciad, 
i.  89 :   "  Now  Night  descending,  the  proud  scene  was  o'er."     See  the 
description  of  Night's  chariot  in   Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  i.   5,   20 ;    cf. 
Comus,  w.   553,  554. — cadentia  sidera,   indicating  the  approach   of 
morning. 

10.  cognoscere :    complem.  inf.  with  amor  est,  which  is  equivalent  to 
a  verb  of  wishing  (§  271  ;    G.  423;    H.  533);  cognoscendi  would  be 
the  prose  construction  (§  298  ;  G.  428  ;  H.  542,  i). 

n.  supremum  laborem,  the  last  agony:  labor  implies  suffering  as 
well  as  struggle. 

12.  meminisse  horret,  shudders  to  recall.  Verbs  of  fearing  regularly 
take  the  infinitive  in  this  sense,  though  usually  only  vereor  is  in  fact  so 
used  (§  271  ;  G.  550,  N.6;  H.  498,  iii,  N.3).  — luctu  refugit,  shrinks  back 
from  the  grief  .  The  perfect  can  be  used  because  the  shrinking  itself  is 
complete,  though  the  effect  which  is  meant  to  be  expressed  still  remains. 

14.  labentibus  (abl.  abs),  i.e.  having  passed  and  still  continuing  to 
glide  away  ;  cf.  note,  i.  48. 

1 5.  instar  mentis,  huge  as  a  mountain  ;    instar  (lit.  the  image)  is 
really  an  indecl.  noun  in  appos.  with  equum  (§  223,  e  ;  G.  373  ;  H.  398, 
4).  —  Palladis :     Minerva   was  the  patroness   of  all   kinds   of   handi- 
craft.    (See  Fig.  36.) 

1 6.  aedificant,  build,  indicating  the  size  by  the  very  use  of  a  word 
which  is  used  of  houses.  —  intexunt,  line,  i.e.  with  strips  running  across 

the  ribs.  —  abiete,  trisyllable ;  \j  w;  for  the  synaeresis  cf.  i.  2  ;   for 

the  long  first  syllable  see  §  347,  d,  R. ;  G.  723 ;  H.  608,  iii,  N.2 

18.  hue  includunt,  they  shut  up  in  it  (literally  hither,  i.e.  into  it,  mo- 
tion being  implied).  —  delecta  corpora,  implying  the  selection  of  indi- 
viduals ;  only  the  bravest  chiefs  were  to  dare  the  perilous  ambuscade. 

19.  lateri,  dat.,  in  a  sort  of  apposition  with   hue,  but  governed  by 
includunt  (§  228  ;    G.  347;    H.   386). — penitus,  deep  within,  another 
hint  at  the  immense  size. 


II-  46.]  The  ALneid.  243 

21.  est,  there  is  (§  344  c). 

22.  opum:  §  218,  c  ;  G.  374;  II.  399,  Hi,  i.  —  manebant :    for  tense 
see  §  276,  c,  N. ;  G.  569 ;  H.  467,  4,  N. 

23.  tantum  sinus,  a  mere  bay.  —  male  fida,  ill-faithful,  i.e.  treach- 
erous.—  male,  like  ling,  badly,  has  with  adjs.  expressing  good  qualities 
a  negative  force ;  with  those  expressing  bad,  an  intensive  force  (cf.  iv.  8). 

25.  abiisse  rati  [sumus]  (§  336,  a,  i,  N.;  G.  527,  R.3),  supposed  they  had 
gone.  —  Mycenas,  a  very  ancient  city  near  Argos,  and   the  home  of 
Agamemnon.     Its  remains,  in  a  very  archaic  style  of  art,  are  among 
the  most  interesting  in    Greece.      Here  used  for  all   Greece  generally 
(cf.  i.  30,  note). 

26.  luctu :  cf.  note,  i.  463,  and  notice  the  different  construction. 

27.  Dorica,  Grecian,  see  note,  i.  30. 

29-30.    Quoted  as  specimens  of  the  remarks  of  the  Trojans.  — tende- 
bat,  used  to  spread  (his  tents),  i.e.  had  his  camp. 

30.  classibus:  §  235  ;  G.  344  ;  H.  384,  4.  —  acie,  abl.  of  manner. 

31.  stupet,  as  equivalent  to  a  strong  miratur,  here  governs  an  ace. 

33.  duel,  sc.  equum  (§  331,^;  G.  532,  N.°;  H.  535,  iv). 

34.  iam,  i.e.  the  time  had  now  come  for  this  destiny. 

35.  quorum  .  .  .  menti,  those  in  whose  mind  was  a  better  (i.e.  wiser) 
thought  (§  200,  c;  G.  621  ;  H.  445,  6);  menti,  cf.  virginibus,  i.  336. 

36.  pelago,  dative  (§  258,  N.1 ;  G.  358  ;  H.  385,  41). 

38.  cavas  agrees  with  latebras. 

39.  studia,  parties  (more  lit.  party  feelings').    Cf.  the  scene  in  Chaucer 
where  the  people  are  admiring  the  brazen  horse : 

Greet  was  the  pres  that  swarmeth  to  and  fro 

To  gauren  [i.e.  stare]  on  this  hors  that  standeth  so,  etc. 

Squire's  Tale,  vv.  181  ff. 

40.  primus  ante  omnis,  i.e.  taking  the  lead  in  his  eager  partisanship. 

41.  ab  arce,  where  he  had  been  occupied  as  priest. 

42.  quae,  etc.,  what  madness  is  this  (tanta)  ?    The  use  of  tam,  tails, 
and  tantus,  in  nearly  the  sense  of  our  simple  demonstratives,  is  very 
common  in  Latin. 

44.  dolls,  abl.  (§  243,  a\  G.  405;  H.  414,  i). 

45.  inclusi,  etc.     Cf.  Chaucer,  Squire's  Tale,  w.  209-214: 

Or  elles  it  was  the  Grekes  hors  Synon, 

That  broughte  Troye  to  destruccion, 

As  men  may  in  thise  olde  gestes  rede. 

"  Myn  herte,"  quod  oon,  "is  evermore  in  drede. 

I  trowe  som  men  of  armes  ben  therinne 

That  shapen  hem  this  citee  for  to  winne." 

46.  fabricata:  §  135,  b ;  G.  167,  N.2;  H.  231,  2. 


244  Notes. 

47.  inspectura,  ventura  (fut.  part,  of  purpose,  §  293,  6,  2  ;  G.  438,  N.; 
H.  549,  3),  to  look  down  on  our  houses,  etc.     One  of  the  common  means 
of  siege  was  to  build  towers  overtopping  the  walls,  and  move  them  for- 
ward on  wheels.     The  huge  horse  is  suspected  to  be  such  an  engine  of 
•war  (macblna).  —  domos :  §  228,  a ;  G.  331 ;  H.  386,  3.  —  urbi :  see  v. 
36,  note. 

48.  error,  trick.     A  mistake  (error)  purposely  caused  is  a  deception. 
—  ne  credite :  §  269,  N.,  and  a  ;  G.  270  and  R.2 ;  H.  488,  489. 

49.  et,  even.  —  f erentis,  ace.  plural.     Cf.  Par.  Lost,  ii.  391  :  "  And 
count  thy  specious  gifts  no  gifts,  but  guiles." 

51.  inque   feri,  etc.,  against  the  belly  of  the  monster  rounded  -with 
jointed  framework  (compagibus,  abl.  of  manner  or  means). 

52.  ilia,  the  spear:  expressed  because  in  Latin  the  verb  agrees  with 
the  last  subject  mentioned,  unless  the  contrary  appears  ;  and  so  here  if 
ilia  were  not  expressed  Laocoon  would  be  the  subject. — recusso  (abl. 
abs.),  reechoing  (lit.  of  the  sound,  struck  back). 

53.  insonuere,  etc.  :  cf.  Par.  Lost,  ii.  788,  789  : 

Hell  trembled  at  the  hideous  name,  and  sigh'd 
From  all  her  caves,  and  back  resounded  Death  ! 

54-56.  si  fata,  etc. :  a  condition  cont.  to  fact,  with  past  prot.  (fuisset) 
and  mixed  apod,  (impulerat,  stares,  maneres)  (see  §  308  ;  G.  597  ;  H. 
507,  iii) ;  impulerat  is  used  for  impulisset  for  metrical  reasons  (§  308, 
c,  N.2;  G.  254,  R.3). 

54.  laeva,  as  applied  to  fata,  means  unpropitious  ;  as  applied  to  mens, 
it  means  dull,  blinded.     The  first  meaning  is  derived  from  the  language 
of  augury.     An  appearance  on  the  left  was  inauspicious  (cf.  sinister) 
among  the  Greeks,  whom  Virgil  here  follows,  though  originally  the  left 
was  the  fortunate  quarter  among  the  Romans.     Cf.  Ben  Jonson,  Silent 
Woman,  iii.  2  :  "  That  would  not  be  put  off  with  left-handed  cries."    The 
second  meaning  comes  from  the  awkwardness  (gaucherie)  of  the  left 
hand.     Such  uses  of  words  in  a  double  sense  are  avoided  in  modern 
style,  and,  in  the  classics  we  explain  them  by  the  so-called  rhetorical 
figure  zeugma  ;  but  they  probably  seemed  neither  irregular  nor  objection- 
able to  the  ancients  (see  i.  356,  note). 

55.  Argolicas,  of  the  Greeks.     The  Latin  uses  an  adj.  of  possession 
when  it  can,  often  where  English  prefers  of  (§   190;  G.  362,  R.1;  H. 
395.  N.2). 

57.  manus,  Greek  accus.  with  revinctum  (which  agrees  with  iuvenem) . 
The  "Greek"  ace.  sinus  in  i.  320  is  different.  See  §  240,  c  and  N.; 
G.  338  and  notes;  H.  378,  i. 

59.  qui,  subject  of  obtulerat. 


II.  84.]  The  ALneid.  245 

60.  aperiret  explains  hoc  ipsum :  to  contrive  this  very  thing,  that  is, 
to  open,  etc. 

61.  fidens  animi:  §  218,  c,  R. ;  G.  374,  N.7 ;  H.  399,  iii,  i. 

62.  versare  depends  on  paratus  (§  273,  b;  G.  421,  N.1,  c;  H.  533,  3), 
and  is  in  a  kind  of  apposition  with  utrumque :  to  practise  wiles  (if  he 
should  succeed)  or  to  die  if  discovered. 

64.  certant:  the  number  changes  because  they  vie  with  each  other 
individually  ;  though  they  gather  (ruit)  in  a  body  (§  205,  c,  i,  N.  ;  G.  21 1, 
exc.  a,  N.;  H.  461,  i,  N.2);  cf.  iii.  676. 

65.  accipe,  learn  ;  so  da  is  used  for  tell  me. 

68.  agmina  :  cf.  note  to  domos,  v.  47.     Spondaic  verse. 

70.  iam,  any  longer. 

71.  cui  neque  locus,  who  have  no  place  among  the  Greeks,  and  besides 
(super)  even  the  Trojans,  etc.     For  dat.  cf.  menti,  v.  35. 

72.  poscunt,  exact  the  penalty;  cf.  v.  139. 

73.  animi,  feelings. 

75.  quidve  ferat,  or  what  news  he  brings  (indir.  quest.).  —  memoret 
(in  indir.  disc,  for  imperative  of  direct,  §  339 ;  G.  652  ;  H.  523,  iii),  let 
him  tell  =  tell  us  (we  say).  —  fiducia,  i.e.  on  what  he  relies  to  save  him. 

76.  formidine,  pavitans  (v.  107):  the  embarrassment  was  genuine 
and  natural ;  not  enough  to  destroy  his  presence  of  mind  and  so  spoil 
his  scheme,  but  enough  to  make  a  favorable  impression  on  his  captors. 

77.  equidetn  makes  the  whole  expression  more  forcible,  like  our  "  I 
will,  indeed  I  will."  —  fuerit  (fut.  perf.)  quodcumque,  whatever  shall 
come  of  it. 

78.  Argolica :  in  answer  to  the  question  in  v.  74. 

79.  hoc  primum  (sc.  dictum  esto),  i.e.  let  this  compromising  fact  be 
stated  once  for  all ;  hence  the  nee  that  follows. 

80.  vanum:  §   186,  c;  G.  325;  H.  373,  N.2 — improba,  malicious 
goddess. 

81.  fando  :  cf.  note,  v.  6.  —  aliquod  nomen,  any  [such]  name. 

82.  Palamedis.     Ulysses,  to  avoid  joining  in  the  Trojan  expedition, 
feigned  madness,  yoking  together  a  horse  and  a  bull,  ploughing  a  field 
with  this  team,  and  sowing  it  with  salt.     Palamedes  laid  Telemachus  in 
the  furrow.     Ulysses  turned  out,  and  being  thus  proved  sane,  was  held 
to  the  service.     In  revenge  he  procured  the  death  of  Palamedes  in  the 
way  hinted  at  in  the  text. —  fama  is  the  talk  about  his  renown;  gloria, 
the  renown  itself. 

83.  falsa  sub,  etc.,  under  a  false  and  treacherous  charge. 

84.  indicio,  (false)  charge.  —  vetabat,  tried  to  stop  (conative  imperf., 
§  277,  <r;G.  233;  H.  469,  i,  i). 


246  Notes. 

85.  mine  cassum  lumine  (§  243,  d ;  G.  405,  N.8 ;  H.  414,  iii),  now  when 
he  is  dead. 

87.  pauper :  his  poverty  was  his  reason  for  sending  the  boy,  as  war 
was  with  the  ancients  a  regular  means  of  gaining  wealth.  —  primis  ab 
annis,  i.e.  at  an  early  age. 

88.  stabat:  cf.  manebant,  v.  22. —  regno :  loc.  abl. 

89.  consiliis,  loc.  abl. 

91.  baud  ignota :    to  win  confidence,  he  weaves  in  well-known  facts. 

92.  trahebam,  tacui :  notice  the  change  of  tense. 

93.  mecum,  alone  by  myself. 

94-96.  me  ...  ultorem:  indir.  disc,  dependent  on  promisit.  Me 
.  .  .  ultorem  (to  which  promisit  gives  a  future  sense)  =  me  ulturum 
[esse]  and  so  stands  for  a  fut.  apod.  (dir.  disc.  :  ultor  ero  =  ulciscar)  ; 
the  prot.  is  tulisset,  remeassem  (dir.  disc. :  tulerit,  remeavero) ;  see 
§  337.  a,  3  ;  G.  516  ;  H.  525,  2. 

97.  labes  :  misfortune  is  represented  as  a  gradual  subsidence  or  sink- 
ing to  ruin.  —  mihi :  dat.  of  reference  (§  235  ;  G.  344  ;  H.  384,  4). 

98.  nine  spargere,  etc.  :  cf.  Par.  Lost,  v.  702-3 : 

Tells  the  suggested  cause,  and  casts  between 
Ambiguous  words  and  jealousies. 

99.  quaerere,  etc.,  i.e.  conscious  of  his  guilt,  he  began  to  seek  arms 
of  defense  against  him  who  might  be  his  accuser  (§  275  ;   G.  647  ;   H. 

536,  I)- 

100.  nee  enim  (the  negative  of  etenim,  in  which  the  force  of  et  is 
lost),  for  he  did  not  rest,  etc.,  referring  back  to  prima  labes.  —  donee  : 
Sinon  artfully  breaks  off  just  when  he  has  roused  the  keenest  curiosity. 

101.  sed  autem :  pleonastic  and  colloquial. 

102.  quidve  moror,   or  why  do  I  delay  you?  —  uno  ordine  (abl.  of 
manner),  in  one  degree  of  estimation,  i.e.  as  all  alike. 

103.  id,  i.e.  the  fact  that  I  am  a  Greek.  —  iamdudum  implies  that 
they  have  been  long  eager  to  do  it  (§  276,  a,  N.2 ;  G.  269).  —  sumite  : 
punishment  is  regularly  looked  on  as  a  fine  or  forfeit  which  the  inflicter 
takes  (hence  sumere,  to  inflict)  and  the  sufferer  gives  (hence  dare,  to 
suffer)  ;  cf.  i.  136;  ii.  72,  139,  366. 

104.  velit,  would  like  it  (future  apod.,  §  307,  b  ;    G.  596),  i.e.  if  you 
should  doit  (§  311 ;  G.  600;  11.509). —  magno  :  §252;  6.404;  H.  422. 

105.  turn  vero,  then  more  than  ever.     Notice  that  these  words  regu- 
larly introduce  the  most  important  point  or  the  decisive  moment  in  the 
narrative.  —  ardemus,  i.e.  before  we  were  eager,  but  now  we  long. 

109.  bello :  to  be  taken  with  both  fessi  and  discedere :  they  were 
wearied  with  the  war,  and  anxious  to  depart  from  it. 


ir.  132.]  The  Aineid.  247 

no.   fecissent :  §  267,  b  ;  G.  261  ;  H.  483,  i. 

in.  euntis,  just  going,  with  a  sort  of  future  meaning,  as  in  Greek, 
French,  and  English. 

112.  praecipue :  the  previous  occurrences  were  omens  forbidding 
departure,  and  now  still  more  were  there  signs  of  divine  wrath.  —  cum 
iam,  when  now. 

114.  scitantem,  to  inquire ;  cf.  note  on  orantes  (i.  519).  —  oracula, 
the  responses  (the  proper  meaning  of  the  word). 

116.  sanguine,  i.e.  the  sacrifice  of  Iphigenia  at  Aulis  (on  the  Eubcean 
Strait),  where  the  Greek  fleet  mustered  for  the  Trojan  expedition,  and 
where  it  was  detained  by  head  winds  until  Agamemnon  consented  to  the 
sacrifice  of  his  daughter  to  Diana.  See  Tennyson's  Dream  of  Fair 
Women,  sts.  25-30.  The  story  is  told  in  the  Hecuba  of  Euripides. 

118.  anima,  abl.  of  means  (a  regular  construction  for  the  thing  sacri- 
ficed).—  litandum  [est]  (impersonal),  expiation  must  be  made. 

1 20.  gelidusque  .  .  .  cucurrit :  cf .  Par.  Lost,  ix.  888-90  : 

Adam  .  .  .  amaz'd, 

Astonied  stood,  and  blank,  while  horror  chill 
Ran  through  his  veins,  and  all  his  joints  relax'd. 

121.  cui  fata  parent,  [in  doubt]  for  whom  the  fates  are  preparing 
(such  a  destiny) ;  parent  is  used  absolutely  without  an  object ;  the  doubt 
is  implied  in  tremor,  etc.     The  response  itself  is  supposed  to  be  a  pre- 
liminary arrangement  for  the  death  of  some  one.     The  cause  of  the 
agitation  of  the  people  is  explained  by  v.  130. 

122.  hie,   adv.  —  Calchanta  :    Calchas,  the  "dread  soothsayer"  of 
the  Grecian  armament.     See  ^Esch.  Agam.  156. 

123.  numina,  i.e.  expressions  of  the  divine  will. 

1 24.  flagitat  implies  violence  or  insistence.  —  iam  canebant,  began 
to  foretell  (prophecies  being  usually  given  in  verse). 

125.  artificis,  i.e.  Ulysses.  —  taciti :    i.e.  some  also  saw,  but  were 
silent. 

126.  quinos :  the  distributive  is  regularly  used  with  numeral  adverbs; 
cf .  i.  38 1 ,  note.  —  tectus,  hiding  his  thoughts. 

1 29.  composite,  according  to  compact,  strictly  an  impersonal  ablative 
absolute  ;  cf.  i.  737,  note.  —  rumpit,  breaks  his  silence  ;   rumpit  is  in  a 
manner  causative  :  he  makes  his  voice  £>reak  the  bands  that  held  it. 

130.  quae  .  .   .  tulere,  what  each  dreaded  for  himself,  they  bore  (i.e. 
permitted)  when  turned  to  one  wretch's  ruin.     The  emphatic  position  of 
unius  and  tulere  suggests  this  as  the  best  interpretation. 

132.  sacra,  arrangements  for  the  sacrifice.  —  parari :  for  construc- 
tion see  note  on  quaerere,  v.  99. 


248  Notes.  [ 

133.  salsae  fruges :    the  coarse  meal  and  salt  (called  also  mola), 
always  accompanying  an  immolation. — vittae,  as  in  all  sacrifices. 

134.  fateor  :  it  was  sacrilege  to  escape,  for  he  was  already  devoted 
(sacer)  to  the  god. — leto,  dat.  (§  229;  G.  345,  R.1;    H.  385,  2). — vin- 
cula  rupi,  i.e.  escaped  from  confinement. 

136.  darent :  §328;  0.572;  H.  519,  ii,  2.  —  dedissent :  by  sequence 
of  tenses  for  fut.  perf.  (see  note,  v.  94),  because  the  action  would  take 
place  before  the  time  of  dum  darent.     For  mood  see  §  342  ;  G.  663,  i ; 
H.  529,  ii. 

137.  iam,  any  longer. 

139.  quos  poenas  (§  239,  c;    G.  339;    H.  374)  reposcent,  of  whom 
they,  perchance,  will  exact  the  penalty  for  my  escape. 

140.  quod,  therefore  (lit.  as  to  which,  Gr.   ace.  ;    §  240,  c  ;    G.  338  ; 
H.  378,  i).     The  word  regularly  introduces  adjurations. 

141.  veri:  §  218,  a;  G.  374;  H.  399. 

142.  per,  sc.  earn  fidem. — si  qua  est :    the  perfidy  of  the  Greeks 
makes  him  doubt  if  good  faith  exists  anywhere.  —  restet :   §  320,  a  ;  G. 
631,  2  ;  H.  503,  i. 

143.  laborum:  §  221,  a  ;  G.  377  ;  H.  406,  i. 

144.  non  digna,  undeserved  misfortunes. 

145.  lacrimis,  dat.,  a  bold  synecdoche:  what  is  given  to  him  on  ac- 
count of  the  tears  is  said  to  be  given  to  the  tears  themselves  ;   cf. 
Shakspere,  Cymbeline,  iii.  4.  61,  62  : 

Sinon's  weeping 
Did  scandal  many  a  holy  tear. 

—  ultro,  besides  (lit.  beyond  his  asking,  which  was  only  for  his  life). 

147.  dictis:  abl.  of  manner. 

148.  hinc  iam,  from  henceforth. 

1 50.  molem,  etc.  :  cf.  George  Peele,  Tale  of  Troy,  w.  382,  383  : 

A  huge  unwieldy  frame 
Much  like  a  horse. 

—  quo,  to  what  end?  —  quis  auctor,  i.e.  by  whose  counsel  ? 

151.  quae  religio,  what  religious  vow  (or  offering}*.     The  repeated 
questions  in  various  forms  show  the  old  man's  eager  curiosity,  as  well 
as  his  doubt. 

154.    non  violabile,  i.e.  an  oath  by  these  divine  powers  must  not  be 
broken. 

156.  deum  (gen.  pi.),  i.e.  worn  in  honor  of  the  gods.  —  quas  hostia 
gessi,  and  hence  so  much  the  more  sacred  an  oath  to  him. 

157.  iura,  i.e.  iura  iuranda,  oaths.  —  sacrata,  consecrated  by  religious 
obligation,  like  the  oath  of  enlistment  of  the  Roman  soldier.  —  resol- 


II.  1 79.]  The  ALneid.  249 

vere,  to  break ;  lit.  to  unbind,  that  is,  to  loose  the  obligation  (§  270,  b  ; 
G.428,  N.2;    H.  538). 

1 58.  ferre  sub  auras,  bring  out  to  light  (lit.  to  air)  from  their  hiding- 
place. 

160.  promissis,  loc.  abl.  —  maneas  :  §  266,  a ;  G.  263,  2  ;  H.  484,  iv. 

161.  Troia :  an  appeal  to  the  holy  city  itself,  more  impressive  than 
one  to  the  king  alone.  —  magna  rependam,  greatly  repay.     On  the  form 
of  the  conditional  sentence  see  §  307,  d ';  G.  595;  H.  508,  4. 

163.  auxiliis,  loc.  abl.,  the  idiomatic  construction  with  sto  (§  254,  6,  i). 

164.  sed  enir-,  elliptical,  as  usual  (cf.  i.  19,  note):  but  [their  hopes 
began  to  fail]  for,  ever  since  (ex  quo),  etc.     Again  a  well-known  story, 
the  capture  of  the  Palladium,  is  woven  into  his  tale. 

166.  Palladium  (Greek  dimin.  of  Pallas),  a  small  wooden  image  of 
the  goddess.  It  was  polluted  by  their  touch,  Sinon  says,  and  hence  the 
goddess  was  offended.  Chaucer  calls  Palladium  a  "relic":  Troilus,  i. 

I52-I54: 

But  aldermost  in  honour,  out  of  doute, 
They  hadde  a  reljk  hight  Palladion, 
That  was  hir  trist  aboven  everichon. 

168.  virgineas  vittas,  the  fillets  of  the  maiden  goddess:  these  seem  to 
have  differed  in  form  from  those  of  matrons  (cf.  the  Scotch  snood}, 

169.  ex  illo  (correl.  to  ex  quo),  since  then.  —  fluere,  ebb. 

171.  ea  signa,  signs  of  this ;  cf.  vii.  595;  xii.  468.  —  monstris  (mo- 
neo),  warnings. 

173.  luminibus  arrectis  (abl.  of  separation),  staring  eyes. 

174.  ipsa,  the  goddess  herself  (more  amazing  than  the  other  warnings). 

175.  trementem :  the  agitation  of  the  goddess  is  indicated  more  vividly 
by  the  rattling  of  her  arms. 

176.  canit:  see  note,  v.  124. — temptanda  [esse],  ind.  disc. 

178.  omina  :  Virgil  here  transfers  a  Roman  custom  to  the  Homeric 
Greeks.     The  Romans  undertook  no  expedition  without  the  direction 
of  the  gods,  who  were  supposed  to  dwell  in  the  city,  and  were  consulted 
by  auspices  before  setting  out.     If  the  event  was  unsuccessful,  the  aus- 
pices had  to  be  taken  again  in  the  city,  and  the  whole  enterprise  be 
begun  anew.     The  term  for  this  was  repetere  auspicia,  of  which  repetere 
omina  is  here  a  variation.  —  Argis,  from  Argos.  —  repetant,  f ut.  prot. 
in  indir.  disc.  (§  337  ;  G.  657  ;  H.  527).  —  numen,  the  favoring  presence 
of  the  gods,  as  shown  by  renewed  favorable  auspices. 

179.  pelago  (§  258,  g\  G.  389  ;  H.  425,  i J),  by  sea.  —  curvis  carinis, 
abl.  of  means  (§  248,  c,  I  ;  G.  401  ;  II.  420),  in  the  crooked  ships ;  cf.  II. 
ii.  297. 


250  Notes.  [.#:NEID. 

180.    quod,  in  that  (§  333,  a;  G.  525,  2 ;  H.  516,  2,  N.);  the  antecedent 
clause  is  parant,  etc. 

182.  omina,  i.e.  those  referred  to  in  w.  171-175. 

183.  pro  Palladio,  in  lieu  of  the  Palladium  ;  pro  numine,  in  propitia- 
tion of  the  offended  divinity.     The  goddess  is,  however,  identified  with 
her  image  the  Palladium,  hence  pro  can  be  used  with  both,  though  not 
in  precisely  the  same  sense  (see  note  on  v.  54). 

184.  triste,  gloomy  (in  its  effect). 

185.  The  gist  of  the  idea  is  in  immensam  molem.     They  were  to 
make  it  huge  so  as  to  keep  it  outside,  where  it  would  protect  them  and 
not  the  enemy.  —  tamen,  i.e.  though  it  was  in  lieu  of  the  Palladium,  yet 
it  was  to  be  of  no  service  to  the  Trojans. 

186.  caelo  :  see  note  on  pelago,  v.  36. 

187.  recipi  and  duel  are  branches  of  the  same  general  idea  ;  neu  intro- 
duces a  different  one.     Sinon  accounts  for  the  size  of  the  horse,  and 
at  the  same  time  suggests  that  disposal  of  it  which  he  desires. 

188.  antiqua,  i.e.  just  as  formerly  under  the  protection  of  the  Palla- 
dium. —  religione :  this  word  implies  piety  (religious  veneration),  the 
sanctity  which  calls  it  forth,  and  the  object  which  possesses  that  sanctity. 
Here  it  seems  to  be  used  with  a  confused  notion  of  all,  chiefly  the  last. 

189.  violasset,  ind.  disc,  for  fut.  perf.  ;  cf.  note  on  tulisset,  v.  94. 

190.  quod  di  .  .  .  COnvertant  (§  267  ;  G.  260  ;  H.  483,  2),  may  the 
gods  turn  the  omen  against  himself  (Calchas).     The  anger  of  the  gods 
had  to  be  satisfied,  but  might  by  prayers  be  diverted  from  its  original 
object  to  another  person. 

191.  futurum  [esse],  indir.  disc,  following  the  verb  of  saying  implied 
in  iussit  (§  330,  e ;    G.  649,  N.2 ;  H.  523,  i,  N.). 

193.  ultro  .  .  .  venturam,  i.e.  would  make  an  offensive  war,  beyond 
the  defensive  warfare  they  were  now  waging  (cf.  v.  145,  and  note). 

194.  ea,  i.e.  the  fates  implied  in  exitium. 

195.  periuri  Sinonis.     Sinon's  name  was  long  a  by-word  in  literature 
for  an  arch-traitor.    Chaucer,  for  example,  associates  him  with  Genilon, 
who   betrayed  Roland  at  the  pass  of  Roncevaux  (as  told  in  the  Old 
French  Chanson  de  Roland},  and  with  Judas  Iscariot  (Nun's  Priest's 
Tale,  w.  407,  408). 

196.  capti,  those  (implied  anteced.  of  quos,  cf.  v.  35,  note)  were  caught. 

199.  aliud :  by  this  prodigy  the  fall  of  Troy  is  shown  to  have  been 
due  to  fate,  and  not  merely  to  the  wiles  and  valor  of  the  Greeks.  — 
miseris,  [to  us]  ill-fated. 

200.  improvida,  not  knowing  the  future,  blinded. 

201.  Neptuno,  dat.  (§  235,  a  ;  G.  350,  i  ;  H.  384,  4,  N.2).  —  ductus 
sorte,  a  Roman  custom  transferred  to  Troy  (cf.  note  on  v.  178). 


II.  234-]  The  ALneid.  251 

204.  orbibus,  coils  (abl.  of  manner). 

205.  parrter,  side  by  side. 

206.  iubae :  cf.  Milton's  description  of  the  serpent  "  with  hairy  mane 
terrific."     Par.  Lost,  vii.  497. 

208.  legit,  skims  (the  flood).  The  word  seems  literally  to  mean/*V£  ; 
hence  used  of  the  course  of  a  vessel,  and  so  here  of  the  monster.  —  volu- 
mine  (abl.  of  manner) :  the  plural  would  be  more  natural,  but  doubtless 
the  singular  is  occasioned  by  the  metre.  Cf.  capita,  v.  219. 

210.   oculos,  Greek  ace.;  see  note  on  v.  57. 

212.  visu,  abl.  of  cause.  —  agmine  certo,  with  steady  march  (like  an 
army),  not  roaming  about  aimlessly  as  they  might  be  expected  to  do  if 
not  divinely  sent. 

216.   auxilio,  to  their  help  (dat.  of  service,  §  233,  a  ;  G.  356  ;  H.  390). 

218.  COllO  (dat.),  about  their  neck  (§  225,  d ;  G.  348  ;  H.  384,  2). 

219.  terga :  see  note  on  sinus,  i.  320.  —  capite,  abl.  of  degree  of 
difference  (§   250;  G.  403;  H.  423):  capltibus  could  not  be  used  in 
hexameter. 

220.  tendit,  strives.  —  divellere  :  §  271,  a  ;  G.  423,  2  ;  H.  498,  ii,  N.1 

223.  quales  mugitus,  cum,  for  tales  mugitus  (in  apposition  with 
clamores),  quales  tolluntur,  etc.,  such  roarings  as  are  raised  when,  etc. 
(cf.  II.  xx.  403  ;  Bry.  507).     So  Dante,  Inferno,  ii.  22-24  : 

Like  to  a  bull,  that  with  impetuous  spring 
Darts,  at  the  moment  when  the  fatal  blow 
Hath  struck  him,  but,  unable  to  proceed, 
Plunges  on  either  side. 

224.  incertam,  ill-aimed.  —  securim :  §  56,  b;  G.  57,  i  ;  H.  62,  iii. 

225.  lapsu  (abl.  of  manner),  gliding  (as  if  it  were  a  participle).  — 
delubra  summa.     The  chief  shrines  of  an  ancient  city  were  regularly  in 
the  stronghold  (cf.  the  Capitol  at  Rome  and  the  Parthenon  at  Athens). 

226.  saevae,  cruel,  in  withdrawing  her  protection  from  Troy. 

227.  clipei :  many  statues  of  Minerva  show  a  shield  resting  on  the 
ground,  the  upper  edge  held  by  her  hand.  —  teguntur :  §  1 1 1,  a ;  G.  218; 
H.  465. 

228.  turn  vero  :  see  note,  v.  105.  —  novus  :  the  former  fear  was  mere 
terror  at  the  serpents  ;  the  new  is  a  religious  awe.  —  cunctis  :  cf.  Nep- 
tuno,  v.  201,  note. 

229.  scelus  expendisse  merentem,  has  expiated  his  guilt,  as  he  deserves; 
see  §  292  ;  G.  666;  H.  549,  i. 

231.   laeserit:  for  mood  see  §  320,  e;  G.  633  ;  H.  517. 

234.  dividimus,  etc.,  we  break  down  the  walls  (muros),  and  [tAus]  lay 
open  the  defenses  (moenia)  of  the  city  ;  moenia  is  the  more  general  word. 
Cf.  Gower,  Confessio  Amantis,  bk.  i.  : 


252  Notes.  [>ENEID. 

The  gates  that  Neptunus  made 
A  thousand  winter  ther-to-fore 
They  have  anon  to-broke  and  tore, 
The  stronge  walles  doun  they  bete, 
So  that  into  the  large  strete 
This  hors  with  greet  solempnite 
Was  brought  withinne  the  cite\ 

235.  accingunt :  see  note  on  i.  210.  —  rotarum  lapsus,  rolling  wheels 
(lit.  the  rollings  of  -wheels') :  a  bold  form  of  expression,  common  in  poetry; 
the  quality  or  property  of  a  person  or  thing,  which  would  naturally  be 
expressed  by  an  adj.,  is  embodied  in  an  abstract  noun,  and  the  person 
or  thing  itself  follows  in  the  gen.  This  emphasizes  the  quality.  Cf. 
minae  murorum,  menacing  -walls  (lit.  menaces  of  walls),  iv.  88 ;  cf.  also 
iv.  132. 

238.  pueri,  etc. :   again  a  Roman   custom.     Many  such  customs  of 
Virgil's  time  alluded  to  in  the  /Eneid  were  supposed  to  have  been  im- 
ported direct  from  Troy. 

239.  gaudent,  because  it  was  a  sacred  service. 

240.  ilia  subit :  as  Menelaus  tells  the  story  in  the  Odyssey  (iv.  274- 
289;  Bry.  355),  Helen  went  thrice  about  the  horse,  calling  the  several 
chiefs  by  name,  imitating  by  her  voice  the  wife  of  each  ;    and  they  were 
only  kept  from  betraying  themselves  by  the  strong  hand  of  Ulysses  laid 
upon  their  mouths.  —  minans,  towering  high. 

241.  divom  domus:  see  v.  351  and  note. 

243.  substitit,  stopped:    stumbling,    as   it  were,  on   the   threshold, 
always  a  bad  omen  with  the  Romans.  —  utero,  abl.  of  separation. 

244.  immemores  :  they  had  forgotten  Laocoon's  warning  (v .  45). 

245.  monstrum  infelix,  the  inauspicious,  i.e.  fatal,  prodigy.  —  arce  : 
§  260,  a;  G.  385,  R.1  and  N.1  ;  H.  380,  N. 

246.  tune  etiam,  then  too  (besides  the  other  warnings  which  she  had 
given  in  vain).  —  fatis,  abl.  of  manner.  —  Cassandra,  daughter  of  Priam. 
She  had  been  endowed  by  Apollo  with  the  gift  of  prophecy  ;  but,  as  she 
rejected  his  love,  the  gift  was  accompanied  with  the  curse  that  no  one 
should  believe  her  inspired  words.     Cf.  the  prophecy  of  Cassandra  in 
Landor,  Espousals  of  Polyxena  : 

Hearest  thou  not  the  marble  manger  crack 
Under  the  monster's  jaw  ?    It  scales  our  walls 
And  human  voices  issue  from  its  bulk. 

247.  non  credita,  agrees  with  ora.  —  Teucris,  dative  (§  232,  a  ;  G. 
354;  H.  388,  4). 

248.  quibus  esset  (§  320,  e ;  G.  634;  H.  515,  iii),  THOUGH  that  day 
was  our  last  (contrasting  the  signs  of  joy  with  their  real  fate).     Notice 


II.  268.]  The  jEneid.  253 

how  this  idea  is  brought  out  by  the  position  of  miseri  before  quibus, 
etc. 

249.  velamus  :  decking  temples  with  garlands  had  a  religious  in  con- 
nection with  its  festival  meaning. 

250.  ruit  oceano  :    night,  like  day,  was  conceived  as  rising  from  the 
vast  Ocean  that  encircles  the  earth. 

251.  involvens  :  notice  the  grave  effect  of  the  spondees. 

252.  fusi:  cf.  fusi  per  herbam,  i.  214. 

254.  ibat,  was  on  its  -way  already,  anticipating  Sinon's  success. 

255.  Tenedo :    §  258,  a,  N.1  ;    0.391,  R.1  ;  H.  412,  N. —  per  arnica 
silentia  lunae,  by  the  friendly  silence  of  the  moon  (cf.  v.  340). 

256.  flammas,  the  signal  light,  as  a  sign  to  Sinon  ;  cf.  vi.  518,  where 
Helen  is  said  to  have  held  forth   a  lighted  torch  as  a  signal.     This 
clause  should  properly  be  the  subordinate  one,  but,  as  often,  is  empha- 
sized by  its  present  form  (see  §  325,  b  ;  G.  581  ;  H.  521,  ii,  i). 

257.  fatis  deum:  cf.  vi.  376. 

258.  utero,  loc.   abl.  —  Danaos  .   .   .  claustra,  lets  loose  the  Greeks 
from  their  fine-wood  prison.     As  the  verb  laxat  can  apply  in  slightly 
different  senses  to  both  Danaos  and  claustra,  the    zeugma,   always    a 
favorite  form  of  expression  (cf.  notes  on  i.  356,  ii.  54),  is  preferred  to 
the  ablative  of  separation  (claustris). 

259.  laxat  is  in  the  same  construction  as  extulerat,  but  the  action  of 
the  latter  verb  precedes  and  that  of  the  former  is  brought  forward  to 
present  time  (hist,  pres.)  ;  hence  the  great  difference  of  tense. — auras, 
open  air  ;  see  ii.  158,  iv.  388  ;   cf.  George  Peele,  Tale  of  Troy,  TJV.  414- 
417: 

The  monstrous  horse,  that  in  his  spacious  sides 
A  traitorous  throng  of  subtile  Grecians  hides, 
'dan  now  discharge  his  vast  and  hideous  load 
And  silently  disperse  his  strength  abroad. 

260.  cavo  robore  promunt :    cf.  Od.  viii.  500-520;    Bry.  613,  where 
the  story  is  told  by  Demodocus. 

263.  primus  Machaon :  Machaon,  son  of  ./Esculapius  ;   primus  may 
be  a  translation  of  dpurTftioma  (II.  xi.  506),  or  may  perhaps  mean  among 
the  first. 

264.  doli,  i.e.  the  horse.     Notice  the  variety  of  words  Virgil  uses  to 
refer  to  the  horse  (cf.  note  on  i.  84). 

266.  portis,  ablative  of  means. 

267.  conscia,  allied,  knowing  each  other's  plans. 

268.  tempus  erat :    this,  with  nox  erat,  has  been  observed  to  be  a 
favorite  form  of  transition  with  Virgil.    Cf.  Spenser,  Visions  of  Bellay,  i : 


254  Notes. 

It  was  the  time,  when  rest,  soft  sliding  downe 
From  heaven's  hight  into  mens  heavy  eyes, 
In  the  forgetfulness  of  sleepe  doth  drowne 
The  carefull  thought  of  mortall  miseries  ; 
Then  did  a  ghost  before  mine  eyes  appeare. 

269.  dono  divom :  cf .  the  Homeric  virvov  Swpoc ;  Milton,  Par. 
Lost,  iv.  735 :  "  And  when  we  seek,  as  now,  thy  [i.e.  God's]  gift  of 
sleep  "  ;  and  Psalm  cxxvii. :  "  He  giveth  his  beloved  sleep." 

271.   effundere  fletus  :  so  Patroclus'  ghost,  II.  xxiii.  65  ;  Bry.  77. 

273.  pedes  tumentis  :  see  note,  i.  484.  —  lora  :   for  full  explanation 
of  construction  see  §  239,  b,  R. 

274.  quantum  mutatus,  etc.  :  cf.  Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered,  iv.  49 : 

Often  my  mother's  shade  to  me  appeared, 

A  pallid  ghost,  with  bearing  dolorous,  — 

Her  face,  alas  !  how  changed  from  what  had  been  !  — 

"  Flee,  flee  ! "  she  cried. 

275.  redit,  i.e.  as  I  seem  to  see  him  returning.     The  tense  is  used 
like  the  historical  present ;  see  II.  xvii,  188;  Bry.  232. 

277.  concretes,  matted ;  cf.  Macbeth,  iv.  I.  123,  "The  blood-boltered 
Banquo." 

278.  volnera  :  apparently  honorable  wounds  received  in  battle  ;  less 
likely,  the  hurts  and  bruises  from  being  dragged  at  the  car  of  Achilles. 
—  quae  plurima,  of  which  he  had  received  so  many  (cf.  v.  5,  note). 

279.  ultro,  first  (without  being  spoken  to)  ;  cf.  w.  145,  193. 

281.  0  lux,  etc.  :  for  a  moment  ^Eneas  forgets  that  Hector  has  been 
slain. 

285.   ut,  how,  i.e.  in  how  sad  a  plight. 

287.    moratur,  stay  for  (i.e.  heed). 

289.    his,  with  a  gesture  (the  so-called  deictic  use  of  the  pronoun). 

291.  sat  .  .  .  datum,  a  legal  phrase  :  your  debt  to  your  country  and 
king  has  been  fully  paid.  —  si  ...  possent  .  .  .  f uissent,  if  Troy 
could  be  saved  (at  all)  by  human  hand,  it  would  have  been  saved  (before) 
by  mine  (for  tense  see  §  308,  a  ;  G.  597,  R.1;  H.  510,  N.2).  Satirically 
applied  by  Pope,  Dunciad,  i.  195-198  : 

Could  Troy  be  sav'd  by  any  single  hand, 

This  grey-goose  weapon  must  have  made  her  stand. 

293.  penates  :  associated  with  Vesta,  goddess  of  the  home.     Eneas' 
duty  is  to  protect  his  home,  not  to  try  vainly  to  defend  Troy. 

294.  his,  dative  of  reference. 

295.  quae  :  i.e.  moenia.  —  pererrato  ponto,  abl.  abs. 

296.  vittas  Vestamque,  hendiadys  ;  see  i.  61,  note. 


11.322.]  The  Aineid.  255 

297.  ignem :  the  sacred  fire,  which  was  carried  from  the  hearth  of 
Vesta,  in  the  mother  city,  to  kindle  that  of  the  new  community.     The 
gods  and  fire  here  referred   to  were  supposed  to  be  preserved  in  the 
temple  of  Vesta  at  Rome. 

298.  miscentur,  etc.,  disturbed  by  many  mingled  sounds  of  grief ;  mis- 
ceri  is  the  regular  word  for  any  confusion. 

299.  secreta,  obtecta  :  used  as  predicates  with  recessit,  stood  apart 

301.  horror,  the  dread  din  of  arms. 

302.  somno,  probably  ablative. 

303.  ascensu  (§    248,  R.  ;   G.  399;    H.  419,  iii)  supero,  mount  to  the. 
top  of. 

304.  veluti  cum:  compare  II.  xi.  492-497  ;  Bry.  599.     / stand  listen- 
ing [to  the  roar  of  battle]  just  as,   when   the  blaze  driven  by  furious 
southern  blasts  falls  upon  the  crops,  or  the  hurrying  torrent  of  a  mountain 
flood  ouenvhelms  the  fields,  etc.,  the  shepherd,  ignorant  of  the  cattse,from 
the  lofty  summit  of  a  rock,  bewildered,  hears  (stupet  accipiens)  the  roar. 

309.  manifesta  fides,  the  truth  is  clear  (belief  is  forced  upon  me  of 
what  would  otherwise  seem  impossible). 

310.  Deiphobi :  Od.  viii.  517  ;  Bry.  636.     Deiphobus,  the  next  of  the 
sons  of  Priam  after  Hector  and  Paris,  had  married  Helen  after   Paris' 
death ;  his  house  was  therefore  the  first  destroyed.  —  dedit,  as  we  say 
"gave  a  crash."  —  ruinam  means  both  the  fall  and  the  consequences 
of  it  (cf.  v.  465  and  note). 

311.  Volcano,  not  merely  fire,  but  the  God  of  Fire  in  person.     The 
Homeric  fire-god,  Hephaistos,  with  whom  Vulcan  was  identified,  is  the 
favorite  son  of  Juno  (ffera). 

312.  Ucalegon  (i.e.  his  house):   one  of  the  ancient  counsellors  who 
sat  with  Priam  on  the  wall  (II.  iii.  148  ;  Bry.  186). 

314.  nee  sat  rationis,  and  yet  (=  though)  there  is  no  reason. 

315.  animi :  notice  the  common  use  of  the  plural  animi  in  the  sense 
of  passion,  while  mentem  is  the  intellect,  or  judgment. 

317.  succurrit,  it  conies  [to  my  thought],  etc.     Cf.  the  familiar  line 
from  Horace,  dulce  et  decorum  est  pro  patria  mart. 

318.  Achivom :  §  40,  e. 

319.  Panthus  :    another  aged  counsellor  (II.  iii.  146).  —  arcis  Phoe- 
bique  (hendiadys,  cf.  v.  296,  note),  of  Apollo  in  the  citadel ;    see  note, 
v.  225. 

321.  ipse,  i.e.  he  alone  without  attendants  to  bear  the  sacred  burden. 
—  cursu,  abl.  of  manner.  —  amens  tendit,  comes  running  wildly. 

322.  quo  .  .  .  loco,  where  is  the  main  struggle? — quam  .  .  .  ar- 
cem,  what  stronghold  shall  we  occupy  ?    supposing  the  citadel  to  be 


256  Notes.  [ 

already  taken.  This  seems  the  best  rendering  of  this  much-vexed  pas- 
sage. Another  meaning  of  the  first  question  is,  In  what  condition  is 
the  decisive  struggle  ?  For  tense  of  prendimus  see  §  276,  c  ;  G.  228  ; 
H.  467,  5.  Panthus  replies  that  all  is  lost  ;  and  jEneas  accordingly 
rushes  out  in  the  general  direction  of  the  noise  (v.  337).  —  Panthu, 
vocative;  it  represents  Greek  ov  contracted  from  oe. 

324.  ineluctabile,  inevitable  (lit.  that  cannot  be  wrestled  away  from). 

325.  fuimus  Troes,  etc.  "  It  was  a  common  phrase  with  the  Romans," 
says  Appian  "  to  say,    Antiochus  the  Great  has  been."     See  §  279,  a  ; 
0.236,  i;  H.  471,  i2. 

326.  Argos,  ace.  (§  258,  b  ;    G.  337;    H.  380,  ii). — transtulit :    ac- 
cording to  the  Greek  legend,  "  the  gods  departed  in  a  body  from  Troy 
on  the  night  of  its  capture,  bearing  their  own  images  with  them  "  (see 
v-  351)-  —  ferus  :  not  a  general  epithet,  but  indicating  his  present  state 
of  feeling. 

327.  incensa  .  .  .  urbe  (loc.  abl.),  i.e.  they  have  set  fire  to  the  city, 
and  are  masters  in  it. 

328.  mediis  in  moenibus,  i.e.  in  the  very  citadel.  —  adstans,  standing 
there,  a  vivid  way  of  indicating  its  presence. 

329.  victor  (in  app.  with  Sinon),  in  his  success  (lit.  as  victor). 

330.  bipatentibus,  i.e.  thrown  wide  open  (lit.  with  both  folding-doors 
open);  for  case  see  §  258,  g\  G.  389;  H.  425,  I1. 

331.  quot,  sc.  tot  milia,  in  appos.  with  alii;  see  §  200,  b ;  G.  616. 

332.  angusta  viarum  (cf.  i.  422),  the  narrow  ways. 
333-   oppositi,  on  guard  (to  prevent  flight). 

334.  parata  neci,  ready  for  slaughter  (of  the  foe).  —  primi  vigiles, 
the  foremost  of  the  guards  (there  is  scarcely  a  show  of  resistance). 

335.  caeco,  i.e.  having  no  orders  or  plans,  they  fight  wildly. 

336.  numine :  the  idea  must  be  general,  i.e.  that  this,  as  all  his  ac- 
tions, is  under  the  divine  direction. 

337.  Erinys,  the  Fury,  i.e.  the  demon  of  battle  ;   cf.  George   Peele, 
Battle  of  Alcazar,  v.  I  : 

Tell  me  what  Fury  rageth  in  our  camp, 

That  hath  enforced  our  Moors  to  turn  their  backs. 

341.  Coroebus  :  Cassandra's  lover,  lately  (illis  diebus)  come  to  Troy, 
who  is  slain  by  Idomeneus  ;  see  II.  xiii.  363~37~2  ;  Bry.  449. 

342.  forte,  as  it  happened. 

343.  insano :  his  love  is  mad  because  untimely. 

344.  gener,  as  a  son-in-law  (by  betrothal). 

346.  audierit :  for  mood  cf.  note  on  laeserit,  v.  231. 


11.369.]  The  ^Eneid.  257 

347.  confertos,  in  close  array  (as  we  say,  shoulder  to  shoulder),  indi- 
cating unity  of  purpose  and  readiness  for  any  fate. 

348.  super  (adv.),   besides  (though  already  they  were  brave). — his, 
abl.  of  manner  or  means. 

349.  extrema,  the  worst. 

350.  sequi  depends  on  the  phrase  certa  cupido,  which  is  equivalent 
to  a  verb  of  wishing  (in  prose,  sequendi ;  cf.  v.  10).  —  rebus,  of  affairs 
(dat.  of  possession). 

351.  excessere:  an  allusion  to  the  evocatio  of  the  gods  of  the  enemy 
as  practised  by  the   Romans.     See  A.  &  G.'s  Cicero,  Notes,  p.  314;  cf. 
Dryden,  To  Clarendon,  w.  17  ff.  : 

When  our  great  monarch  into  exile  went, 

Wit  and  religion  suffered  banishment. 

Thus  once,  when  Troy  was  wrapt  in  fire  and  smoke, 

The  helpless  gods  their  burning  shrines  forsook. 

352.  quibus,  abl.  of  means. 

353.  incensae  (emphatic),  you  are  rushing  to  defend  a  city  already  in 
flames.  —  moriamur   et   ruamus:    the  first  is  the  more  important  and 
includes  the  other  ;  hence  we  need  not  assume  any  inversion  of  the  ideas 
(hysteron  proteron). 

354.  una,  the  only. 

355.  animis,  courage,  i.e.  they  had  determination  before,  but  now  they 
are  roused  to  madness. 

356.  improba  .   .   .  rabies,  ravening  hunger  has  driven  out  [to  prowl] 
in  blind  fury.  —  caecos  :  §  186,  c  ;  G.  325. 

360.  nox  .  .   .  umbra.     It  is  moonlight,  but  the  streets  are  dark. 
Besides,  such  expressions  are  not  to  be  taken  too  strictly. 

361.  quis  .  .  .  explicet  (§  268;  G.  259;  H.  486,  ii),  who  can  tell  in 
speech  ?     The  expression  is  a  prelude,  to  the  account  not  of  his  own 
exploits,  but  of  the  scene  of  slaughter  which  they  now  witnessed  in  the 
streets. 

364.  inertia,  lifeless. 

365.  religiosa,  venerable ;  see  derivation  in  Vocabulary. 

366.  dant^  cf.  note  on  sumite,  v.  103. 

367.  victis,  dative  of  reference  (§  235,  a;  G.  350,  l  ;  H.  384,  4,  N.2). 

368.  crudelis  luctus,  cruel  anguish.     By  a  not  uncommon  figure  the 
cruelty  is  transferred  from  the  author  or  cause  to  the  effect.  —  ubique, 
etc. :  cf.  Drayton,  Queen  Margaret ; 

The  earth  is  fill'd  with  groans,  the  air  with  cries  : 
Horror  on  each  side  doth  enclose  her  eyes. 

369.  plurima,  singular,  as  in  many  a.  —  imago,  form. 


258  Notes.  [ 

371.  SOCia  agmina,  {that  we  were}  a  friendly  band. 

372.  ultro,  first,  i.e.  without  being  spoken  to  (cf.  v.  279). 

373.  sera  segnities,  tardy,  or,  imitating  the  alliteration,  sluggish  sloth. 

374.  rapiunt,  etc.,  plunder  and  bear  away  [the  spoil  of]  burning  Troy. 

375.  primum,/rj/  (§  151,  d;  G.  325,  R.'). 

376.  neque  fida  satis,  not  very  trustworthy,  i.e.  dubious,  suspicious. 

377.  sensit  delapsus  =  se  esse  delapsum,   a  Greek   construction 
(§  272,  b  ;  G.  527,  N.2).     delapsus,  fallen  (without  knowing  it). 

378.  retro  repressit,  checked ' :  strictly,  tautological,  but  such  repetition 
for  emphasis  is  common  in  all  languages  ;  cf.,  for  example,  Shakspere, 
Love's  Labor's  Lost,  ii.  I.  159  :  "I'll  repay  it  back." 

380.  nitens,  treading.  —  refugit :  notice  that  this  verb  is  transitive 
in  Latin.  The  perfect  is  used  to  express  the  moment  when  the  man  has 
just  recoiled  in  his  fear.  —  Cf.  Parnell,  The  Hermit: 

As  one  who  spies  a  serpent  in  his  way, 
Glist'ning  and  basking  in  the  summer  ray, 
Disorder'd  stops  to  shun  the  danger  near, 
Then  walks  with  faintness  on  and  looks  with  fear. 

382.  abibat,  was  about  to  flee  (§  277,  c  ;  G.  233;  H.  469,  i). 

383.  circumfundimur,  plunge  into;  strictly,  in  the  "middle"  sense, 
"  surround  ourselves  with." 

384.  passim,  i.e.  in  all  parts  of  the  scene  of  battle. 

386.  successu  animisque  (abl.  of  cause),  exultant  with  the  courage  of 
success  (hendiadys);  §  245;  G.  408  ;  H.  416. 

388.  dextra  :  we  should  expect  dextram,  but  the  word  is  made  more 
lively  by  agreeing  with  subject. 

389.  insignia,    equipments:   helmets,    shields,   etc.,   by   which    their 
wearers  may  be  distinguished. 

390.  dolus,  etc.,  supply  sit  in  a  double  question  (§  211,  d ;  G.  458  ; 
H.  353,  2).  —  in  hoste,  in  dealing  with  an  enemy  (lit.  in  the  case  of  an 
enemy,  a  very  common  meaning  of  in). 

392.  clipei  insigne  decorum,  the  gorgeous  blazonry  of  his  shield.    The 
expression  is  somewhat  like  lapsus  rotarum  (v.    235),   though   more 
complicated ;  it  is,  however,  natural  enough  in  poetry.         ^ 

393.  induitur :  see  note  to  collecta,  i.  320  ;  cf.  ii.  275. 

394.  ipse  Dymas,  Dymas  too. 

396.  baud  numine  nostro  (abl.  of  manner),  with  no  favoring  divinities, 
i.e.  the  plan  was  destined  to  be  fatal,  as  the  sequel  showed.  This  is,  on 
the  whole,  the  best  meaning  of  this  disputed  passage.  Possibly,  how- 
ever, the  idea  that  being  under  the  Greek  ensign,  as  it  were,  they  were 
not  under  their  own  divinities,  was  in  Virgil's  mind  ;  for  it  is  a  privilege 


II.  423-]  The  ALneid.  259 

of  poetry  to  mean  two  things  at  once  ;  in  other  words,  what  in  a  jest 
would  be  a  pun  may  in  serious  language  be  a  poetic  suggestion. 
Cf.  invitis  divis,  v.  402.  —  nostro  :  §  197,  £;  G.  312,  R.1;  H.  447,  N. 

398.  Oreo,  to  Orcus.  This  is,  properly,  the  god  of  Death,  as  Dis  is 
that  of  the  Lower  World;  but  they  are  often  confounded.  Orcus  is 
also  used  for  the  Lower  World  itself. 

401.  scandunt  equum :  cf.  vi.  489,  ix.  152. 

402.  heu  nihil,  etc.,  alas,  it  is  right  for  no  man.  —  invitis  divis  (dat.  : 
§227;  G.  346  and  R.2;  H.  385,  ii).    Throughout  this  book,  the  gods  are 
represented  as  bent  on  the  destruction  of  Troy. 

403.  trahebatur,  i.e.  by  Ajax  Oileus,  who  dragged  with  her  the  statue 
of  Pallas  to  which  she  clung.    P'or  his  punishment  see  i.  41-45.  —  passis 
.   .  .  crinibus,  with  dishevelled  hair. 

404.  templo  :  ^Eneas  has  now  reached  the  citadel.     Cf.  v.  410. 

406.  lumina,  her  eyes,  I  say. 

407.  non  tulit,  could  not  bear  (as  we  say);  cf.  the  Latinism  in  Par. 
Lost,  vi.  1 1 1  :  "  Abdiel  that  sight  endured  not." 

408.  periturus  :  see  note  on  inspectura,  v.  47. 

409.  densis  armis,  into  the  thick  of  the  fight  (dat.  :  §  228 ;  G.  347  ; 
H.  386). 

410.  primum,  i.e.  this  was  our  first  disaster  (cf.  v.  385).  —  delubri, 
i.e.  the  temple  of  Pallas,  where  the  whole  scene  seems  to  take  place. 

411.  miserrima,  because  slain  by  their  own  fellow-citizens. 

412.  facie,  ablative  of  cause. 

413.  turn,  etc. :  a  new  element  in  their  peril.  —  gemitu  =  dolore,  the 
sign  put  for  the  thing.     It  is  opposed  to  their  feeling  of  wrath  (ira).  — 
ereptae  virginis  ira,  rage  for  the  rescued  maid. 

414.  acerrimus  Aiax  :  see  note  v.  403. 

416.  adversi,  face  to  face  (pred.).  —  rupto,  bursting  forth  ;  cf.  Georg. 
iii.  428. 

417.  confligunt :  the  fitful  blasts  of  a  veering  storm  are  often  con- 
ceived as  a  conflict  of  the  different  winds.     Cf.  the  storm,  i.  81.  —  lae- 
tus  equis  (cf.  i.  275):  by  a  common  and  very  old  metaphor  he  is  repre- 
sented as  driving  his  steeds  like  a  warrior  to  battle. 

420.  si  quos  fudimus,  whomever,  i.e.  all  whom  we  have  routed. 

421.  insidiis,  by  the  trick  (see  w.  389-95). 

422.  primi:  §  191;  G.  325,  R.7;  H.  443,  N.1  —  mentita  tela,  the  lying 
(not  counterfeited}  weapons. 

423.  ora  .   .   .  signant,  they  mark  our  tongues,  discordant  from  their 
own :  for  the  Trojans  spoke  a  different  dialect  from  the  Greeks,  though 
probably  not  a  different  language. 


26o 


Notes. 


424.   ilicet,  instantly  (see  derivation  in  Vocab.). 

428.  dis  aliter  visum,  the  gods  judged  other-wise  (lit.  it  seemed  other- 
wise to  the  gods),  i.e.  if  one  draws  an  inference  from  his  fate,  for,  though 
innocent,  he  suffered  death  like  the  guilty. 


430.  infula :  a  broad  woolen  band  worn  by  priests  and  others  engaged 
in  sacred  offices  ;  even  this  badge  of  sanctity  was  no  defense,  cf .  II.  i.  28 ; 
Bry.  36.     Fig.  21  (from  an  ancient  relief)  represents  a  woman  decorating 
a  statue  of  Hermes  with  a  fillet. 

431-434.    Nobly  rendered  in  the  old  version  by  the  Earl  of  Surrey  : 

Ye  Troyan  ashes  !  and  last  flames  of  mine  ! 
I  call  in  witness,  that  at  your  last  fall 
I  fled  no  stroke  of  any  Greekish  sword, 
And  if  the  fates  would  I  had  fallen  in  fight, 
That  with  my  hand  I  did  deserve  it  well. 

Closely  imitated  by  Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered,  viii.  24. 

431.  flamma  extrema,  i.e.  the  blazing  city  is  regarded  as  their  funeral 
pile. 

433.  vitavisse,  sc.  me.  —  vices  Danaum,  changes  in  combat  -with  the 
Greeks. 

434.  caderem  :  after  si  fata  fuissent,  which  is  equivalent  to  a  verb  of 
determining  ;  §  331,  d ;  G.  546;  H.  498,  i.  —  manu,  i.e.  mea,  by  my  deeds, 
such  a  death  being  regarded  as  the  reward  of  valor. 

436.    Ulixi  (genitive,  §  43,  a  ;  G.  65  ;  H.  68),  given  by  Ulysses. 

437-  protinus,  (farther)  on.  —  vocati,  summoned,  agreeing  with  the 
subject  of  divellimur. 

438.  hie  vero :  cf.  turn  vero,  v.  105  and  note.  —  pugnam,  obj.  of 
cernimus.  —  ceu  .  .  .  forent  (§  312  ;  G.  602;  H.  513,  ii,  N.2),  i.e.  com- 
pared with  this  the  others  were  not  fights  at  all. 


II.  46o.] 


The  ALneid. 


261 


441 .  acta  testudine  (abl.  abs.) :  the  regular  way  of  assault  on  a  fortified 
place  (cf.  Caesar,  B.  G.  ii.  6).     Here  there  are  two  distinct  attacks,  one 
to  scale  the  walls  and  one  to  burst  in  the  gates.  —  mentis  refers  to  the 
scaling  party,  testudine  to  the  other.     The  defense  to  the  former  is  in 
£'.  445,  etc.,  to  the  latter  in  v.  449  ;  cf.  zt>.  479  ff. 

442.  haerent,  cling,  by  hooks  (crows)  at  the  end  :  an  anachronism, 
for   scaling-ladders   were    really   a   later   invention.  —  parietibus :  see 
curru,  i.  476,  note.  —  postis  sub  ipsos,  close  at  the  -very  gateway,  instead 
of  being  repulsed  from  afar,  —  so  much  advantage  have  they  gained. 

443.  nituntur :  the  subj.  is  the  Greeks.  —  gradibus,  steps  or  rounds 
of  the  ladders  (loc.  abl.  :  §  254,  />,  i ;  G.  401,  N.G ;  H.  425,  i 1,  N.). 

444.  protecti,  shielding  themselves ;    fastigia,  battlements,  or  (more 
accurately)  the  projecting  top  of  the  wall. 

446.    his  telis,  with  these  as  missives.  —  quando,  and  therefore  there 
was  no  use  in  sparing  the  house. 

449.  alii :  opposed  to  those  in  v.  445.  —  imas  =  below. 

450.  fores  (§   228,  a;    G.   331;    H.   372),  the  great  doors,   opening 
inward. 

451.  instaurati  animi,  our  courage  was  refreshed  (at  the  sight  of  this 


resistance).  —  succurrere,  depending  on 
the  idea  of  admonition  or  suggestion  in 
instaurati,  etc.  (§  331,  g;  G.  423,  N.2; 
H.  535.  iv). 

453.  pervius  usus  tectorum  =usitata 
via  per  tecta,  a  much-used  passage.  —  in- 
ter se,  i.e.   connecting  them   with  each 
other. 

454.  postes  a  tergo,  a  postern  gate.  — 
relicti,  i.e.  when  the  palace  was  built. 

455.  infelix,     because     of     Hector's 
death.  —  manebant,  for  tense  cf.  w.  22 
(and  note),  88. 

457.  soceros,    Priam   and   Hecuba. — 
trahebat,  used  to  lead  by  the  hand,  as  he 
followed,  nott  passibus  aequis  (cf.  i.  724). 

458.  evado,.//flJJ  up  and  out. 

460.  turrim,  obj.  of  convellimus.  — 
summis  tectis,  from  the  top  of  the  roof. 
We  may  imagine  it  rising  above  the  wall, 
and  flush  with  the  front,  as  in  the  machi- 
colated  tower  of  the  Palazzo  Vecchio  at 
Florence.  (See  Fig.  22.) 


Fig.  22. 


262 


Notes. 


463.  adgressi  ferro,  i.e.  with  crowbars  and  other  tools  of  iron.  In 
this  and  the  following  verses,  to  z/.  467,  the  spondees  and  dactyls  may 
well  represent,  first,  the  slow  effort,  then  the  sudden  toppling  over  and 
swift  fall  of  the  turret.  —  summa  tabulata,  the  upper  flooring,  i.e.  the 
planking  of  the  roof  where  the  tower  and  roof  join  (cf.  Caesar,  B.  G. 
vi.  29),  afforded  weak  fastenings  in  which  to  apply  the  leverage. 

465.  ruinam  trahit,  falls  in  ruin  ;  properly,  carries  with  it  a  mass  of 
ruins;  cf.  w.  310  (note),  631;  cf.  Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  i.  8,  23  (of  a  castle): 

At  last  downe  falles,  and  with  her  heaped  hight 
Her  hastie  mine  does  more  heavie  make. 

469.  Pyrrhus,  or  Neoptolemus,  son  of  Achilles,  who  was  sent  for 
after  his  father's  death.     The  Scyria  pubes  (v.  477)  are  the  youth   of 
Scyros,  where  was  the  kingdom  of  his  grandfather  Lycomedes.     Here 
begins  the  detailed  account  of  the  attack  on  the  door,  though  it  is  inter- 
rupted by  the  action  of  Periphas  (v.  476). 

470.  telis,  etc.,  hendiadys;  see  i.  61. 

471.  in  lucem,  construed  with  convolvit  terga ;  cf.  II.  xxii.  93-95  ; 
Bry.  1 1 8.  —  mala  gramina  pastus  :   poisonous  plants  would  be  more 
rank  and  potent  in  early  spring. 

Even  so  the  serpent  with  returning  spring 
Grows  fierce  again,  though  harmless  in  the  cold. 

TASSO,  Jerusalem  Delivered,  i.  85. 

472.  tumidum,  i.e.  with  venom. 

473.  positis  exuviis,  having  shed  his  old  skin  :  an  image  of  renewing 

one's   youth   which   often   suggested    itself    to 
ancient  fancy. 

475.  arduus  ad  solem,  raising  his  head  to  the 
sunshine. 

478.  succedunt  tecto,  come  up  to  the  house 
and  try  to  set  fire,  while  Pyrrhus  attacks  the  door 
itself. 

480.  perrumpit,  vellit,  is  trying  to  burst  and 
wrench,  by  repeated  efforts  (descriptive)  ;  cava- 
vit,  dedit  (perf.  definite,  taking  a  new  point  of 

„  view  as  the  narrative  moves  on),  has  cut  through 

Ml       the  beams  and  made  a  -vast  breach.  —  postis,  the 
frame  of  the  door.  —  cardine :  .a  pivot-hinge  let 
into  the  upper  and  lower  casing.     (See  Fig.  23.) 

482.  robora,  the  wood  of  the   door  itself.     An  entrance,  however, 
is  not  yet  effected,  but  only  an  aperture  made.  —  ore,  abl.  of  quality. 

483.  atria,  etc. :   the  general  arrangements  of  a  Roman  house  are 
apparently  kept  in  view  (see  Fig.  24,  and  cf.  the  Grecian  house,  Fig.  25). 


Fig.  23. 


II.  496-] 


The  ALneid. 


263 


485.   vident,  i.e.  the  invaders  can  now  see  the  defenders  (armatos). 
—  in  limine  primo,  i.e.  those  nearest  the  outside. 

Fig.  24. 


Fig.  25. 


487.  plangoribus:  see  plango  and  plangor  in  Vocab.  —  femineis : 
see  note  on  Argolicas,  v.  55.  —  cavae  aedes,  i.e.  the  interior,  where 
were  apartments,  apparently  for  the  women,  ranged  like  cloisters  about 
an  open  court,  probably  the  second  one 
(the  peristyle). 

490.  postis,  pillars.  —  oscula,    i.e. 
of  farewell. 

491.  patria  :  cf.  w.  55  (and  note), 
487. 

492.  ariete,  three  syllables.  —  cre- 
bro,  not  many  battering-rams,  but  re- 
peated blows  of  one. 

493.  cardine :  cf.  v.  480,  note. 

494.  fit  via,  i.e.  the  door  yields.  — 
rumpunt,  they  force. 

495.  milite :  cf.  v.  20. 

496.  non  sic,  i.e.  not  so  violently; 
cf.  Thomson,  Winter: 

Wide    o'er    the    brim,   with   many  a  torrent 

swelled, 

And  the  mixed  ruin  of  its  banks  o'erspread, 
At  last  the  roused-up  river  pours  along : 
Resistless,  roaring,  dreadful,  down  it  comes, 
From  the  rude  mountain  and  the  mossy  wild, 
Tumbling  through  rocks  abrupt,  and  sounding 

far.  • 


264  Notes.  [ 

497.   moles,  i.e.  dykes,  etc. 

500.  caede,  abl.  of  manner. 

501.  centum  nurus,  used  to  include  Priam's  own  daughters  and  the 
wives  of  his  fifty  sons  (see  Introd.  p.  xxvii).  —  Priamum :  his  death  is 
here  only  stated  in  general  terms ;  details  are  given  in  vv.  506-558. 

503.  illi:  see  §  102,  b;  G.  307,  2  ;  H.  450,  4  ;  but  the  literal  trans- 
lation will  give  the  same  idea. 

504.  barbarico,  i.e.  of  the  East,     tineas  here  speaks  from  a  Roman 
point  of  view.     Cf.  Milton's  famous  "  barbaric  pearl  and  gold."     Par. 
Lost,  ii.  4. 

506.   forsitan,  etc.:  cf.  Georgics,  ii.  288.  —  requiras :  §  311,  a,  N.3; 
G.  457,  2,  N.  ;  H.  p.  267,  footnote  i. 

506-558.   Cf.  the  account  of  the  murder  of  Priam  given  in  Hamlet, 

ii.  2.  474  ff.  : 

The  rugged  Pyrrhus,  he  whose  sable  arms, 
Black  as  his  purpose,  did  the  night  resemble,  etc. 

See  also  Marlowe  and  Nash,  Dido,  act  ii. 

508.   limina,  doors.  —  medium,  more  lively  than  mediis,  as  agreeing 
with  hostem,  but  it  is  required  also  by  the  metre. 

510.  circumdat  umeris  (dat.,  see  v.  218,  note),  binds  upon  his  shoul- 
ders, —  inutile  :  cf.  Hamlet,  ii.  2.  491-3  : 

His  antique  sword, 
Rebellious  to  his  arm,  lies  where  it  falls. 

—  ferrum  .  .  .  cingitur  :  §  240,  c,  N.  ;  G.  338,  N.2  ;  H.  377  ;  cf.  w.  275, 
392,  i.  320. 

511.  fertur,  starts  to  rush  (§  276,  b  ;  G.  227,  N.2 ;  H.  467,  6) ;  cf.  v.  655. 

512.  nudo  sub  aetheris  axe.     In  a  Roman  house,  the  Penates  were 
kept  by  the  family  hearth  and  altar,  in  the  atrium,  or  principal  hall,  but 
not  in  the  open  air  ;  here,  however,  is  apparently  meant  a  great  hall  or 
court,  which  had  a  larger  opening  than  the  atrium,  and  contained  a 
garden,  or  at  least  a  tree  or  two.     (See  Fig.  24.) 

515.  nequiquam,  for  it  afforded  them  no  asylum. 

516.  tempestate,  abl.  of  means  depending  on  the  idea  of  driven  con- 
tained in  praecipites  (driven  headlong). 

518.  ipsum,  even  him  (aged  as  he  was). 

519.  mens  tarn  dira,  so  dreadful  a  thought. 

520.  cingi,  reflexive;  see  note,  v.  511. 

521.  non  taliauxilio,  i.e.  prayers,  not  arms,  must  help  us. 

522.  non  si,  no,  not  if,  etc.,  sc.  egeret;  see  §  308 ;  G.  597  ;  H.  510. 

523.  tandem,  pray :  a  word  of  entreaty  or  impatience,  used  here  as 
in  questions  (§  210,  /;  H.  351,  4). 


II.  547-]  The  <£Lneid.  26$ 

528.  porticibus  :  §  258,^-;  G.  389;  H.  425,  i1.  Polites  has  escaped 
from  the  melee  at  the  door  and  is  fleeing  towards  the  back  of  the  house. 

530.  lam  iamque  tenet,  and  now  he  is  just  about  to  grasp  him,  and 
closes  on  him  (premit)  loith  the  spear ;  the  repetition  of  iam  pictures  the 
scene,  and  so  makes  the  impression  more  lively. 

532.  COncidit,  etc. :  cf.  Par.  Lost,  xi.  446-7  : 

He  fell,  and,  deadly  pale, 
Groan 'd  out  his  soul  with  gushing  blood  effus'd. 

533.  in  media  morte,   in  the  jaws  of  death  (using  a  more  modern 
figure). 

534.  voci  iraeque,  angry  words  (hendiadys  :  see  i.  61,  note). 

535.  at,  i.e.  though  you  now  triumph.     The  word  is  often  thus  used 
in  entreaties  introducing  a  suggestion  as  opposed  to  some  thought  of  the 
speaker  which  is  itself  unexpressed.  —  ausis,  passive,  like  the  participles 
of  some  deponent  verbs  (§  135,  b  ;  G.  167,  N.2 ;  H.  231,  2). 

536.  caelo  :  dat.  of  possession.  — pietas,  justice  ;  properly,  only  used 
of  dutiful  regard  towards  some  one,  but  transferred  sometimes  to  the 
other  party  in  the  same  relation  :  cf.  iv.  382.  —  curet :  §  320,  a  ;  G.  631,  2  ; 
H.  503,  i. 

537.  persolvant,  optat.  subj.  (§  267  ;  G.  260  ;  H.  484,  i). 

538.  cernere:  §  273,  c\  G.  423,  N.2  (end);  H.  535,  iv. 

539.  fecisti :  for  mood  see  §  319,  head-note.  —  foedasti  voltus,  hast 
defiled  a  father1  s  sight  (not,  literally,  "stained  his  face"),  i.e.  made  him 
ceremonially  impure  by  making  him  see  such  a  deed. 

540.  satum  .  .  .  mentiris,  whom  you  falsely  call  your  father  (\it.from 
whom  you  falsely  claim  that  you  are  descended},  —  for  this  deed  "  belies  " 
his  lineage.  —  quo:  for  abl.  see  note  on  Maia,  i.  297. 

541.  in,  in  the  case  of,  hence  equal  to  towards  (cf.  note,  v.  390). — 
fidem,  the  faith  due  to  a  suppliant. 

542.  erubuit,  respected,  i.e.  blushed  to  disregard  (§  237,  b;  G.  330,  R.; 
H.  371,  iii).     See  the  story  in  II.  xxiv.  468-676  ;  Bry.  600;  and  cf.  y£n. 
i.  461,  and  note.  —  sepulchre,  for  burial  (§  235  ;  H.  384,  4). 

547.  referes,  with  an  imperative  force  (§  269, /;  G.  243;  H.  470,  i). 
We  should  expect  ibis  to  come  first,  but,  as  often,  the  general  word 
precedes  and  the  particular  follows  to  explain  it  (cf.  v.  353). 

And  to  him  said  ;  '  Goe  now,  proud  miscreant, 

Thyselfe  thy  message  do  to  gentian  [i.e.  brother,  gtrmaitus]  deare  ; 

Alone  he,  wandring,  thee  too  long  doth  want  : 

Goe  say,  his  foe  thy  shield  with  his  doth  beare.' 

Therewith  his  heavie  hand  he  high  gan  reare, 

Him  to  have  slaine. 

SPBNSBR,  Faery  Quern,  i.  5.  13. 


266  Notes.  [J£NEID. 

549.  degenerem,  referring  to  Priam's  taunt  in  v.  540. 

550.  trementem,  from  the  feebleness  of  age. 

553.  capulo  tenus  :  §  260,  e  ;  G.  413,  R.1  ;  H.  434,  N.4 

555.  sorte,  by  fate  ;  strictly,  the  lot  of  an  individual. 

556.  tot  populis,  over  so  many  tribes  (dative  of  reference). 

557.  ingens  truncus  :  so  Homer  represents  Priam  and  Hector  as  tall. 

—  iacet  litore :  as  if  the  body  were  still  lying  there.    Virgil  seems  to  be 
thinking  of  the  fate  of  Pompey. 

558.  sine  nomine,  i.e.  unrecognizable. 

560.    imago,  the  vision  (i.e.  the  thought,  —  not  a  real  phantom). 

563.  direpta,  casus,  i.e.  the  probable  pillaging  of  his  house,  and  death 
of  his  son  (§  292,  a  ;  G.  664,  R.2;  H.  549,  N.2). 

564.  copia  :  usually  only  in  the  plural  in  this  sense. 

567-588.  Though  lacking  in  most  MSS.,  these  lines  are  generally 
accepted.  The  momentary  impulse  to  kill  a  woman  whose  treachery  was 
as  famous  as  her  charms,  would  have  been  held  no  shame  in  the  heroic 
age,  though  some  editors  think  otherwise. 

567.  iamque,  etc.,  and  just  at  this  moment  I  alone  was  left ;  super 
.  .  .  eram,  as  in  Eel.  vi.  6. 

568.  servantem,  keeping  close  to,  for  the  sake  of  sanctuary. 

569.  dant,  etc.,  explains  why  he  happened  to  see  her. 

570.  erranti  (sc.  mini).     He  is  still  in  the  citadel ;  at  v.  632  he  de- 
scends to  the  streets. 

571.  eversa:  for  construction  see  v.  563,  note. 

572.  coniugis  :  Menelaus  hesitated  at  first  whether  to  kill  Helen  with 
his  own  hand  ;  but  her  old  fascination  prevailed,  and  later  she  appears 
in  the  Odyssey  in  full  honor  as  his  queen.    See  Lander's  poem  Menelaus 
and  Helen  at  Troy. 

573.  praemetuens,  i.e.  forecasting  in  her  fear. 

574.  invisa  sedebat,  was  crouching  unseen. 

575.  ira,  a  wrathful  impulse. 

576.  ulcisci,  depending  on  ira  subit,  which  is  equivalent  to  a  verb  of 
wishing  (cf.  note,  v.  10).  —  sceleratas  poenas  =  -vengeance  on  the  guilty. 

—  sumere,  inflict  (see  v.  103,  note). 

577.  scilicet,  giving  an  ironical  turn  to  the  thought.  —  Mycenas,  used 
for  Greece  in  general. 

580.  turba  COmitatS,  attended  by  a  throng  (see  note  on  i.  312). 

581.  Occident  (fut.  perf.),  i.e.  shall  she  return  to  Greece  in  triumph 
when  Priam  has  perished  ?     Grammatically  aspiciet,  Occident,  arserit, 
sudarit  are  coordinate  and  independent. 

583.   nullum  memorabile  nomen:  cf.  iv.  94,  xi.  791. 


II.  6oi.]  The  sEneid.  267 

585.  extinxisse  laudabor,  /  shall  be  praised  for  having  destroyed. 
laudabor  is  equivalent  to  a  verb  of  saying,  "  I  shall  be  said  with  praise 
to  have,"  etc.  This  extension  of  the  personal  use  of  dicor,  videor,  etc. 
with  the  inf.  is  peculiar  to  poetry  (§  330,  d ;  G.  528,  N.4  ;  H.  534,  i,  N.1). 

—  merentls,  deserved,  agrees  with  poenas  ;  cf.  sceleratas,  v.  576. 

587.  flammae,  dep.  on  explesse  (cf.  i.  215,  note).  —  cineres  satiasse  : 
vengeance  is  imagined  to  be  a  satisfaction  to  the  spirits  of  the  dead,  — 
a  very  old  idea. 

589.  se  videndam  obtulit,  presented  herself  in  visible  presence  (lit.,  to 
be  seen):  see  §  294,^/5  G.  430  ;  H.  544,  N.2 

590.  pura  in  luce,  i.e.  not  in  that  cloud  or  mist  which  usually  shrouds 
a  divinity. 

591.  confessa :  §  135,  e.  —  deam,  for  se  deam  esse ;  see  note  to  i.  390. 

—  qualis,  supply  talem. 

592.  quanta :    the   gods   are   represented   as   larger   than   men  ;   so 
Tennyson  describes  Helen  as  "  a  daughter  of  the  gods,  divinely  tall." 
(Dream  of  Fair  Women.)     Cf.  Keats,  Hyperion,  i.  26-28  : 

She  was  a  goddess  of  the  infant  world  : 
By  her  in  stature  the  tall  Amazon 
Had  stood  a  pigmy's  height. 

—  dextra,  by  the  hand.  —  prehensum  [sc.  me]  continuit :  translate  by 
two  co-ordinate  clauses  (§  292,  R.  ;  G.  664,  R.1 ;  H.  549,  5). 

594.  quis  .  .  .  tantus,  -what  great .  .  .  is  this  which  :  a  very  common 
Latin  form  of  expression.  —  dolor,  indignation  felt  as  a  sudden  pang 
or  sting. 

595.  quonam :  notice  the  force  of  nam  (§  210,  f;  G.  106  ;  H.  351, 
4,  N.1).    The  emphasis  on  the  question  gives  it  the  tone  of  a  reproof.  — 
nostri,y^r  me  (object,  gen.  :  §  217  ;  G.  363,  2 ;  H.  396,  iii;  cf.  §  99,  c ; 
G.  304,  2  ;  H.  446,  N.8).  — tibi :  §  235,  a ;  G.  350,  I  ;  H.  384,  4,  N.a 

597.  liqueris,  superet :  §  334 ;  G.  467  ;  H.  529,  i. 

599.  ni  resistat,  did  not  my  care  withstand  them.  The  condition  is 
cont.  to  fact  with  pres.  subj.  for  imperf.  in  protasis  and  perf.  for  pluperf. 
in  apodosis  (tulerint,  etc.),  by  an  old  construction  preserved  in  poetry 
(§  308,  e\  G.  596,  R.I;  H.  509,  N.2). 

601.  tibi  (dat.  of  reference):  it  is  not  Helen  that  you  should  hate,  or 
Paris  that  you  should  blame.  Not  that  they  are  guiltless,  but  their  guilt 
only  fulfils  the  divine  decree.  —  omnem  nubem  abripiam  :  see  II.  v.  127  ; 
Bry.  154.  So  in  Par.  Lost,  xi.  412,  when  preparing  him  for  the  vision, 
the  archangel  "  Michael  from  Adam's  eyes  the  film  removed,"  etc.  — 
tuenti,  sc.  tibi,  (drawn)  over  you  as  you  look. 


268 


Notes. 


606.  ne  .  .  .  time  (see  v.  48,  note),  i.e.  do  not  fear  to  look  at  any- 
thing I  show  you,  or  hesitate  to  do  (by  my  direction)  what  is  still  in 
your  power. 

607.  parere:  §  332,  h,  N.  ;  G.  548,  N.2;  H.  505,  ii. 

610.   Neptunus:  Neptune,  the  builder  of  Troy  (cf.  v.  625),  now  takes 
the  main  part  in  its  destruction  (cf.  II.  xii.  27-30 ;  Bry.  22). 

Laomedon,  that  had  the  gods  in  pay, 
Neptune,  with  him  that  rules  the  sacred  day, 
Could  no  such  structures  raise. 

WALLER. 
613.   prima,  the  foremost. — 

socium  agmen,  i.e.  the  Greeks, 
who  are  still  pouring  from  the 
ships. 

615.  arces,  governed  by  in- 
sedit(§228,a;G.33i;H.372). 

6 1 6.  nimbo  :    probably    re- 
ferring to  the  divine  effulgence 
surrounding  the  gods  when  they 
appeared  to  mortals,  which  is 
the  origin  of  the  technical  nim- 
bus or  aureole  of  later  times. 
(See  Figs.  26,  27.)  —  effulgens, 
gleaming,  a  not  uncommon  con- 
ception of  the  divinities ;  cf.  i. 

p.  402.  —  Gorgone,  i.e.  on  her  shield   or  her 

aegis,  or  both,  where  it  often  appears  in  works 
of  art.     (See  Fig.  27  ;  from  an  ancient  MS.) 

That  snaky-headed  Gorgon  shield 
That  wise  Minerva  wore,  unconquer'd  virgin, 
Wherewith  she  freez'd  her  foes  to  congeal'd  stone. 
Conius,  w.  447  ff. 

617.   pater,  of  course  Jupiter. 

619.  eripe  fugam,  a  stronger  form  for  ca- 
pere  fugam ;    hinting  also  at  escape  from 
peril. 

620.  limine :  §  258,/,  3  ;  cf.  260,  a  ;  G.  385, 
N.1 ;  H.  380,  ii,  N. 

624.   turn  vero,  then  at  length,  my  eyes 
being  opened. — considere  in  ignis  :  cf.  Pope, 
Temple  of  Fame,  v.  478:  "Tow'rs  and  temples 
sink  in  floods  of  fire." 
625.   Neptunia  :  cf.  v.  610,  note. 


II.  644-]  The  jfcneid.  269 

626.  ac  veluti  .  .  .  cum,  even  as  when. 

Downe  he  tombled  ;  as  an  aged  tree, 

High  growing  on  the  top  of  rocky  clift, 

Whose  hartstrings  with  keene  steele  nigh  hewen  be ; 

The  mightie  trunck,  halfe  rent  with  ragged  rift, 

Doth  roll  adowne  the  rocks,  and  fall  with  fearefull  drift. 

Faery  Queen,  i.  8.  22. 

627.  ferro,  abl.  of  means. 

628.  usque,  ever  (lit.,  all  the  way,  to  a  place  or  time). 

629.  comam,  Gr.  ace.  —  vertice,  abl.  of  specification. 

630.  supremum,  cognate  ace.  (§  238,  b;  G.  333,  2,  N.6 ;  H.  371,  ii). 

631.  traxit  ruinam,  has  fallen  -with  a  crash  ;  cf.  v.  465  and  note. 

632.  deo,  i.e.  Venus  (see  Vocab.). 

633.  expedior,  I  make  my  way  out  ("middle":  §  in,  a;  G.  219; 
H.  465). 

634.  iam,  at  length.  —  perventum  [est],  impersonal,  the  regular  con- 
struction when  mere  sequence  of  time  and  progress  of  action  is  to  be 
indicated  without  personal  reference.  —  patriae  :  cf.  Argolicas,  v.  55  (and 
note),  femineis,  v.  487. 

635.  tollere  belongs  only  with  optabam. 

636.  optabam  primum,  it  -was  my  first  wish  :  the  imperfect  hints  at 
the  non-fulfillment  of  the  wish  (cf.  §  277,  c,  G.  233;  H.  469,  i). 

637.  excisa  Troia,  abl.  abs.  —  producere  :  the  ind.  disc,  would  be  se 
producturum,  but  here  Virgil  follows  the  analogy  of  verbs  of  refusing, 
which  may  take  the  complem.  inf. ;  cf.  v.  607. 

638.  vos  (emphatic),  i.e.  without  me.  —  quibus  [est]:    see   §    231; 
G.  349  ;  H.  387.  —  aevi,  to  be  taken  with  integer  (§  218,  c\  G.  374,  N.6; 
H.  399,  iii),  the  fresh  blood  of  youth. 

639.  SUO,  i.e.  without  help  from  others.  —  robore,  might  (§  248,  c,  i  ; 
G.  401 ;  H.  420),  the  strength  of  resistance  ;  so  here  of  the  unimpaired 
vigor  of  manhood.  —  solidae,  pred.  adjective.  —  vires,  the  active  powers, 
hence  here  of  the  ability  to  do  and  dare. 

641-2.    Satirically  applied  by  Pope,  Dunciad,  i.  195,  196  : 

Yet  sure,  had  Heav'n  decreed  to  save  the  state, 
Heav'n  had  decreed  these  works  a  longer  date. 

642.  una  exscidia  (§  94,  a  ;  G.  95,  R.1;  H.  175,  N.1),  it  is  enough  and 
more  that  I  have  seen  one  destruction,  namely,  that  by  Hercules  and 
Telamon  (see  Introd.  p.  xxvii). 

644.  sic  positum,  lying  thus  (helpless):  cf.  v.  699,  iv.  681.  Anchises 
has  apparently  composed  himself  on  his  couch,  to  meet  death  with 


270  Notes.  [ 

dignity,  and  his  friends  are  to  leave  him  as  already  dead.  —  adfati,  i.e. 
with  the  words  of  greeting,  salve,  vale,  ave,  uttered  by  the  relatives  when 
they  parted  from  the  body  at  the  funeral  pile  (cf.  vi.  231,  xi.  97). 

645.  ipse,  i.e.  without  your  staying  to  defend  me  or  die  with  me.  — 
manu,  by  the  sword  (lit.,  hand).     Various  views  have  been  taken  of  this 
word,  by  my  own  hand  (either   by  suicide,  or  vain   resistance    to   the 
enemy),  or,  better,  in  a  general  sense,  by  the  hand  of  man.  —  misere- 
bitur,  etc.,  i.e.  both  pity  and  desire  for  spoil  will  combine  as  motives  to 
lead  the  enemy  to  kill  me.     I  shall  not  die  a  lingering  death  by  star- 
vation.    Leave  me  without  hesitation,  as  if  I  were  dead  already. 

646.  facilis  iactura  sepulcri,  the  loss  of  burial  is  easy  to  bear  ;  the  ex- 
pression of  a  sentiment  so  contradictory  to  all  the  ideas  of  the  ancients 
brings  out  all  the  more  strongly  the  old  man's  unselfish  devotion. 

648.  demoror,  have  I lingered  out  (§  276,  a;  G.  230;  H.  467,  2). — 
ex  quo :  cf.  ex  illo,  v.  169. 

649.  f ulminis  ventis,  by  the  blasts  of  the  thunderbolt :  the  wind  is 
given  as  one  of  its  ingredients,  viii.  430.    This  had  been  his  punishment 
for  divulging  the  love  of  Venus  for  him.  —  igni:  §  57,  b;  G.  57,  R.2  ; 
H.  62,  iv. 

651.  nos,  i.e.  the  warriors.  —  lacrimis,  abl.  of  manner. 

652.  ne  .   .  .  vellet,  depending  on  the  idea  of  entreaty  contained  in 
efiusi  [sumus]  lacrimis  (§  331 ;  G.  546 ;  H.  498,  i).  — vertere :  equal  to 
the  common  evertere,  as  in  i.  20,  ii.  625. 

653.  incumbere,  add  to  the  burden  of  overwhelming  fate.  —  f ato,  dat. 
(§  228  ;  G.  347  5  H.  386). 

654.  haeret,  etc.,  clings  firmly  to  his  purpose  and  to  the  (same)  spot. 
On  the  so-called  zeugma,  see  notes  w.  54,  258. 

655.  feror :  cf.  v.  511,  and  note. 

656.  consilium  refers  to  human  means  of  safety ;  fortuna,  to  divine 
means.  —  iam,  any  longer. 

657.  mene  .  .  .  sperasti,   what!   did  you  hope  that  I  could  depart 
(i.e.  that  you  could  induce  me  to  go)?    me  is  emphasized  by  its  po- 
sition and  by  the  enclitic. 

658.  tantum  nefas,  etc.,  can  such  an  impiety  fall  from  a  father's  lips? 
—  patrio  :  cf.  w.  55  (and  note),  488,  491. 

660.  hoc,  i.e.  his  purpose.  —  animo :  §  254,  a  ;  G.  385,  N.1 ;  H.  425,  i2. 

661.  patet  ianua,  alluding  to  Anchises'  words  in  v.  645,  etc. 

662.  iam,  straightway  (of  an  immediate  future).  —  multo  de  sanguine, 
i.e.  reeking  with  the  blood  (de  is  literally  from). 

663.  qui  obtruncat,  etc.,  descriptive.     Both  acts  indicate  impiety  as 
well  as  cruelty. 


11.688.]  The  AZneid.  271 

664.  hoc  erat  quod  eripis,  is  it  for  this  that  you  snatch  me,  that  I 
should  see,  etc.  For  tense  of  erat  see  §  277,  d ';  G.  233,  N.8  The  whole 
construction  is  like  quid  est  quod,  nihil  est  quod',  etc.  (§  238,  b ;  G.  525, 
i,  N.2).  —  ut  cernam  is  a  purpose-clause  in  apposition  with  hoc  (§331, 
head-note;  G.  546,  N.2;  H.  499,  3).  —  parens :  in  his  despair  he  re- 
proaches Venus  for  saving  him,  and  prepares  to  return  again  to  the  fight, 
whence  she  had  conducted  him. 

668.  vocat,  etc.,  i.e.  death,  the  only  refuge  of  the  conquered,  calls  us. 

669.  sinite  revisam,  let  me  return  to  (§  33i,/,  R. ;  G.  546,  R.2 ;  H.  499, 
2);  viso  is  an  old  desiderative,  meaning  ^v?  to  see  (§  167,  e,  N.). 

670.  numquam  hodie  :  a  colloquial  expression,  frequent  in  comedy, 
expressing  merely  an  emphatic  negative. 

671.  hinc,  hereupon;  cf.  inde,  then.  —  accingor  .  .  .  rursus,  I  begin 
to  gird  on  my  sword  again  (which  had  been  laid  aside  on  his  return) ; 
cf.  v.  633,  note. 

672.  insertabam  (tense  :  §  277,  c  ;    G.  233  ;  H.  469,  ii,  i):  the  strap 
by  which  the  shield  was  made  fast  to  the  arm  was  called  insertorium. 

674.  tendebat :  this  appeal  is  imitated  from  the  meeting  of  Hector 
and  Andromache  (II.  vi.  394-485;  Bry.  515  ff.). 

67  5.   et  nos,  us  too. 

676.  expertus,  after  the  trial  you  have  made.  —  sumptis  :  §  292,  a  ; 
G.  664,  R.2;  H.  549,  N.2 

678.   quondam,  once  (but  now  no  longer,  since  you  desert  me). 

680.  cum  .  .  .  oritur:  §  325,  b;  G.  581.  —  dictu:  §  303;  G.  436; 
H.  547. 

68 1.  manus,  i.e.  as  she  held  him  out  to  his  father  ;  cf.  v.  674. 

682.  levis  apex,  a  light  tip  (of  flame) :  properly  any  sharp  point,  as  of 
a  hill ;  but  especially  the  cap  with  pointed  top  worn  by  the  flamen  (the 
priest  of  some  special  divinity),  and  the  Salii,  or  dancing  priests  of  Mars. 
No  doubt  Virgil  had  these  sacred  caps  in  mind,   though    the   phrase 
strictly  means  only  the  appearance  of  a  flame  on  the  child's  head.     As 
in  the  case  of  Servius  Tullius,  it  signifies  his  future  royalty. 

684.  pasci,  i.e.  stray,  as  if  it  were  an  animal  grazing.     Cf.  Cowley, 
The  Ecstasy : 

Lightnings  in  my  way 
Like  harmless  lambent  flames  about  my  temples  play. 

685.  trepidare,  histor.  inf.  (§  275  ;  G.  647  ;  H.  536,  i);  the  construc- 
tion, as  usual,  marks  the  haste  and  excitement  of  the  occasion. 

686.  excutere,  snatch  away ;  properly,  striking  it  off  with  the  hand. 
—  sanctos,  because  it  was  a  divine  omen. 

688.    caelo  (dat.,  §  258,  N.1  ;  G.  358  ;  II.  385,  41),  towards  heaven. 


272  Notes.  [ 

690.  hoc  tantum,  supply  precor  or  the  like. 

691.  deinde,  i.e.  after  having  looked  upon  us  and  judged  our  case. — 
firma,  i.e.  by  some  fresh  omen.    In  augury  it  was  customary  to  wait  for 
a  second  omen.     This,  if  of  similar  meaning,  confirmed  the  first ;  if  of 
contrary  meaning,  it  neutralized  it. 

692.  -que,  here  used  like  cum  in  inverted  temporal  clauses  (see  v.  680, 
note). 

693.  intonuit  laevum  (§  238,  a;  G.  333,  N.6;  H.  371,  ii):  thunder  on 
the  left  was  a  favorable  sign  in  Roman  augury  (see  ii.  54,  note).    Cf. 
Landor,  Death  of  Paris  and  CEnone : 

When  she  had  spoken,  on  the  left  was  heard 
Thunder,  and  there  shone  flame  from  sky  serene. 

694.  stella,  i.e.  of  course,  a  shooting-star  or  meteor,  a  phenomenon 
always   regarded  with  superstition  by  the  ancients.  —  facem  ducens, 
drawing  a  trail  of  light,  like  a  firebrand  (fax)  waved  in  the  hand. 

695.  illam,  the  star  ;  notice  how  the  Latin,  by  the  skilful  use  of  pro- 
nouns, avoids  repetition  ;  in  English  we  cannot  secure  the  emphasis  here 
by  using  a  pronoun,  as  the  Latin  does. 

696.  Idaea  silva,  marking  the  place  of  gathering.     The  light,  says 
Servius,  signified  the  future  glory  of  the  house  ;  the  fiery  trail,  that  some 
would  stay  behind  ;  the  length  of  the  path,  their  long  voyage  ;  the  fur- 
row (sulcus),  that  it  must  be  by  sea;  and  the  sulphur-smoke,  the  death 
of  jEneas,  or  the  war  in  Italy.     Probably  the  Trojans  did  not  see  so 
much  in  the  omen.  —  claram,  still  bright. 

697.  limite,  abl.  of  manner. 

699.  se  tollit,  i.e.  from  the  couch  (see  v.  644,  note).  —  ad  auras :  often 
used  of  any  coming  forth  from  obscurity  or  seclusion. 

701.  iam  iam,  etc.  :  Anchises'  words.  —  mora,  i.e.  on  my  part.  —  ad- 
sum,  /  am  -with  you. 

703.  Troia,  i.e.  the  new  Troy  that  is  to  be. 

704.  cedo,  /  resist  no  more.  —  equidem  only  emphasizes  the  words. 

706.  aestus,  etc.,  the  surging  flames  roll  the  conflagration  nearer ;  it 
seems  best  to  take  aestus  as  subject  rather  than  incendia. 

707.  ergo  age  :  observe  the  haste  marked  by  the  abruptness  and  rapid 
movement  of  the  verse.  —  imponere,  place  yourself  (imperf.  pass,  in 
"middle"  sense,  cf.  v.  633,  note). 

708.  umeris,  abl.  of  means. 

710.  salus,  means  of  safety. 

711.  longe,  at  a  distance,  apparently  on  account  of  the  greater  secu- 
rity of  going  in  small  parties  ;  in  charge,  perhaps,  of  the  servants. 


II.  738-]  The  j&neid.  273 

713.  urbe  egressis  (dat.  of  ref.,  §  235,  b  ;  G.  353  ;  H.  384,  4,  N.8),  as 
you  go  out  of  the  city.  —  desertae  Cereris :  the  goddess  is  confounded 
with  her  temple. 

715.   religione,  reverence  (see  Vocabulary). 

717.  sacra:  exactly  what  these  were  it  is  hard  to  tell,  perhaps,  the 
gods  (Penates)  themselves.    Cf.  iii.  12,  and  note. 

The  whiche  Anchises  in  his  bond 
Bar  the  goddes  of  the  lond, 
Thilke  that  unbrenned  were. 

CHAUCER,  House  of  Fame,  i.  171-173. 

718.  me,  for  me  (emphatic). 

719.  attrectare  with  subj.  ace.  me  is  subj.  of  est  understood.  —  donee 
abluero  :  similar  purifying  rites  are  common  in  all  religions. 

722.  insternor,  see  w.  633  (note),  671,  707.  —  veste,  pelle  (hendia- 
dys),  a  tawny  lion-skin  as  a  robe.  —  super,  adverb.  —  The  figure  in  the 
text  (p.  61)  is  from  an  antique  gem.  Cf.  Shakspere,  Julius  C&sar,  i.  2. 
1 1 2-1 1 5  : 

Ay,  as  jEneas,  our  great  ancestor, 
Did  from  the  flames  of  Troy  upon  his  shoulder 
The  old  Anchises  bear,  so  from  the  waves  of  Tiber 
Did  I  the  tired  Caesar. 

725.  opaca  locorum:  cf.  note  to  i.  422. 

726.  movebant,  could  alarm. 

729.  comiti  (§  227,  c  ;  G.  346,  N.2  ;  H.  385,  i),  i.e.  lulus. 

730.  portis:  §  225,  b;  G.  346,  R.2 

731.  creber  =  of  many,  as  if  it  agreed  with  pedum. 

734.  aera  :  prob.  helmets,  etc.,  or  it  may  be  a  case  of  hendiadys. 

735.  mihi :  §  229 ;  G.  345,  R.1 ;  H.  385,  2.  —  male  amicum,  unfriendly, 
cf.  note,  v.  23.  —  nescio  quod  =  a  weak  aliquod  (§  334,  e  ;  G.  467,  R.1  ; 
H.  529,  5»). 

736.  confusam  eripuit  mentem,  robbed  me  of  my  presence  of  mind  in 
my  confusion  ;  lit.,  took  away  my  confused  senses,  i.e.  took  them  away 
by  confusing  them  (cf.  i.  69). 

737.  To  avoid  capture  he  had  to  follow  by-paths. 

738.  misero :  best  taken  as  dative  (see  mihi,  v.  735,  note),  but  it  may 
be  ablative  with  fato.     The  doubt  then  in  Eneas'  mind  would  be, 
whether  she  stopped  without  any  human  agency,  as  she  might  well  do, 
being  fato  erepta,  or  whether  the  gods  used  some  ordinary  human  means. 
Translate:    Ah,   wretched  me!   my  wife    Creiisa  either  stayed  behind, 
torn  from  me  by  fate,  or  strayed  from  the  path,  or,  tired  out,  sat  down  to 
rest,  —  /'/  is  uncertain  which. 


274  Notes.  [ 

739.  substitit :  for  the  mood  see  §  334,  d ;  G.  467,  N.  The  question, 
however,  may  possibly  be  regarded  as  direct. 

741.  nee  prius  .  .  .  quam,  nor  did  I  look  back  .  .  .  until.  This 
want  of  care,  though  strange  to  us,  agrees  with  the  manners  of  the 
ancients,  according  to  which  ./Eneas'  chief  care  would  be  for  lulus.  Of 
course  in  following  the  legend  Virgil  must  get  rid  of  Creiisa. 

743.  venimus :   see  §  327  ;  G.  576  ;   H.  520.  —  collectis  omnibus  : 
ablative  absolute.  —  una,  she  alone. 

744.  fefellit,  was  missed  by  (literally  in  the  active  voice). 

745.  deorumque  :  the  enclitic  -que  is  elided  by  synapheia  (§  359,  c,  R.; 
G.  728  ;  H.  608,  N.5).  —  amens,  in  my  madness. 

749.  fulgentibus  armis,  no  longer  seeking  to  avoid  notice.     His 
armor  would  have  been  brought  along  by  some  one  of  the  servants.  — 
cingor :  see  v.  722,  note. 

750.  stat,  my  purpose  is  fixed  (§  270,  b  ;  G.  422  ;  H.  538).    Cf.  Waller, 
Battle  of  the  Summer  Islands,  iii.  62-64  : 

The  pious  Trojan  so, 
Neglecting  for  Creiisa's  life  his  own, 
Repeats  the  danger  of  the  burning  town. 

Gay,  Trivia,  iii.  94-96  : 

I  force  my  passage  where  the  thickest  swarm. 
Thus  his  lost  bride  the  Trojan  sought  in  vain 
Through  night,  and  arms,  and  flames,  and  hills  of  slain. 

751.  caput,  life. 

752.  obscura  limina,  i.e.  the  archways  or  the  like. 

753.  vestigia  .  .  .  lustro,  tracing  back  our  footsteps,  I  follow  them 
through  the  darkness,  and  scan  them  with  my  eyes. 

755.   horror,  i.e.  scenes  that  make  him  shudder.  —  animo,  sc.  est. 

7  56.  si  forte  .  .  .  tulisset,  if  haply  by  any  chance  she  had  turned  her 
steps  thither  (§  334, /;  G.  460,  b;  H.  529,  i).  The  repetition  of  si  forte 
emphasizes  the  hopelessness  of  the  search  as  well  as  its  diligence. 

761.  asylo  :  selecting  the  temple  of  Juno,  their  patroness,  for  pro- 
tection from  their  own  forces  (hence  asylo,  see  Vocab.),  the  Greek  chiefs 
were  here  guarding  their  spoil  in  the  vacant  colonnades. 

762.  Phoenix,  the  aged  instructor  of  Achilles  (see  II.  ix.  168,  432). 

764.  adytis  :  dat.  (see  note  on  mihi,  v.  735). 

765.  auro,  a  poetic  use  of  the  abl.  of  material  (cf.  §  244,  e  ;  G.  396,  N.8; 
H.  415,  iii).  —  vestis  :  cf.  i.  639,  and  note. 

766.  pueri,  matres  :  the  women  and  children  are  to  be  sold  as  slaves, 
an  important  part  of  the  booty  (see  v.  238) :  cf.  vEsch.  Ag.  326-329. 

768.    voces  iactare,  to  utter  cries  [at  random]  in  the  darkness. 


II.  8oi.]  The  ALneid.  275 

771.  tectis,  among  the  houses.  —  [mihi]  furenti,  to  me,  as  I  roamed 
•wildly  (dat.  following  visa,  cf.  i.  102,  note). 

772.  infelix :    Creiisa  just  below   assures   him  of  her  own  felicity 
(v.  788) ;  but  she  is  "  sad  "  from  /Eneas'  point  of  view,  as  being  cut  off 
in  her  prime. 

773.  nota  maior,  larger  than  the  well-known  form.    This  would  seem 
to  indicate  a  deification,  cf.  w.  592  (note),  788. 

774.  steterunt :    for  the  short  penult  see   §  351,  a,  N.  ;    G.  722; 
H.  608,  vi. 

775.  adfari,  demere,  histor.  inf.  (§  275 ;  G.  647  ;  H.  536,  i). 

779.  fas,  the  divine  will,  sc.  est. 

780.  longa  exsilia,  i.e.  exile  far  away. 

781.  Lydius  Thybris,  the  Etruscan  Tiber.    The  Lydians  were  said  to 
have  colonized  Etruria  (Tuscany). 

784.  parta,  won,  though  not  yet  possessed  (cf.  iii.  495) ;  for  gender  see 
§  187,  b,  N.  ;  G.  286  ;  H.  439,  2,  N.  —  Creusae  (obj.  gen.),  for  the  loved 
Creiisa. 

785.  non  ego,  emphatic,  cf.  v.  787.     Cf.  II.  vi.  454-465;  Bry.  581. 

786.  servitum :  §  302  ;  G.  435  ;  H.  546. 

787.  This  line  has  been  completed  with  the  words  et  tua  coniunx. 

788.  deum  genetrix :  Cybele  was  the  chief  divinity  of  this  region. 
"Virgil  means  evidently  that  Creiisa  is  to  become  one  of  her  attendants, 
passing  from  ordinary  humanity  to  a  half-deified  state."     Cf.  v.  773 ; 
iii.  in. 

790.  lacrimantem,  supply  me.  —  dare  .  .  .  circum,  tmesis. 

795.   sic,  i.e.  bereft  of  her. 

798.  pubem  (poetic  for  iuventus),  a  general  expression  for  all  who 
have  outgrown  their  boyhood.  —  exsilio  (§  233  ;  G.  356 ;  H.  384,  i  8), 
for  exile,  and  not  for  defence. 

799-  opibus  (abl.  of  specification),  see  note,  i.  571.  —  parati,  sc.  de- 
duci,  supplied  from  deducere. 

800.  velim :  for  mood  see  §  342  ;  G.  629 ;  H.  529,  ii.  —  pelago :  §  258,^ ; 
G.  389  ;  H.  425,  i 1.  —  deducere,  the  word  regularly  used  of  a  Roman 
colony. 

801.  iugis,  loc.  ablative.  —  Lucifer.     Cf.  Cowley,  firutus: 

One  would  have  thought  't  had  heard  the  morning  crow 

Or  seen  her  well-appointed  star 

Come  marching  up  the  Eastern  hill  afar. 

Crashaw,  Suspicion  of  Herod,  L  30  : 

Art  thou  not  Lucifer,  —  he  to  whom  the  droves 
Of  stars  that  gild  the  morn  in  charge  were  given  ? 


276  Notes.  [ 

803.  spes  opis,  hope  of  help  (i.e.  of  giving  or  receiving  assistance). 

804.  cessi,  i.e.  I  yielded  to  fate. 


BOOK  III. 

In  this  book,  the  wanderings  of  ^Eneas  are  purposely  made  to  cross 
here  and  there  the  track  of  Ulysses  in  the  Odyssey  ;  but,  with  modesty 
as  well  as  skill,  Virgil  avoids  coming  into  direct  comparison  with  the  far 
wilder  and  bolder  narrative  of  Homer. 

1-12.   Cf.  Drayton,  Poly-Olbion,  song  i : 

When  long-renowned  Troy  lay  spent  in  hostile  fire, 

And  aged  Priam's  pomp  did  with  her  flames  expire, 

jEneas  (taking  thence  Ascanius,  his  young  son, 

And  his  most  rev'rend  sire,  the  grave  Anchises,  won 

From  shoals  of  slaughtering  Greeks)  set  out  from  Simois'  shores. 

1.  evertere:  §  270,  b;  G.  422,  N.*  ;  H.  538. 

2.  immeritam,  unoffending ;    cf.  dis  aliter  vt'sum,  ii.  428.  —  visum 
[est] :  §  324;  G.  561 ;  H.  471,  4.  '   • 

3.  hwnOyfrom  the  ground,  showing  its  utter  demolition  (§  258,0,  N.3; 
G.  390,  2,  N.4  ;  H.  412,  2).  —  fumat :  the  present,  although  historical, 
here  denotes  continued  action;   the  perfect  (visum  [est]),  a  momen- 
tary act. 

4.  desertas,  desolate,  i.e.  remote  and  uninhabited.  —  diversa,  first  one 
and  then  another  (cf.  ii.  780). 

5.  sub  ipsa,  hard  by. 

8.  prima  aestas,  early  summer. 

9.  fatis  :  a  variation  upon  the  usual  ventis  dare  vela,  to  indicate  as 
well  the  divine  guidance  (which  is  emphasized  throughout  the  poem)  as 
their  own  helplessness. 

10.  cum  .  .  .  relinquo :  this,  logically  the  main  clause,  has  become 
the  temporal  clause,  while  vix  inceperat  et  iubebat,  the  logical  temporal 
clause,  has  become  the  main  clause  (see  ii.  680,  note).     This  form  of 
expression  here  gives  a  stronger  suggestion  of  haste. 

12.  magnis  dis  (a  spondaic  verse  :  §  362,  a  ;  G.  784  ;  H.  610,  3):  he 
carried,  as  it  were,  the  protection  of  the  greater  gods  of  his  country,  as 
well  as  the  penates,  or  household  deities,  whose  actual  images  he  took 
with  him.  Herrick  had  .flLneas  in  mind  when  he  wrote 

Rise,  household-gods,  and  let  us  go,  — 
But  whither,  I  myself  not  know. 

To  his  Household-gods. 


III.  29.]  The  sEneid.  277 

13.  procul,  at  some  distance,  not  necessarily  very  far:  in  reality,  across 
a  narrow  strait.     Cf.  Eel.  vi.   16.  —  Mavortia  :  Virgil  makes  the  fierce 
tribes  of  Thrace  know  no  god  but  Mars.     Cf.  Chaucer,  Knighfs  Tale, 

III3  ff.: 

The  grisly  place 

That  highte  the  grete  temple  of  Mars  in  Trace, 
In  thilke  colde  frosty  regioun, 
Ther  as  Mars  hath  his  sovereyn  mansioun. 

14.  LycurgO  (dat.  of  agent :  §  232,  a  ;  G.  354  ;  H.  388,  4):  Lycurgus, 
who  attacked  the  nurses  of  Bacchus  with  an  ox-goad,  and  was  blinded 
and  afterwards  destroyed  by  Jupiter  (II.  vi.  130-140  ;  Bry.  165). 

1 5.  SOCii  penates,  ivith  household  gods  allied  with  ours  (a  symbol  of 
hospitality  and  friendship) ;  hospitium  and  penates  are  grammatically  in 
apposition  with  terra. 

16.  fuit :  for  the  tense  see  §  276,  e,  N.  ;  G.  569;  H.  519,  i. 

18.  Aeneadas  :  there  was  a  town  ^nea  on  the  west  coast  of  Thrace 
(Liv.  xliv.  10),  with  whose  name  Virgil  thus  connects  his  story  ;  also  an 
earlier  ^Enos  (II.  iv.  520),  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hebrus,  where  was  said  to 
be  a  tomb  of  Polydorus.  Here  the  two  are  confounded  in  the  effort  to 
associate  this  region  with  /Eneas. 

20.  auspicibus,  protectors:  i.e.  the  sacrifices  were  intended  to  win 
their  protection.  —  nitentem  taurum:  a  white  bullock  was  the  usual 
Roman  offering  to  Jupiter,  as  at  the  Latin  festival  and  the  Ludi  Romani. 

22.  quo  summo,  on  whose  summit  (§  193;  G.  291,  R.2;  H.  440,  N.1). 
Supply  erant.     Cf.  Landor,  Espousals  of  Polyxena  ; 

Why,  Polydoros,  callest  thou?  why  waves 

A  barren  cornel  o'er  a  recent  tomb 

While  the  loose  pebbles  tinkle  down  the  base  ? 

23.  hastilibus :  both  the  cornel  and  the  myrtle  have  shoots  suitable 
for  spear-shafts.  —  myrtus :  cf.  Georg.  ii.  447.   Myrtle  is  sacred  to  Venus, 
and  "loves  the  sea." 

25.  ramis  :  cf .  ii.  249. 

26.  dictu  :  see  note  on  ii.  680. 

28.  huic,/rom  this  (§  229,  c\  G.  345,  R.1 ;  H.  385,  4).  —  sanguine, 
abl.  of  material  (§  244;  G.  396;  H.  415,  iii).     The  prodigy  of  blood 
drops  from  a  tree  is  a  wide-spread  piece  of  folk-lore.    Modern  poets  who 
make  use  of  it,  commonly  imitate  Virgil  or  Ovid  (see  Met.  ii.  358-62). 
A  famous  instance  is  Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  i.  2.  30-33.     Ariosto,  Or- 
lando Furtoso,  vi.  26  ff.,  imitates  Virgil,  but  has  omitted  the  blood  drops, 
and  introduced  some  clever  variations. 

29.  mini :  §  235,  a  ;  G.  350,  i  ;  H.  384,  4,  N.a 


278  Notes. 

32.  temptare,  to  try  or  explore ;  cf.  ii.  691,  and  the  note.  He  regards 
the  prodigy  as  an  omen. 

34.  nymphas  agrestis,  the  hamadryads  or  nymphs  of  the  grove, 
making  their  abode  in  trees  (Spvs,  oak):  the  hamadryad  was  the  spirit  of 
the  tree  itself,  born  and  perishing  with  it.  First  he  worships  the  divini- 
ties of  the  immediate  place,  then  the  greater  divinity  of  all  Thrace.  — 
venerabar,  I  prayed  with  reverence  (the  request  follows  in  v.  36). 

36.  secundarent :  the  omen,  though  alarming  as  far  as  observed,  was 
not  understood,  and  might  be  a  good  one  ;  it  had  to  be  interpreted  by 
further  occurrences  (see  note  on  ii.  691);  for  mood  see  §  339;  G.  652  ; 
H.  523,  iii.  —  levarent,  i.e.  lighten  the  weight  of  the  omen  by  making  it 
favorable. 

37.  sed,  but  (instead  of  the  result  hoped  for). 

38.  genibus,  abl.  of  manner.  —  arenae :  §  228  ;  G.  347  ;  H.  386. 

39.  eloquar  (§  268  ;  G.  465  ;  H.  484,  v) :  the  occurrence  seems  to  him 
too  frightful  to  relate. 

41.  quid  :  §  240,  a  ;  G.  333,  2 ;  H.  454,  2.  —  iam,  at  length. 

42.  parce  scelerare,  forbear,  etc.  (§  269,  a,  2,  N.  ;  G.  271,  2,  N.8). — 
non  .   .  .  tulit,  Troy  did  not  bear  me  (to  be)  alien  to  you. 

43.  aut  .  .  .  manat,  and  it  is  from  no  tree-stock  this  gore  flows.    The 
negative  force  is  continued  by  aut  and  so  another  negative  is  not  needed. 

45.  ferrea  seges,  i.e.  the  spears  thrust  into  him  have  taken  root,  and 
grown  up  through  the  sand-mound  that  has  heaped  itself  above  his  body. 
There  were  several  tales  respecting  the  death  of  Polydorus.  In  the  Iliad 
(xx.  407  ;  Bry.  513)  he  is  slain  by  Achilles  in  fight.  The  account  in 
Ovid  (Met.  xiii.  429-38)  and  that  in  the  prologue  of  the  Hecttba  of  Euri- 
pides are  like  Virgil's.  In  the  latter  the  ghost  of  Polydorus  tells  the  story. 

47.  turn  vero  (regularly  used  of  the  most  important  moment  in  a 
narrative),  ah  !  then  indeed ;  before,  his  horror  had  been  slight  in  com- 
parison.—  ancipiti  formidine,  double  terror,  from  the  sight  and  the  voice. 
—  mentem,  Gr.  ace.  (§  240,  c;  G.  338,  i  ;  H.  378,  i). 

50.  infelix,  i.e.  in  all  his  later  fortunes.     y£neas  tells  the  story,  ap- 
parently, as  related  to  him  by  the  ghost  of  Polydorus.  —  alendum  : 
§  294,  d;  G.  430  ;  H.  544,  N.2 ;  cf.  ii.  589. 

51.  iam  diffideret :  the  imperfect  with  iam  regularly  denotes  the  be- 
ginning of  an  action  (§  277,  c,  N.). 

53.  ille :  introduced  to  change  the  subject  and  refer  to  Polymnestor, 
the  Thracian  king. 

54.  secutus,  siding  with  (§  290,  b ;  G.  282,  N. ;  H.  550,  N.1). 

56.  potitur  is  here  of  the  third  conjugation.  —  quid :  §  240,  a ;  G.  333,  i ; 
H.  375- 


III.  69.]  The  ^Eneid.  279 

57.  auri  sacra  fames,  accursed  craving  for  gold  (cf.  i.  349):  sacer, 
anciently  applied  to  things  set  apart  for  sacrifice  to  some  deity,  and  hence 
doomed  to  perish.  —  auri,  obj.  gen.  (§  217  ;  G.  363,  2 ;   H.  396,  iii). 

58.  primum  parentem,  to  my  father  first,  as  first  in  rank  and  age. 
The  Trojan  chiefs  are  consulted  in  turn,  like  the  Roman  senators,  re- 
specting the  prodigy,  and  Anchises,  as  princeps,  speaks  first. 

59.  refero,  the  regular  word  for  laying  a  matter  before  the  Roman 
senate.  —  sententia,  view  (properly,  official  opinion,  or  vote). 

61.  linqui :  the  construction  changes  to  the  passive  in  Latin,  doubtless 
for  metrical  reasons,  but  it  need  not  change  in  the  translation. — dare 
classibus  austros,  call  the  -winds  to  the  [waiting]  ships. 

62.  instauramus,  the  technical  word  for  a  renewal  of  any  imperfect 
ceremonies  ;  the  funeral  rites  (funus)  had,  of  course,  been  cut  short,  if 
not  omitted  altogether,  by  the  murderer.     Their  due  performance  was 
thought  to  lay  the  ghost.     See  the  long  description  of  the  funeral  of 
Misenus  in  vi.  177-235,  with  the  notes. 

63.  Manibus  :  the  Manes  are  the  spirits  of  the  dead  considered  as 
inhabiting  the  Lower  World.    When  conceived  as  ghosts  hovering  about 
their  old  homes  or  haunting  the  living,  they  are  lemtires  or  larvae.     Cf. 
Herrick,  To  the  Shade  of  his  Father: 

Behold,  behold,  I  bring 
Unto  thy  ghost  th'  effused  offering, 
And  look,  what  smallage,  nightshade,  cypress,  yew, 
Unto  the  shades  have  been,  or  now  are  due, 
Here  I  devote. 

64.  atra   cupresso :    so   vi.    216:  ferales  cupressos.     Cf.  Davenant 
Gondibert,  ii.  4  : 

The  palace  seems  all  hid  in  cypress  boughs,  — 

From  ancient  lore  of  man's  mortality 

The  type,  for  where  'tis  lopped  it  never  grows. 

66.  inferimus,  a  sacrificial  term.  —  lacte  :  §  244,  e ;  G.  396,  N.3  ; 
H.  415,  iii. 

67-68.  animam  .  .  .  condimus,  etc.,  we  lay  the  [perturbed]  spirit: 
as  we  say  "to  lay  a  ghost."  From  the  expression  here  it  would  seem 
that  the  soul  was  supposed  to  remain  with  the  body  after  death  ;  but 
compare  iv.  705,  v.  517,  which  seem  to  imply  a  different  idea.  The  first 
view  is  doubtless  the  more  primitive  and  less  philosophical,  and  was 
retained  and  confused  with  the  later  one.  —  supremum  ciemus,  we  call 
upon  him  for  the  last  time  ;  cf.  ii.  644  ;  for  constr.  cf .  ii.  630,  note. 

69.  placata  dant,  render  calm  (see  i.  66,  note).  The  sea  is  conceived 
as  personal  and  so  is  appeased? 


280  Notes. 


71.    deducunt,  launch:  their  ships  were  regularly  beached  while  in 
port,  and  this  word  is  the  technical  term  for  drawing  them  into  the  water. 

73.  mari  medio,  in  mid-sea. 

74.  Nereidum  matri,  Doris,  cf.  i.  144,  note;  Eel.  x.  5.  —  Neptuno  : 
Delos  is  said  to  have  been  sacred  to  Poseidon,  until  yielded  by  him  to 
Latona. 

75.  plus,  filial,  referring  to  his  care  of  Latona. 

76.  errantem  :  it  is  possible  that  the  little  island  of  Delos  from  its 
position  had  often  eluded  the  early  mariners,  and  so  led  to  the  story 
that  it  was  adrift,  until  its  place  was  fixed  by  Myconus  and  Gyarus,  to 
which  Apollo  was  then  supposed  to  have  "  moored  "  it.     Cf  .  Par.  Lost, 
x.  295-6:  "as  firm  as  Delos,  floating  once."  —  celsa  :  Myconus  is  not 
high  except  as  any  island  would  be  celsa  compared  to  the  sea. 

77.  immotam,  pred.  adj.  (§  186,  b,  i  ;  G.  325  ;  H.  438,  2).  —  coli,  to  be 
dwelt  on  ;  cf.  i.  65,  79,  522.  —  dedit  :  this  use  of  dare  (of  which  we  have 
had  several  instances)  has  been  often  imitated  in  English  poetry  ;  as  by 
Milton,  Par.  Lost,  ix.  818,  819: 

And  gave  him  to  partake 
Full  happiness  with  me. 

78.  haec,  sc.  tellus. 

79.  egressi,  landing,  the  regular  word. 

80.  Anius  :  see  Ovid,  Met.  xiii.  632-704.   Various  legends  connect  him 
with  Anchises  and  with  ^Eneas.  —  rex,  etc.,  the  two  offices  were  no 
doubt  regularly  united  in  the  most  ancient  times  ;  compare  the  functions 
of  the  early  Roman  kings. 

81.  vittis  :  these  he  wore  as  being  a  priest. 

83.  hospitio,  in  hospitality,  i.e.  as  hereditary  friends  (cf.  v.  15). 

84.  saxo  :  §  244  ;  G.  396,  N.8;  H.  415,  iii. 

85.  propriam,  permanent.  —  Thymbraee  :  Apollo,  having  a  famous 
temple  at  Thymbra  near  Troy. 

86.  mansuram,  that  shall  abide  (§  293,  b,  \  ;  G.  283  ;  H.  549,  3). 

87.  Pergama,  i.e.  citadel.  —  reliquias,  etc.:  cf.  i.  30. 

88.  quern  sequimur,  i.e.  who  shall  be  our  guide  ?    For  tense  see  note 
on  prendimus,  ii.  322. 

89.  inlabere  :  Apollo,  as  the  god  of  prophecy,  is  supposed  to  inspire 
his  worshippers  with  knowledge,  as  well  as  his  priest. 

90.  tremere  .  .  .  laurus  :  cf.  Chaucer,  Troihis,  iii.  540-4  : 

And  moste  at  swich  a  temple  alone  wake, 
Answered  of  Apollo  for  to  be, 
And  first  to  seen  the  holy  laurer  quake 
Er  that  Apollo  spak. 


III.  104.] 


The  ALneid. 


281 


91.  limina,  laurus :    in  many  ancient  representations  of  Delphi  an 
altar  appears  in  front  of  the  temple ;  there  is  a  laurel  near  by. 

92.  cortina  (lit.  vat  or  caldron}  is  strictly  the  vessel  which  formed  the 
body  of  the  tripod;  it  was  provided  with  a  cover,  on  which  the  priestess 
sat.     Fig.  28  (from  a  vase  painting)  represents  Apollo  sitting  on  the 
cortina. 

Fig.  28. 


94.  duri,  hardy  (suggesting  the  toils  which  they  had  undergone). 

95.  prima  :  §  191  ;  G.  325,  R.7;  H.  443. — tellus :  §  200,  b,  and  N.; 
G.  616.  —  ubere  laeto,  in  her  fruitful  bosom,  i.e.  nourishing  (alluding  to 
matrem,  below). 

97.  hie  domus  Aeneae,  etc. :  these  two  lines  are  taken  (slightly  altered) 
from  II.  xx.  307,  308  ;  Bry.  387.  An  old  tradition  reports  Homer  to 
have  received  this  oracle  from  Orpheus,  who  had  it  direct  from  Apollo. 
For  explanation  see  v.  163.  — oris  :  §  229,  c;  G.  346,  N.6  ;  H.  385,  4. 

99.   mixto  tumultu,  abl.  absolute. 

102.  volvens  monumenta,  unrolling  the  records,  a  metaphor  better 
suited  to  Virgil's  time  than  to  that  of  his  hero  ;  see  note  to  i.  262. 

104.   lovis  insula,  see  note  on  v.  131  ;  cf.  Od.  xix.  172  ;  Bry.  212. 


282 


Notes. 


105.  gentis  cunabula :  proved  to  his  mind  by  the  existence  of  a  Mt. 
Ida  in  Crete. 

106.  centum  urbes  :  cf.  II.  ii.  649  ;  Od.  xix.  174. 

F.g2g  107.  audita:§2i9; 


108.  Rhoeteas: 

Rhoeteum  was  the 
name  of  a  small  town 
and  promontory  just 
north  of  Troy  ;  cf.  II. 
xx.  215-218,  Bry.  217. 

109.  regno:    for 
dat.  see  §  233,  b ;  G. 
§  356  ;  H.  390,  ii. 

no.  steterant:  § 
279,  e,  R.  ;  G.  241,  3. 
in.  hinc,  i.e.  from 
this  colony  of  Teucer. 
—  cultrix,  patroness. 
— Cybela  (or -us)  was 
a  Phrygian  mountain 
sacred  to  Cybele  or 
Cybebe,  "mother  of 
the  gods  "(cf.  ii.  788, 
vi.  784-7),  a  Phry- 
gian divinity  wor- 
shipped in  and  about 
the  Troad.  Her  rites  were  orgiastic  and  were  performed  by  the  Cory- 
bantes,  her  votaries,  with  the  clashing  of  cymbals,  etc.  Fida  silentia 
(v.  112)  refers  to  the  mysteries  associated  with  her  worship,  not  to  the 
mode  of  worship  itself.  She  wears  a  turreted  crown.  Her  car  is  pic- 
tured as  drawn  by  lions.  Her  worship  was  introduced  into  Rome  B.C. 
207  and  became  very  popular  in  the  later  republic.  (Her  journey  to 
Rome  is  quaintly  represented  in  Fig.  30,  from  an  ancient  relief.) 
112.  sacris,  dat.  (§231  ;  G.  349;  H.  387). 

116.  nee  longo  cursu :  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  (§  250; 
G.  403  ;  H.  423).  —  luppiter,  as  god  of  the  sky  and  of  storms.  —  adsit : 

§  3M  5  G-  573  ;  H-  S'3.  »• 

118.   meritos,  due,  i.e.  by  custom. 

120.  nigram  .  .  .  albam  (II.  iii.  103  ;  Bry.  130):  a  black  victim  to 
the  power  whose  wrath  is  deprecated  (cf.  vi.  250);  a  white  one  to  the 
friendly  deity.  —  felicibus,  favoring ;  cf.  i.  330. 


III.  128.] 


The 


283 


121.  regnis:   §  258,  a,  N.3;   G.  390,  N.2;    H.  412,   2.  —  cessisse: 
§  33°»  '5  G-  527.  R-2;  H.  535,  3. 

122.  Idomenea  :  according  to  the  story,  Idomeneus,  overtaken  by  a 
storm,  had  vowed  to  sacrifice  to  the  sea-god  the  first  living  thing  that 
should  meet  him  on  his  safe  return.     This  proved  to  be  his  son,  who 

Fig.  30. 


was  accordingly  sacrificed ;  but  a  pestilence  followed,  and  Idomeneus 
was  driven  from  Crete,  and  settled  in  Italy  (v.  400);  compare  the  story 
of  Jephthah. 

123.  hoste  :  §  243,  a ;  G.  405 ;  H.  414,  i.  —  relictas  ;  see  v.  77,  note. 

124.  pelago:  §  258,  £•;  G.  389;  H.  425,  i1;  cf.  ii.  800. 

125.  bacchatam  iugis,  -whose  heights  are  visited  in  the  orgies,  i.e.  in  the 
rites  of  Bacchus ;  iugis  is  loc.  abl. 

126.  niveam,  on  account  of  its  much-prized  white  marble. 

127.  consita  (cotisero),  clotted  wkh  islands.  —  tenis  :  §  248,  c  ;  G.  405; 
H.  421,  ii. 

128.  nauticus  :  cf.  ii.  55  and  note  (Argolicas),  ii.  487.     . 


284  Notes.  [ 

129.  petamus,  direct  discourse  (hortatory  subjunctive). 

130.  prosequitur,  attends.      This  word  is  regularly  used  of  human 
escort,  and  so  here  in  a  manner  personifies  the  favoring  wind. 

131.  Curetum,  priests  of  Jupiter  in  Crete,  where  his  worship  was  con- 
ducted with  orgies  and  noisy  rites,  like  that  of  Cybele.    His  infancy  was 
passed  there  in  concealment,  and  his  cries  were  drowned  by  the  clashing 
of  the  arms  of  the  Curetes.     (See  Fig.  31,  from  an  ancient  relief.)  — 
oris :  §  225,  b,  cf.  §  258,  2,  N.I  ;  G.  358  ;  H.  385,  4.1 

133.  Pergameam :  an  historical  Cretan  town  Pergamum  is  thus  con- 
nected by  Virgil  with  the  wanderings  of  ^Eneas. 

134.  amare:  §  331,  g;   G.  546,  N.8 ;   H.  535,  iv.  —  tectis  (§  235; 
G.  344  ;  H.  ifi2),for  their  habitations. 

135.  fere  qualifies  not  merely  subductae  but  the  whole  situation  of 
affairs :  the  colony  was  well-nigh  established.  —  subductae,  the  technical 
term  for  beaching  the  ancient  ships,  which  were  usually  kept  on  land  and 
only  launched  on  occasion  of  a  voyage  (cf.  v.  71). 

136.  conubiis  (trisyllable),  abl.  of  means,  match-making  (with  Cretan 
women  apparently). 

137.  tabida  goes  with  lues  (v.  139).    Cf.  the  long  description,  Georg. 
iii.  478-566.  —  membris,  upon  their  limbs  (cf.  tectis,  v.  134,  note). 

138.  corrupto  .  .  .  tractu  (abl.  of  cause,  §  245  ;    G.  408  ;    H.  416), 
from  an  infected  quarter  of  the  sky,  i.e.  an  epidemic ;  see  Eel.  vii.  57 ; 
cf.  Thomson's  description  of  plague  and  famine,  The  Seasons,  Summer, 
w.  1092-1134;  especially  w.  1122-1126: 

The  circling  sky, 

The  wide  enlivening  air  is  full  of  fate  ; 
And,  struck  by  turns,  in  solitary  pangs 
They  fall,  unblest,  untended,  and  unmoum'd. 

139.  satis,  from  sero ;  here  subst.  in  the  same  constr.  as  membris. 

140.  linquebant  dulcis  animas,  they  laid  down  their  dear  lives. 

141.  sterilis  (ace.  plural)  etc.,  burned  the  fields  barren  (i.e.  so  that 
they  became  barren):  §  239,  a,  N.1 ;  G.  340  ;   H.  373,  i,  N.'2  —  Sirius: 
cf.  x.  274  ;  II.  xxii.  31 ;  cf.  Milton,  Lycidas,  w.  136-8  : 

Ye  valleys  low 
On  whose  fresh  lap  the  swart  star  sparely  looks. 

exurere:  §  275  ;  G.  647;  H.  536,  i  ;  cf.  ii.  99,  132. 

143.  negabat,  refused. 

144.  veniam,  a  gracious  answer.    The  question  is  in  the  indirect  form 
in  the  next  line. 


III.  183.]  The  ^Eneid.  285 

147.  nox  erat :  cf.  ii.  268  (note),  viii.  26,  27. 

148.  effigies,  images  (not  apparitions):   it  was  "a  mixture  of  dream 
and  vision." 

150.   ante  oculos  iacentis,  before  my  eyes  as  I  lay. 

154.  delate,   when  arrived  (i.e.  if  you  should  go).  —  dicturus   est, 
would  say,  equivalent  to  dicat ;    a  fut.  apodosis,  the  protasis  being  im- 
plied in  delate  (§  310,  a;  G.  593,  2;  H.  507,  N.7). 

155.  ultro,  unasked  (i.e.  without  your  going  to  him). — ad  limina, 
i.e.  of  his  chamber. 

158.  idem  (plur.   contracted)   .  .  .  nepotes,  we  will  also  (§  195,^; 
G.  310;  H.  451,  3)  exalt,  etc.:  said  rather  of  the  general  glories  of  the 
race  than  of  the  apotheosis  of  special  heroes. 

159.  magnis,  for  great  things  (i.e.  a  mighty  destiny). 

1 60.  ne  linque  :  see  note  on  ii.  48  (note),  606. 

161.  haec  (§  227,  /;  G.  345  ;  H.  385,  ii),  not  this  shore  did,  etc. 

162.  Cretae,  locative  (§  258,  c,  2  ;  G.  411  ;  H.  426,  i). 
163-166.    Repeated  from  i.  530-533,  which  see. 

167.  hae  :  §  195,  d;  G.  211,  R.5;  H.  445,  4.  —  propriae,  i.e.  appointed. 

168.  lasius,  according  to  one  legend,  a  brother  of  Dardanus  :    the 
traditions  respecting  the  two  are  somewhat  confused.  —  pater,  merely 
an  honorary  epithet. — principe,  as  the  founder ;    see  §  184;    G.  325  ; 
H.  363,  3- 

170.  dubitanda  :  see  §  294,  a.  —  Corythum  (afterwards  Cortona),  a 
very  ancient  city  in  Etruria.  There  were  many  traditions  of  its  connec- 
tion with  Greeks  and  Pelasgians.  —  requirat,  for  imperative  of  dir.  disc. 

173-175.   Cf.  the  vision  of  Eliphaz  \njob,  iv.  13-17. 

174.  velatas :  there  is  no  known  representation  of  these  divinities  from 
Virgil's  time.     See  the  head-piece  to  this  book  for  a  somewhat  later 
conception. 

175.  corpore,  abl.  of  separation. 

176.  supinas  manus  :  see  note  on  i.  93. 

177.  munera,  i.e.  a  libation  of  wine. 

178.  laetus :    his  cheerfulness,  when  he  has  fulfilled  the   sacrifice, 
comes  from  the  assurance  of  divine  direction. 

179.  ordine,  in  full  with  all  the  details. 

1 80.  prolem,  race.  —  ambiguam,  in  its  literal  sense,  twofold. 

181.  novo  errore  :  perhaps  a  mere  verbal  antithesis  to  veterum  loco- 
rum,  i.e.  the  ancient  homes  of  the  race. 

182.  nate,  etc.  :  repeated  v.  725. — fatis,  abl.  of  instrument. 

183.  casus  .  .  .  canebat:  VirgiP  seems  rather  fond  of  alliteration, 
though  not  so  much  so  as  the  earlier  poets. 


286  Notes.  [ 

184.  nunc  repeto,  now  (though  before  forgetful)  I  recall. — porten- 
dere  (sc.  earn) :  for  tense  see  i.  619  (§  336  A,  N.1 ;  G.  281,  N.  ;  H.  537,  i). 

187.  crederet,   would  have  believed  (§  308,  a,  cf.   268  ;    G.  466 ;    H. 
485,  N.1).  —  quern  .  .  .  moveret :    see  ii.  247  ;   cf.  Landor,  Espousals 

of  Polyxena : 

Thou  fearest  the  wild  wail  of  our  Cassandra. 

1 88.  Phoebo,  the  god  of  prophecy,  who,  as  he  thought,  must  have 
commissioned  the  Penates  (cf.  w.  154-5). — meliora,  a  higher  destiny. 

189.  ovantes,  because  they  at  length  know  their  true  destiny. 

190.  quoque,  i.e.  as  well  as  Thrace.  —  paucis  relictis,  to  account  for 
the  existence  of  the  Cretan  Pergamum  in  historical  times  (y.  133). 

191.  aequor,  depending  on  currimus,  in  the  sense  of  navigare,  which 
is  often  used  as  transitive;  but  the  construction   of  all   such   words 
resembles  that  of  the  cognate  ace.  (§  238,  c  ;  G.  333,  2  ;  H.  371,  ii.  N.). 

192.  altum  tenuere, gained  the  deep;  cf.  v.  8-11;  Od.  xii.  403-406; 
Bry.  491. 

195.  inhorruit,  roughened,  with  a  hint  at  the  dread  (horror)  of  the 
storm. — tenebris,  abl.  of  manner.  The  allusion  is  doubtless  to  the 
common  appearance  of  the  darkening  of  the  sea  under  a  wind. 

199.  abstulit,  shut  out,  but  the  figure  is  livelier  in  Latin.  —  ignes, 
flashes. —  nubibus,  loc.  ablative  ;  cf.  Paradise  Regained,  iv.  410-13  : 

The  clouds, 

From  many  a  horrid  rift,  abortive  pour'd 
Fierce  rain  with  lightning  mix'd,  water  with  fire 
In  ruin  reconcil'd. 

201.  ipse  :  emphatic  because  Palinurus  is  the  skilful  pilot,  and  ought 
to  know  if  anybody  on  board  could.  —  discernere,  distinguish. 

202.  viae:  §  219;  G.  376;  H.  406,  ii. 

203.  soles  :    §  256  ;    G.  336  ;    H.  379.  —  incertos,  i.e.  undistinguish- 
able.  — caligine  (abl.  of  cause),  to  be  taken  with  incertos. 

206.  aperire,  volvere,   depending  on  visa  est.     The  land  discloses 
the  peaks  and  rolls  up  the  smoke.  —  fumum,  the  sign  of  an  inhabited 
country. 

207.  vela :  it  would  seem  that  in  all  difficult  places,  as  when  nearing 
the  coast,  the  ancients  used  only  their  oars.  —  insurgimus :    we  say 
bend  to  the  oars ;    but  the  ancients  used  larger  oars,  so  that  the  cor- 
responding expression  in  Latin  is  rise,  as  here. 

208.  caerula,  the  dark  blue  sea  (§  189,  b ;  G.  204,  N.2  ;  H.  441,  i). 

209.  Strophadum,  two  islands  of  the  Ionian  Sea,  west  of  Pelopon- 
nesus.    They  were  said  to  be  so  called  because  there  Zetes  and  Calais, 
sons  of  Boreas,  turned  (orpl^o/xai)  from  pursuing  the  Harpies. 


III.  242.]  The  sEneid.  287 

210.  Graio,  because  the  name  has  a  Greek  derivation  (as  given  in  the 
preceding  note).  — stant,  lie. 

212.  Harpyiae,  perhaps  originally  personified  storm-winds,  but  worked 
up  by  the  mythographers  into  the  monsters  described  in  the  text.  They 
infested  the  house  of  Phineus,  a  king  of  Thrace,  but  were  driven  out  by 
the  Argonauts,  Zetes  and  Calais,  as  here  described  ;  hence  metu  (abl. 
of  cause).  There  are  countless  references  and  allusions  to  the  Harpies 
in  ancient  and  modern  literature.  —  Phineia  :  cf.  iii.  128,  note. 

215.  ira,  scourge,    the  wrath  is  put   for   its  instrument. — Stygiis  : 
such  monsters  regularly  had  their  home  in  the  world  below;  cf.  vi.  285. 
So  in  Milton,  Camus,  603-5  : 

All  the  grisly  legions  that  troop 
Under  the  sooty  flag  of  Acheron, 
Harpies  and  Hydras. 

2 1 6.  voltus,  sc.  sunt. 

218.  fame:  for  e  see  §  57,  c  ;  G.  68,  8  ;  H.  137,  2. 

219.  delati,  sailing  in  (literally,  down);  compare  i.  381  and  note. — 
intravimus :  §  324  ;  G.  561  ;  H.  518. 

220.  laeta,   thriving:    a  common   word  for  any  luxuriant  growth  ; 
here  possibly  only  of  numbers,  countless. 

221.  custode,  abl.  of  manner,  or  perhaps  abl.  absolute. 

222.  ferro,  abl.  of  instrument.  —  ipsum :    the  emphasis  is  either  to 
give  a  stronger  indication  of  their  honesty  of  purpose,  or  else  to  show 
a  still  greater  folly  on  their  part  in  calling  on  Jupiter,   the  protecting 
divinity  of  strangers,  in  their  acts  of  violence. 

223.  in  partem,  etc.,  to  a  share  of  the  prey  (hendiadys,  see  i.  61). 

224.  toros,  i.e.  for  reclining.  —  dapibus,  abl.  of  means. 

226.  clangoribus,  i.e.  the  noise  of  their  flapping  wings. 

227.  diripiunt,   etc.     Hence   in    Shakspere's  Tempest  (iii.    3)    Ariel 
enters  in  the  shape  of  a  harpy,  "  claps  his  wings   upon  the  table,  and 
with  a  quaint  device  the  banquet  vanishes." 

228.  vox,  their  cry  as  birds  of  prey  :  not  yet  articulate,  as  v.  247. 
230.  horrentibus,  darkening. 

232.  caeli:  §216,  b;  G.  372,  N.2;  H.  397,  N.4  (cf.  i.  422). 

233.  pedibus,  abl.  of  instrument. 

234.  capessant  (§  339 ;  G.  652  ;  H.  523,  iii)  :   his  words  in  dir.  disc, 
would  be,  capessite  .  .  .  gerendum  est ;  cf.  v .  36. 

236.   ac,  than,  as  often  in  early  Lat.  and  poetry.  —  tectos,  proleptic. 

240.  nova  proelia,  strange  warfare. 

241.  foedare :  in  a  kind  of  apposition  with  proelia,  but  to  be  referred 
in  syntax  to  §  871,*  ;  G.  423  ;  H.  533,  i. 

242.  plumis,  loc.  ablative. 


288 


Notes. 


243.   sub,  up  toward,  a  common  meaning  of  the  word ;    compare  its 
meaning  in  composition  (i.  424,  note). 

245.  una,  one  only,  with  emphasis  as  usual. 

246.  infelix,    ill-omened.  —  rumpit,    hurls  forth ;    here   causative  •. 
"  causes  to  burst  forth  "  (cf .  ii.  1 29,  note). 

247.  bellum  :  notice  the  emphasis  on  this  word  from  its  position  as 
well  as  its  repetition. — pro,  i.e.  to  defend  and  continue  the  outrage 
already  committed. 

248.  Laomedontiadae :  used  with  special  reference  to  the  perfidy  of 
Laomedon  (see  Introduction,  p.  xxvii). 

252.  Furiarum :    apparently  a   mere  confusion  of  the  two   sets  of 
divinities.     Such  creatures  were  not  very  exactly  defined  in  the  minds 
of  the  ancients,  and  the  two  might  easily  be  identified  with  each  other, 
especially  as  these   Harpies,  as  well  as  the   Furies,  were  ministers  of 
divine  vengeance.     Cf .  Par.  Lost,  ii.  596 :    "  harpy-footed   Furies."     In 
Lycidas,  v.  75,  Milton  calls  Atropos,  one  of  the  Fates,  "the  blind  Fury." 

253.  cursu,  abl.  of  manner.  — vocatis  :  the  ordinary  invocation  of  the 
winds,  but  here  with  the  idea  that  they  will  surely  be  favorable. 

254.  Italiam  :  for  ace.  cf.  i.  2,  and  note. 

255.  non  ante  .  .  .  quam,  never  .  .  .  until. 

256.  fames:  an  appropriate  vengeance ;  cf.  v.  217.  —  nostrae  :  §217, 
a;    G.  364,  N.2;   11.396,  iii,  N.2 —  caedis :    §  214,^/5    G.  361;    H. 
396,  vi. 

257.  subigat 


Fig.  31- 


327,0;    G.  577;    H.  520,  2.  —  mails:    notice  the 
long  penult.     As  to  the  fulfilment  of  this 
prophecy  see  iii.  394-5,  vii.  107-119. 

259.  sociis:  §  235,  a;  G.  350,  i;  H.  384, 
4,  N.2 ;  cf.  mihi,  v.  29. 

260.  animi,  their  spirits. 

261.  exposcere  :  belonging  properly  with 
votis  precibusque  alone,  but  (by  the  com- 
mon zeugma)  used  also  with  armis. 

262.  sint :    §  342 ;  G.  663,  i ;  H.  529,  ii. 

263.  passis,  i.e.  in  the  ordinary  attitude 
of  prayer ;  cf.  i.  93,  and  note  ;  iii.  176. 

264.  meritos,  i.e.  due  by  custom,  such  as 
the  greater  victims  usually  sacrificed  to  the 
higher  (magna)  gods. 

266.    placidi,  be  propitious  and,  etc. 

267.   rudentes,  i.e.  the  clew-lines  that  held  the  sail  furled  (as  seen  in 
Fig.  32  :  Ulysses  and  the  Sirens,  from  an  antique  gem). 


III.  281.] 


The 


289 


268.  Noti :  perh.  for  winds  in  general,  though  they  could  no  doubt 
lay  their  course  with  a  south  wind.  —  undis :  §  258,  g;  G.  389;  H. 
425,  i1. 

271.   saxis :  §245;  0.408;  H.  416. 

273.   Ulixi:  §  217;  G.  363,  2  ;  H.  396,  iii. 

Fig-  32- 


VIEW  OF  LEUCATK. 

275.  nautis:  for  dat.  see  v.  14,  note.  —  aperitur,  shows  itself,  i.e.  the 
temple  appears  above  the  horizon  as  they  approach. 

276.  urbi,  i.e.  Ambracia. 

279.  lustramur,  make  an  expiatory  sacrifice.  —  votis,  etc.,  i.e.  by  offer- 
ing the  vowed  sacrifices  they  kindle  the  fire  on  the  altars. 

280.  Actia  :  an  ancient  festival  was  held  on  the  promontory  of  Actium 
in  honor  of  Apollo,  whose  temple  there,  said  to  have  been  founded  by 
the  Argonauts,  was  renewed  by  Augustus  in  honor  of  the  battle   of 
Actium.     This  festival  is  made  more  distinguished  by  being  here  con- 
nected with  ^Eneas.  — celebramus,  we  crowd,  the  literal  meaning  of  the 
word.  —  ludis,  abl.  of  means. 

281.  oleo  (abl.  of  manner)  :  in  their  gymnastic  games  the  ancients 
anointed  their  bodies  with  oil,  apparently  to  prevent  the  muscles  from 
becoming  stiff  from  exposure.     The  tegular  emblem  of  the  gymnast  is  a 
bottle  of  oil  and  strigils.     (See  Fig.  33,  objects  found  at  Pompeii.)  — 
palaestras :  properly,  the  place  for  wrestling,  but  often  used,  as  here, 
for  the  exercise  itself. 


290 


Notes. 


Fig-  33- 


282.   nudati :   the  games   were  all  practised   without   any   clothing, 
hence  the  term  gymnasium  (Gr.  yv^vaaiov,  from  yv/j.v6s,  naked). 

284.   annum  :  §  239,  b,  N.2;  G.  331,  a.1; 
H.  376,  N. 

286.  acre  (abl.  of  material)  cavo,  on 
account  of   the   form    of   the   shield.  — 
Abantis:   see  Vocab.      This  shield,  an 
old  trophy  apparently,  must  have  been 
taken  away  in  the  flight  from  Troy. 

287.  postibus  adversis  (loc.  ablative), 
i.e.    on   the   door-posts  fronting   you. — 
carmine :    such   inscriptions   were  often 
in  verse. 

288.  .ffineas,  sc.  dedicat  (often  omit- 
ted, as  here). 

289.  turn,  i.e.  in  the  following  spring. 
—  considere,  etc.:  cf.  Od.  ix.io3,  104; 
Bry.  127. 

291.  aerias:  see  Od.  v.  280;  Bry.  334; 
cf.  Shelley,  Revolt  of  Islam,  i.  i  : 

The  peak  of  an  aerial  promontory. 

292.  portu,  a   contracted   dative;   cf. 
§  68,  N.  ;  G.  61  ;  H.  1 16,  ft.-note. 

293.  Chaonio  :  see  v.  334  and  note.  — 
celsam :  a  stock  epithet   (cf.  "  Towered 
cities  please  us  then."  —  L"  Allegro);  see 
v.  76.     Buthrotum  was  apparently  a  low- 
lying  coast  town.     For  case  see  §   258, 


b,  N.5 
294 


G.  337  ;  H.  380,  3. 

occupat,  meets,  with  the  additional  idea  of  seizing  them,  as  it 
were,  with  surprise  ;    cf.  "  takes  prisoner   Priam's  ear."  — Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

499- 

295.  regnare,  ind.  disc,  in  apposition  with  fama. 

296.  coniugio  =  coniuge  (for  case  see  §  249;  6.407;  H.  421,  i). 
Andromache,  the  widow  of  Hector,  had  fallen  in   the  distribution  of 
booty  to  the  lot  of  Pyrrhus,  son   of  Achilles   and   great-grandson   of 
^Eacus  (Aeacidae).     The  rest  of  the  story  is  told  in  w.  325  ff . ;  cf. 
Euripides'  Andromache,  1243-1249,  where  it  is  given  as  a  prophecy  by 
Thetis.  —  sceptris  :  cf .  note  on  i.  56,  though  here  there  seems  to  be  no 
metrical  reason  for  the  plural. 


III.  319.]  The  AZneid.  291 

297.  cessisse,  had  fallen  (passed  over).  —  patrio,  of  her  own  people  : 
her  father,  the  king  of  the  Cilicians,  had  been  an  ally  of  Troy. 

298.  amore,  desire,  abl.  of  means. 

299.  compellare,  depends  on  incensum  [est]  pectus;  cf.  ii.  10,  note. 

300.  portu,  ablative. 

301.  sollemnis  dapes  :    the  anniversary  offering  (parentalia)  at  the 
grave,  consisting  among  the  Romans  of  wine,  milk,  oil,  honey,  with  more 
solid  food,  such  as  eggs  and  beans,  while  the  graves  were  decorated 
with  wreaths.     For  a  similar  observance  see  figure  in  text,  p.  77,  from 
a  vase  painting. 

302.  falsi,  pretended,  i.e.  named  for  the  original  (and  so  itself  not 
"  real "),  a  natural  memorial  of  the  old  familiar  places  ;  cf.  z*u.  349  ff. 

303.  libabat :  the  indicative  seems  to  violate  the  rule  for  cum  in  nar- 
ration ;  but  a  definite  past  time  is  meant  (just  at  the  time  -when  she  was, 
etc.),  so  that  the  violation  is  only  apparent  (§  325,  a  ;  G.  580;  H.  521, 
ii).  —  Manis  :  the  spirit  in  its  semi-deified  condition  would  visit,  like  any 
divinity,  the  monument  erected  to  it,  and  receive  the  offering  (cf.  v.  84  ff.). 

304.  Hectoreum  ad  tumulum,  to  a  mound  consecrated  to  Hector,  i.e.  a 
cenotaph   erected   to  his  memory. — caespite:  §244;  G.  396,  N.3  ;  H. 
415,111. —  quern  inanem,  an  empty  tomb,  which:    the  ashes  of  Hector 
had  been  buried  in  Troy  (II.  xxiv.  797  ;  Bry.  1004). 

305.  geminas :   the  number  is  common.  —  lacrimis :    §  226,  b;    in 
prose  it  would  be  genitive  (H.  392,  N.1). 

307.  monstris  :  the  apparition  of  ALneas  seems  to  her  a  prodigy. 

308.  deriguit  visu  in  medio,  even  while  gazing  at  me  she  swooned. 

309.  tempore:  §  259,  d;  H.  423,  N.2 

310.  vera  .   .   .   adfers,  do  you  present  yourself,  a  real  form  ? 

311.  recessit :  if  he  is  a  spirit  from  below,  then   Hector  might  be 
expected  to  appear  in  bodily  form  as  well  as  he ;  cf.  v.  303. 

313.  clamore,  wailing.  —  furenti :  see  i.  102,  note. 

314.  hisco  (incept.),  agitated,  I  scarce  open  my  lips  in  these  few  words. 
—  vocibus,  abl.  of  manner. 

315.  equidem,  'tis  true  (with  a  hint  that  it  is  barely1  life,  after  all). 

317.  deiectam  =  deprived  (with  violence). 

318.  digna,  equal  to  her  worth.  —  revisit,  returns  to.     Two  questions 
are  compressed  into  one  :  "  What  fate  is  hers,  and  is  it  worthy  of  her  ?  " 

319.  The  weight  of  MS.  authority  is  perhaps  in  favor  of  Andromache, 
with  which  te  must  be  supplied.     But  th#  present  reading  seems  pref- 
erable from  its  simplicity.     For  construction  see  §  214,  b;  G.  362,  N.1  ; 
H.   398,   N.2  —  Pyrrhin1 :    the   omission   of   the  e  is   colloquial   and 
antiquated. 


292  Notes.  [ 

320.  deiecit :  for  the  mention  of  Pyrrhus  reminds  her  of  her  slavery 
and  humiliation. 

321.  felix,  etc.,  the  one  most  happy  -woman  beyond  all  others  (§  93,  b  ; 
0.303;  H.  443,    3).  —  Priameia  virgo:    Polyxena,  promised  in  mar- 
riage, under  a  truce,  to  Achilles.     It  was  at  an  interview  with  her  that 
Achilles  was  treacherously  shot  in  the  heel  by  Paris.     After  the  fall  of 
Troy  Pyrrhus  sacrificed  her  at  his  father's  tomb ;  see  the  Hecuba  of 
Euripides  ;  cf .  Lander's  poem,  The  Espousals  of  Polyxena. 

322.  hostilem  :  see  ii.  55  (note),  487. 

323.  sortitus,  the  allotment  of  captives  among  the  victors  ;    cf.  ii. 
766,  and  note. 

324.  eri :  often  wrongly  spelled  herus,  see  §  1 2,  b. 

325.  nos,  opposed  to  Polyxena.     The  story  of  Pyrrhus,  Andromache, 
and  Hermione,  and  of  the  death  of  Pyrrhus  at  the  hands  of  Orestes,  is 
the  subject  of  the  Andromache  of  Euripides,  imitated,  in  seventeenth 
century  French  pseudo-classic  taste,  by  Racine  in  his  Andromaque. 

327.  servitio  enixae,  having  borne  offspring  to  him    in   slavery  (a 
son  named  Molossus).  —  secutus  :    §  290,  b\  G.  282,  N.  ;  H.  550,  N.1 

328.  Hermionen  :  the  one  child  of  Menelaus  and  Helen,  daughter  of 
Leda.     She  is  variously  said  to  be  the  wife  and  the  betrothed  of  Orestes. 

329.  me  famulo,  etc.,  i.e.  I  was  his  slave,  and  so  he  made  me  over  to 
Helenus  a  slave  as  well.     A  kind  of  apology  for  her  present  position. 
—  habendam :  §  294,  d;  G.  430  ;  H.  544,  N.2  ;  cf.  v.  50. 

330.  ereptae  :  see  note  v.  328. 

331.  scelerum  Furiis  :  the  furies  that  avenged  his  crimes  (his  mother's 
murder) :  by  which  the  ancients  meant  the  madness  caused  by  the  act. 
Cf.  the  speech  of  the  First  Fury  in  Shelley's  Prometheus  Unbound,  act  i : 

We  are  the  ministers  of  pain,  and  fear, 
And  disappointment,  and  mistrust,  and  hate, 
And  clinging  crime. 

332.  patrias  ad  aras :   but  the  altar  where  Pyrrhus  was  slain  was 
usually  said  to  be  at  Delphi.     So  in  the  Andromache  of  Euripides. 

333.  reddita  ce'ssit  =  has  come  by  succession  (i.e.  in  the  natural  order 
as  if  Helenus  were  his  son). 

334.  cognomine:  §  253  ;  G.  397  ;  H.  424. 

335.  Chaone  :  according  to  one  story  a  brother  of  Helenus,  acciden- 
tally killed  by  him. 

336.  iugis,  dat. 

338.   aut :   the  alternative  is  between  an  accidental  arrival  (venti), 
and  divine  direction  (deus). 

339-    <luid,  sc.  agit :  a  common  form  of  inquiry  for  one's  health. 


III.  301.]  The  sEneid.  293 

340.  Troia    (abl.):    left  unfinished  by  Virgil.     The  line  completed 
would  perhaps  mean  "whom,  after  the  siege  of  Troy  was  already  begun, 
Creiisa  bore  you." 

341.  ecqua  cura  ?  ecqua  emphasizes  the  question,  has  he  any  regard. 
—  tamen,  though  she  is  dead,  yet,  etc. 

342.  ecquid,  at  all ;  see  §  240,  a ;  G.  333,  R.2  ;  H.  378,  2.  —  antiquam, 
ancestral. 

343.  avunculus  :  Creiisa  was  a  daughter  of  Priam  (cf.  patruus,  uncle 
on  the  fathers  side).  —  excitat,  i.e.  does  their  fame  arouse  him  to  emu- 
late them  ? 

348.  verba  inter  singula,  -with  every  word. 

349.  Troiam :    see  note,  v.  302.  —  magnis,  dative,  depending  on  si- 
mulata  in  its  original  sense  of  made  like. 

350.  arentem  rivum :  a  picturesque  way  of  contrasting  it  with  the 
formidable  Xanthus  of  II.  xxi.  234  ;  Bry.  300.  —  Xanthi :  the  word  may 
depend  on  cognomine  or  rivum :  for  the  construction  in  either  case  see 
§  214, /;  G.  361  ;  H.  396,  vi.  —  cognomine :  §  253  ;  G.  397  ;  H.  424. 

351.  amplector:  cf.  ii.  490.  —  Scaeae:  cf.  ii.  612. 

353-  porticibus :  in  imitation  of  the  manners  of  heroic  times  the 
attendants  are  entertained  in  open  galleries,  of  which  there  were  many 
in  the  ancient  houses  ;  see  Tabula  Iliaca,  p.  64.  —  accipiebat :  the  imper- 
fect denotes  the  repetition,  day  after  day,  of  the  feast. 

354.  aulai  (§  36,  a;  G.  29,  N.2  ;  H.  49,  2):  the  great  court-yard  of  the 
palace  is  here  referred  to  (compare  Figs.  24  and  25),  where  stood  the 
altar  of  Zeus.  For  constr.  see  §  193  N. ;  G.  372,  N.2 ;  H.  440,  N.3 — 
libabant :  the  libation  was  a  regular  accompaniment  to  the  feast  (cf.  i. 
736).  —  Bacchi:  cf.  i.  177,  215. 

356.  dies  alterque  processit,  day  after  day  -went  by.    The  chronology 
of  the  poem  seems  to  require   that  another  winter  should  have  been 
passed  in  Epirus.     The  lapse  of  time  is  given  as  Eneas'  reason  for  ad- 
dressing Helenus.     Helenus  is  represented  as  possessing  all  powers  of 
divination,  being  a  vates  (as  priest  of  Apollo),  an  auspex  (or  augur),  and 
an  astrologer. 

357.  vocant,  etc.,  i.e.  the  weather  again  becomes  favorable. 

358.  vatem  :  for  Helenus'  gift  of  prophecy  see  II.  vi.  76  ;  Bry.  93.— 
quaeso :  the  old  form  of  quaero  (§  1 1,  a,  i ;  H.  31),  preserved  in  this  use. 

359.  numina,  purposes. 

360.  sentis  :  since  he  was  a  "seer,"  thing%  future  and  unseen  were  to 
him  objects  of  direct  perception.  —  sidera,  the  stars  in  the  astrological 
meaning,  as  "lords  of  life." 

361.  linguas,  pennae:  the  two  forms  of  augury,  from  the  voices  of 
birds  or  their  flight. 


294  Notes. 

362.  prospera:  an  epithet  logically  belonging  to  cursum,  is  here 
poetically  made  to  agree  with  religio.  —  namque  :  the  thought  is,  "  I  do 
not  ask  about  my  voyage  or  my  destination ;  but,  since  one  ill-boding 
prophet  has  sung  of  perils,  how  I  may  avoid  or  overcome  these  best?" 

365.  dictu,  cf.  ii.  680,  note.  —  nefas  (in  appos.  with  prodigium),  a 
horror  to  tell,  probably  on  account  of  the  bad  luck  of  mentioning  such 
a  thing.  We  have  something  similar  in  our  "Oh!  don't  speak  of  it." 

367.  vito:  cf.  note  to  ii.  322,  and  iii.  88. 

368.  quid,  etc.,  i.e.  following  what  course  ?  —  possim,  apod,  of  fut. 
condition  ;  the  protasis  is  implied  in  sequens  (cf.  note  on  v.  1 54). 

370.  resolvit :  apparently  because  the  sacrifice  was  ended  and  he  now 
appeared  in  his  character  as  vates,  or  prophetic  seer. 

372.  multO  .  .   .  numine,  awed  by  the  mighty  presence  of  the  g od. 

373.  divino,  inspired. 

374.  nam,   introducing  the  reason  of   pauca  expediam  below.  — 
maioribus,  greater  than  Helenus ;  to  wit,  under  the  protection  of  Jove. 

—  ire  :  §  330,  e  ;  G.  527  ;  H.  535,  3. 

375.  manifesta  fides,  the  assurance  is  clear. 

376.  volvit :  in  reference  to  the  changing  succession  of  events,  as  if 
in  a  cycle ;  so  also  vertitur  following. 

377.  hospita  (neut.  plur.),  not  here  "  hospitable,"  but  "which  you  shall 
traverse  as  a  hospes,"  or  stranger,  i.e.  strange,  foreign.  —  lustres  :  §  317,  b; 
G.  545,  2  ;  H.  497,  2. 

380.  scire  .  .  .  fari  (§  271,  b;  G.  423,  N.6;  H.  535,  ii),  i.e.  he  is  not 
permitted  by  the  Fates  to  know,  nor  by  Juno  to  tell  if  he  did  know. 

381.  Italiam,  obj.  of  dividit.  —  iam,  now. 

382.  vicinos  (pred.  adj.),  as  if  near  at  hand.  —  paras,  supply  cuius, 
corresponding  to  quam :  this  omission  of  the  relative  when  it  would  be 
in  another  case  is  not  uncommon  in  Latin. 

383.  terris,  stretches  of  land,  i.e.  the  coasts  along  which  he  must  sail. 

—  via  dividit  invia :  the  alliteration  is  intentional  as  well  as  the  use  of 
two  words,  via,  invia,  etymologically  related  (figttra  etymological  §  344,  m ; 
G.  68 1 ;  H.  563).     The  latter  device  was  a  favorite  with  the  Elizabethan 
poets  :  cf.,  for  example : 

Cleanse  the  stuff'd  bosom  of  that  perilous  stuff 
Which  weighs  upon  the  heart. 

Macbeth,  v.  344. 
Alliteration  is  common  in  all  literatures. 

384.  T  rinacria,  i.e.  around  Sicily.  —  lentandus,  sc.  est.  —  ante  .  .  . 
quam  possis  (v.  387) :  see  note  on  subigat,  v.  257. 

385.  Ausonii,  the  Tuscan  sea  as  opposed  to  the  Ionian.  —  lustran- 
dum :  see  note  i.  453. 


III.  417.]  The  ALneid.  295 

386.  lacus,  the  marshy  regions  of  Avernus,  the  supposed  entrance  to 
the  infernal  regions  ;  see  vi.  237. 

387.  quam,  with  ante  (v.  384). 

389.  secret!:  for  fulfilment  of  the  prophecy  see  viii.  82. 

390.  litoreis :  cf.  ii.  55,  note  on  Argolicas. 

391.  fetus,  ace.  pi.  —  capitum,  cf.  our  use  of  head. 

392.  nati,  in  the  same  construction  as  sus,  with  a  verb  to  be  supplied 
from  iacebit;  but  we  may  translate  with  her  white,  etc. 

393.  is,  ea:  we  should  expect  turn  corresponding  to  cum,  v,  389  ;  but 
the  constr.  changes  on  the  principle  of  §  195,  d;  G.  211,  R.5  ;  H.  445,  4. 

395-    vocatus,  i.e.  in  answer  to  prayer. 

396.    has,  i.e.  toward  Epirus  (Helenus'  land). 

398.  Grais  (§  232,  b  ;  G.  354  ;  II.  388,  4):  Apulia  was  colonized  very 
early  from  Greece  ;  so  early  that  traditions  were  invented  which,  like 
that  of  /Eneas,  referred  the  settlements  to  heroes  of  the  Trojan  war. 

400.  milite:  §  248,  c ;  G.  401  ;  H.  420.  —  campos  :  §  228,  a  ;  G.  331  ; 
H.  386,  3. 

402.  subnixa  muro,  resting  on  its  wall ;  see  Liv.  xxiii.  30,  for  the 
desperate  siege  it  stood  from  Hannibal.  —  Petelia  :  an  old  city  of  Brut- 
tium,  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Philoctetes.  —  Philoctetae,  with 
Petelia. 

405.  velare  (imperat.  pass,  in  "middle"  sense),  wrap  your  head  close 
in  a  purple  mantle.  (See  Fig.,  p.  8.) 

407.  hostilis  facies  :  this  would  be  of  evil  omen. 

408.  hunc  morem :  there  is  an   old  story  that   tineas  once,  while 
sacrificing,  was  surprised  by  Diomed  coming  to  restore  the  Palladium, 
but  did  not  interrupt  the  rite.  —  teneto :  §  269,  d;  G.  268,  2  ;  H.  487,  2. 

409.  religione,  sacred  observance,  or  ritual. 

411.  claustra,  the  headlands,  which  seem  to  close  the  passage.    These 
seem  wider  apart  (rariores)  as  the  ships  approach. 

412.  laeva,  i.e.  along  the  eastern  and  southern  shores  of  Sicily.— 
tibi  :  for  dat.  see  Grais,  v.  398,  note. 

414.  haec  loca  .  .  .  dissiluisse,  these  shores,  they  say,  sprang  apart, 
the  strait  being  formed,  as  was  thought,  by  some  earthquake  shock, 
connected,  perhaps,  with  an  eruption  of  ./Etna.  —  ruina,  convulsion.  Cf. 
Par.  Lost,  i.  230-2  : 

As  when  the  force 

Of  subterranean  winds  transports  a  hill 
Torn  from  Pelorus. 

417.  foret:  §326;  0.587;  H.  515,  iii.  —  medio  :  loc.  ablative.— 
undis,  abl.  of  means. 


296 


Notes. 


419.  litore,  along  the  shore.  —  diductas,  now  separated.  —  angusto, 
with  aestu  (abl.  of  manner). 

420.  latus :   see  v.  400,  note.  —  Scylla,  Charybdis  :   in  Homer  (Od. 
xii.  73-110;  Bry.  100)  Scylla  is  a  monster  with  six  heads,  each  of  which 
snatches  a  man   from   the   deck   (235-259;   Bry.  293),  and   Charybdis, 
dwelling  below  the  flood,  swallows  the  ship,  which   is  afterwards  cast 
forth,  Ulysses  clinging  meanwhile  to  a  wild  fig-tree  (428-441);  cf.  Spen- 
ser's adaptation  of  this  passage  to  his  allegory,  faery  Queen,  ii.  12.  3-8. 

422.  sorbet  Charybdis :    the  descriptions  of  the  two  monsters  are 
given  in  inverse  order  (chiastically).  —  sub  auras,  upward  into  the  air. 

423.  alternos,  in  turn.  —  sidera  :  on  the  hyperbole  see  note  to  i.  103. 

425.  prima  facies,  the  face  and  form  above,  which  appear  first. 

426.  pectore,  abl.  of  quality  (§  251 ;  G.  400  ;  H.  419,  ii). 

428.  caudas  (Gr.  ace.)  commissa,  having  the  tails  of  dolphins  fastened 
to  the  bellies  of  wolves.     The  rock  which  stands  for  Scylla  is  no  longer 
formidable ;  but  there  is  still  a  whirlpool  or  eddy  near  the  Sicilian  coast, 
much  dreaded  by  the  native  boatmen  in  some  states  of  the  weather. 
Milton's  descriptioi  of  Sin,  in  the  famous  allegory  of  Sin  and  Death, 
owes  some  features  to  Virgil's  Scylla : 

The  one  seem'd  woman  to  the  waist,  and  fair, 
But  ended  foul  in  many  a  scaly  fold 
Voluminous  and  vast,  a  serpent  arm'd 
With  mortal  sting  :  about  her  middle  round 
A  cry  of  hell-hounds  never  ceasing  bark'd 
With  wide  Cerberean  mouths  full  loud. 

Par.  Lost,  ii.  650-655  (cf.  659-661). 

429.  lustrare,  to  skirt  along ;  cf.  i.  453  and  note  ;  iii.  385.     For  con- 

struction see  §  270,  i  ;  G.  535  ;  H.  538.  —  metas:  the 
Roman  circus  was  divided  lengthwise  in  the  middle  by 
a  wall,  round  which  the  race  took  place,  and  at  each 
end  of  this  were  three  conical  pillars  called  metae, 
round  which  the  racers  must  turn  :  to  these  the  pro- 
montory, which  the  ship  must  double,  is  compared. 
(See  Fig.  34.) 

430.  cessantem,  lingering,  i.e.  taking  a  less  direct 
course.     The  word  belongs  to  the  unexpressed  subj. 
of  lustrare. 

431.  vidisse :  for  the  perf.  inf.  see  §  288  e;  G.  280, 
2;  H.  537. 

432.  caeruleis:  the  regular  color  of  everything  belong- 
ing to  the  sea.  —  canibus  resonantia:  cf.  Milton,  Comus,  w.  257,  258: 

Scylla  wept, 
And  chid  her  barking  waves  into  attention. 


Fig.  34- 


III.  459-]  The  sEneid.  297 

435.  illud,  this  (which  follows).  —  pro,  i.e.  this  is  so  important  as  to 
take  the  place  of  all  the  rest.  —  unum  :  repeated  for  emphasis,  but  with 
a  slightly  different  shade  of  meaning,  as  contrasted  with  omnibus. 

438.  lunoni :  notice  the  force  of  the  repetition.  —  cane  vota,  chant 
prayers  ;  all  religious  formulae  were  in  verse. 

439.  sic  denique,  so  at  length,  i.e.  so  and  only  thus. 

440.  finis:  see  note  on  Italiam,  i.  2. —  mittere,  you  shall  be  suffered 
to  go. 

441.  delatus:  cf.  i.  365.  —  divinos  :  Lake  Avernus  was  supposed  to 
be  the  entrance  to  the  Infernal  Regions,  and  so,  like  everything  con- 
nected with  the  life  and  functions  of  the  gods,  was  in  a  manner  divinus. 

442.  lacus  et  Averna,  hendiadys.  —  silvis,  abl.  of  instrument. 

443.  insanam,  frenzied,  i.e.  possessed  with  prophetic  inspiration. 

444.  notas  et  nomina,  i.e.  the  signs  which  express  words. 
446.   digerit  in  numerum,  arranges  in  (lit.  into)  due  order. 

448.  verso  cardine,  from  the  turning  of  the  hinge :  i.e.  the  mere 
movement  of  the  door  is  enough  to  disturb  them  (abl.  abs.).  Allusions 
are  countless  and  of  all  kinds  ;  Pope  even  compares  bank-notes  to  the 
Sibylline  leaves  : 

A  single  leaf  shall  waft  an  army  o'er, 
Or  ship  off  senates  to  a  distant  shore  ; 
A  leaf,  like  Sibyl's,  scatter  to  and  fro 
Our  fates  and  fortunes,  as  the  winds  shall  blow. 

Moral  Essays,  iii.  43-46. 

450.   saxo  (loc.  abl.),  in  the  cave. 

452.  inconsulti  abeunt,  men  depart  unadvised,  i.e.  having  received  no 
response. 

453.  ne  .   .   .  tanti,  etc.,  let  not  any  cost  of  delay  be  of  such  account 
to  you,  as  to  prevent  (quin),  etc.  —  qua:  §  105,  d ;  G.  107  ;  H.  190,  i. 
—  fuerint:   §  266,  N.1;  G.  263,  3,  N.  ;  11.483,  2.  —  tanti:  §  252,  a;  G. 
380,  i ;  H.  404. 

454.  increpitent :  §  266,  c ;  G.  606  ;  H.  515,  iii.  —  vi,  urgently. 

455.  sinus,  the  hollow  or  belly  of  the  sail,  best  translated  by  the  sail 
itself.  —  secundos,  i.e.  with  favorable  winds. 

456.  quin,  referring  back  to  tanti,  ^.453. — adeas :   §  332,  £•;  G. 
554  ;  H.  504,  2. 

457.  canat,  depending  on  poscas ;    ut  is  omitted  (§  331,  and  f,  R.  ; 
G.  546,  R.2;  H.  499,  2).  —  volens  :  a  standing  religious  word  ;  translate, 
be  pleased  to,  etc. 

459.  fugias  .  .  .  feras  (indir.  quest.).,  i.e.  avoid,  if  that  is  possible 
or  bear,  if  they  are  unavoidable. 


298 


Notes. 


460.  expediet,  shall  disclose :  in  fact,  she  guides  ^neas  to  Anchises, 
who  himself  gives  the  necessary  instruction ;   see  Book  vi.  —  venerata, 
being  duly  reverenced  (passive,  §  135,  b  ;  G.  167,  N.2;  H.  231,  2). 

461.  quae:  §  219,  c,  N.,  cf.  §  239,  c,  R.  ;   G.  333,  i,  cf.  339,  R.4 ;   H. 
375.  —  liceat:    §  320;  G.  631  ;  H.  500,  i ;    cf.  Pope,  Rape  of  the  Lock, 
i.  113: 

This  to  disclose  is  all  thy  guardian  can. 

464.  dona :  gifts  at  parting  (as  at  meeting,  cf.  i.  647)  were  a  common 
mark  of  respect,  and  such  as  are  here  spoken  of  were  the  usual  form 
of  wealth  in  heroic  times.  —  auro,  abl.  of  means.  —  gravia  :  the  final 
a  is  long,  probably  by  an  earlier  quantity  (§  375,  £",  2  ;  H.  580,  3,  N.2). 
—  secto  elephanto  :  ivory  was  chiefly  used  in  thin  plates,  for  inlaying. 

466.  Dodonaeos:  according  to  one  story,  Helenus  had  settled  first  at 
Dodona.     The  bronze  vessels  (lebetas)  made  there  were  famous,  and 
were  said  to  ring  like  a  bell  at  the  touch,  being  wrought  or  cast,  proba- 
bly, in  a  single  piece.  —  lebetas  :  §  64 ;  G.  66,  N.4 ;  H.  68. 

467.  consertam  trilicem,  woven  three-ply. —  hamis  auroque,   hen- 
diadys. 

468.  conum,  the  crest  (or  peak)  and  -waving  (lit.  hairy,  made  of  hair) 
plume  of  a  shining  helmet,  i.e.  a  helmet  with  gleaming  crest,  etc.     The 

conus  was  the  ridge  or  projection  on  the  top  of 
the  helmet,  upon  which  the  crest  was  fastened  ; 
it  was  probably  at  first  only  a  spike,  whence  the 
name.  (See  Fig.  35.) 

469.  sua,  appropriate:  §  197,  b  ;  G.  312,  R.1  ; 
H.  449,  2. 

471.  remigium,  outfit  of  oars  (cf.  viii.  80). — 
socios :  inserted  to  indicate  that  these  presents  of 
armor,  etc.  (armis),  in  contradistinction  to  the 
general  supplies,  were  made  to  yEneas's  com- 
panions individually  and  therefore  conferred 
honor  on  them. 

47  3.   ne  qua  mora,  that  no  delay  might  be  made 
while  the  wind  blew  fair  (lit.  to  the  wind,  etc.,  i.e. 
that  the  fair  wind  might  not  be  hindered) ;  cf.  v. 
481.  — vento,  dat.  (§  235  ;  G.  345;  H.  384,  4). 
477-   tibi:  §236;  G.  351 ;  H.  389. 

478.  tamen,  i.e.  though  you  are  hasting  towards  it.  —  praeterlabare  : 
§  332,  a,  2  ;  G.  553,  4 ;  H.  502,  i ;  ut  is  omitted,  cf.  canat,  -v.  457. 

480.  pietate,  abl.  of  cause.  —  quid  demoror  austros,  i.e.  why  do  I  de- 
tain you  from  sailing  with  them  ? 


Fig.  35- 


III.  5io.]  The  ALneid.  299 

482.   digressu  (abl.  of  cause),  parting,  each  to  go  his  own  way  (dis-). 

484.  nee  cedit  honore,  does  not  fall  behind  (her  husband)  in  respect  • 
cf.  v.  474.     The  reading  is  doubtful.     Most  editions  have  honori,  with 
the  general  meaning  that  she  does  not  fall  short  of  the  honor  due  to 
Ascanius. 

485.  donis :  §  225,  d;  G.  348 ;  H.  384,  2 ;  cf.  i.  195. 
486-7.   sint,  relative  clause  of  purpose.  —  longum,  enduring. 

489.  mini  :  the  dative  is  used  as  if  qui  sola  superes  were  expressed, 
instead  of  the  vocative  with  super;  the  adv.  super  (=  remaining}  is 
itself  equivalent  to  an  adjective.  —  Astyanactis :  Astyanax  (son  of 
Hector  and  Andromache),  was  hurled  from  the  walls  of  Troy  by  Ulysses. 

491.  pubesceret,  would  be  growing  into  youth  f  rom  boyhood,  i.e.  had 
he  lived  (the  condition  is  implied  in  nunc).  —  aevo,  abl.  of  quality. 

492.  hos  :  see  note  on  campos,  v.  400. 

493.  vivite :  notice  that  the  words  contain  a  farewell ;  hence  the  im- 
perative, instead  of  an  optative  subjunctive.  —  quibus  :  §  232,  a  ;  G.  354  ; 
H.  388,  i.  —  fortuna  peracta,  i.e.  they  have  had  their  share  of  adverse 
fate,  and  are  at  length  securely  happy. 

494.  sua :  used  in  its  ordinary  sense,  but  with  emphasis  contrasted 
with  nos ;  see  §  196,  c  ;  G.  521,  R.2  ;  H.  449,  3.  —  alia  :  §  203,  c  ;  H.  459. 

495-   parta,  secured.  —  aequor,  expanse. 

496.  semper  cedentia :  in  allusion  to  the  instructions  just  given  by 
Helenus  (cf.  especially  w.  381-3,  477-9). 

499.   auspiciis,  abl.  of  manner.  —  fuerit  (fut.  perf.),  -will  prove  to  be. 

502.  olim,  hereafter.  —  urbes,  direct  obj.  of  faciemus,  the  secondary 
obj.  is  Troiam  (§  239,  a;  G.  340  ;  H.  373). 

503.  Epiro,  Hesperia,  locative  abl. 

504.  unam  faciemus  Troiam :  the  allusion  is  probably  to  the  town 
of  Nicopolis,  then  lately  established  by  Augustus  in  Epirus.     In  the 
charter  of  this  town,  it  is  said,  the  Epirotes  were  spoken  of  as  "kinsmen 
of  the  Romans."  —  animis,  abl.  of  specification.  —  utramque,  really 
belonging  to  urbes,  but  attracted  by  Troiam;  cf.  §  195,  d\  G.  211,  R.5 ; 
H.  445,  4. 

506.  pelago  :  see  v.  1 24,  note. 

507.  Italiam,  ace.  of  end  of  motion  with  iter  (sc.  est),  which  is  equiv- 
alent to  a  verb  of  motion  (cf.  i.  2,  note).  —  undis :  cf.  v.  506,  note. 

508.  opaci  (proleptic),  they  become  dark  by  being  in  shadow. 

509.  sternimur  (reflexive  or  "middle"  use),  we  stretch  our  limbs. 

510.  sortiti  remos,  casting  lots  for  the  oars,  i.e.  having  assigned  each 
man  to  his  "watch."    Apparently  not  all  were  on  duty  at  the  oar  at 
once. 


300  Notes. 

511.  curamus,  refresh  (a  standing  expression  for  eating  and  drinking). 
—  inrigat,  steals  over  (lit.  bedews ;  cf.  i.  692,  and  note). 

512.  acta,  borne  along  in  her  car.  —  horis,  abl.  of  means  :  as  the  poets 
can  personify,  making  the  means  the  agent  (cf.  v .  53-3),  so  they  can  make 
the  agent  the  means,  and  use  the  simple  ablative.    The  *Qpai  (Seasons) 
manage  the  horses  of  the  gods  in  Homer.     Here,  however,  the  con- 
ception is  changed  from  the  seasons  to  the  hours  of  the  night. 

513.  surgit,  when,  etc.  —  strato,  abl.  of  separation. 

514.  explorat,  etc.,  i.e.  observes  the  heavens  for  clouds  betokening 
wind  and  listens  to  catch  the  first  sound  of  a  breeze. 

51 5.  sidera  notat :  apparently  to  determine  his  course ;  cf.  Od.  v.  27 1- 
2755  Bry.  325. 

516.  pluvias,  from  the  rains  attending  their  setting  ;  see  note  to  i.  744. 

517.  Spondaic  line;  see  note  to  i.  617.  —  auro,  i.e.  golden  belt  and 
sword.  —  Oriona  :  i  long,  from  the  Greek. 

519.  castra  movemus :  a  military  expression,  suggested  by  the  later 
customs  of  naval  expeditions. 

522.  humilem,  of  the  shore,  as  opposed  to  the  hills  in  the  back- 
ground. 

523.  Italiam  (a  kind  of  indirect  discourse  ;  the  cry  is  Italia,  Italia) : 
observe  the  effect  of  the  repetition  and  elision,  expressing  the  glad, 
hurried,  and  repeated  cry  of  the  men. 

524.  clamore,  abl.  of  manner. 

525.  corona :  see  note,  i.  724. 

528.  maris:  §  218,  a;  G.  374;  H.  399,  3. 

529.  ferte  viam  facilem,  grant  us  an  easy  passage  ;  ferte  also  hints  at 
their  bearing  the  vessels  on  their  course. 

530.  crebrescunt,  patescit  (notice  the  effect  of  these  inceptives) :  (as) 
the  winds  freshen,  the  port  widens  as  it  comes  nearer  into  view.  —  opta- 
tae,  stronger  than  desired ;   almost  prayed  for.  —  portus,   the  Portus 
Veneris,  south  of  Hydruntum,  in  Calabria. 

532.  legunt,/«r/  (gather  in). 

533.  curvatus,  hollowed.  —  fluctu  :  the  wave  is  in  a  manner  personi- 
fied, hence  ab  is  used ;  see  note  to  v.  512. 

534.  obiectae,  exposed. 

535.  gemino  muro  (abl.  of  manner),  like  a  double  wall. 

536.  refugit,  i.e.  it  now  shows  its  true  position  back  at  the  bottom  of 
the  bay. 

538.  primum,  i.e.  in  connection  with  Italy.  —  omen:  the  first  sight 
that  strikes  their  eyes  is  as  usual  taken  as  an  omen.  —  candore :  abl.  of 
quality. 


III.  565.]  The  Aineid.  301 

539.  bellum :  notice  the  repetition  of  this  word,  and  each  time  in  an 
emphatic  position.  —  hospita:  see  note,  v.  377.     See  also  §  85,  c. 

540.  bello,/<'r  war  ;  for  dat.  see  regno,  v.  109,  note. 

541.  olim,   at  times.  —  idem,   plur.  —  curru,   dative.  —  succedere  : 
§  273,  b\  G.  421,  N.1,  c  ;   H.  533,  3  ;  cf.  ii.  62. 

542.  concordia,  peaceful,  as  opposed  to  the  trappings  of  war  just  re- 
ferred to.  —  iugo  (abl.  of  manner),  with  the  yoke. 

543.  et,  as  -well. 

544.  quae  .  .  .  accepit,  i.e.  by  the  warlike  omen  as  well  as  by  the 
sight  of  her  temple,  v.  531. 

545.  capita:  see  note  on  ferrum,  ii.  510. 

546.  maxima,  as  most  important  (§  200,  d;  G.  616,  3  ;  H.  453,  5). 

547.  Argivae :  cf.  note  to  i.  24. 

548.  ordine,  i.e.  with  all  the  details. 

549.  cornua,  arms.     (See  Fig.  31,  p.  288.) 

550.  Graiugenum:  366^.398. 

551.  hinc,  on  this  side.  —  Herculei :  many  legends  connected  Hercules 
with  this  coast,  but  that  respecting  the  founding  of  Tarentum  has  been 
lost.  —  si  vera,  etc.  :  these  words  belong  only  to  Herculei  (founded  by 
him  if,  etc.). 

552.  diva  Lacinia,  a  temple  of  Juno  on  the  headland.  —  contra,  oppo- 
site (on  the  other  side  of  the  bay). 

553.  navifragum :  though  not  rugged,  the  coast  is  in  an  exposed 
situation. 

554.  e  fluctu,  rising  from  the  -waves. 

555.  gtmiiMm,  moaning  of  the  distant  whirlpool.     Cf.  Spenser,  Faery 
Queen,  ii.  12.  2  : 

An  hidous  roaring  far  away  they  heard, 
That  all  their  sences  filled  with  aff right ; 
And  streight  they  saw  the  raging  surges  reard 
Up  to  the  skyes. 

556.  voces,  i.e.  the  dashing  of  the  waves. 

559.  hos,  emphatic  ;  translate,  these  are  the  cliff's  which  Helenus,  etc. 

560.  eripite,  save  yourselves.  —  pariter,  with  even  stroke.  —  insurgite, 
see  note  to  v.  207. 

561.  rudentem,  roaring  (of  the  noise  of  the  water  at  the  bow,  as  the 
helm  is  suddenly  put  to  starboard  to  turn  their  course  southward). 

564.  et  idem  (pi.,  agreeing  with  subj.),  and  again. 

565.  Manis,  often  thus  used  of  the  world  below  in  general.  —  dese- 
dimus,  we  find  ourselves  sunk  (lit.  we  have  settled,  therefore  are  down  : 
§  279,  e,  and  R. ;  G.  236,  2;  H.  471,  3);  cf.  v.  no. 


3O2  Notes.  [ 

566.  ter:  cf.  i.  116.  —  scopuli,  the  reefs  at  the  bottom  (a  perversion 
of  the  original  sense ;  see  i.  162,  note).  —  dedere,  i.e.  as  we  descended 
to  them. 

567.  rorantia,  wet  -with  spray,  which,  high  as  we  were,  was  tossed  still 
higher,  seeming  to  reach  the  sky. 

570.  portus  .  .  .  immotus,  a  haven  undisturbed,  and  far  from  (ab) 
approach  of  winds.  —  ingens  ipse,  ample  in  itself  (and  safe  enough),  but 
for  the  thunders  of  neighboring  ^Etna. 

571.  ruinis,  the  crashing  sound  of  falling  bodies  within. 

572.  prorumpit:  cf.  note  to  v.  246. —  nubem,  i.e.  the  mountain  some- 
times throws  smoke  and  ashes,  sometimes  a  real  eruption  of  lava. 

573.  turbine  piceo,  with  pitch-black  (i.e.  thick  like  the  smoke  of  pitch) 
smoke-wreaths.     Milton's  imitation  of  this  description  {Par.  Lost,  i.  232- 
237)  is  famous  ;  cf.  Landor,  Gebir,  vii.  172-4: 

And  now  Sicanian  ./Etna  rose  to  view  : 
Darkness  with  light  more  horrid  she  confounds, 
Baffles  the  breath  and  dims  the  sight  of  day. 

575.   viscera,  i.e.  liquid  lava  ;  cf.  note  to  i.  211. 

577-    glomerat,  hurls  in  balls  of  fire.  —  fundo  :  abl.  of  separation. 

579.  urgueri,  indicates  the  oppressive  weight  of  the  mountain. 

580.  exspirare,  etc.,  breathes  out  through  broken  craters   (i.e.  those 
broken  by  the  outburst  of  the  fire).     He  has  been  pierced  by  a  thunder- 
bolt and  keeps  breathing  fire  through  the  wounds. 

581.  mutet,  shifts ;  for  mood  see  rules  for  indirect  discourse. 

582.  subtexere  f  umo,  lines  with  wreaths  of  smoke,  like  a  woven  (texo) 
veil  below  it  (sub). 

583.  tecti :  it  will  be  remembered  that  they  usually  went  on  shore  at 
night.  —  immania  monstra,  prodigious  horrors. 

585.   aethra  (abl.  of  cause),  -with  the  light ;  cf.  note  to  i.  608. 

587.  nox  intempesta :  this  expression,  in  a  somewhat  different  sense, 
marks  one  of  the  regular  divisions  of  the  night. 

588.  prime  Eoo,  i.e.  at  the  earliest  dawn.    The  adjective  suggests  the 
early  hour,  though  the  noun  refers  here  to  the  quarter  of  the  sky. 

589.  umentem,  often  incorrectly  written  humentem. 

591.   nova,  strange.  —  cultu,'  in  plight,  condition  (as  resulting  from 
care,  food,  etc.).     Cf.  Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden: 

Downward  from  his  mountain-gorge 
Stept  the  long-hair'd,  long-bearded  solitary, 
Brown,  looking  hardly  human,  strangely  clad, 
Muttering  and  mumbling. 


111.623.]  The  AZneid.  303 

593.  respicimus,  i.e.  as  we  are  returning  to  our  ships. 

594.  consertum :  supply  erat  ei.  —  cetera  (Gr.  accusative),  in  other 
respects. 

595.  Many  think  this  line  has  crept  in  from  ii.  87,  but  it  seems  natural 
enough  here.  —  ad  Troiam:  §  258,  b,  N.2;  G.  337,  R.4  ;  H.  380,  i. 

597.   paulum,  opposed  to  mox  below. 

599.  tester,  sc.  vos. 

600.  spirabile  lumen,  the  air  we  breathe.     Open  air  and  daylight  are 
often  confused  in  ancient  poetry  ;   so  ferre  in  auras,  to  bring  to  light. 
Cf.  Landor,  Gebir,  v.  59 : 

If  with  inextinguish'd  light  of  life 
Thou  breathest. 

601.  tollite,  take  me  on  board  (strictly,  take  me  away);  see  vi.  370. 
—  quascumque,  i.e.  any.  —  terras  :  ace.  of  limit  of  motion. 

605.  spargite,  tear  me  in  pieces  and  cast  me  (lit.  scatter  me). 

606.  si  pereo:  §  276,  c\  G.  228  ;  H.  467,  5  (cf.  v.  367);  observe  the 
hiatus  between  pereo  and  hominum. 

608.  qui,  here  the  same  as  quis.  —  fari,  poet,  for  subjunc. 

609.  deinde,  since,  i.e.  after  the  city  was  taken.  —  agitet,  used  like 
the  present  with  iamdudum  (§  276,  a  ;  G.  230;  H.  467,  2). 

610.  multa  :  §  240,  a  ;  G.  334  ;  H.  378,  2. 

611.  praesenti,  for  the  moment,  i.e.  until  we  have  heard  his  story. 
613.    infelicis,  so  called  on  account  of  his  long  wanderings. 

615.  paupere  (abl.  abs.) :  cf.  ii.  87,  note.  —  fortuna,  i.e.  my  condi- 
tion of  poverty.  —  mansisset  (§  267,  b;  G.  261;    H.  483,  2),  i.e.  would 
I  had  been  content  to  remain  poor. 

616.  linquunt:  §  276,  e  ;  G.  570  ;  H.  467,  4.  —  trepidi,  in  trembling 
haste.  •    . 

617.  Cyclopis  :  see  note  to  v.  623,  below. 

618.  sanie,  etc. :  these  descriptive  ablatives  are  equivalent  to  an  ad- 
jective phrase  (§  179)  qualifying  domus.     sanie  is  here  used  without 
a  modifier  (contrary  to  the  rule:    §251   and  N.;    G.  400;    H.  419,  ii). 
because  it  is  coupled  with  dapibus,  which  has  an  adjective. 

619.  ipse,  the  master  (opposed  to  domus;  cf.  i.  114). 

621.  nec  visu  facilis,  i.e.  one  on  whom  no  one  can  look  without 
terror  ;  see  §  303;  G.  436  ;  H.  547. — ulli,  dat.  of  reference. 

622.  visceribus  :  §  249  ;  G.  407;  H.  421,  i. 

623.  egomet,  emphatic,  /,  with  my  own  eyes :    the  story  is  repeated 
from  Od.  ix.  289-293  ;  Kry.  325.     See  Gayley's  Classic  Myths,  pp.  314- 


304  Notes.  [ 

628.  quidem,  to  be  sure. 

629.  sui:  §  219;  0.376;  H.  406,  ii.  —  simul  =  simulac,  as  often. 

634.  vices,  ace.,  our  places  or  posts. 

635.  terebramus :    in  Homer,  Ulysses  twirls  the  stake  "as  a  ship- 
carpenter  bores  with  an  auger,"  while  his  companions  hold  it   (Od. 
ix.  384  ;  Bry.  446). 

636.  latebat,  was  hid  under  the  projecting  brow.     The  ancient  repre- 
sentation of  Polyphemus  shown  in  the  cut  in  the  text  disregards  this 
feature  of  the  single  eye.     Other  ancient  pictures  give  the  Cyclops  three 
eyes,  one  being  in  the  forehead. 

637.  Argolici :  the  shields  of  the  Greeks  were  round  while  those  of 
the  Romans  were  long.  —  clipei,  a  large  shield  of  brass,  glittering  as 
well  as  round.  —  instar  :  properly  a  noun  in  apposition  with  quod,  but 
it  may  be  translated  by  like  (see  i.  1 5,  note) . 

638.  umbras :  the  vengeance  for  their  death  is  looked  upon  as  an 
offering  to  their  departed  spirits  (cf.  note  to  v.  321). 

641.  quails :    the   antecedent  word  would  be   tales,  agreeing  with 
Cyclopes,  v.  644. 

642.  Cf.  the  song  of  Polyphemus,  Ovid,  Met.  xiii.  821-830. 

645.  tertia,  i.e.  is  filling  her  horns  a  third  time.     Such  formal  ways 
of  indicating  lapse  of  time  became  a  poetical  convention.     See,  for  ex- 
ample, Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  i.  8,  38  : 

Yet  now  three  moones  have  changed  thrice  their  hew, 
And  have  been  thrice  hid  underneath  the  ground, 
Since  I  the  heaven's  chearefull  face  did  vew. 

Cf.  Hamlet,  iii.  2.  165-168. 

646.  cum  .  .   .  traho,  since  I  have  been  dragging  out,  etc.     cum  in 
this  sense  is  colloquial ;  cf.,  for  tense,  the  pres.  with  iam  diu  (§  276,  a, 
example  4 ;  G.  580,  R.3 ;  H.  467,  2). 

647.  ab  rupe,  the  rock  where  he  was  on  the  lookout  for  ships  (v.  651). 
Some  editors  take  it  with  Cyclopes  (as  they  come  from  their  rocky  cave). 

650.   volsis  radicibus,  abl.  of  means. 

652.  fuisset,  subj.  in  informal  indir.  disc,  standing  for  fut.  perf.  of 
the  direct  (§  341,  c  ;  G.  508,  3  ;  H.  528,  i). 

653.  addixi,  surrendered:  a  Roman  law-term  for  giving  anybody  or 
anything  completely  into  one's  possession.  —  satis,  i.e.  I  shall  be  satis- 
fied whatever  the  result. 

654.  potius,  i.e.  rather  than  fall  into  their  hands. 

656.  ipsum  emphasizes  the  difference  between  a  mere  account  of 
him  (such  as  they  had  just  heard)  and  the  sight  of  the  monster  him- 
self. —  mole,  abl.  of  manner,  and  so  having  an  adverbial  force. 


III.  684.]  The  ALneid.  305 

657.  nota  :  hence  he  could  find  his  way  thither. 

658.  lumen  :  cf.  "  The  light  of  the  body  is  the  eye,"  Matthew,  vi.  22 
—  cui :  §  229  ;  G.  345,  R.1 ;  H.  385,  2. 

659.  manu,  loc.  ablative. 

660.  ea :  §  195,  d;  G.  211,  R.6  ;  H.  445,  4;  cf.  v.  167. 

664.  dentibus,  abl.  of  instrument,  crushing  with  his  teeth.  —  gemitu, 
abl.  of  manner. 

665.  iam,  etc.,  i.e.  he  has  got  so  far  into  deep  water  (medium,  cf.  v. 
73,  note)  without  wetting  his  body. 

666.  celerare,  historical  inf. ;  see  ii.  685,  note. 

667.  sic  merito,  as  he  deserved  (lit.  so  having  deserved,  i.e.  ut  recipe- 
retur). 

668.  remis,  abl.  of  means. 

671.  nee  potis,  etc.,  and  cannot  keep  above  the  -waves  in  his  fursitit, 
i.e.  he  is  out  of  his  depth  in  the  open  sea  (lonios  fluctus)  ;  potis  est, 
older  form  of  potest,  often  omits  est,  as  here. 

673.   penitus,  i.e.  far  from  the  sea. 

676.  ruit,  complent :  for  change  of  number  see  ii.  64,  note. 

677.  nequiquam,  i.e.  harmless  in  the  distance.  —  lumine,  a  loose  use 
of  the  ablative  of  manner  ;  cf.  note  to  mole,  v.  656. 

678.  caelo,  to  the  sky  (§  258,  2,  N.1  ;  G.  358  ;   H.  385,  41). 

679.  quales  cum,  etc.,  as  when,  etc.  (lit.  supplying  tales,  such  as  -when, 
etc.). 

681.  lovis  :  the  oak  is  sacred  to  Jupiter.  —  Dianae  :    the  cypress,  a 
funereal  tree,  is  sacred  to  Diana  in  her  character  of  Hecate,  or  goddess 
of  the  Lower  World;  see  vi.  13,  247.  —  constiterunt :  §  279,^,  R.  ;  G. 
236,  R.  ;  for  the  short  penult  see  ii.  774,  note. 

682.  rudentis  excutere,  to  shake  out  our  sails  (prop,  the  ropes  that 
held  them  to  the  yards  when  furled  ;  see  v.  267,  note).  —  quocumque, 
for  any  course. 

683.  ventis,  abl.  of  instrument.  —  secundis,  i.e.  to  take  advantage  of 
the  wind,  and  sail  before  it,  though  it  would   take   them  north  (see 
below). 

684.  contra  .  .  .  cursus :  this  passage  is  at  best  of  doubtful  mean- 
ing.    It  may  be  rendered,  on  the  other  hand  the  commands,  etc.,  warn  us 
[lit.  the  ships]  not  to  hold  our  course  between  Scylla  and  Charybdis,  with 
little  chance  of  escape  from  death  either  way  (i.e.  towards  whichever  side 
of  the  passage  we  steer),     ni  is  to  be  taken  in  the  sense  of  ne  by  an 
antiquated  usage.     The  wind  is  evidently  southerly,  so  that  to  follow 
their  first  thought  (metus  acer  agit)  and  run  before  the  wind  (secundis) 
would  bring  them  into  the  Straits  of  Messina  between  Scylla  and  Cha- 


306  Notes.  [ 

rybdis.     Apparently  they  could  not  go  south  on  account  of  the  wind, 
for  their  ships  could  not  lie  as  close  to  the  wind  as  our  modern  craft. 

685.  viam,  in  apposition  with  Scyllam  atque  Charybdin. 

686.  retro,  directly  back  whence  they  came,  as  their  only  other  course 
with  a  southerly  wind  was  eastward  again. 

687.  ecce  autem,  but  lo  !  just  at  this  crisis  the  wind  changed  fair  and 
gave  them  a  southerly  course.  —  angusta,  etc.,  because  it  came  from 
the  strait  where  the  promontory  of  Pelorus  was. 

688.  vivo  saxo,  abl.  of  material. 

690.  talia :  these  are  pointed  out  by  Achaemenides  as  they  pass.  — 
relegens  errata,  retracing  his  -wanderings. 

692.  Sicanio  sinu,  i.e.  the  Great  Harbor  of  Syracuse  ;  the  island  of 
Ortygia,  formerly  sacred  to  Diana,  is  the  site  of  the  "  old  city  "  of  Syracuse, 
the  "new  city"  being  on  the  mainland  of  Sicily.  —  sinu,  dative  after 
praetenta. 

693.  Plemyrium,  the  southern  promontory  of  the  harbor  of  Syracuse. 
—  priores :  in  Virgil's  time  it  was  part  of  Syracuse. 

694.  For  the  story  of  Alpheus  and  Arethusa  see  Gayley's  Classic 
Myths,  pp.  142-5.     It  is  prettily  told  by  Ovid,  Met.  v.  571-641.    See  also 
Shelley's  poem  Arethusa.    Allusions  are  frequent;  cf.  for  example,  Pope, 
Dunciad,  ii.  342,  343  : 

As  under  seas  Alpheus'  secret  sluice 
Bears  Pisa's  off 'rings  to  his  Arethuse. 

696.  ore,  abl.  of  means.  —  undis  :  §  229,  c  ;  G.  347,  R.1 ;  H.  385,  48 ; 
the  prose  construction  would  be  cum  with  the  ablative. 

697.  numina  magna :  probably  Diana  (see  v.  692,  note),  and  Apollo, 
almost  always  associated  with  her.  —  iussi,    as  bidden  (by  Helenus). 

698.  stagnantis,  i.e.  the  river  overflowed  the  banks,  rendering  the 
soil  very  fertile  (praepingue). 

699.  nine,  next. 

700.  fatis  .  .  .  moveri:  the  people  of  Camerina  had  been  warned  by 
an  oracle  not  to  drain  a  marsh  (of  the  same  name)  near  their  town. 
They  disobeyed,  and  the  enemy,  entering  that  way,  captured  the  city. 

702.  immanis  .  .  .  dicta,  Gela,  so  called  from  the  name  of  its  impetuous 
stream.  —  fluvii :  the  double  i  in  gen.  of  nouns  in  -ius  occurs  in  only 
one  other  place  in  Virgil,  ix.  151.  —  Gela  (nom.):  a  long  as  in  Greek. 

704.  magnanimum  (gen.  pi.),  high-spirited. 

705.  datis  ventis,  i.e.  probably,  now  sailing  with  the  wind,  as  just  here 
the  coast  turns  much  more  to  the  northward,  and  we  must  suppose 
another  favorable  change  of  wind,  as  in  v.  687. 

706.  dura  saxis,  rmtgh  with  rocks  (instrumental  ablative). 


IV.  2.]  The  jfLneid.  307 

707.    inlaetabilis,  on  account  of  the  death  of  Anchises. 

711.  periclis  (§  10,  c;  G.  725;  H.  635,  2):  cf.  i.  615;  for  constr.  cf. 
cui,  v.  658. 

712.  Helenus:  see  w.  381-432.  —  moneret,  after  cum  concessive. 

713.  Celaeno;  see  zt'.  253-257. 

714.  hie,  haec :  both  refer  to  the  passage  to  Drepanum.     For  the 
gender  see  note  on  ea,  v.  660. 

716.  unus,  i.e.  he  alone  spoke  while  the  rest  listened  (intentis). 

717.  renarrabat,  recounted  (not  telling  them  a  second  time,  but  going 
through  them  again  by  thus  relating  them). 

718.  hie,  at  this  point.  —  quievit,  went  to  rest;  cf.  i.  748,  noctem 
trahebat. 

BOOK  IV. 

DlDO   AND   .(ENEAS. 

In  the  episode  of  Dido,  one  of  the  most  famous  stories  in  all  litera- 
ture, Virgil  has  not  only  come  nearer  than  any  ancient  writer  to  the 
tone  of  modern  romantic  feeling  (see  Introduction,  p.  xx),  but  he  has 
delineated,  with  remarkable  truth  and  delicacy  of  portraiture,  the  charac- 
ter at  once  of  a  fond  woman  and  an  oriental  queen.  Doubtless  the 
poet  owes  something  to  the  history  of  Antony  and  Cleopatra.  The 
defeat  at  Actium,  the  death  of  Mark  Antony,  and  the  death  of  Cleo- 
patra, had  produced  a  powerful  effect  on  the  Roman  imagination  and 
were  fresh  in  all  men's  minds  when  this  part  of  the  ^Eneid  was  written. 
The  story  of.  the  Egyptian  queen  may  well  have  suggested  to  Virgil 
some  traits  in  the  character  of  the  imperious  Dido,  and,  in  particular, 
the  passion  of  barbaric  wrath,  pride,  and  despair  which  closes  her  life. 
Shakspere's  Cleopatra  may  be  compared  with  profit. 

The  episode  of  Dido  has  exercised  a  powerful  effect  on  modern  litera- 
ture. Of  English  versions  of  the  story  one  of  the  most  interesting  is 
that  in  Chaucer's  Legend  of  Good  IVomen,  where  the  old  tale  is  retold  in 
the  spirit  of  mediaeval  romance.  Tasso  in  canto  xvi.  of  \nsjerusalem 
Delivered  has  borrowed  freely  from  this  book  of  the  ^Eneid. 

1.  at,  contrasting  Dido's  restlessness  with  quievit,  end  of  Book  iii. 
—  gravi  .   .  .  cura :    notice  the  interlocked  order  (§  344,  h ;  G.  683) 
and  the  placing  of  the  adjective  before  the  caesura  with  the  noun  at 
the  end.  —  cura  :  a  regular  word  for  the  pangs  of  love. 

2.  alit  venis,  i.e.  it  feeds  upon  her  blood. — carpitur,  is  consumed: 
the  image  being  of  a  flame,  which  catches  successively  upon  the  objects 


308  Notes.  [ 

within  its  reach.     Like  care  in  v.  r,  fire,  and  flame  are  poetic  conven- 
tions; cf.,  for  example,  Pope,  Summer,  v.  91: 

On  me  love's  fiercer  flames  forever  prey. 

3.  animo,  dat.  ;  see  iii.  678,  note.  —  multa,  etc. :  the  four  points  are 
moral  character  (virtus);  nobility  (gentis  honos);  personal  beauty  (vol- 
tus);  eloquence  (verbd). 

6.  postera,  belongs  to  Aurora.  —  Phoeboea,  of  Phoebus  (the  regular 
use  of  the  possessive  adjective).  Apollo  is  naturally  constantly  identi- 
fied with  the  sun. 

8.  cum  adloquitur :  cf.  iii.  10,  note.  —  male  sana  :  see  ii.  23,  note.  — 
sororem:  §  228,  a  ;  G.  331. 

9.  suspensam,  in  my  anxiety;  cf.  cura,  above. 

10.  quis,  etc.:  as  often  happens  in  Latin,  there  are  here  two  clauses 
compressed  into  one,  Who  is  this,  etc.,  who,  etc.  ? 

u.  quern,  predicate  apposition.  —  quam  forti  pectore  et  armis  (abl. 
of  quality),  how  brave  his  heart  and  [deeds  of]  arms  !  It  is  best  to  take 
the  words  as  referring  to  moral  qualities,  since  timor  (cf.  v.  13)  is  obvi- 
ously opposed  to  them.  The  whole  thus  becomes  much  more  striking. 
"  What  a  noble  mien,  what  an  heroic  soul  and  doughty  deeds  !  he  must 
be  of  divine  descent,  for  common  souls  are  recognized  by  fear."  At 
this  point  quibus,  etc.,  is  prompted  by  compassion,  as  the  first  exclama- 
tion is  by  admiration  ;  and  then  v.  1 5  gives  the  natural  conclusion.  The 
rendering  imitated  by  Tennyson  is  less  satisfactory :  "  O  noble  breast 
and  all-puissant  arms."  —  Idylls  of  the  King. 

12.  equidem,  I'm  sure.  —  vana,  idle,  i.e.  groundless. 

13.  degeneres  :  the  emphasis  on  degeneres  gives  the  passage  a  mean- 
ing different  from  the  apparent  sense  of  the  words  and  best  reproduced 
in  English  by  changing»to  the  passive  :  "  ignoble  souls  are  betrayed  by 
fear  " ;  the  implication  is  that  /Eneas'  soul  is  not  degener,  since  he  is 
brave.  —  exhausta  :  observe  the  literal  sense  underlying  the  figure. 

15.  animo,  loc.  ablative. 

16.  ne  .  .  .  vellem,  not  to  wish,  etc.  (§  331,  d ;  G.  546;  H.  498,  i). 
For  tense  see  §   287,  £•;  G.  517,  R.2  ;  H.  495,  iii.  —  cut :    §  229,  c  ;  G. 
346,  N.6  ;  H.  385,  4.8 —  vinclo,  abl.  of  manner. 

17.  morte,  with  deceptam. 

18.  pertaesum  (impers.  see  §   146,  b,  N.),  utterly  weary.  —  taedae 
(§  221,  b  ;  G.  377  ;  H.  409,  iii.,  410,  iv,  N.1):  torches  were  borne  before 
the  bridal  pair  in  the  marriage  procession,  and  Hymenasus,  the  god  of 
marriage,  is  represented  with  a  torch  (see  w.  167  (note),  338-9).    Cf. 


IV.  38.]  The  sEneid.  309 

They  light  the  nuptial  torch,  and  bid  invoke 
Hymen,  then  first  to  marriage  rites  invoked. 

Paradise  Lost,  xi.  590,  591. 

There  let  Hymen  oft  appear 
In  saffron  robe,  with  taper  clear. 

L' Allegro,  ini.  125,  126. 

19.    potui,  I  might  perhaps  have  (§  308,  c  ;   G.  597,  R.3 ;  H.  511,  N.8). 

21.  sparsos  Penates  (§  292,  a  ;  G.  325,  R.3;  H.  549,  N.2).     The  con- 
struction is  often  imitated  in   English  poetry:    as,  "after  the  Tuscan 
mariners  transformed  "  (=  "  after  the  transformation  of,"  etc.),  Comus, 
v.  48. 

22.  animum  .  .  .  impulit,  has  moved  my  heart  to  waver.  —  labantem, 
proleptic  ;  cf .  submersas,  i.  69,  and  note. 

24.  ima,  to  its  lowest  depths.  — optem  :  §  31 1,  a  ;  G.  257  ;  H.  486,  i. 
—  dehiscat :  §  331, ./J  R-  ;  G.  546,  R.2;  H.  499,  2  ;  cf.  the  protestations 
of  the  Player  Queen  in  Hamlet,  iii.  2,  226  ff.: 

Nor  earth  to  me  give  food,  nor  heaven  light ! 
Sport  and  repose  lock  from  me  day  and  night !  etc. 

Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered,  iv.  57 : 

Let  fire  from  heaven  upon  my  head  descend, 
Ere,  sacred  Honor,  I  thy  laws  offend  ! 

27.   rcsolvo  (§  327,  a;  G.  575;  H.  520,  i):  cf.  ii.  157. 

29.   abstulit,  has  borne  away  with  him.  —  habeat,  hortatory  subj. 

31.  luce  :  §  247  ;  G.  398  ;  H.  417.  —  magis  dilecta  (voc.),  etc.,  dearer 
to  your  sister  than  light  =  sister,  dearer  to  me  than  life. 

32.  perpetua  iuventa,   all  your  youth  long  (§  256,  b  ;   G.  393,   R.2; 
H.  379,  i).  —  carpere   (passive),  will  you  waste  away?    Cf.  carpitur, 
v.  2. 

34.  cinerem  aut  Mams :    a  reply  to  Dido's  protestation  above,  w. 
28,  29  ;  the  ashes  and  the  shade  of  Sychaeus  can  have  no  interest  in  her 
actions  now. 

35.  esto,  and  if  they  did,  referring  to  the  preceding  :    even  in   that 
case,  you  have  done  all  that  could  be  expected.  —  mariti,  suitors.  — 
aegram,  in  your  grief. 

36.  Libyae,  of  Libya. — Tyro,  a  comparatively  rare  use  of  the  abla- 
tive of  place  from  whence  with  a  noun  (but  very  common  in  English). 

37.  Africa,  adj.  —  triumphis  dives,  i.e.  warlike  and  victorious. 

38.  placito,  pleasing  to  you.  —  amori,  dat.:  an  extension  of  the  dat. 
with  resistere,  obstare  (§  229,  c  ;    G.  346,  N.8  ;  H.  385,  4*),  but  influ- 
enced also  by  Greek  /xdxo/ta/  nvi. 


3  TO  Notes.  [ 

39.  quorum  arvis  :  see  i.  339,  563. — consederis,  ind.  question. 

40.  hinc  .  .  .  hinc :  as  usual,  of  the  two  sides. 

41.  infreni,  riding  without  bridles,  alluding  to  a  well-known  habit  of 
the  Numidians,  who  were  famous  as  horsemen ;  but  perhaps  meant  also 
to  suggest  the  sense  unbridled,  fierce.  —  inhospita,  i.e.   on  account  of 
the  marauding  tribes  on  the  shore. 

42.  deserta  siti :    and  hence  affording  no  retreat  or  assistance.  — 
Barcaei :  the  wild  tribes  of  the  desert  here  hinted  at  —  like  the  modern 
Bedouins  —  would  alarm  the  imagination  still  more  than  a  regular  force. 

43.  Tyro,  ablative  of  place  from  which. 

44.  germani,  i.e.  Pygmalion  ;  see  i.  361. 

45.  equidem,  in  fact :  the  circumstances  are  providential.—  lunone 
secunda:  Juno  is  mentioned  both  as  tutelary  divinity  of  Carthage  and 
as  goddess  of  marriage.     The  construction  may  be  regarded  as  abl.  abs. 

46.  hunc  cursum,  i.e.  their  course  hither. 

47.  quam  =  qualem.  —  urbem,  pred.  apposition. 

48.  coniugio  tali,  abl.  of  cause  or  means.     The  learner  will  have  seen 
by  this  time  that  the  ablative  cannot  accurately  be  divided  off  into  its 
various  categories,  because  an  author  himself  often  did  not  know  which 
one  he  was  using,  any  more  than  we  determine  exactly  the  shade  of 
meaning  in  which  we  use  a  common  preposition. 

49.  quantis  rebus  (dative)  =  to  -what  a  height. 

50.  deos,  veniam :    §  239,  c ;  G.  339 ;    H.  374.  —  sacris  litatis,  i.e. 
having  propitiated  the  gods  by  fit  offerings. 

52.  desaevit,  until  winter  has  spent  its  rage,  literally,  "while  if  is 
spending"  (§  328  ;  G.  571 ;  H.  519).  —  hiemps  (§  n,  c ;  G.  9,  7;  H.  34, 
i,  N.).  —  aquosus  :  cf.  i.  535,  note. 

53.  quassatae,   sc.   sunt.  —  caelum :    here,   as  often,   put  for  the 
weather. 

55.   pudorem,  her  scruples:   pudor  is  that  feeling   of  shame  which 
rises  from  self-respect. 

57.  This  sacrifice  was  a  kind  of  sin-offering. 

58.  Cereri  :  Ceres  is  called  "  the  lawgiver,"  on  account  of  the  influ- 
ence of  agriculture  on  the  institutions  of  nomadic  tribes ;  cf.  Eel.  v.  29. 
She,  together  with  Apollo  and   Bacchus,   as  well  as   Juno,  has  to  do 
with  marriage  rites. 

59.  lunoni :  Juno  was  the  special  guardian  of  women,  each  woman 
having  her  own  Juno,  as  every  man  his  genius.     She  presided  over  mar- 
riage ("Wedding  is  great  Juno's  crown,"  As  You  Like  It,  v.  4.  147)  and 
(in  her  character  of  Lucina)  over  childbirth. —  cui  .  .  .  curae  (§  233,  a ; 
G.  356 ;  H.  390),  see  sunt. 


iv.  84.]  The  ^Eneid.  311 

61.  vaccae  :  here  sacrificed,  it  seems,  to  Juno  alone. 

62.  ora,  i.e.  of  the  statues.  —  spatiatur  :   before  a  sacrifice,  the  Ro- 
man performed  a  slow  measured  movement  before  the  altar,  holding  a 
lighted  torch.  —  pinguis  :    the  portion   laid   upon   the   altar   consisted 
principally  of  bones  and  fat. 

63.  instaurat  diem  donis,  renews  the  offerings  the  next  day  (lit.,  renews 
the  day  with  gifts,  i.e.  makes  a  new  day  of  sacrifice  by  means  of  the 
offerings).    This  shows  her  anxiety  to  secure  divine  favor.    Possibly  the 
omens  continued  unfavorable.  —  reclusis  (opened}  pectoribus,  dat.    This 
ceremony  represents  the  cxtispicium,  the  most  important  form  of  augury  ; 
the  heart,  liver,  etc.,  were  the  organs  observed. 

65.  ignarae,  i.e.  in  thinking  these  rites  can  avail  a  woman  consumed 
with  love. 

66.  est :  §  140;  G.  172;  H.  291.  —  mollis,  better  taken  with  flamma 
than  with  medullas. 

69.  COniecta  sagitta,  when  the  arrow  has  reached  its  mark. 

70.  Cresia :  the  Cretans  were  famous  archers ;  otherwise  the  particular 
place  has  no  significance  except  to  give  the  favorite  Greek  flavor. 

7 1 .  pastor  agens  :  the  figure  is  of  a  chance  shot  by  a  shepherd,  which 
has  taken  effect  without  his  knowledge. 

75.  paratam,  emphatic  :  he  need  not  go  on,  seeking  a  city  yet  to  be 
built. 

76.  incipit  effari,  etc.  :  cf.  the  confused  words  of  the  queen  to  ^Eneas 
in  Marlowe  and  Nash,  Dido,  act  iii : 

And  yet  I'll  speak  —  and  yet  I'll  hold  my  peace. 
Do  shame  her  worst,  I  will  disclose  my  grief  : 
jEneas,  thou  art  he  —  what  did  I  say  ? 
Something  it  was  that  now  I  have  forgot. 

77.  eadem,  she,  again  (§  195,  e  ;  G.  310;  H.  451,  3).  —  labente  die, 
at  the  close  of  day,  the  usual  time  for  the  principal  meal. 

78.  demens,  reckless,   since   this   would   only  inflame  her  unhappy 
passion. 

79.  pendet  ab  ore,  hangs  on  his  lips. 

80.  lumen  .  .  .  premit,  the  moon  in  her  turn  hides  her  light. 

82.  stratis  relictis,  the  couch  [in  the  banquet-hall]  which  he  has  left. 

83.  absens,  absentem :  a  favorite  collocation  of  words  with  the  an- 
cients, bringing  the  same  or  kindred  words  together ;  cf.  iii.  383,  note. 

84.  Ascanium:  the  real  Ascanius  who  has  returned;  Cupid's  mas- 
querade is  over  (see  i.  683-694).  —  genitoris  imagine,  his  likeness  to  his 
father,  lit.,  the  image  of  his^ather  in  him. 


312 


Notes. 


[iENEID. 


85.   infandum,  used  in  its  literal  sense.  —  si  possit,  [to  try]  if  she 
can  (§  334, /;  G.  460,  b;  H.  529,  i). 

87.  portus,  etc. :  notice  that  the  sentence  falls  into  two  parts  con- 
nected by  -ve ;  the  second  part  is  again  subdivided  by  aut. 

88.  minae   murorum,  menacing  walls ;  see  ii.  235,  note;  cf.  i.   162. 
Cf.  Spenser,  Mother  Hubberd's  Tale,  vv.  1173-74  : 

And  lifted  up  his  loftie  towres  thereby, 
That  they  began  to  threat  the  neighbor  sky. 

89.  machina  :  a  general  word  ;  prob.  here  the  crane  or  derrick  stand- 
ing useless  at  the  top  of  the  unfinished  walls.     (See  Fig.  36.) 

Fig.  36- 


90.  peste,  plague  (the  madness  of  love).  —  teneri,  was  possessed. 

91.  famam  =  regard  for  her  reputation,  a  common  form  of  expression 
in  Latin,  where  we  with  more  exactness  require  two  words  instead  of 
one.     The  Latin,  with  its  small  vocabulary  and  brevity  of  expression, 
often  makes  one  word  mean  more  than  we  do. 

92.  adgreditur,  accosts:  used  of  one  who  begins  a  dialogue. 

93.  vero,  ironical.  —  refertis,  you  carry  off:  used  of  carrying  away 
the  prize  won  in   battle ;  cf .  Eng.   carry  it,  carry  it  away,  =  get  the 
victory  (Shakspere). 

94.  tuque  puerque  tuus:  cf.  Shakspere,  Tempest,  iv.  i.  90,  91  : 

Her  and  her  blind  boy's  scandal 'd  company 
I  have  forsworn. 

96.   adeo  only  gives  emphasis  to  the  whole. 


IV.  1 2  S-]  The  ALneid.  313 

98.  quo,  etc.,  to  what  end  (with)  all  this  strife  ?  Many  editions  have 
certamina  tanta.  We  must  suppose  an  original  ellipsis  of  tendis,  or 
some  such  word,  taking  the  noun  (certamine)  as  ablative  of  means. 

100.  exercemus:  §  269,  /;  G.  273. 

101.  per  ossa,  throughout  her  frame  ;  cf.  i.  660. 

102.  communem  (§  186,  c ;  G.  325;  H.  438,  2),  in  common,  i.e.  with 
joint  authority.  —  auspiciis :  since  only  the  highest  magistrates  could 
"take  the  auspices,"  this  word  came  to  mean  authority. 

103.  liceat,  sc.  ei,  i.e.  Dido.  —  marito:  §  227;  G.  346  ;  H.  385,  i. 

104.  dotales  Tyrios,  the  Tyrians  as  a  dowry :  i.e.  the  portion  brought 
by  the  wife  to  her  husband  (dos),  not  a  marriage-portion  settled  upon 
the  wife.     The  gift  is  spoken  of  as  given  to  Venus,  as  if  she  too,  as  the 
mother  of  /Eneas,  were  to  become  a  tutelary  deity  of  Carthage  ;  cf.  also 
i.  250,  note. 

105.  olli:  see  i.  254,  note.  —  enim,  giving  the  reason  for  her  answering 
deceitfully,  i.e.  she  matches  craft  with  craft.  —  simulata  mente,  with 
deceitful  purpose. 

106.  averteret  (§  317,  b,  N.2  ;  G.  545,  2  ;  H.  497,  ii),  turn  aside.    The 
name  of  the  place  from  which  is  not  expressed.  —  eras  :  see  i.  2,  note. 

107.  quis  .   .   .  abnuat,   who  so  foolish  as  to  refuse  such  an  offer? 
(§  268;  G.  259;   H.  486,  ii). 

109.  si  ...  sequatur :  the  apodosis  is  contained  in  quis  talia,  etc., 
which  is  equivalent  to  a  statement,  that  Venus  would  assent  in  case,  etc. 
—  quod  memoras,  which  you  suggest ;  for  mood  see  §  342,  a ;  G.  629,  R.  ; 
H.  529,  ii,  N.1,  2. 

no.  sed  .  .  .  feror,  but  I  am  led  by  the  fates,  uncertain  whether,  i.e. 
I  have  no  will  of  my  own,  and  it  may  be  that  this  course  is  not  fated.  — 
si  ...  velit :  see  note  on  possit,  v.  85. 

in.   Tyriis,  etc.:  see  i.  732. 

115.  quod  instat:  see  note  on  memoras,  v.  109. 

116.  confieri  (conficio) :  §  142,  c ;  G.  173,  N.2;  H.  297,  iii,  2. 

117.  venatum:  §302;  6.435;  H-  54^- 

119.  Titan:  seeVocab.  —  re-texerit,  shall  disclose ;  cf.  re-clusis,  v .  63. 

1 20.  his,  dat.  after  infundam.  —  grandine :  abl.  abs. 

121.  dum  trepidant  alae,  while  the  huntsmen  hurry  hither  and  thither  : 
the  alae  are  properly  the  outriders  or  "  beaters "  who  drive  the  game 
towards  the  grand  battue,  as  cavalry  (the  usual  meaning  of  the  word) 
serve  as  skirmishers  in  battle.  —  indagine,  with  their  closing  lines  (of 
beaters),  prop,  the  driving  in,  i.e.  the  process  by  which  the  game  are 
hemmed  in  at  the  skirts  of  the  wood. 

125.   si  mihi  certa,  i.e.  if  I  can  rely  on  it. 


Notes. 


126.  This  line  is  supposed  to  be  wrongly  inserted  here  from  i.  73. 

127.  hie  hymenaeus  erit,  here  shall  be  their  marriage-rite  (cf.  i.  651). 
Conington  takes  Hymenaeus  as  a  proper  noun  ;  the  presence  of  Juno, 
Venus,  and  Hymen  being  supposed  needful  to  make  the  marriage  perfect. 

Hymen,  O  Hymen  !  tread  the  sacred  ground  ; 

Show  thy  white  feet,  and  head  with  marjoram  crown'd  : 

Mount  up  thy  flames  ! 

HERRICK,  Nuptial  Song,  w.  31-33. 

128.  dolis  repertis,  abl.  abs.,  but  translate  as  if  obj. 
I29ff.    Imitated  by  Chaucer,  Legend  of  Dido,  w.  2655. : 

The  dawening  up-rist  out  of  the  see ; 
This  amorous  quene  chargeth  her  meynee 
The  nettes  dresse,  and  speres  brode  and  kene  ; 
An  hunting  wol  this  lusty  fresshe  quene. 

Unto  the  court  the  houndes  ben  ybrought, 
And  upon  coursers,  swift  as  any  thought, 
Hir  yonge  knightes  hoven  al  aboute. 

130.  portis,  abl.  of  separation.  —  iubare  exorto,  abl.  abs. 

131.  rara,  i.e.  with  large  meshes.    (See  note  on  Eel.  iii.  75  for  ancient 
representations.) 

132.  Massyli,  i.e.  her  African  attendants.  —  odora  canum  vis  =  the 
keen-scented  pack  of  hounds. 

133.  limina,  the  palace  door.     The  picture  is  that  of  a  distinguished 
Roman  whose  clients  and  friends  wait  at  his  door  to  escort  him  to 'the 
forum. 

137.  chlamydem,  Gr.  ace..  —  circumdata,  with  a  Tyrian  cloak  sur- 
rounded by  an  embroidered  border. 

138.  nodantur  in  aurum  =  are  g athered  into  a  knot  with  gold  (i.e.  a 
gold  band  of  some  sort  confined  it). 

139.  fibula:  apparently  a  gold  buckle  to  her  girdle,  though  no  such 
appears  in  works  of  art. 

142.   agmina  iungit,  i.e.  his  own  band  with  Dido's. 

Fig.  37- 


IV.  1 68.]  The  JEneid.  315 

143.  quails  .   .   .  Apollo,  like  Apollo,  when,  etc. 

144.  maternam,  see  iii.  75,  and  note. 

145.  instaurat,  renews  (after  the  interruption  caused  by  his  absence). 

146.  picti,  painted  (cf.  the  ancient  Britons  and  other  savage  peoples). 

147.  molli  .   .   .   fingens,  shaping  his  loose  locks,  he  confines  them  with 
the  soft  garland.  —  fluentem  :  Apollo  is  represented  with  long  hair  (cf. 
Milton's  "unshorn  Apollo"). 

150.  tantum  decus,  an  equal  glory  (with  Apollo). 

151.  ventum  [est] :  impersonal  (§  146,  d;  G.  208,  2  ;  H.  301,  i). 
154.  transmittunt  (sc.  se)  campos  (§  239,  b;  G.  331,  R.1;   H.  376), 

course  the  open  fields. 

157.  equo :  §  254,  b,  i  ;  G.  408;  H.  416.     For  an  ancient  hunting- 
scene  see  Fig.  37,  from  a  wall-painting. 

158.  pecora,  domestic  flocks  (as  he  calls  them  with  contempt). 

159.  fulvum,  a  mere  ornamental  epithet.     In  French,  wild  animals 
are  called  by  the  general  name  betes fauves  (fulvae). 

1 64.  tecta,  shelter.  —  amnes,  broad  rivers,  a  descriptive  exaggeration  : 
the  word  is  properly  applied  to  navigable  streams. 

166-168.  The  ceremonies  of  a  Roman  marriage  are,  as  it  were,  imitated 
by  the  powers  of  nature.  The  flashes  of  lightning  (ignes)  were  the  marriage- 
torches  (see  w.  18,  338-9);  the  howling  (ulularunt)  of  the  nymphs  in 
the  tree-tops  (summo  vertice),  i.e.  apparently,  the  roaring  of  the  wind, 
stood  for  the  festal  cries  and  the  hymenaeal  song,  while  the  word  chosen 
suggests  an  evil  omen.  Tellus  and  Juno,  deities  of  earth  and  sky, 
attended,  apparently  as  auspices  nuptiarum.  These  were  persons  whose 
duty  it  was,  originally,  to  take  the  auspices  at  a  wedding  (cf .  i.  345,  note), 
but  who,  in  historical  times,  had  merely  a  ceremonial  function,  repeating, 
doubtless,  some  set  form  of  words,  though  no  omens  were  actually  taken. 
In  this  capacity  Tellus  and  Juno  dant  signum,  i.e.  for  the  marriage  to 
proceed. 

To  the  names  of  these  two  deities  are  added  the  ceremonies  belonging 
to  each  —  the  flashes  in  the  air,  and  the  effects  of  the  storm  on  the  earth 
(ulularunt,  etc.),  in  chiastic  order  (§  344,  /;  G.  682  ;  H.  562).  The 
pronuba  was  a  matron  who  conducted  the  bride  to  the  bridal  chamber, 
a  duty  which  Juno  here  performs.  The  word  was  also  one  of  her  epithets 
as  goddess  of  marriage.  The  sky  is  a  witness  (conscius)  of  the  wedlock 
(conubiis,  dat.,  §  235  ;  G.  344;  H.  384,  4  ;  though  conscius  alone  may 
take  the  dat.). 

Addison  (Spectator,  no.  351)  takes  the  prodigies  here  mentioned  as 
indicating  that  all  nature  is  disturbed  at  Dido's  fall  and  compares  Par. 
Lost,  ix.  780-784,  997-1003,  where,  on  the  occasion  of  the  Fall  cf  Man, 
we  are  told  that 


316  Notes.  [>ENKID. 

Earth  felt  the  wound,  and  Nature  from  her  seat, 
Sighing  through  all  her  works,  gave  signs  of  woe 
That  all  was  lost. 

169.   primus:  see  iii.  95,  note. 

173.  Fama :  see  the  description  of  the  House  of  Fame,  Ovid,  Met. 
xii.  39-63. 

174-188.  Cf.  Bacon,  Fragment  of  an  Essay  of  Fame :  "The  poets 
make  Fame  a  monster.  They  describe  her  in  part  finely  and  elegantly, 
and  in  part  gravely  and  sententiously.  They  say,  look  how  many 
feathers  she  hath,  so  many  eyes  she  hath  underneath  ;  so  many  tongues  ; 
so  many  voices ;  she  pricks  up  so  many  ears.  This  is  a  flourish  ;  there 
follow  excellent  parables  ;  as  that  she  gathereth  strength  in  going  ;  that 
she  goeth  upon  the  ground,  and  yet  hideth  her  head  in  the  clouds, 
that  in  the  day-time  she  sitteth  in  a  watch-tower,  and  flieth  most  by 
night ;  that  she  mingleth  things  done  with  things  not  done ;  and  that 
she  is  a  terror  to  great  cities."  See  also  Addison's  remarks  on  the 
propriety  of  such  allegorical  figures  as  actors  in  an  epic  poem  (Spectator, 
no.  273). 

Modern  imitations  of  Virgil's  description  are  almost  innumerable. 
For  examples  see  Chaucer's  Troilus,  iv.  659-662  ;  his  House  of  Fame, 
iii.  270-304,  and  Pope's  Temple  of  Fame,  w.  258-269.  "Rumor, 
painted  full  of  tongues,"  speaks  the  Induction  to  Shakspere's  Henry 
IV.,  Part  II. 

176,  177.  parva,  etc.  :  from  II.  iv.  442,  443;  Bry.  559,  560.  Cf.  Ben 
Jonson,  Masque  of  Queens : 

As  her  brows  the  clouds  invade, 
Her  feet  do  strike  the  ground. 

178.  ira  deorum  (objective  genitive),  in  wrath  at  the  gods.  The 
Titans  who  scaled  Olympus  were  sons  of  Earth  ;  and  when  they  were 
cast  down  to  Tartarus,  Earth  in  anger  produced  the  new  brood  of  Giants. 
Cceus  was  of  the  former  brood,  Enceladus  of  the  latter. 

Hear  ye  the  march,  as  of  the  Earth-born  Forms 
Arrayed  against  the  ever-living  gods  ? 

SHELLEY,  Ode  to  Naples,  epode  i. 

181.   monstrum:  cf.  iii.  658. 

185.  stridens,  -whizzing  from  the  swiftness  of  her  flight.     The  refer- 
ence is  perhaps  to  the  buzz  of  rumor. 

186.  custos,  keeping  watch.  —  territat,  i.e.  by  the  consciousness  that 
she  is  watching  them. 

188.  tarn,  as  often,  —  ficti:  §  218,  b;  G.  375  ;  H.  399,  ii.  Cf.  Shak- 
spere,  Henry  IV.,  Part  /,  Induction  : 


IV.  209-]  The  Alneid.  317 

Upon  my  tongues  continual  slanders  ride, 
The  which  in  every  language  I  pronounce, 
Stuffing  the  ears  of  men  with  false  reports. 

190.   facta,  etc.,  truth  and  falsehood  (lit.  things  done,  etc.). 

191-192.   venisse,  dignetur,  indir.  disc.  —  iungere,  complem.  inf. 

193.  hiemem  .  .  .  quam  longa  fovere,  are  making  the -whole  winter 
long  a  time  of  wantonness.  To  fondle  or  pamper  the  winter  is  a  poetic 
way  of  saying  to  pass  the  winter  in  luxury.  In  fact,  the  winter  is  inter- 
rupted by  the  divine  message  (v.  222).  —  quam  longa  (sc.  tarn  longam), 
as  long  as  it  lasts. 

198.  Hammone ;  Ammon,  the  great  god  of  Thebes  in  Egypt  (see 
Fig.  38),  identified  by  the  Romans  with 
Jupiter  ("  whom  gentiles  Ammon  call  and 
Libyan  Jove,"  Par.  Lost,  iv.  277).  larbas 
is  here  represented  as  having  introduced 
his  worship  into  Libya.  Cf.  Milton,  Nativ- 
ity Hymn,  v.  203 : 

The  Libyck  Hammon  shrinks  his  horn. 


(See  Fig.  38,  which  shows  the  horn.) 

200.  vigilem  ignem :  the  fire  was  never 
suffered  to  go  out  on  the  altar  of  Ammon. 

201.  excubias  (appos.  with  ignem) :  the 
fires  are  poetically  called  sentinels. 

202.  solum,  limina,  either  nominative  (sc.  erant),  or  in  the  same 
construction  as  ignem.  —  pingue  indicates  frequent  sacrifices  and  flo- 
rentia  sertis  frequent  festivals  (cf.  i.  417). 

203.  animi,  probably  originally  a  locative  :  see  §  218,  c,  R. ;  G.  374, 
N.7;  H.  399,  iii,  i. 

204.  inter  numina,  i.e.  with  their  visible  forms  (statues)  about  him. 
—  dicitur  orasse,  personal  constr.  (§  330,  b,  i ;  G.  528,  i ;  H.  534,  i). 

206.  nunc :  opposed  to  the  doubt  he  raises  in  v.  208  that  their  sacri- 
fices are  useless.  —  pictis  epulata  toris :  a  general  expression  for 
Moorish  pomp  and  luxury. 

208.  an  te  .  .   .  horremus,  is  it  in  vain  we  stand  in  awe  of  thee  ? 
The  alternative  is  either  that  Jupiter  does  not  see  what  is  going  on,  or 
that  he  cares  not  for  mortal  affairs  at  all  (which  is  conceived  as  unlikely)  ; 
in  the  latter  case  the  fear  of  the  gods  is  idle. 

209.  caeci,  i.e.   do  thy  lightnings  strike  blindly  ?     So    inania,    un- 
meaning.    These  phenomena  were  commonly  regarded  as  the  avenging 
action  of  Jupiter. 


318 


Notes. 


Fig.  39- 


210.    miscent :  the  word  means,  to  produce  any  confused  effect ;  here 
used  of  the  wild  thunder  (see  Vocab.). 

212.  pretio,  i.e.,  on  land  she  had  purchased  (see  i.  367-8),  not  being 
strong   enough    to  take  it  by  force  ;   hence  her  conduct  is  the  more 
arrogant. 

213.  loci  leges,  authority  over  the  region.     Cf.  Marlowe  and  Nash, 
Dido,  act  iv  : 

The  woman  that  thou  will'd  us  entertain, 
Where,  straying  in  our  borders  up  and  down, 
She  crav'd  a  hide  of  ground  to  build  a  town,  — 
With  whom  we  did  divide  both  laws  and  land. 

214.  dominum,  as  her  lord :  said  scornfully. 

215.  ille  Paris:  so  called  as  being  both  vain  and  luxurious,  and  as 

being  the  successful  suitor  of  an- 
other's wife.  —  semiviro  :  an  epi- 
thet applied  to  Phrygians  partly 
on  account  of  their  dress  (cf.  ix. 
616),  but  not  appropriate  to  the 
Trojans  of  the  heroic  age. 

216.  mitra,    a    Phrygian    cap, 
having  lapels  which  covered  ears 
and  chin.     (See  Fig.  39  ;  head  of 
Paris,  from  an   antique  bust.)  — 
madentem,    i.e.    with     perfumed 
ointments. 

217.  sub  nexus,   tied  under  the 
chin.    Anything  worn  on  the  head, 
except  for  defence  in  battle,  was 
regarded  as  a  mark  of  effeminacy. 
The  Emperor  Hadrian  "  marched 
on  foot  and  bare-headed  over  the 
snows  of  Caledonia  and  the  sultry 
plains  of  Upper  Egypt  "  (Gibbon). 
—  rapto,  the  spoil,  i.e.  her  and  her 
kingdom. 

218.  quippe,  while  we,  forsooth 

(with  sarcasm).  —  famam,  story,  i.e.  the  belief  that  the  gods  help  man- 
kind ;  cf.  note  to  v.   208.     That   is,  we  foolishly  worship  thee  as  a 
righteous  divinity. 

219.   aras  tenentem  :  cf.  "caught  hold  on  the  horns  of  the  altar,"  as 
appealing  for  protection  (e.g.  /.  Kings,  i.  50). 


iv.  258.]  The  ALneid.  319 

221.  oblitos  famae :  §  219  ;  G.  376;  H.  406,  ii. 

222.  Mercurium  (cf.  Od.   v.  28-42)  :   Mercury,  the  Italian  god  of 
merchandise  (merx),  was  identified  because  of  this  function  with  the 
Grecian  Hermes,  the  messenger  of  the  gods,  protector  of  heralds,  and 
divinity  of  persuasion  and  intercourse  between  man  and  man.  —  adlo- 
quitur :  the  last  syllable  is  lengthened  before  the  caesura. 

223.  voca,  in  a  slightly  different  sense  from  vocatis  (iii.  253)  :  Mer- 
cury summons  the  winds  as  a  god,  /tineas  implores  them  as  a  mortal. 

225.  non  respicit,  fays  no  regard  to. 

226.  celeris  per  auras,   i.e.   swiftly  through  the  air.     The  idea  is 
something  like  "on  the  wings  of  the  wind." 

227.  non  talem,  not  such  a  man  as  this. 

228.  -que  ideo,  or  for  this.  —  bis  :  once  from  Diomed  (II.  v.  311-317  ; 
Bry.   378),   and  once  from   the  flames  of  Troy  (JEn.  ii.  589-633).  — 
armis,  abl.  of  separation. 

229.  sed   fore,   but   [she  promised]  that  he  should  be  one  -who,  etc. 
Her  promise  included  the  warlike  story  of  after  ages,  as  implied  in  v. 
231.  —  qui  regeret,  rel.  clause  of  purpose.      Such  clauses  are,  however, 
undistinguishable  from  clauses  of  characteristic  (result)  except  by  the 
fact  that  their  action  is  referred  to  the  future;  but  there  is  so  little  dif- 
ference between  purpose  and  future  intended  result,  that  it  seems  best 
to  call  all  clauses  of  this  kind  purpose. 

233.  laude:  §  260,  c;  G.  418,  4  ;  H.  435,  N.2 

234.  Ascanio,  arces:  §  227,7;  G-  346,  N.2 ;  H.  385. 

235.  spe  :  notice  the  hiatus  at  the  caesura  (§  359,  e ;  G.  720  ;  H.  608, 
ii).  —  inimica :  so  called   in   anticipation   of   later  history   (the   Punic 
Wars). 

237.  naviget :  i.e.  this  one  word  of  command  contains  the  substance 
of  the  whole  matter  (summa,  noun).  —  haec,  hie,  this  ;  referring  to  the 
command  preceding,  but  agreeing  as  usual  with  the  predicate  (cf.  iii. 
714).  —  nostri :  we  should  expect  noster,  as  the  genitive  is  subjective 
(§  99,  c ;  G.  304,  2  ;  H.  446,  N.8) ;  but  perhaps  Virgil  uses  the  form 
merely  because  it  is  less  common. 

238-258.  The  descent  of  Mercury  has  been  often  imitated.  Cf.  the 
long  description  of  the  descent  of  Raphael,  Par.  Lost,  v.  246  ff .  : 

So  spake  th'  Eternal  Father,  and  fulfill'd 
All  justice  :  nor  delay'd  the  winged  saint 
After  his  charge  receiv'd. 

At  once  on  th'  eastern  cliff  of  Paradise 

Relights 

Like  Maia's  son  he  stood. 


320  Notes. 

Similarly  in  Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso,  xiv.  75,  Michael  is  despatched 
from  heaven;  and  in  Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered,  i.  i3ff.,  there  is  an 
elaborate  account  of  the  descent  of  Gabriel.  Of  recent  poets  Shelley 

has  the  most  famous  passage  of  this  kind  : 

« 

But  see,  where  thro'  the  azure  chasm 

Of  yon  forked  and  snowy  hill 
Trampling  the  slant  winds  on  high 

With  golden-sandalled  feet,  that  glow 
Under  plumes  of  purple  dye, 
Like  rose-ensanguined  ivory, 

A  Shape  comes  now, 
Stretching  on  high  from  his  right  hand 

A  serpent-cinctured  wand.  Prometheus  Unbound,  act  i. 

242.  virgam,  the  rod  (caduceus)  twined  with  two  serpents;  often 
seen  as  the  emblem  of  commerce,  on  account  of  Mercury's  function  as 
god  of  trade,  but  properly  the  herald's  staff,  and  hence  used  by  Mercury 
as  \l/vxoiroijm6s  in  the  manner  described  here.  (See  p.  164.)  For  the 
whole  description  see  Od.  v.  43  ;  Bry.  55.  Cf.  Spenser,  Mother  Hubberd's 

Tale,  w,  1291  ff. : 

In  his  hand 

He  tooke  Caduceus,  his  snakie  wand, 
With  which  the  damned  ghosts  he  governeth, 
And  furies  rules,  and  Tartare  tempereth. 
With  that  he  causeth  sleep  to  seize  the  eyes 
And  feare  the  harts  of  all  his  enemyes ; 
And,  when  him  list,  an  universall  night 
Throughout  the  world  he  makes  on  everie  wight. 

See  also  Faery  Queen,  ii.  12.  41. 

244.  resignat,  unseals  (cf.  evocat).  —  morte,  abl.  of  separation. 

245.  The  narrative  is  resumed  after  the  description.  —  ilia  fretus, 
by  means  of  this  (§  254,  b,  z  ;  G.  401,  N.6  ;  H.  425,  ii,  I,  N.).  —  agit,  sets 
in  motion.  —  tranat  =  transnat,  hence  the  accusative  (§  237,  d;  G.  331 ; 
H.  372). 

247.  Atlantis  duri,   of  much-enduring  Atlas.      There   is    a    special 
fitness  in  this,  as  Maia,  Mercury's  mother,  was  the  daughter  of  Atlas. 
This  mountain,   the  limit  of  the  world  to  the  ancients,  on  which  the 
heaven  was  supposed  to  rest,  was  made  a  mystical  demigod  with  human 
attributes  (hence  senis,  v.  251). 

248.  cinctum  .  .  .  caput,  whose  pine-grown  head  is  ever  girt,  etc. 
With  the  whole  description  cf.  Denham,  Cooper's  Hill  : 

But  his  proud  head  the  airy  mountain  hides 
Among  the  clouds ;  his  shoulders  and  his  sides 
A  shady  mantle  clothes ;  his  curled  brows 
Frown  on  the  gentle  stream,  which  calmly  flows 
While  winds  and  storms  his  lofty  forehead  beat. 


IV.  285.]  The  ,/Eneid.  321 

251.  senis,  the  aged  sire,  perhaps  with  the  same  idea  as  in  our  "old 
as  the  hills."     (Cf.  v.  247,  note.)  —  horrida,  unkempt  and  long  (he  is 
represented  with  the  long  beard  of  an  old  man). 

252.  paribus  nitens  alis,  poised  on  even  -wing,  like  a  sailing  bird 
(§  254,  b,  i ;  G.  401,  N.6  ;  H.  425,  ii,  i,  N.).  —  Cyllenius  :  see  viii.  139. 

256.   terras,  etc.,  i.e.  skimming  near  the  water. 
258.  avo  :  see  note,  v.  247. 

260.  novantem,  i.e.  planting  new  buildings,  to  replace  the  magalia. 

261.  stellatus  iaspide,  i.e.  on  the  hilt. 

262.  laena,  a  thick  woolen  cloak,  much  used  under  the  empire  instead 
of  the  toga,  and  of  a  "warm"  purple  (ardebat  murice).     The  whole 
description  suggests  luxury. 

264.  discreverat,  i.e.   had  separated  the  thread  of  the  warp  with 
different  color,  gold-thread  on  purple. 

265.  invadit,  attacks  (like  adgreditur,  v.  92,  but  stronger).  —  altae, 
a  hint  at  the  future  grandeur  and  hostility  of  Carthage. 

271.  stmis  =  atm  at,  but  with  special  reference  to  the  city  he  is 
building.  —  teris  Otia,  waste  your  time ;  lit.,  wear  away  idleness,  i.e. 
make  the  time  idle  instead  of  laborious,  and  thus  wear  it  away. 

273.  nec  super :  thought  to  be  inserted  from  v.  233. 

274.  spes  .  .  .  lull  (obj.  gen.),  i.e.  the  hope  connected  with  lulus  as 
your  heir.     As  thus  used,  in  connection  with  heredis,  the  name  seems 
meant  to  suggest  the  Julian  house,  which  claimed  descent  from  lulus 
(i.  288,  vi.  789). 

278.  in  tenuem,  etc. :  cf.  Par.  Lost,  i.  497-9 : 

Satan,  bowing  low 
His  gray  dissimulation,  disappeared, 
Into  thin  air  diffus'd. 

Tempest,  iv.  i.  148-50: 

These  our  actors, 

As  I  foretold  you,  were  all  spirits  and 

Are  melted  into  air,  into  thin  air. 
Macbeth,  i.  3.  80-82  : 

Banquo.   Whither  are  they  vanished? 

Much.    Into  the  air ;  and  what  seemed  corporal  melted 
As  breath  into  the  wind. 

283.  quid  agat :  the  thought  of  ^Eneas  quid  agam  (dubitative  sub- 
junc.),  etc.,  in  a  sort  of  indir.  disc. 

285.  Imitated  by  Tennyson,  Passing  of  Arthur,  "This  way  and  that 
dividing  the  swift  mind."  Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered,  vi.  81  : 

While  she  in  various  thoughts  divides  and  parts 
The  uncertain  mind. 


322  Notes.  [ 

286.  versat  (intens.),  turns  rapidly. 

287.  alternant! :  whether  to  inform  Dido  or  not.  —  potior  sententia, 
etc. :  cf.  Par.  Lost,  ix.  87,  88  : 

Him,  after  long  debate  irresolute 

Of  thoughts  revolv'd,  his  final  sentence  chose. 

289.  aptent,  COgant,  subj.  in  indir.  disc,  for  imperat.  in  direct ;  a  verb 
of  ordering  is  implied  in  vocat  \    summoning  them  he  directs  them  to, 
etc.  (§  331, /  R.  ;  G.  652 ;  H.  523,  iii  and  N.). 

290.  arma  :  either  arms  (for  defence  in  case  of  interference)  or  equip- 
ments for  the  ships.  —  rebus  novandis,  dat.  (§  299;  G.  429  ;  H.  544,  2). 
—  sit,  ind.  quest. 

291.  optuma,  best  of -women  ;  a  mere  ornamental  epithet. 

292.  nesciat :  dependent  clause  in  ind. 'disc.  —  speret,  expect;  used 
of  ill  as  well  as  of  good  expectation.  —  rumpi :  §  33Q,/;  G.  423,  N.5 

293.  temptaturum  (sc.  esse),  depending  on  the  idea  of  saying  implied 
in  vocat.  —  quae  (sc.  sint),  ind.  quest,  depending  on  the  preceding. 

294.  rebus,  for  the  business.  —  dexter,  skilful  (cf.  Eng.  dexterous). 
296.   quis  possit :  §  268  ;  G.  466  ;  H.  486,  ii. 

298.   tuta,  however  safe.  —  impia,  cruel. 

300.  inops  animi,  gen.  (not,  as  in  v.  203,  locative);  cf.  compos  men- 
tis (§  218,  c;  G.  374,  N.e  ;  H.  399,  i,  3). 

301.  commotis  sacris,  at  the  revealing  of  the  sacred  emblems.     The 
orgies  of  Bacchus  were  accompanied  by  the  brandishing  of  the  thyrsus, 

Fig.  40. 


the  clashing  of  cymbals,  and  the  carrying  of  the  mystic  cista  containing 
sacred  emblems,  the  bringing  out  of  which  began  the  orgy.  Cf.  Words- 
worth, Duddon  Sonnets,  xx  : 

Dance,  like  a  Bacchanal,  from  rock  to  rock, 
Tossing  her  frantic  thyrsus  wide  and  high. 


IV.  327-]  The  ALneid.  323 

Fig.  40  (from  a  vase  painting)  shows  a  Bacchic  procession.  The  first 
Bacchanal  has  a  double  tibia,  the  second  a  torch  and  a  thyrsus,  the 
third  a  tambourine,  the  fourth  a  thyrsus. 

302.  ThyiSs:  dissyllabic.  See  Fig.  40. —  trieterica  orgia :  at  Thebes; 
Cithaeron,  where  the  night-orgies  took  place,  is  the  mountain-range 
south  of  the  city.  —  auditO  Baccho,  hearing  the  cry  to  Bacchus,  i.e. 
Evoe  Bacche,  the  customary  cry  of  the  Bacchants. 

304.  ultro,  first,  i.e.  before  he  has  found  heart  to  speak. 

305.  dissimulare :  see  note  to  rumpi,  v.  292. — tacitus,  etc.,  i.e.  not 
only  go,  but  conceal  your  going. 

307-8.    The  three  motives  appealed  to  are  love,  honor,  and  pity. 

311.  quid,  tell  me.  —  si  non,  i.e.  if  you  had  a  home  to  go  to  instead 
of  being  a  wanderer  in  search  of  lands  to  settle  in,  even  then  you  would 
wait  for  better  weather. 

313.  peteretur,  apodosis  (§  308  ;  G.  597  ;  H.  507,  iii). 

314.  mene  fugis,  is  it  from  me  you  fly  ?  —  te,  obj.  of  oro  (v.  319);  in 
such  appeals  some  words  usually  separate  per  and  the  words  it  governs. 

315.  aliud  .  .  .  nihil,  i.e.  nothing  else  but  prayers  and  appeals  to 
your  pity  and  honor. 

316.  conubia,  our  union,  in  its  civil  aspect ;    hymenaeos,  the  formal 
rites  of  marriage,  not  fully  completed,  however  (inceptos);  cf.  v.  172. 

317.  quicquam  meum,  anything  in  me. 

318.  domus  :  §  221,  a  ;  G.  377  ;  H.  406,  i. 

320.  propter:    §  263,  N.  ;   G.  413,  R.1 ;  H.  569,  ii,  i.  —  Libycae:  see 
v.  203  ;  cf.  Chaucer,  Legend  of  Dido,  w.  394,  395  : 

Thise  lordes,  which  that  wonen  me  besyde 
Wil  me  destroyen  only  for  your  sake. 

321.  infensi  Tyrii,  i.e.  my  own  people  are  indignant. 

322.  qua  sola,  etc.,  that  fame  (as  a  faithful  widow)  by  which  alone 
I  might  have  aspired  to  the  skies  (lit.  "  was  on   my  way  to " ;   she  is 
thinking  vaguely  of  deification,  as  it  were) ;  for  tense  see  §  277,  c  ;  G. 

233 ;  H-  469,  i- 

323.  cui,  to  what? —  moribundam :  more  vivid  than  morientem. 

324.  hoc  nomen,  i.e.  of  guest.    It  is  said  that  this  passage  was  recited 
by  Virgil  himself  with  peculiar  pathos  ;  for,  unlike  most  poets,  he  had 
great  power  of  recitation. 

325.  quid  moror,  why  do  I  delay  (to  die)?  —  an,  is  it?  (§  211,  b ; 
G.  457,  i;  H.  353,  2,  N.<). 

326.  dum  .  .  .  destruat:  §  328  ;  G.  572  ;  H.  519,  ii,  2. 

327.  si  qua  suboles :  many  heroes  of  ancient  story  had  children  by 


324  Notes.  [ 

their  forsaken  brides;   and  Dido,  throughout,  regards  her  own  union 
with  ^Eneas  as  a  true  marriage  (yv.  33,  172,  316). 

328.  ante  fugam,  still  in  the  tone  of  reproach. 

329.  tamen,  after  all ;  implying  a  preceding  concession  (although  I 
had  you  no  longer],  as  tamen  always  does. — referret,  clause  of  pur- 
pose ;  but  it  would  in  any  case  be  subj.  of  integral  part  (§  342  ;  G.  663, 
i;  H.  529,  ii). 

331.  monitis,  abl.  of  cause,  modifying  the  whole  idea.  —  immota  :    cf. 
w-  369>  370- 

332.  obnixus,  -with  a  struggle.  —  premebat,  i.e.  he   did   not   let   it 
appear  in  his  face  nor  words. 

333.  te,  subj.  of  promeritam  [esse],  but  put  next  to  ego  on  account 
of  the  fondness  of  the  Latin  for  putting  two  pronouns  together.  —  quae 
plurima,  all,  much  as  it  is,  •which. 

335-  promeritam:  866^.317. — me:    §  221,  b,  c ;  G.  377,  R.S;  H. 
410,  iv. 

337.  pro  re,  as  the  case  demands.  —  The  two  clauses  neque  .  .  .  nee 
are  a  justification  of  his  good  faith  :    "I  have  concealed  nothing,  and 
failed  in  no  promise." 

338.  ne  finge :  see  ii.  48,  note. 

339.  taedas  :  see  note  on  v.  18. 

340.  me,  emphatic  from  its  position.  —  For  myself,  if  the  fates,  etc. 
—  paterentur :  a  general  supposition  applying  to  his  concerns  in  the 
past  as  well  as  the  present  (§  308,  a  ;  G.  597,  R.1;  H.  510,  N.2).  —  meis 
.  .  .  auspiciis,  by  my  own  guidance. 

342.  primum,  i.e.  that  would  be  my  first  choice. 

343.  colerem,  manerent  (continued  action  in  pres.  time,  see  v.  340, 
note),  I  should  be  cherishing,  etc. 

344.  posuissem  (momentary  completed  action),  i.e.  "  I  should  not 
be  here  at  all,  but  should  have  restored  Troy  and  should  now  be  there." 

345.  sed  nunc,  but  now  [as  it  is].  —  Gryneus,  Lyciae:    names  refer- 
ring to  Asiatic  oracles  of  Apollo  (at  Gryneum  and  Patara),  perhaps 
mentioned  in  some  lost  legend  of  y£neas.  —  sortes,  properly  the  word 
for  the  Italian  form  of  oracle,  which  consisted  in  drawing  from  an  urn 
a  billet  of  wood  with  a  verse  upon  it.     The  figure  in  the  Text,  p.  106 
(from  a  Pompeian  wall  painting)  represents  a  priestess  drawing  the  oracu- 
lar sortes. 

347.  hie,  haec,  i.e.  Italy  ;  for  gender,  see  note,  iii.  714. 

348.  Observe  the  antithesis :    Phoenissam   is  opposed  to  Teucros, 
as  Karthaginis  is  to  Ausonia. 

349.  quae  tandem  invidia,  pray  why  are  you  jealous  that,  etc. — 
considere,  depending  on  invidia  est  =  invidetis. 


Iv-  383-l  The  Aineid.  325 

350.  et  nos,  we  too,  i.e.  as  well  as  you.  —  quaerere :    §  270,  b ;    G. 

422,  N.2;    H.  538. 

351.  Anchisae,  etc. ;  cf.  vi.  694-696. 

353.  turbida,  troubled,  i.e.  lest  /Eneas  should  fail  to  reach  Italy. 

354.  capitis,  etc.  (obj.  gen.),  the  wrong  done  to  that  dear  life  ;   supply 
admonet  from  preceding  line. 

355.  fatalibus,  destined  (cf.  v.  82)  ;   see  §  243,  a  ;  G.  405  ;    H.  414,  i. 
357.   utrumque  caput,  i.e.  both  yours  and  mine  ;  cf.  v.  354. 

362.  iamdudum  tuetur,  had  long  been  eyeing  askance.  The  present 
here  is  used  like  the  historical  present  instead  of  the  imperfect,  but  is 
modified  by  iamdudum,  so  that  it  is  equal  to  the  pluperfect  in  English 
upon  the  principle  often  cited. 

364.  tacitis,  silently  (lit.  with  silent  eyes). 

365.  nec,  etc.,  i.e.  all  your  pretended  origin  is  false  ;  such  a  heart 
could  only  come  of  a  barbarian  origin.  —  cautibus,  locative  ablative. 

367.  Hyrcanae  tigres  :  this  comparison  for  hard-heartedness  in  love 
was  long  a  literary  convention ;  cf.  Daniel,  Sonnets  after  Astrophel,  xi : 

But  yet  restore  thy  fierce  and  cruel  mind 
To  Hyrcan  tigers  and  to  ruthless  bears. 

See  also  Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered,  iv.  77. 

368.  quae  .  .   .  reserve  =  for  what  greater  occasion  do  I  keep  my 
passion  reserved?  i.e.  why  should  I  restrain  myself? 

369.  num,  etc. ;  Dido  turns  ^Eneas'  self-command  into  a  reproach.  — 
lumina,  i.e.  did  his  glance  waver  so  as  to  show  any  emotion  ?  —  fletu, 
abl.  of  cause. 

370.  amantem:  §  221,  a  ;  G.  377,  N.2  ;  H.  407. 

371.  quae  quibus  (both  interrog.),  what  shall  I  say  first,  and  what 
next?  (lit.  what  shall  I  prefer  to  what  ?)  ;  cf.  v.  10,  note.  —  iam  iam  nec, 
no  longer  now. 

372.  haec,  my  affairs,  as  hie  often  refers  to  what  belongs  to  the  first 
person.  —  aequis,  impartial  (i.e.  the  very  gods  are  unjust). 

373.  fides:  since  one  whose  life  I  saved  under  such  circumstances 
has  broken  faith,  confidence  can  be  secure  nowhere. 

376.   nunc  (emphatic),  opposed  to  the  time  when  she  rescued  him, 
379.   scilicet,  etc.  (ironical),  doubtless  this  is  a  task  for  the  heavenly 
powers,  a  care  to  vex  them  in  their  repose. 

381.  sequere :  cf.  v.  361.  —  ventis,  undas  :  hinting  at  the  perils  which 
she  hopes  he  may  not  escape. 

382.  equidem,  but,  i.e.  go,  but  I  hope  it  will  be  your  destruction. 

383.  hausurum  [esse] :  the  figure  is  harsh  in  English,  "  swallow  your 


326  Notes.  [>£NEI£>. 

doom,"  i.e.  meet  your  just  doom,  drowning  among  the  rocks  ;  but  Cowley 
has  imitated  it : 

I  drove  proud  Pharaoh  to  the  parted  sea ; 
He  and  his  host  drank  up  cold  death  by  me. 

Davideis,  bk.  i. 

For  constr.  see  note  on  rumpi,  v.  292;  te,  subj.  of  the  inf.,  is  omitted 
(see  ii.  25,  note).  —  Dido,  ace.,  obj .  of  vocaturum,  i.e.  in  his  remorse, 
seeing  that  his  fate  is  a  just  punishment. 

384.  atris  ignibus,  with  smoky  torches,  such  as  the  Furies  bear  (vii. 
456).  —  absens,  i.e.  my  memory  shall  haunt  you  like  an  avenging  Fury. 
Closely  imitated  by  Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered,  xvi.  59,  60 : 

Go,  cruel  man,  and  take  with  thee  that  peace 

Thou  leav'st  with  me  ;  I  do  not  bid  thee  stay. 

But  I  will  follow  —  hope  for  no  release  — 

My  angry  shade  shall  haunt  thee  on  thy  way  ; 

Like  a  new  Fury  I  will  dog  thy  path, 

With  torch  and  serpents  armed,  to  wreak  my  wrath. 

386.  umbra  adero,  my  ghost  shall  hatmt  you. 

387.  veniet  fama  :  the  shades  below  were  thought  to  receive  news 
from  earth  through  those  newly  dead  (cf.  ii.  547-549). 

388.  sermonem,  i.e.  the  interview,  not  her  own  words  merely,  which 
have  already  come  to  a  climax.  —  auras,  the  free  air  of  heaven. 

390.  multa :  the  word  repeated  can  hardly  be  used  in  two  senses. 
Hence  it  must  mean  preparing  to  say  much,  and  at  the  same  time  hesi- 
tating to  say  it.  —  metu  (abl.  of  cause),  i.e.  of  adding  to  her  distress. 

391.  suscipiunt :  apparently  she  falls  fainting  as  she  turns  away. 

392.  thalamo  (dat.),  into  her  chamber.  —  stratis  :  for  case  see  ii.  620, 
note. 

393.  plus :  although  this  is  a  stock  epithet,  yet  Virgil  seems  to  have 
purposely  put  it  in  here  to  remind  us  that  ^Eneas  is  acting  under  divine 
direction,  and  to  counteract  our   sympathy  with  the  betrayed  woman. 

395.  multa,  cognate  ace.  —  gemens,  concessive  (§  292  ;  G.  667  ; 
H.  549,  2). —  animum,  Greek  accusative. 

397.  turn  vero,  i.e  then  more  than  ever.  —  litore,  loc.  abl. 

398.  deducunt:  the  technical  term  ;  cf.  i.  551,  and  note. 

399.  frondentis,  still  untrimmed ;  cf.  i.  552. 

400.  studio  (abl.  of  cause),  in  their  eagerness. 

401.  cernas,  you  might  discern  them  (from  a  distance).     In  prose  the 
verb  would  be  imperfect  (§  311,  a,  N.1 ;  G.  258  ;  H.  485,  N.8),  but  the 
present  is  used  here  just  as  the  historical  present  is  for  past  tenses. 

403.    reponunt,  lay  away  ;  a  common  force  of  re-  in  composition. 


IV-  439-]  The  ALneid.  327 

405.  calle  angusto,  on  their  narrow  track,  as  the  manner  of  ants  is. 

407.  moras  :  the  fault  put  for  the  offenders. 

408.  sensus,  sc.  erat. 

409.  fervSre:  an  earlier  form  for  fervere  (§  134;  G.  159;  H.  267,  3). 

410.  arce  ex  summa,  Jrom  the  top  of  the  citadel,  where  her  palace 
appears  to  be,  as  were  Priam's  (see  ii.  437  ff.)  and  other  such  palaces. 

411.  misceri,  disturbed,  filled  confusedly. 

412.  quid:  see  iii.  56,  and  note. 

414.  animos,  her  proud  heart. 

415.  frustra  moritura,  doomed  to  die  in  vain. 

416.  properari,  impersonal. 

418.  coronas,  as  offerings   to   the  gods,   always  associated  with  re- 
ligious rites. 

419.  si,  etc.  (=  siquidem),  if  (i.e.  since)  /  have  been  able  to  look  for- 
ward to  this  great  sorrow,  I  shall  also  be  able  to  endure  it. 

420.  tamen,  etc.,  yet  (though  I  can  bear  it),  do  me  this  one  favor. 

422.  colere  (hist,  inf.),  was  wont  to  regard. 

423.  tempora,  moods. 

424.  hostem,  stranger.     On  the  meanings  of  hostis  see  Vocabulary. 

425.  non  ego,  etc.,  i.e.  I  am  not  an  enemy,  to  be  looked  upon  with 
suspicion.  —  exscindere  :  cf.  note  to  rumpi,  v.  292. 

426.  Aulide  :  see  note  ii.  116. 

427.  revelli,  etc.     There   was   a  story   that   Anchises'   bones   were 
taken  from  the  tomb  by  Diomed,  but  afterwards  restored  to  yEneas. 
The  whole  means,  in  general  :    I  have  not  committed  any  inexpiable 
wrong  against  him  ;  why  should  he  not  be  placable  ? 

428.  cur  neget,  equiv.  to  rel.  clause  of  purpose  (ut  ea  causa  neget). 
429-430.   det,  exspectet,  hortatory;  cf.  v.  309. 

432.  pulchro  (§  243,  a  ;  G.  405  ;  H.  414,  i),  with  a  sarcastic  emphasis. 

433.  tempus  inane,  mere  time,  with,  perhaps,  the  special  idea  of  its 
being  useless  to  him.  —  requiem  spatiumque,  time  for  rest  (hendiadys), 
i.e.  time  for  her  madness  to  subside. 

434.  victam,  subdued  (as  I  shall  then  be). 

436.  quam  .  .   .  remittam.     For  centuries  an  insoluble  riddle.    The 
old  interpretation  is  the  most  intelligible  :    When  he  shall  have  granted 
the  favor  (i.e.  the  short  delay),  /  will  repay  it  many  fold  (cumulatam) 
by  my  death.     Her  death   (which  she  has  already  spoken  of,  v.  385) 
would  be  the  best  solution  of  the  difficulty  for  >Eneas,  and  so  a  boon  ; 
not  that  she  thinks  of  suicide,  but  she  expects  to  die  of  a  broken  heart. 

437.  tails,  with  fletus.  — fletus,  tearful  prayers, 
439.  tractabilis,  yielding. 


328  Notes.  [ 

440.  placidas,  kindly. 

441.  annoso  robore,  abl.  of  quality. 

443.  inter  se,  with  each  other. 

444.  concusso  stipite,  abl.  abs. 

445.  446.    quantum,  etc.  :  cf.  Par.  Regained,  iv.  416,  417  : 

Whose  tallest  pines, 
Though  rooted  deep  as  high. 

449.  mens,  his  purpose,  as  opposed  to  his  feelings  (pectus) .  —  vol- 
vuntur,  are  shed  (by  tineas).  —  inanes,  because  they  are  mere  expres- 
sions of  feeling  and  do  not  affect  his  action.  Thus  translated  by  Waller : 

And  down  his  cheeks  though  fruitless  tears  do  roll, 
Unmoved  remains  the  purpose  of  his  soul. 

451.  convexa:  cf.  strata  viarum,  i.  422.  —  tueri:  see  note  on  me, 

»•  335- 

452.  quo  magis  peragat,  etc.  (§  317,  b  ;  G.  545  ;  H.  497,  ii),  that  she 
may  the  more  surely,  etc.  ;  clause  of  purpose  dependent  on  vidit,  with 
the  underlying  idea  that  the  fates  send  these  omens  to  drive  her  on  to 
death.     Observe  the  irregular  sequence  (cf.  i.  298-300)  ;  the  purp.  con- 
struction easily  allows  a  primary  sequence,  but  cum  temporal  must  retain 
its  imperf. 

455.  cruorem:  cf.  the  prodigy  at  Emelie's  sacrifice  in  Chaucer's 
Knight's  Tale,  w.  1478  ff. : 

That  other  fyr  was  queynt  [i.e.  quenched]  and  al  agon  ; 


And  at  the  brondes  ende  oute  ran  anoon 
As  it  were  blody  dropes  many  oon. 

457.   templum,  a  shrine  (for  the  adoration  of  the  manes  of  Sychaeus). 

459.  festa  :  such  garlands  were  usual  upon  solemn  occasions  (v.  202). 

460.  hinc  .   .   .  voces,  etc. :  cf.  Pope,  Eloisa  to  Abelard,  w.  307-309: 

Here,  as  I  watch'd  the  dying  lamps  around, 
From  yonder  shrine  I  heard  a  hollow  sound. 
"  Come,  sister,  come,"  it  said,  or  seem'd  to  say. 

462.   bubo :  here  (only)  feminine.     For  the  owl  as  a  bird  of  ill  omen 
see,  e.g.,  Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  ii.  12.  36: 

For  all  the  nation  of  unfortunate 

And  fatall  birds  about  them  flocked  were, 

Such  as  by  nature  men  abhorre  and  hate ; 

The  ill-fac'd  Owle,  death's  dreadfull  messengere  ; 

The  hoars  Night-mven,  trump  of  dolefull  drere. 


IV.  482.]  T/te  SEneid.  329 

Thomson,  Winter: 

Assiduous,  in  his  bower,  the  w?.iliug  owl 
•Plies  his  sad  song. 

Webster,  Dirge  in  Duchess  of  Malfi: 

Hark,  now  everything  is  still, 

The  screech-owl  and  the  whistler  shrill 

Call  upon  our  dame  aloud, 

And  bid  her  quickly  don  her  shroud. 

463.  queri :  cf.  Gray's  Elegy:  "  The  moping  owl  does  to  the  moon 
complain."  —  longas  .   .   .  voces,  draw  out  her  note  into  a  long  wail. 

464.  praedicta,  i.e.  old  mysterious  prophecies  recurring  to  her  mind 
at  this  time  of  anxiety. 

465.  agit,  etc.,  dreams  also  come  to  alarm 'her.     Cf.  Uryden,  Annus 
Mirabilis,  st.  71  : 

In  dreams  they  fearful  precipices  tread, 
Or  shipwracked  labor  to  some  distant  shore, 
Or  in  dark  churches  walk  among  the  dead  ; 
They  wake  with  horror  and  dare  sleep  no  more. 

468.  Tyrios,  her  .own  people. 

469.  Pentheus  :  king  of  Thebes,  who  watched  in  concealment  the 
mysteries  of  Bacchus,  and  was  torn  in  pieces  by  the  Bacchanals.     In  his 
madness,  he  is  represented  by  Euripides  as  seeing  all  objects  double. 
These  scenes  were  familiar  to  the   Romans  on   the  stage,  and  were 
favorite  subjects  in  works  of  art. 

471.   scaenis,  on  the  stage.  —  agitatus,  pursued  (in  the  Eumenides  of 
jEschylus). 

473.  in  limine:  the  regular  seat  of  the  Furies  (cf.  vi.  279,  555,  574; 
vii.  343),  that  their  victim  may  not  escape.  —  matrem  :  as  he  had  killed 
his  mother  Clytemnestra,  she  is  supposed  to  appear  to  him  as  a  Fury. 
It  was  by  these  avenging  deities  that  the  ancients  represented  the  stings 
of  a  guilty  conscience  driving  the  guilty  man  insane. 

474.  concepit,  became  possessed  by. 

476.  exigit,  strictly  -weighs  ;  here,  considers. 

477.  spem  (§  238,  a  ;  G.  333,  2,  N.3 ;  H.  371,  ii,  N.)  fronte  serenat, 
smooths  her  brow  with  hope  (prop.,  expresses  a  hope  by  smoothing  her 
brow). 

479.    reddat,  purpose  clause.  —  eo,/rom  Aim,  i.e.  my  love  for  him.  — 
amantem,  your  lovelorn  sister.   Cf.  these  ceremonies  with  Eel.  viii.  64  ff. 

481.  ultimus,  remotest  of  lands.  —  Atlas  :  see  v.  247  and  note. 

482.  umero  :  cf.  Par.  Lost,  ii.  305-307  : 


33O  Notes. 

Safe  he  stood 

With  Atlantean  shoulders  fit  to  bear 
The  weight  of  mightiest  monarchies. 

—  aptum,  in  its  proper  sense  of  fitted,  i.e.  studded  (see  Vocab.). 

483.  hinc,/rom  there,  i.e.  from  that  region. 

484.  Hesperidum  :  see  Gayley's  Classic  Myths,  §§  136,  139. 

486.  mella,  papaver  :  honey  and  poppy-seeds  were  a  favorite  season- 
ing among  the  Romans,  sprinkled  on  more  solid  food  (spargens).     so- 
porif  erum  is  merely  descriptive  of  the  plant  :  the  honey-cake  was  probably 
to  put  the  dragon  to  sleep.    It  is,  however,  the  conventional  diet  of  these 
creatures. 

But  Beauty,  like  the  fair  Hesperian  tree 
Laden  with  blooming  gold,  had  need  the  guard 
Of  dragon-watch  with  unenchanted  eye. 

Comiu,  w.  393-395. 

Groves  whose  rich  trees  wept  odorous  gums  and  balm ; 
Others  whose  fruit  bumish'd  with  golden  rind, 
Hung  amiable,  Hesperian  fables  true. 

Par.  Lost,  iv.  248-250. 

487.  promittit  SOlvere  (cf.  note  to  rumpi,  v.  292),  professes  to  deliver 
(from  their  griefs). 

489.  sistere,   vertere :    the  ordinary  feats  of  magic  ;    see   vi.   256, 
Eel.  viii.  99. 

490.  nocturnes,  by  night.  —  movet,  calls  forth  (lit.  disturbs). 

492.  tester,  etc. :  cf.  v.  357.  —  accingier  (old  form  of  infin.,  §  128,  e,  4  ; 
G.  130,  6  ;  H.  240,  6),  that  I  have  recourse  to  (the  subj.  me  is  omitted); 
the  figure  is  from  the  girding  on  of  arms.  —  artes  :  see  note  on  ferrum, 
ii.  510. 

494.  sub  auras,  i.e.  in  the  open  interior  court;  cf.  ii.  512.  —  pyram 
erige :  cf.  vi.  214-231  ;  Eel.  viii.  91,  note. 

496.    impius  :  perhaps  alluding  to  his  usual  epithet  pius. 

500.  tamen,   though  her  sister's  request  and  sudden  pallor  might 
make  her  suspicious.  —  funera  :  §  225,  d;  G.  348  ;  H.  384,  ii,  2. 

501.  mente  (locative  abl.)  concipit,  can  she  imagine  (cf.  animo  con- 
cipere,  with  the  same  meaning). 

502.  morte,  abl.  of  time  when. 

504.  pyra  erecta,  etc.,  when  she  (Anna)  had  built  a  funeral-pile.  — 
penetrali,  etc.,  i.e.  in  the  inner  court;  cf.  ii.  512. 

505.  ingenti  taedis,  heaped  high  -with  pine,  such  as  was  used  for 
torches  (abl.  of  means). 

506.  intendit,  wreathes.     For  all  these  ceremonies,  compare  notes  to 
Eel.  viii.     No  suspicions  are  excited,  because  the  rites  were  common. 


IV.  5 1 8.]  The  ALneid.  331 

507.  super,  adverb.  —  exuvias :  cf.  abolere,  v.  497.     By  destroying 
in  this  ceremonial  manner  every  relic  of  the  false  lover,  it  was  supposed 
that  the  unhappy  love  would  be  eradicated. 

508.  effigiem :  apparently  the  effigy  of  tineas  is  to  be  burned  on  the 
pile.     She  is  well  aware  (baud  ignara)  herself  of  her  purpose,  but  she 
conceals  it. 

509.  crines  effusa  :  dishevelled  hair  is  especially  associated  with  magic 
rites  ;  campare  Ovid,  Met.,  vii.  183. 

510.  ter :  cf.  Eel.  viii.  73  and  Ovid  above  cited.  —  centum,  only  a 
vague  exaggeration,  but  three  hundred  and  six  hundred  are  often  used 
vaguely  in  Latin  like  our  thousand.  —  tonat,  calls  aloud.  —  deos,  cognate 
ace.  —  Erebum,  etc.  :  these  gods  of  the  lower  world  are  especially  as- 
sociated with  magic  rites. 

511.  tergeminam,  etc.,  i.e.  Diana  (Artemis)  among  the  immortals, 
Luna  (the  Moon)  as  known  to  the  dwellers  on  earth,  and  Hecate  as  god- 
dess of  the  lower  world  and  an  especial  patroness  of  magic  (see  note, 
vi.  35).  —  ora :  in  appos.  with  Hecaten.      Cf.  Ben  Jonson,  Masque  of 

Queens : 

And  them,  three-formed  star,  that  on  these  nights 
Art  only  powerful,  to  whose  triple  name 
Thus  we  incline. 

512.  sparserat :  the  lustration  formed  a  part  of  almost  all  sacred  rites. 

—  Averni :  see  note,  vi.  118,  239. 

513.  aenis  :  these  details  all  had  a  magic  significance.  The  bronze  was 
a  relic  of  earlier  times  when  this  was  the  common  metal. 

514.  nigri  veneni :  the  association  of  dark  color  with  poison  is  old 
and  quite  natural. 

515.  equi  de  fronte.     "There  grows  on  the  forehead  of  the  horse  a 
love-charm,  called  hippomanes,  of  a  dark  color,  the  size  of  a  fig  (carica), 
which,  immediately  after  the  birth  of  the  foal,  is  devoured  by  the  mother, 
or  else  she  does  not  suckle  her  foal."     Pliny,  Nat.  History,  viii.  165. 

516.  amor,  usually  translated  love-charm. 

517.  ipsa,  opposed  to  the  priestess.  —  mola,  etc.  (abl.  of  manner)  = 
sprinkling  the  bruised  grain  with  holy  hands  (i.e.  ceremonially  pure). 

518.  unum  pedem :  certain  rites  were  performed  with  one  foot  bare 
(see  Ovid  cited  above).     Cf.  Ben  Jonson,  Masque  of  Queens : 

Come,  let  a  murmuring  charm  resound, 
The  whilst  we  bury  all  i'  the  ground  ! 
But  first,  see  every  foot  be  bare, 
And  every  knee. 

—  recincta,  ungirded ;  the  loose  garments  were  associated  with  magic 
rites. 


332  Notes.  [ 

519.  conscia,  an  allusion  to  astrology  ;  of  course  if  the  stars  revealed 
the  fates  they  must  be  supposed  to  know  them. 

520.  si  quod  numen,  etc.,  whatsomer  deity  has  in  charge  those  -who 
love  with  unrequited  affection  (non  aequo  foedere).  —  curae :  §  233,  a; 
G.  356  ;  H.  390. 

522.  nox  erat,  etc.:  cf.  Dryden,  Annus  Mirabilis,  st.  216  : 

The  diligence  of  trades,  and  noiseful  gain, 

And  luxury,  more  late,  asleep  were  laid  ; 
All  was  the  Night's  and  in  her  silent  reign 

No  sound  the  rest  of  Nature  did  invade. 

523.  saeva,  raging.  —  quierant,  §  128,  a,  i;  G.  131,  i;  H.  235. 

525.  pictae,  many  colored ;  cf.  "spread  their  painted  wings."     Par. 
Lost,  vii.  434.     Pope  dwells  on  the  idea  with  characteristic  elaboration 
in  describing  the  pheasant  {Windsor  Forest},  vv.  115-118: 

Ah  !  what  avail  his  glossy,  varying  dyes 

His  purple  crest,  and  scarlet-circled  eyes, 

The  vivid  green  his  shining  plumes  unfold, 

His  painted  wings,  and  breast  that  flames  with  gold  ? 

526.  quae-que,  both  those  which,  etc.  —  dumis,  abl.  of  manner. 

528.  This  line  is  doubted  by  many  editors.     If  it  is  rejected,  tacent 
must  be  supplied  from  v.  525. 

529.  anitni :  see  note  on  v.  203.  —  Phoenissa  :  the  verb  is  not  strictly 
any  one  of  the  preceding,  but  these  are  all  fused  into  one  general  idea  of 
rest,  to  which  non  belongs  (not  to  infelix).     It  is  better  not  to  supply 
this  verb  in  translation. 

530.  solvitur  in  somnos,  is  relaxed  in  sleep.  —  oculis,  locative  ablative. 
—  noctem,  i.e.  the  influence  of  night. 

532.  fluctuat,  her  lor'e  ebbs  and  flows,  i.e.  her  love  and  wrath  succeed 
each  other  in  her  mind  in  an  ebbing  and  a  flowing  tide. 

533.  sic  adeo  insistit,  then  thus  she  begins. 

534.  en  quid  ago  ?  ah  !  what  shall  I  do  ?  i.e.  how  shall  I  try  to  find 
a  way  of  escape  ?  (§  276,  c;  G.  254,  N.2  ;  H.  467,  5).  —  inrisa,  mocked 
and  derided,  i.e.  by  ^Eneas,  who  had  cast  her  off. 

535.  Nomadum,  a  general  term  for  the  barbarous  African  tribes. 

536.  quos  sim  dedignata,  whom  I  have  disdained  (subj.  of  character- 
istic, §  320;  G.  631,  i ;  H.  503,  i). 

537.  ultima  .  .  .  sequar,  i.e.  shall  I  humble  myself  to  the  most 
degrading  exactions  of  the  Trojans  in  order  to  be  allowed  to  accompany 
them  ?    The  verb  is  used  in  a  slightly  different  sense  with  the  two  objects. 

538.  quiane  .   .   .  levatos,  shall  I  do  so  because  they  are  glad  (iuvat, 
impers.)  of  the  relief  they  had  by  my  help?  i.e.  can  I  appeal  to  their 


iv.  56i.]  The  ^Eneid.  333 

gratitude  ?  The  interrogative  -ne  really  belongs  to  an  omitted  sequar. 
—  levatos  =  eos  levatos  esse  (§  288,  e  ;  G.  533  ;  H.  535,  iii). 

540.    fac  velle,  suppose  I  should  wish  it  (the  subj.  me  is  omitted). 

542.    sentis  =  have  experienced. 

543-546.  sola,  i.e.  shall  I  go  alone  with  the  Trojans  as  a  mere  camp- 
follower  or  shall  I  emigrate  once  more  with  my  whole  people  ?  —  agam 
pelago,  force  upon  the  sea  (loc.  abl.). 

545.    inferar,  i.e.  to  follow  him  to  Italy  with  all  my  people. 

547.  quin,  nay  rather. 

548.  prima  :  see  Anna's  arguments,  vv.  31-51. 

549.  oneras,  obicis,  hist,  present. 

550.  non  licuit  (exclamatory)  =  why  was  it  not,  etc. 

551.  more  ferae,  i.e.  like  a  wild  creature,  solitary  in  the  woods  :  so 
the  life  of  Camilla  (xi.  568).     A  Greek  term  for  unmarried  is   ctS/uTjs, 
"  untamed."     Virgil  probably  had  in  mind  merely  the  free  life  of  an  un- 
married woman.  —  curas,  i.e.  of  love  ;  cf.  v,  5. 

552.  Sychaeo :  either  an   adj.,   or  in   a  sort   of  appos.  with  cineri. 
Some  editors  put  the  comma  after  cineri,   and  some  have  the  gen. 
Sychaei.  —  servata  [est]   (in  the  same  construction  as  v.  550)  =  why 
was  it  not,  etc.     The  incoherency  of  the  whole  speech  pictures  Uido's 
state  of  mind.     From  this  verse  Dante,  who  puts  Dido  in  the  second 
circle  of  Hell,  speaks  of  her  as  "  she  who  broke  her  faith  to  the  ashes  of 
Sychaeus  "  (Inferno,  v.  62). 

553.  tantos,  such  wild.  —  rumpebat :    cf.  notes  on  ii.  129,   iii.  246. 
Shakspere  takes  some  liberties  with  the  story  in  the  famous  passage  in 
his  Merchant  of  Venice,  v.  i.  9-12  : 

In  such  a  night 

Stood  Dido,  with  a  willow  in  her  hand, 
Upon  the  wild  sea-banks  and  waft  her  love 
To  come  again  to  Carthage. 

554.  certus  eundi,  determined  to  go  (§  298  ;  G.,428  ;  H.  542,  i). 
556.   eodem,  i.e.  as  in  v.  265. 

558.  omnia,  Greek  ace. 

559.  iuventa,  abl.  of  manner. 

560.  hoc  sub  casu,/#.tf  at  this  emergency.  —  ducere  somnos  :  cf.  Par. 
Lost,  v.  673-6  : 

Sleeps't  thou,  companion  dear?    What  sleep  can  close 
Thy  eyelids  ?  and  rememb'rest  what  decree 
Of  yesterday  so  late  hath  pass'd  the  lips 
Of  Heaven's  Almighty  ? 

561.  deinde,  next. 


334  Notes.  [ 

564.  certa  mori,  bent  on  death,  and  accordingly  reckless  ;  cf.  certus 
eundi,  with  no  difference  of  meaning  (§  273,  d;  G.  428,  N.3;  H.  533, 
ii,  3).  —  vario,  changing;  cf.  v.  532. 

565.  non  fugis,  will  you  not  fly  ?     For  tense  see  note  on  prendimus, 
ii.  322. 

566.  iam,  presently.  —  trabibus,  i.e.  the  Carthaginian  fleet. 

568.  attigerit:  §  307,  c;  G.  596,  i  ;  H.  508,  2. 

569.  varium:  §  189,  c  ;  G.  211,  R.4 ;  H.  438,  4. 

570.  nocti :  cf.  viris,  i.  440,  and  note. 

571.  umbris,  apparition. 

576.   sancte  deorum,  holy  deity  (§  216,  b  ;  G.  372,  N.1 ;  H.  397,  3,  N.4). 

578.    sidera  .  .  .  f  eras,  grant  us  propitious  stars  (weather). 

582.  litora  deseruere,  i.e.  and  now  they  have  left  the  shore  (taking  a 
new  point  of  view  to  indicate  the  haste  of  the  action). 

585.  For  the  myth  see  Tennyson's  poem  Tithonus.  The  description 
of  the  dawn  in  Tithonus  is  remarkable  for  using  mythological  imagery 
without  being  conventional : 

I  used  to  watch  —  if  I  be  he  that  watch'd  — 
The  lucid  outline  forming  round  thee  ;  saw 
The  dim  curls  kindle  into  sunny  rings  ; 
Chang'd  with  thy  mystic  change,  and  felt  my  blood 
Glow  with  the  glow  that  slowly  crimson'd  all 
Thy  presence  and  thy  portals. 

587.   aequatis,  even,  i.e.  right  before  the  wind. 

590.  abscissa :   cf.  note  on  collecta,  i.  320.  —  flaventes,  the  color 
universally  ascribed  to  the  hair  of  heroic  persons  by  the  ancients. 

591.  advena,   an  adventurer.  —  inluserit,   i.e.   laugh   my  power  to 
scorn ;  the  fut.  perf.  looks  forward  to  the  completion  of  the  act,  as  if 
she  said  "  shall  he  succeed  in  doing  so  ? " 

592.  expedient,  "will  not  my  men,  etc. 

593.  A  peculiar  abruptness  is  given  by  the  pause  at  the  end  of  the 
fifth  foot.     Notice  also  the  hurried  movement  of  v.  594. 

594.  flam  mas,  torches.     Cf .  Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered,  ii.  12: 

Up,  up,  my  faithful !  hasten  on  your  way 

With  fire  and  sword.     Up,  up  !  to  burn  and  slay  ! 

595.  mentem,  i.e.  her  purpose  of  death. 

596.  nunc,  emphatic.  —  facta  impia,  i.e.  toward  Sychaeus. 

597.  turn  decuit,  emphatic :  then  it  ought  (to  have  come  home  to 
you).  —  cum  .  .  .  dabas  (§  277,  c  ;  G.  233  ;  H.  469,  i  ;  cf.  ii.  672),  when 
you  offered  him  the  sceptre  =  before  you  put  the  power  in  his  hand.  — 


IV.  6i6.]  The  sEneid.  335 

en  dextra,  i.e.  the  right  hand  given  in  making  a  pledge,  as  with  us ; 
spoken  with  scorn,  i.e.  this  then  is  the  honor  of  this  most  pious 
hero. 

598.    quern,  i.e.  eius  quern,  of  him  who,  they  say,  etc. 

600.  non  potui  .  .  .  divellere,  could  I  not  have  torn  ?  (§  288,  a ;  G. 
254,  R.1 ;  H.  537,  i).  —  abreptum  :  §  292,  R.  ;  G.  664,  R.1;  H.  549,  5. 

602.  epulandum  (for  constr.  see  ii.  589  (note),  iii.  50,  329):   cf.  the 
story  of  Thyestes  and  that  of  Tereus. 

603.  fuerat,   might  have  been   (§  308,  b  ;    G.  254,   R.3  ;    H.  476,  2); 
fuisset,  suppose  it  had  been  (§  266,  c ;  G.  264  ;   H.  514,  N.). 

604.  faces,  etc.,  i.e.  set  the  ships  on  fire.     The  Romans  drew  their 
ships   on  land   and  fortified   them.  —  tulissem,   /  ought  to  have,   etc. 
(§266,^;  G.  272,  3;  H.  483,  2,  N.). 

606.  exstinxem :  for  exstinxissem  (§  128,  b  ;  G.  131,  4;  H.  235,  3). 

607.  opera  omnia  terrarum,  all  deeds  of  mortals. 

608.  interpres  .  .  .  et  COnscia,  conscious  witness ;  properly  agent,  or 
even  cause,  as  the  goddess  of  marriage. 

609.  triviis :   Hecate  was  worshipped  at  cross-roads   (places  where 
three  roads  met)  and  was  hence  called  Trivia  (cf.  vi.  13,  Eel.  iii.  26). — 
ululata,  invoked  with  shrieks. 

610.  Dirae  :  see  v.  473.  —  di,  the  special  or  tutelary  divinity,  but  why 
more  than  one  is  not  clear.    Perhaps  it  was  conceived  as  twofold  :  hence 
the  expression  Manes,  and  the  custom  of  erecting  two  altars  to   the 
shade  (cf.  iii.  63).     The  idea  of  divinities  in  pairs  was  a  common  Roman 
notion. 

611.  accipite,  hear,  as  often.  —  haec,  these  my  words.  —  meritum, 
as  I  have  deserved  (agreeing  with  numen).  —  mails  advertite  numen, 
turn  your  power  to  (avenge)  my  sufferings. 

612.  The   language  of   the   curses   that   follow   depends   upon    the 
common  belief  in  the  prophetic  power  ("  second  sight ")  of  a  person  at 
the  point  of  death  and  in  the  efficacy  of  a  dying  person's  curse.  — 
audlte,  grant. 

615-620.  at,  at  least.  These  are  the  ominous  lines  which  were 
opened  by  Charles  I.,  when  he  consulted  the  Sortes  Vergilianae  at 
Oxford.  It  will  be  noticed  that  they  are  so  worded,  that  they  do  not 
prevent  the  expedition  of  yEneas  from  being  one  of  final  glory  and 
success.  The  curses  are  literally  fulfilled  in  the  later  fortunes  of  ./Eneas 
(see  the  later  books  of  the  ^Eneid),  including  his  reign  of  only  three 
years,  and  the  loss  of  his  body,  which  was  swept  away  by  the  Numicius, 
or  at  least  was  not  found  after  the  battle  in  which  he  perished. 

616.   finibus,  abl.  of  separation. 


336  Notes.  [ 

619.  optata,  a  general  epithet  of  light ;  as  we  might  say  in  English, 
"  the  boon  of  light." 

622-629.  turn  vos  .  .  .  nepotes :  an  imprecation  prophetic  of  the 
Punic  wars ;  which,  strictly  fulfilled,  resulted  in  the  greatest  struggle, 
but  also  in  the  proudest  military  glory  of  Rome. 

625.  exoriare  (§  266,  a;  G.  263,  2  ;  H.  484,  iv,  N.2)  .  .  .  ultor,  rise 
some  avenger  !  —  aliquis,  because  referring  to  an  indefinite  person.    No 
Roman,  however,  could  hear  it  without  thinking  of  Hannibal  (cf.  Livy, 
xxi.  i,  i,  3). 

626.  qui  sequare,  to  pursue  (§  317,  2  ;  G.  630;  H.  497,  i). 

629.  ipsique  nepotesque,  i.e.  may  the  warfare  begin  at  once,  and  not 
cease,  e  in  -que  is  elided  before  the  next  verse  (synapheid), 

633.  cinis  may  be  rendered  by  tomb.     Cf.  the  figurative  uses  of  ashes 
in  English  :  e.g.,  Henry  VIII.,  iv.  2.  73  ff  : 

Whom  I  most  hated  living,  thou  hast  made  me 
Now  in  his  ashes  honor. 

634.  mihi,  with  hue  siste  (see  Vocab.). 

635.  corpus  (her  body)  etc.:  a  very  ancient  rite  of  lustration.  —  pro- 
peret :  for  constr.  see  v.  289,  note. 

636.  pecudes,  the  black  sheep,  for  a  sacrifice  to  Pluto  (lovi  Stygio) ; 
cf.  "  Nether  Jove,"  Comus,  v.  20.  —  monstrata,  appointed. 

637.  sic  veniat,  i.e.  after  having  made  such  preparations. 

638.  paravi :  see  w.  504-508. 

640.  Dardanii  capitis,  the  Trojan  (caput  is  often  used  in  the  sense  of 
person  in  such  periphrases ;  cf.  Eng.  soul,  and  body  in  everybody,  etc.). 
She  is  really  preparing  her  own  pyre  ;  but  ostensibly  the  rite  is  to  be  a 
mock  funeral,  in  which,  to  free  her  from  her  unhappy  love,  the  effigies 
of  .<Eneas  and  his  exuviae  are  to  be  burned  (see  w.  496,  507-8). 

641.  studio  anili,  i.e.  with  the  bustling  zeal  of  an  old  woman.     The 
old  nurse  is  a  stock  figure  in  heroic  story  :  cf.  Pyrgo  (v.  645),  Eurycleia, 
the  nurse  of  Ulysses  (Od.  xix.) ;  the  nurse  of  Orestes  (yEsch.,  Choephori, 
734  ff.) ;   of  Medea  (Eur.,  Med.,  \  ff.),  etc. ;    Juliet's  nurse  is  the  most 
famous  English  example. 

642.  coeptis,  abl.  of  cause.  —  effera,  maddened. 

643.  trementfs  genas,  etc. :  cf.  i.  228. 

645.  inrumpit :  she  rushes  down  from  the  tower  (v.  586),  where  she 
has  been  hitherto,  into  the  inner  open  court. 

647.  non  hos  in  usus,  for  no  such  service  :  prob.  an  ornamental  sword 
or  dagger  given  her  by  /Eneas. 

648.  hie,  hereupon. 


IV.  685.]  The  ALneid.  337 

649.  paulum  lacrimis,  etc.,  staying  a  little  in  tears  and  in  thought 
(loc.  abl.). 

650.  que  .  .  .  que,  correlative. 

651.  dum,  etc.,  limits  dulces,  dear. 

652.  exsolvite,  i.e.  by  my  death. 

654.  magna,  i.e.  I  shall  go  a  famous  woman. —  mei,  possess,  gen., 
used  instead  of  mea  for  metrical  reasons  (§  214,  <z,  2  ;  G.  362,  R.1 ;  H. 
396,  ii.  N.). 

656.  ulta  virum,  i.e.  in  the  way  described  in'i.  360-4.  —  poenas,  etc., 
inflicted  the  due  (re-)  punishment ;  see  note  to  ii.  103. 

657.  felix  :  a  verb  fuissem  is  implied,  the  apodosis  of  tetigissent. 
—  tantum,  only,  lit.,  so  much  and  no  more.  —  This  and  the  following 
verse  are  parodied  by  Pope,  Rape  of  the  Lock,  iv.  149,  150  : 

Happy,  ah  !  ten  times  happy  had  I  been, 

If  Hampton  Court  these  eyes  had  never  seen. 

660.  sic,  sic  :    these  words,  though  accompanying  the  fatal  blows, 
refer  not  merely  to  those  but  to  the  whole  situation  :    though  dying  un- 
avenged and  by  her  own  hand  still  she  prefers  death  to  life. 

661.  hunc  ignem,  the  blaze  of  the  pile  which  is  about  to  be  kindled. 

663.  ferro,  abl.  of  instrument. 

664.  comites,  her  attendants  (cf.  v.  391). 

666.  concussam,  startled.  —  bacchatur  :  cf.  v.  301. 

667.  femineo :  cf.  plangoribus  femineis,  ii.  487. 

669.  mat,  were  falling  in  ruins  (§  312,  and  R. ;  G.  602  ;  H.  513,  ii, 
and  N.1). 

672.   trepido  curso,  i.e.  running  wildly  (abl.  of  manner). 

675.  hoc  illud,  i.e.  was  this  the  thing  you  meant  ? 

676.  hoc  rogus,  etc.,  is  this  what  the  pyre,  etc.,  were  preparing,  etc. 
—  iste,  i.e.  that  you  ordered  me  to  build  (§  102,  c  ;  G.  306;  H.  450). 

678.   vocasses  :  see  note  on  tulissem,  v.  604. 

68 1.  sic,  i.e.  as  I  have  been.  — te  posita,  when  you  were  laid  out  (in 
death).  —  ut  abessem,  clause  of  purpose. 

682.  exstinxti :  see  v.  606,  note. 

683.  date  .   .   .  abluam,  let  me  wash  her  wounds  in  water  (object 
clause  without  ut). 

685.  ore  legam  :  a  customary  office  of  affection,  like  closing  the  eyes 
of  the  dying  ;  cf.  Pope,  Eloisa  to  Abelard,  v.  324  : 

Suck  my  last  breath,  and  catch  my  flying  soul, 
sic  fata,  etc.,  as  she  spoke  she  had,  etc. 


338 


Notes. 


686.  semianimem  :    the  first  i  is  read  like  y  (§  347,  c ;  G.  723  ;  H. 
608,  iii,  N.2) ;  cf.  i.  2. 

687.  siccabat,  tried  to  stanch  (see  ii.  84,  and  note). 

689.  stridit,  gurgles. 

690.  cubito  :  §  254,  b\  G.  401,  N.6  ;  H.  425,  i,  N.  —  adnixa,  leaning. 

691.  tore,  dative,  or  possibly  loc.  ablative  ;  cf.  humi,  v.  481. 

692.  quaesivit  lucem  :  the  ancients  were  strongly  impressed  with  the 
thought  that  the  last  act  of  the  dying  was  to  gaze  upon   the  light.  — 
reperta,  sc.  luce  (ablative  absolute). 

694.  Irim  :  in  the  case  of  women,  the  thread  of  life  was  usually  sup- 
posed to  be  cut  by  Proserpine  (v.  698).     Iris 

was  the   messenger   of   Juno.      (See   Fig.  41  ;  g- 

from  an  ancient  vase-painting.)     Cf.  Shakspere, 
Tempest,  iv.  i.  76-82: 

Hail,  many-color'd  messenger,  that  ne'er 
Dost  disobey  the  wife  of  Jupiter ; 
Who  with  thy  saffron  wings  upon  my  flowers 
Diffuses!  honey-drops,  refreshing  showers, 
And  with  each  end  of  thy  blue  bow  dost  crown 
My  bosky  acres  and  my  unshrubb'd  down, 
Rich  scarf  to  my  proud  earth. 

695.  quae  .  .  .  resolveret,  to  disengage  the 
struggling  spirit  from  the  close-locked  limbs  (subj. 
of  purpose). 

696.  fato,  i.e.  by  natural  death  ;  merita  morte, 
i.e.  by  death  incurred  by  her  own  guilt. 

698.  crinem :    as  a  few  hairs  were  plucked 
from  the  head  of  the  victim  before  sacrifice,  so 

the  "  fatal  lock  "  must  be  cut  from  the  crown  (vertice)  before  death  ; 
cf.  sacrum,  v.  703. 

699.  Oreo,  dat.  after  damnaverat  by  a  poetical  construction  as  if 
addixerat  had  been  used. 

701.  mille  colores,  i.e.  the  rainbow,  which  in  Homer  is  not  an  attri- 
bute of  Iris  the  divine  messenger,  though  called  by  the  same  name.  — 
trahens,  drawing  out  the  long  line  of  color.  —  sole  :  §  255,  a  ;  G.  409  ; 
H.  431,  4. 

Lastly  his  shinie  wings  as  silver  bright, 
Painted  with  thousand  colours,  passing  farre 
All  painters'  skill,  he  did  about  him  dight : 
Not  halfe  so  manie  sundrie  colours  arre 
In  Iris  bowe. 

SPENSER,  Muiofotmos,  w.  89-93. 


V.  1 3.]  The  ALneid.  339 


Iris  there  with  humid  bow 
Waters  the  odorous  banks,  that  blow 
Flowers  of  more  mingled  hue 
Than  her  purfled  scarf  can  shew. 

MILTON,  Camus,  w.  992-5. 


702.   hunc  (sc.  crinem).  —  sacrum,  predicate. 

704.  una,  at  the  same  time. 

705.  in  ventos  :  the  breath  was  naturally  identified  with   the  life  or 
soul ;  cf.  animus,  anima,  exanimis,  etc. 


BOOK  V. 

The  games  in  this  book  in  honor  of  Anchises  make  an  agreeable 
interlude  in  the  more  serious  action  of  the  poem.  Many  of  the  inci- 
dents of  these  games  are  taken  directly  from  the  account  of  the  funeral 
games  of  Patroclus  in  the  twenty-third  book  of  the  Iliad.  The  contest 
of  ships,  however,  and  the  equestrian  exhibition,  are  features  wholly 
original.  The  incident  of  the  burning  of  the  fleet,  variously  told,  was  a 
part  of  the  old  Trojan  legend.  It  is  interesting  to  observe  that  Milton, 
in  his  wish  to  follow  the  classical  models  of  epic  poetry,  represents  the 
fallen  angels  as  engaging  in  athletic  games  to  while  away  the  time  till 
the  return  of  Satan  from  his  scouting  expedition  (Par.  Lost,  ii.  528  ff.). 

1.  interea,  i.e.  during  the  time  of  Dido's  death.  —  medium  iter,  i.e. 
he  is  well  on  his  way  ;  compare  aequor  medium,  iii.  664. 

2.  certus,  i.e.  in  his  purpose  (cf.  iv.  554,  564). 

3.  iam  conlucent:    the  pile  built   ostensibly  to  burn  the  effigy  of 
.^Eneas  now  serves  for  her  own  cremation. 

4.  accenderit :  §  341,  d ;  G.  628;  cf.  H.  524;  but  perh.  ind.  quest. 

5.  duri,  etc.,  but  the  cruel  pangs  of  a  great  love  betrayed  (pollute,  lit. 
desecrated},  and  the  knowledge  of  what  a  maddened  woman  can  do,  lead  the 
hearts  of  the  Trojans  into  sad  forebodings.    Though  they  have  no  certain 
knowledge,  yet  they  suspect  the  cause  of  the  fire.  —  amore,  abl.  abs. 

6.  notum  :    §  292,  a;  G.  664,  R.2 ;  H.  549,  N.2 — quid  possit :    an 
indirect  question  serving  as  the  noun  with  which  notum  agrees. 

10.  olli:  §  235,  a;  G.  350,  i  ;  H.  384,  4,  N.2 

11.  inhorruit,   the  waves  grew   rough  with   black   shadows.     Virgil 
doubtless  has  in  mind  the  dark  appearance  of  the  water  produced  by  a 
squall  ;  cf.  atros,  v.  2,  and  see  iii.  195. 

12.  ipse,  even  the  pilot  is  at  a  loss. 

13.  quianam  (an  archaic  use  of  quia,  cf.  iv.  538),  ah  !  why  ? 


340  Notes.  [ 

14.  paras,  have  in  store. 

1 5.  colligere  anna,  to  secure  the  rigging,  i.e.  to  make  all  tight,  and 
prepare  for  the  gale  ;  perhaps  a  military  rather  than  nautical  phrase.  — 
validis,  vigorously  (lit.  an  adj.  with  remis). 

1 6.  Obliquat  sinus,  trims  the  sail :   they  had   been   sailing  with  the 
wind  astern  (aequatis  veils,  iv.  587),  probably  from  the  southwest,  and 
as  the  wind  now  comes  from  the  west,  they  can  no  longer  sail   on  the 
same  course,  so   as   to  weather   the  Agates  islands   (see  Map).     The 
ancients  could  probably  only  sail  within  seven  or  eight  points  of  the 
wind  (n'early  at  right  angles  with  it);  cf.  iii.  684,  note.     (See  Fig.  31,  p. 
288,  for  their  rig.) 

17.  auctor,  in  its  proper  sense  of  voucher  or  security  ;    here  as  predi- 
cate appositive  (§  184,  third  example  ;    G.  325;    H.  363).  —  spondeat : 
§  307,  b  ;  G.  596,  I ;   H.  509. 

19.  transversa  (adverbial,  §  240,  a ;  G.  333,  N.6 ;  H.  378,  2),  athwart 
our  course. 

20.  aer,  etc.  :  the  ancients  supposed  clouds  to  be  condensed  air. 

21.  tantum,  merely  (so  much  as  that  even). 

23.  quoque :  notice  the  quantity,  —  not  qudque. 

24.  fraterna :  see  i.  570,  note. 

25.  servata,  before  observed,  i.e.  in  their  former  voyage. 

27.  iamdudum,  qualifying  poscere  (§  276,  a  ;  G.  230;  H.  467,  2). 

28.  flecte  viam  veils  (abl.  of  means),  turn  the  course  of  your  voyage 
(lit.  turn  your  course  with  your  sails,  i.e.  by  setting  them  on  that  tack). 
—  an :  see  iv.  325,  note.  —  sit :  §  268  ;  G.  259  ;  H.  486,  ii. 

29.  quo  optem,  rel.  clause  of   characteristic   (§  320,  a;  G.  631,2; 
H.  503,  i).  —  demittere,  bring  into  port ;  cf.  i.  381,  and  note. 

32.   secundi :  the  wind  is  now  astern,  for  they  have  changed  their 
course. 

35.  miratus,  having  seen  with  wonder. 

36.  adventum  sociasque  rates,  hendiadys ;  cf.  i.  61  (note),  636.    The 
figure  is  common  in  English  poetry :  see,  e.g.,  Par.  Lost,  x.  345  :  "  with 
joy  and  tidings  fraught." 

37.  pelle  :  Virgil  here,  as  in  many  other  places,  preserves  the  remem- 
brance of  the  earlier  civilization,   in   which  skins  were   the  common 
clothing  ;  cf.  i.  275,  and  Fig.  7,  p.  213. 

38.  Egesta  (or  Segesta)  was  a  Trojan  maid  whom  her  father  had 
sent  to  Sicily,  to  avoid  the  doom  of  an  oracle  which  commanded  Trojan 
maidens  to  be  cast  to  a  sea-monster  sent  by  Neptune  to  avenge  the  per- 
fidy of  Laomedon.     Acestes  (Egestus)  was  her  son  by  the  river-god 
Crimisus  (Crinisus). 


V.  64.]  The  ^Eneid.  341 


39.  parentum,  i.e.  through  whom  he  was  of  kin  to 

40.  reduces,  adj  .,  =  on  their  return. 
42.   primo  :  cf.  iii.  588  and  note. 

46.   completur  :  observe  the  incomplete  tense. 

49.  nisi  fallor  :  the  Roman  calendar  was  extremely  confused  till  the 
reform  of  Julius  Caesar;  hence  it  is  not  unnatural  that  Virgil  should 
attribute  a  doubt  on  the  subject  to  tineas.  —  semper  acerbum,  etc.  ;  cf. 
Dryden,  Absalom  and  Achilophel,  i.  832  : 

By  me,  so  Heaven  will  have  it,  always  mourned 
And  always  honored. 

51.  Gaetulis,  etc.,   i.e.  even  in  times  of  the  utmost  hardships  and 
hazard.     Notice  the  emphasis  on  hunc,  =  on  this  day  if  I  were  passing 
it,  etc. 

52.  deprensus,  overtaken  by  it.  —  Mycenae:  §  214,  /;  G.  361,  N.1  ; 
H.  396,  vi. 

53.  pompas  exsequerer,  etc.,  /  -would  perform  the  solemn  procession 
(hence  the  noun   exsequiae,  used    of   funeral    rites).      English   poetry 
sometimes  has  pomp  in  this  sense  ;    as  in   Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  w. 
273,  274  : 

Oh,  early  lost  !  what  tears  the  river  shed 
When  the  sad  pomp  along  his  banks  was  led  ! 

54.  suis  :  see  note  on  sua,  iii.  469. 

55.  nunc,  bttt  now  as  it  is,  opposed  to  the  supposition  in  vv.  51-52. 
—  ultro,  without  our  agency. 

56.  baud  equidem,  surely  not. 

57.  delati,  borne  to  land  (by  favoring  winds)  ;  cf.  v.  29.  —  intramus, 
possibly   a   contraction   for   intravimus    (§128,  a,    i  ;  G.   131,   2,  N.  ; 
H.  235). 

58.  laetum,  cheerful,  with  more  of  gratitude  than  grief,  assured  as  we 
are  of  divine  favor. 

59.  poscamus  ventos,  let  tis  pray  for  favorable  winds.     Some  think 
the  prayer  is  addressed  to  the  winds  themselves  (cf.  iii.  115). 

60.  velit,  may  he  [Anchises]  be  pleased  to  grant  that,  when  my  city  is 
established,  I  may  offer  him  yearly  these  rites  in  temples  consecrated  to 
him.  —  The  construction  is  that  of  an  object-clause  after  poscamus, 
without  ut. 

62.   adhibete  :  an  almost  technical  term  for  invite. 

64.  si  =  when  (cf.  German  wenn).  —  nona  Aurora  :  the  novemdiale 
was  a  festival  on  the  ninth  day  after  death,  when  the  days  of  mourning 
were  ended  (cf.  II.  xxiv.  664  ;  Bry.  843  :  "  Nine  days  we  would  bewail 
him  in  the  halls  "). 


342  Notes.  [ 

66.  ponam,  a  technical  word  ;  cf.  Eel.  iii.  31. 

67.  qui :  the  antecedents  are  the  subjects  of  adsint  (v.  70). 

68.  incedit,  advances  proudly.  —  viribus,  referring  to  wrestling.  — 
iaculo :    javelin-throwing  is   not    one   of    the    games   which   actually 
follow. 

69.  fidit :  here  in  the  sense  of  audet. 

71.  ore  favete,  i.e.  let  only  auspicious  words  be  spoken  :  the  form 
regularly  used  for  imposing  silence  when  a  religious  ceremony  is  about 
to  begin,  because  any  quarreling  or  ill-omened  expressions  would  destroy 
the  sanctity  of  the  rites.  —  ramis  :  the  wreath  was  a  regular  accompani- 
ment of  all  religious  ceremonies. 

72.  materna,  i.e.  sacred  to  Venus,  his  mother. 

73.  aevi  maturus  (see  ii.  638,  note) ;  his  age  is  contrasted  with  that 
of  Elymus  and  Ascanius. 

76.  magna,  etc. :  cf.  i.  497. 

77.  carchesia,   bowls  (cf.  iii.  66  ;  Eel.  v.  67)  :  a  vessel  peculiar  to 
Bacchus  and  Hercules.  —  Baccho :  see  note  on  lacte,  iii.  66. 

78.  sanguine,  of  course  of  a  slain  victim  ;  cf.  Eel.  v.  66. 

79.  purpureos,  gay :  the  ancients  applied  the  word  to  a  wide  range  of 
colors  on  the  purple  side  of  red,  and  so  often  to  any  bright  color. 

80.  recepti  nequiquam :  cf.  iii.  711. 

81.  animae,  umbrae :  for  the  plural  cf.  the  use  of  Manes. 

82.  non  licuit  (exclam.)  ;  cf.  iv.  550,  and  note. 

83.  quicumque,  -whatever,  but  agreeing  in  gender  with  Thybrim  ; 
the  expression  implies  a  very  human  doubt  as  to  his  ever  reaching  the 
river,  almost  as  if  he  said,  "  if  there  is  any  such." 

84.  anguis  :  the  genius  (v.  95,  indwelling  spirit,  or  tutelary  divinity)  of 
a  place,  especially  of  a  tomb,  is  frequently  typified  by  a  serpent  in 
ancient  art  (cf.  Ovid,  Met.  xv.  389,  390).  The  worship  of  serpents  is  very 
ancient. 

87.  cui:  see  note  on  olli,  v.  10.  —  terga,  squamam  (objs.  of  incen- 
debat) :  translate,  changing  the  construction,  whose  skin  flamed  with 
dark-blue  spots,  his  scales  with  gleaming  specks,  a  thousand  varied  colors, 
such  as  the  bow  casts  on  clouds  when  over  against  the  sun.  —  notae  :  by 
a  natural  inversion  of  ideas  the  marks  (notae,  fulgor)  are  said  to  light 
up  the  material,  as  it  were.     Cf.  Milton's  gorgeous  description  of  the 
serpent  in  Eden  (Par.  Lost,  ix.  498-504). 

88.  nubibus,  loc.  abl. 

89.  iacit :    the   subjunctive   might  be   expected   after   ceu   (§  312; 
G.  602  ;   H.  513,  ii,  N.2)  ;  but  here  there  is  only  a  comparison,  "as 
when,"  and  not,  as  usual,  a  supposition,  "  as  if." 


V.  ioo.] 


The 


343 


90.  ille,  the  serpent  :  notice  this  common  use  of  the  pronouns  to 
change  the  subject. 

91.  tandem,  i.e.  slowly.  —  pateras  :    the  arrangements  for  libation 
here  consisted  of  pocula  (carchesia,  so  called)  to  hold  the  liquid,  and  a 
similar   shallow   vessel   from    which    it    was  poured,  patera.  —  levia : 
notice  the  quantity. 

92.  libavit :  cf.  i.  256,  and  note.  —  dapes,  described  in  vv.  77-8. 

94.  hoc,   abl.   of  cause.  —  instaurat    (a  technical  word,  cf.  iii.   62), 
renews,  i.e.  continues  with  fresh  zeal. 

95.  genium  loci :  see  note  on  v.  84.  —  famulum  :  as  a  deified  person, 

Anchises  might  have  a  special  attendant. ne  .   .   .  -ne :  see  i.  308, 

note. 

96.  putet :  §  334,  l>;  G.  467  ;  H.  523,  ii,  N.  —  bidentes  (see  iv.  57), 
sues,  iuvencos,  the  suovetaurilia. 

99.   remissos,  returning  (allowed  to  return)  to  share  in  these  solem- 

Fig.  42. 


nities :  apparently  the  shade,  like  a  divinity,  came  to  receive  the  offer- 
ing ;  cf.  iii.  303. 

ioo.   quae  .  .  .  copia  =  earn  copiam  (in  appos.  with  dona,  etc.).  — 
quae  cuique  (dat.  of  possessor)  est :  translate,  each  according  to  his  ability. 


344 


Notes. 


102.  ordine,  in  long  array:  all  partake  of  the  feast  in  companies; 
each  around  its  own  kettle  or  fire.  —  fusi :  cf.  i.  212-214. 

103.  veribus:  cf.  i.  212.     For  cooking  on  spits  see  Fig.  42  (from  a 
vase-painting). 

104.  serena,  with  luce. 

105.  Phaethontis,    here   the   sun-god ;    usually  applied  to  his  son, 
whose  story  is  told  by  Ovid,  Met.  ii.  —  equi.     (See  Fig.  43.) 

Fig-  43- 


106.   fama,  the  talk  about  the  games. 

108.  Aeneadas :  these  famous  exiles  are  more  attractive  even  than 
the  games.  —  visuri  :  §293,  b,  2 ;   G.  670,  3;    H.  549,  3.  —  certare: 
§273,  b\  G.  421,  N1,  c;  H.  533,  ii,  3.  —  parati :    §  187,  d\  G.  211, 
R.1,  a  ;  H.  438,  6. 

109.  circo  (v.  289) :  it  may  here  be  used  of  the  place  of  gathering,  or 
of  the  circle  of  spectators. 

1 10.  tripodes  :  the  kettle  with  its  tripod  was  a  very  common  prize  in 
games  (II.  xxiii.  259,  264,  702) ;  the  metals  were  comparatively  rare,  and 
even  common  utensils  were  works  of  art  (see  v.  266). 

1 1 3.  commissos :  see  note  on  notum,  v.  6. 

114.  pares,  i.e.  rivals.  —  remis :  the  ancient  galleys  relied  on  oars 
for  their  manoeuvres,  but  used  sails  for  speed.     The  ship-race  here  takes 
the  place  of  the  chariot-race  in  Homer,  adopting  some  of  its  incidents. 

116.  Pristim,  etc.  :   these  fabulous  creatures  were  probably  repre- 
sented in  the  ships'  figure-heads. 

117.  Memmi:  it  was  a  fancy  of  the  Romans  to  derive  their  names 
and  descent  from  these  Trojan  heroes. 

119.   urbis  opus,  either  vast,  like  a  city  or  a  work  worthy  of  a  city. 


V.  148.] 


The 


345 


—  versu,  tier.    Triremes  were  not  invented  till  some  centuries  later  than 
the  times  which  Virgil  is  describing.     (See  Fig.  44  ;  from  an  ancient 

relief.) 

123.  caerulea,    the 
regular   color   of   the 
sea-divinities  (Hi.  432). 

124.  saxum,arock 
evidently  just  at  the 
surface. 

126.  condunt,   i.e. 
with  clouds. 

127.  tranquillo, 
locative  ablative  of  cir- 
cumstance (§  254,  a). 

129.  frondenti,  i.e. 
it  is  set  up  on  the  rock,  leaves  and  all. 

131.  scirent,  subj.  of  purpose.  —  circumflectere  :  i.e.  the  tree  on  the 
rock  marked  the  turning-point  round  which  they  were  to  sail,  as  the 
racers  in  the  circus  drove  round  the  meta  (see  iii.  429,  note). 

134.   populea  (notice  the  6),  because  these  were  funeral  games. 

136.  intenta,  sc.  stint. 

137.  haurit,  etc.,  throbbing  apprehension  strains  their  beating  hearts. 

140.  prosiluere,  said  loosely  of  both  ships  and  crew;  the  perfect  in- 
dicates the  suddenness  of  the  action. 

141.  versa,  from  verto,  not  verro. 

142.  pariter,  together,  no  one  being  in  advance. 

143.  tridentibus,  the  form  usually  given  to  a  ship's  beak,  a  reminis- 
cence of  which  is  still  seen  in  the  prow  of  the  Venetian  gondola.     The 
rostrum  was  a  massive  projection  of  brass  or  iron,  intended  to  sink  or 
disable  an  enemy's  ship  in  action,  exactly  like  the  modern  "  ram."    (See 
Fig.  44.) 

144.  biiugo  certamine :  the  Homeric  chariot-race  (see  v.  114,  note) 
is  here  brought  in  by  way  of  comparison. 

145.  carcere :  the  bound,  or  starting  place  ;  properly,  stalls  in  which 
the  horses  were  confined  till  the  word  was  given. 

147.  proni,  etc. :  the  natural  attitude  for  whipping  the  horses.  —  pen- 
dent: cf.  Pope,  Temple  of  Fame,  v.  218: 

The  youths  hang  o'er  their  chariots  as  they  run. 

148.  studiis  :  a  regular  word  for  expressions  of  approval  which  take 
sides.     It  includes  both  plausu  and  fremitu,  which  designate  particular 


346  Notes.  [ 

methods  of  showing  favor.  —  faventum  (see  note,  i.  434),  partisans. 
149.   inclusa,  i.e.  by  hills. 

152.  turbatn  inter,  amid  the  confusion  and  noise  of  his  competitors. 

153.  pinus  :  cf.  William  Browne,  Inner  Temple  Masque  ; 

Steer  hither,  steer  your  winged  pines, 
All  beaten  mariners. 

154.  discrimine  (abl.   of   degree  of   difference),  distance,  i.e.  from 
Cloanthus. 

155.  locum  .  .  .  superare  priorem  (cogn.  ace.),  i.e.  each  to  get  ahead 
of  the  other. 

1 59.  scopulo  :  §  226,  c  •  G.  344 ;  H.  384,  i.  —  tenebant,  were  just  reach- 
ing the  rock  which  was  the  halfway  point  (metam  ;  medio  gurgite);  see 
note  on  v.  131. 

162.  quo,  "where  (lit.  whither).  —  mihi :  §  236  ;  G.  351  ;  H.  389.    The 
construction  was  once  common  in  English.     Cf.  Shakspere,  Comedy  of 
Errors^  i.  2.  II  : 

Villain,  I  say,  knock  me  at  this  gate. 

163.  litus  ama,  hug  the  shore  (i.e.  of  the  rock).  —  stringat  sine :  ut 
omitted,  see  ii.  669,  note  ;   palmula,  nom.     They  leave  the  rock  on  the 
left  as  they  sweep  round  it. 

165.  pelagi,  the  open  sea. 

1 66.  diversus,  so  wide  (i.e.  so  far  from  the  rock). 

167.  revocabat,  conative  (§  277,  c  ;  G.  233;  H.  469,  i);  cf.  ii.  84. 

1 68.  tergo,  dative.  —  propiora  tenentem,  getting  the  inside  track. 
170.  iter:  §  238;  G.  333,  2,  N.3;  H.  371,  ii.  — priorem  (§  237,  d • 

G.  331  ;  H.  372),  his  leader.  —  tuta,  i.e.  because  he  has  rounded  the  rock 
and  is  now  inside  on  the  straight  and  open  course. 

172.  iuveni :  cf.  note  on  v.  10. 

174.   socium  =  sociorum.     Observe  the  chiastic  order. 

176.  rector :  §  185  ;  G.  325  ;  H.  362,  2. 

179.  senior,  fluens,  explaining  why  he  was  gravis. 

180.  scopuli :  §  216,  b ;  G.  372,  N.2;  H.  397,  3,  N.*;  cf.  iv.  576. 

181.  ilium :  §  237,  b;  G.  330,  R.;  H.  371,  iii. 

184.   superare :  cf.  rumpi,  iv.  292  (and  note),  dissimulare,  iv.  305. 

186.  praeeunte  :  observe  that  the  diphthong  is  here  made  short  before 
the  following  vowel  (§  347,  b,  exc. ;  G.  705,  exc. ;  H.  576,  i,  i). 

190.   sorte  suprema  — 0«  the  last  fatal  day  (abl.  of  time). 

193.  Maleae  :  this  headland,  the  extreme  south  of  Greece,  is  proverb- 
ially dangerous  to  navigation.  —  sequacibus  undis,  the  pursuing  waves, 
from  which  it  is  hard  to  escape  (§  164,  /;  G.  185,  5  ;  H.  333,  4). 


v.  247-]  The  ALneid.  347 

195.  quamquam  0,  and  yet,  oh!  that :  a  half-expressed  wish. 

196.  extremes,  etc.,  at  least  let  us  be  ashamed  to  come  off  last.  —  hoc 
vincite,  win  this  at  least  (cognate  ace.). 

199.  subtrahitur  solum  (for  aequor),  the  course  flies  beneath  them  (lit. 
passive).  —  artus,  frame. 

201.  viris,  i.e.  Mnestheus'  men,  the  crew  of  the  Pristis. 

202.  animi :  see  note  on  iv.  203. 

203.  iniquo,  i.e.  dangerous. 

205.  murice,  reef:  properly  a  rock  jagged  and  rough,  like  the  shellfish 
called  murex. 

206.  obnixi  crepuere,  crashed  as  they  "pulled"  against  it.  —  pependit : 
the  stern,  however,  was  still  afloat. 

207.  morantur  :  translate  by  a  participle,  delaying. 

211.  agmine  .  .   .  vocatis,  with  the  rapid  driving  of  oars,  and  with 
an  appeal  to  the  -winds. 

212.  prona,  descending,  i.e.  where  he  can  run  smoothly  clown  to  shore  ; 
cf.  devenere  (i.  365),  delate  (iii.  154),  demittere  (v.  29). 

216.  tecto,  from  her  home  (the  rock);  abl.  of  separation. 

217.  radit,  skims :  notice  the  smooth,  rapid  movement  of  the  verse. 

Not  moving  her  swift  pinions,  skims  along 
The  liquid  way  with  outstretched  wings  at  rest. 

TASSO,  Jerusalem  Delivered,  xviii.  49. 

221.  brevibus  vadis,  shallow  reefs  (lit.  shoals];  the  adjective  really 
adds  nothing,  but  expresses  the  idea  from  another  point  of  view. 

222.  discentem  :  said  with  a  touch  of  humor. 

227.  clamor,  the  cheers  (from  shore). 

228.  studiis  :  cf.  v.  148,  note. 

229.  proprium,  their  deserved,  and  so  far  won  (partum).  —  hi,  Cloan- 
thus  and  his  men. 

230.  ni  teneant,  for  "are  indignant  at  the  disgrace  (which  will  be 
theirs)  if  they  do  not,"  etc.  (§  341,  c  ;  G.  601  ;  H.  511,  i). 

231.  hos,  Mnestheus  and  his  crew. 

234.  in  vota  :  i.e.  the  gods  are  summoned  to  be  witnesses  to  his  vows. 

235.  aequora  (cognate  ace.):  cf.  iii.  191,  v.  217,  862. 

237.  voti  reus,  bound  to  my  vow  (§  220,  a  ;  G.  374,  N.2  ;  H.  410,  iii,  N.2), 
i.e.  if  my  prayer  is  granted. 

238.  exta,  the  nobler  entrails,  heart,  liver,  etc. 

240.  chorus :  many  fanciful  sea-monsters  are  supposed  to  attend  the 
god. 

247.  in  naves,  for  each  ship  (cf.  in  dies)  that  had  shared  in  the  race. 
—  optare :  §  331,^;  G.  546,  N.8  ;  H.  533,  ii,  2  j  cf.  i.  66. 


348  Notes. 

248.  magnum  talentum :  a  talent  of  silver  was  heavier  than  a  talent 
of  gold. 

249.  addit,  gives  in  addition. 

250.  chlamydem :  see  Fig.,  p.  97  of  text. 

251.  Meliboea,  of  Melibcea,  a  town  near  the  mouth  of  the  Orontes, 
famous  for  the  murex.     Cf.  Par.  Lost,  xi.  240-244 : 

Over  his  lucid  arms 
A  military  vest  of  purple  flow'd 
Livelier  than  Meliboean,  or  the  grain 
Of  Sarra,  worn  by  kings  and  heroes  old 
In  time  of  truce. 

—  Maeandro  duplici,  a  double  meandering  pattern,  so  called  from  the 
winding  course  of  the  Maeander.     (See  Fig.  45.) 

252.  puer  regius,  Ganymede  (Ovid,  Met.  x.  155-160):  the  scene  is 
woven  in  the  fabric  of  the  chlamys.  — Ida,  loc.  abl. 

253.  iaculo,  i.e.  runs  them  down  in  the  chase,  pursuing  them  with  the 
javelin. 

255.  armiger,  i.e.  the  eagle,  often  represented  as  bearing  in  his  claws 
the  thunder-bolts  of  Jupiter  ;  cf.  Fig.  5,  p.  210. 

256.  tendunt,  i.e.  in  the  picture  woven  in  the  chlamys. 

257.  saevitque,  etc.,  and  the  wild  barking  of  dogs  fills  the  air. 

258.  custodes,  i.e.  the  old  slaves  (paedagogi)  who,  according  to  the 
practice   of  the  ancients,  would 

attend  a  youth  of  his  consequence.  Flg"  45- 

—  virtute,  in  excellence. 

259.  huic  :  §  201,  c  ;  G.  620  ; 
H.  572,  ii,  N.  —  ha  mis  auroque, 
hendiadys  ;  cf.  iii.  467. 

260.  loricam :  see  Fig.,  p.  83. 

261.  Ilio :  the  final  o  is  short- 
ened without  elision  before  alto. 

262.  habere,   to  keep :    a   Greek   construction    (exfiv)  =  habendam 
(§  273-  '  ;  G.  421,  N.1,  b;  H.  533,  ii).  —  decus,  etc.,  i.e.  honorable  and 
useful  at  the  same  time. 

263.  ferebant,  cmtld  bear,  though  we  may  use  the  same  idiom  (cf.  ii. 
407,  note).  —  at,  etc.,  i.e.  though  two  slaves  could  hardly  carry  it,  yet  it 
was  once  borne  by  a  hero  in  ordinary  use. 

265.  cursu,  inflight.  Notice  that  often  in  translating  it  is  necessary  to 
change  the  point  of  view.  Thus  here  cursu  refers  to  Demoleos  ;  but  in 
English  we  make  it  refer  to  the  Trojans,  although  the  other  point  of 
view  is  also  possible. 


V.  3o7.] 


The 


349 


272. 
273- 


agebat 
quails : 


Fig.  46- 


266.  dona:  §  239,  a;  G.  340;  H.  373.  —  lebetas :  see  v.  no,  note. 
269.   taenis  (=  taeniis),  headbands  of  ribbon,  usually  worn  by  athletes. 
(See  Fig.  46.) 

§325,*;  G.  581. 

see  tali,  v.  280.  —  aggere  viae,  roadway  (which  was 
heaped  up  like  an  earth-work). 

274.   aena  rota,  i.e.  of  a  chariot.  —  gravis  ictu  =  gravi 
ictu. 

276.    fugiens,  conative  (§  290,  a,  2  ;  cf.  G.  227,  N.2  ; 
H.  467,  6);  cf.  i.  385. 

279.   in  sua  membra,  i.e.  one  part  of  his  body  upon 
another. 

281.   tamen,  i.e.  though  disabled  in  her  oars. 

283.  servatam :  see  note  on  notum,  v.  6. 

284.  datur  :  notice  that  the  u  is  lengthened  or  at  least 
allowed  before  the  caesura  (§  359,  f;  G.  721;  H.  608. 
v).  —  Minervae :  she  was  the  goddess  of  all  household 
arts. 

285.  genus,  ace.  of  specification. 

286.  tendit  (sc.  iter). 

288.   theatri  circus,  the  circuit  of  a  theatre  (a  place 
of  exhibition,  0edo/a<n).     The  word  theatrum  designates 
the  place  for  the  spectators  on  the  hill-slopes  that  formed 
the  circus  or  race-course  in  the  valley  between.    The  theatres  and  circuses 
of  the  ancients  were  ordinarily  placed  in  similar  natural  valleys,  some- 
times with  masonry  to  complete  the  outline. 

289-290.  quo  S6,  etc.,  to  -which  with  many  thousands  the  hero  passed 
and  sat  down  on  a  raised  mound  in  the  midst  of  the  spectators.  —  exstructo 
is  best  taken  in  agreement  with  consessu  referring  to  the  raised  seats, 
in  the  middle  of  which  yEneas  took  the  place  of  honor. 

291.  velint,  informal  indir.  discourse  (§  341,  c;  G.  628;  H.  524). 
The  account  of  the  foot-race  is  elaborately  parodied  by  Pope,  Dunciad, 

ii.  35  ff- 

302.  fama  obscura,  unknown  fame,  i.e.  want  of  fame  leaving  them  in 
obscurity  (oxymoron  :  §  386  ;  G.  694  ;  H.  637,  xi,  6).  Cf.  Dryden,  An- 
nus  Mirabilis,  st.  176  : 

Thousands  were  there  in  darker  fame  that  dwell. 

305.  mihi,  dat.  of  agent. 

306.  bina :  cf.  i.  313.  — •  levato  :  notice  the  quantity. 

307.  ferre:  cf.  note  on  v.  262. 


3  SO  Notes. 

309.   flava,  referring  to  the  pallid  green  of  the  olive. 
311.   Amazoniam  :  the  Amazons,  as  well  as  the  Thracians,  were  said 
to  have  been  allies  of  the  Trojans. 

313.   tereti  gemma,  with  its  polished  jewel  (abl.  of  instrument). 

317.  nimbo  similes,  i.e.  in  a  confused  crowd.  —  ultima  signant,  they 
mark  the  goal  with  their  eye. 

318.  corpora,  suggesting  the  notion  of  flying  projectiles. 

319.  fulminis  alis:  the  thunderbolt  is  represented  on  coins,  and  in 
poetry,  as    "winged."      Cf.    Byron,    Childe   Harold:    "leaps    the   live 
thunder." 

323.    quo  sub  ipso,  at  his  very  heels. 

325.  supersint :    we  should  expect  the  imperfect  contrary  to  fact, 
but  the  present  makes  the  passage  more  lively  by  representing  the  con- 
dition as  still  possible  (cf.  i.  58,  note). 

326.  ambiguumque    relinquat,  and  would  leave  the  race  in  doubt. 
Heyne's  reading  -ve,  or,  would  give  a  more  natural  and  easier  interpreta- 
tion, or  would  leave  it  (at  least)  doubtful,  but  the  MSS.  are  against  it. 

328.  levi  sanguine,  in  the  slippery  blood.     In  the  Iliad,  it  is  Ajax 
Oileus  who  meets  this  mishap  (II.  xxiii.  774  ;  Bry.  953),  while  Ulysses 
runs  by  him. 

329.  ut  forte,  as,  by  chance,  i.e.  the  course  happened  to  lie  across  the 
spot  of  sacrifice.  —  ut  is  very  loosely  used  in  Latin  so  as  to  be  equivalent 
to  when  or  even  where  as  here. 

331.   presso,  as  he  strode  (more  lit.,  pressed  the  ground). 

334.  ille :  an  imitation  of  Homer's  common  8  ye ;  ille  here  empha- 
sizes the  distant  subject  (cf.  i.  3,  v.  457).  —  amorum,  of  his  friend. 
Similar  expressions  are  common  in  Latin  poetry  from  Catullus  down. 

336.    revolutus,  thrown  backward  \>y  the  shock. 

339.  nunc,  now  (Nisus  and  Salius  being  out  of  the  race).  —  palma, 
victor,  in  a  sort  of  apposition  with  Diores. 

340.  caveae,  properly,  the  concave  rows  of  seats  of  a  theatre ;  cf.  note 
v.  288.  —  prima,  in  front.  —  patrum  :  the  front  seats  were  by  Roman 
custom  reserved  for  persons  of  rank  and  distinction,  the  senate  occupying 
the  orchestra,  and  the  equites  the  first  fourteen  rows  of  the  seats. 

343.  favor  (the  word  regularly  used  of  enthusiasm  among  spectators 
of  a  play  ;  cf.  v.  148),  the  good-will  of  the  crowd. 

344.  veniens,  appearing.     Cf.  Par.  Lost,  iv.  844-6  : 

His  grave  rebuke, 

Severe  in  youthful  beauty,  added  grace 
Invincible. 

346.    subiit,  has  come  up  (in  another's  place);  venit  ad,  has  attained. 


V.  373-] 


The  ALneid. 


351 


347.  reddentur :  a  mixture  of  two  forms  of  condition;  viz.  "has,  if 
the  honors  are  to  be  awarded,"  and  "  would  have,  if  they  should  be 
awarded." 

movet  nemo  (conative  pres.),  no  one  is  going  to  disturb  ;  cf.  v.  276, 


349 
note. 

35° 
354 
355 


me,  i.e.  personally,  or  unofficially. 
lapsorum :  §  221,  b  ;  G.  377  ;  H.  409,  iii. 

merui,  earned  [and  should  have  had],  unless,  etc.   (§  308,  b; 
G.  597,  R.'2 ;  H.  511,  i). 

356.  quae,  as  (supply  tulit). 

357.  dictis,  abl.  with  simul  (§  261,  b;  G.  417,  12;  H.  437,  2). 

358.  Olli  (§  227,  c;  G.  346,  N.-;  H.  371,  iii,  N.1),  not  exactly  at  him, 
which  would  be  accusative,  but  in  his  face,  as  it  were. 

359.  artem,  the  skilful  work,  in  apposition  with  clipeum. 

360.  Danais,  dat.   with  poste  j    the  prose  constr.  would  be  genitive 
(see  iii.  305,  note  on  lacrimis).  —  refixum:  from  a  temple  of  Neptune 
belonging  to  the  Greeks,  either  by  Helenus  or  by  ^Eneas  himself  ;  cf. 
iii.  286. 

363.  virtus  animusque  praesens  (sc.  est),  manliness  and  ready  courage. 

364.  adsit:  §  306,  a  ;  G.  595  ;  H.  508,  4.  —  evinctis,  bound  with  the 

Fig-  47- 


cestus,  which  was  a  sort  of  gauntlet  (v.  405)  like  the  "brass  knuckles" 
of  modern  "  roughs."     (See  Fig.  47.) 

365.  pugnae,  genitive. 

366.  auro  vittisque,  i.e.  gilded  and  wreathed  horns,  as  was  usual  in 
such  cases. 

369.  virum,  gen.  plural. 

370.  Paridem :  Paris  had  great  fame  as  a  prize-fighter,  though  he  was 
an  indifferent  warrior  and  worse  patriot. 

373.   veniens :    cf.  delapsus,  ii.  377,  and  note.  —  Amyci,  a  famous 


352  Notes.  [ 

mythical  boxer  in   Asia   Minor,  defeated  and   slain  by   Pollux  in  the 
Argonautic  expedition. 

378.   alius,  i.e.  a  match. 

380.    palma,  the  contest. 

385.  ducere  .   .   .  iube,  bid  me  lead  off  my  prize. 

386.  promissa,  the  promised  prize.  —  reddi,  i.e.  given  him  as  his  due 
(re-). 

388.   consederat,  had  seated  himself,  i.e.  was  sitting. 

391.  nobis,  of  ours  (see  note  on  mihi,  v.  162).  —  magister,  teacher. 

392.  nequiquam,  i.e.  his  fame  is  now  vain  since  a  foreign  boaster 
carries  off  the  prize. 

393-  spolia,  i.e.  prizes  (probably  the  cestus  of  the  vanquished)  won  in 
former  contests  (called  spolia  because  stripped,  as  it  were,  from  his 
defeated  opponents). 

394.  gloria  =  ambition. 

395.  sed  enim,  but,  you  see. 

397.  improbus,  indecent  boaster.  Cf.  Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered, 
vii.  65  : 

Had  I  the  strength,  the  blood  of  youthful  prime, 
Ere  this  I  had  disproved  his  boastings  loud  ; 
But,  as  I  am,  thus  broken  down  by  time, 
My  courage  lias  not  yet  by  age  been  cowed. 

399.    baud  equidem,  not,  to  be  sure ;  the  real  conclusion  is  obscured  : 
"I  should  have  come,  though  not  pretio  inductus." 
.  403.    ferre  manum,  as  we  might  say,  bear  a  hand  in  fight.  —  intendere, 
etc.,  bind  his  arms  with  the  stubborn  hide. 

406.  longe,  shrinking,  i.e.  he  retreats  to  some  distance. 

407.  volumina,  the  thongs  of  hide. 

408.  versat,  i.e.  turns  over  as  they  lie  on  the  ground. 

410.  arma,  i.e.  the  caestus. 

411.  quid  si  vidisset,  sc.  quid  putasset ;  the  conclusion  is  designedly 
left  to  the  imagination,  as  often  also  in  English  ("what  if"). 

412.  germanus  :  see  note  on  v.  24. 

413.  sanguine,  etc.,  i.e.  of  those  he  had  killed  in  his  time. 

41 5.  aemula,  envious,  as  if  old  age  grudged  what  little  strength  might 
yet  remain. 

416.  sparsa  :  i.e.  the  gray  hairs  are  scattered  among  the  rest.  —  cane- 
bat,  from  caneo. 

418.  sedet,  suits ;  compare  our  common  expression,  "The  coat  sets 
well."  —  auctor,  strictly  a  voucher:  here,  one  who  confirms  the  view  by 
his  authority. 


V.  473-1  The  sEneid.  353 

421.  duplicem,  i.e.  the  abolla,  or  double-folded  garment,  worn  by  him 
on  account  of  his  age. 

423.    exuit  (sc.  vestibus),  bared ;  see  §  225,  d ;  G.  348  ;  H.  384,  2. 

425.  armis  :  see  note  to  v.  423. 

426.  digitos:  §  259,  £•;  G.  385,  N.a 

430.  ille  :  the  one,  Dares,  as  the  first-named,  and  so  farther  off  on  the 
page  (§  102,  a  and  b  ;  G.  307  ;  H.  450). 

432.    genua,  dissyllable  (§  347,  d,  R.  ;  G.  723). 

434.  ingeminant :  it  is  better  to  keep  the  same  subject,  though  vol- 
nera  might  also  be  the  subject. 

435.  sonitus,  i.e.  their  chests  ring  with  the  blows.  —  auris  :  what  case  ? 
See  the  quantity. 

436.  crebra,  many  times ;  cf.  creber,  ii.  731. 

437.  nisu,  position,  strictly  referring  to  the  bracing  of  the  feet. 

438.  corpore  modo,  by  the  movement  of  his  body  merely :  a  technical 
expression  ;  cf.  Cic.  Cat.  i.  6,  end.  —  tela :  for  case  see  §  237,  d. 

439.  molibus,  siege-works. 
443.   ostendit,  put  forth. 

445.  elapsus,  leaping  aside.  —  cessit,  dodged. 

446.  effudit,  spent.  —  ultro,  untouched,  i.e.  without  any  blow  from  the 
other. 

448.  quondam,  sometimes  ;  cf.  ii.  367  and  416. 

449.  radicibus  (abl.  of  separation) ;  we  say  by  the  roots. 

450.  studiis  :  cf.  note  v.  343. 

451.  caelo:  §  258,  2,  N.1 ;  G.  358,  N.2  ;  H.  385,  4. 

453.  casu,  by  his  fall. 

454.  ira,  abl. 

455.  turn,  now  (emphatic).     Cf.  Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered,  vii.  75: 

Shame  he  cannot  endure  : 
As  valor  when  incensed  is  fiercer  still 
And  keener  grows  under  the  whet  of  wrath. 

457.  ille :  see  note  on  v.  334. 

458.  quam  multa  :  the  proper  correlative  is  supplied  by  the  expres- 
sion, sic  densis. 

460.  creber,  again  and  again  (cf.  v.  436).  —  versat,  drives  this  way 
and  that. 

462.   animis :  cf.  animos,  i.  57. 

466.  vires  alias,  a  strength  not  his  own,  i.e.  some  god's,  alluding  to 
the  sudden  change  of  the  contest  in  v.  455. 

473.   superans  animis,  with  towering  pride ;  —  tauro,  abl.  of  cause. 


354  Notes.  [ 

479.  The  feat  here  described  was  performed,  it  is  said,  by  Caesar 
Borgia. 

480.  effracto  cerebro,  dashing  out  its  brains. 

481.  sternitur  .  .  .  bos:  the  metre  of  this  celebrated  verse  has  been 
equally  blamed  and  admired  by  critics.     The  effect  is  probably  acci- 
dental. 

483.  pro  morte  Daretis :  a  substitute,  such  as  is  found  in  many  early 
religions,  for  human  sacrifices,  —  puppets,  some  lower  animal,  or  a  sym- 
bolized act  of  sacrifice.  —  meliorem :  spoken  with  some  contempt  of 
his  antagonist,  as  well  as  because  the  substitute  is  more  acceptable  to 
the  gods. 

487.  ingenti  manu,  with   mighty  hand,   as   of   heroic   stature   and 
strength.  —  Seresti :  possibly  the  same  with  Sergestus,  whose  damaged 
ship  might  well  furnish  the  mast  and  rigging  necessary. 

488.  traiecto  in  fune,  fastened  by  a  cord  passed  over  or  through  the 
mast  and  tied  to  the  bird's  foot  (cf.  v.  511);  see  §  239,  b,  R. 

489.  quo  tendant  ferrum,  rel.  clause  of  purpose. 

490.  sortem:  cf.  Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered,  v.  73: 

Each  warrior's  name  is  written  ;  then  an  urn 
Receives  them  ;  shaken  next,  the  lots  are  drawn  : 
And  first  came  forth  Artemidoro's  name. 

491.  clamore  secundo,  -with  shouts  of  applause. 

494.  oliva :  perhaps  an  oversight,  as  Cloanthus  (v.  246)  is  wreathed 
with  laurel.  Olive,  palm,  and  laurel  make  the  regular  prize  of  victory. 

496.  confundere  foedus :  at  the  bidding  of  Athene  (II.  iv.  104  ; 
Bry.  115). 

499.    et  ipse,  even  he  too. 

501.  quisque,  in  appos.  with  viri;  see  §  202,  d\  G.  318,  3,  cf.  211, 
R.1,  a  ;  H.  461,  3. 

505.  timuit  pennis,  i.e.  showed  its  fright  by  its  fluttering. 

506.  plausu,  applause  of  the  spectators. 

508.  alta  petens,  aiming  high,  because  the  other  had  aimed  too  low. 

509.  miserandus,  unlucky. 

511.  quis  =  quibus. 

512.  notos,  to  the  winds,  depending  on  in. 

514.  fratrem,  Pandarus,  regarded  as  a  sort  of  patron  saint  of  archery. 
—  in  vota  VOCavit,  called  on  in  his  prayers,  lit.,  called  to  [hear]  his  vows. 

517.  astris  aetheriis  :  according  to  a  common  view  the  soul  was  com- 
posed of  fiery  aether,  from  which  also  the  stars  were  fed  (cf.  i.  608  and 
note,  vi.  730-2).  Hence  the  bird  left  its  life  in  the  natural  home  of 
spirit 


V.  560.]  The  ALneid.  355 

520.  tamen,  i.e.  though  he  had  lost  the  prize. 

521.  arcum,  i.e.  its  power. 

523.  augurio,  abl.  of  quality.  —  exitus  ingens,  the  dread  resttlt,  some- 
times understood  of  the  burning  of  the  ships.     The  prodigy,  however, 
is  probably  a  part  of  the  old  legend,  and  refers  to  later  events  in  Sicily, 
perhaps  her  wars  with  Rome  (sera  omina). 

524.  terrific!,  from  their  alarming  words.  —  cecinerunt,  interpreted, 
i.e.  after  the  fulfilment. 

528.  crinem  :  cf.  ii.  694. 

529.  haesere,  were  transfixed.     The  men  were  amazed,  but  the  lead- 
ers at  once  interpreted  the  omen  for  good,  and  so  removed  any  ill  effects 
in  their  followers'  minds. 

535.    ipsius,  a  gift,  as  it  were,  bestowed  by  Anchises  himself. 

537.  in  magno  munere,  as  a  great  gift,  lit.,  in  the  place  of;  cf.  the 
similar  use  of  pro. 

538.  ferre :  cf.  v.  248. 

541.  Eurytion,  who,  we  are  to  suppose,  takes  the  second  prize. 

542.  quamvis  deiecit:  §  313,  g;  G.  606,  N.1 ;  H.  515,  N.3 

543.  donis,  abl.  of  specification  with  proximus. 

545.  nondum  .  .  .  misso  :  before  the  archery-match  was  over,  y£neas 
had  given  his  directions  for  the  show  that  was  to  follow,  so  that  there 
might  be  no  delay.  A  similar  surprise  for  the  spectators  was  frequent 
in  the  games  at  Rome ;  and  the  introduction  of  it  is  here  a  special  com- 
pliment to  Augustus,  who  had  revived  this  very  Troiae  lusus. 

547.  Epytiden :  he  seems  to  have  acted  the  part  of  a  paedagogus,  a 
guardian  who  constantly  attended  youths  of  any  distinction. 

550.   avo,  in  honor  of  his  grandsire  (dat.  of  reference). 

552.  infusum :  the  multitude  had  poured  in  to  watch  the  last  sports, 
which  did  not  require  much  space. 

553.  pariter,  well-matched. 

554.  quos,  obj.  of  mirata. 

555.  iuventus,  i.e.  the  older  youths  ;  all  able-bodied  men  fit  for  active 
service  were  iuvenes  up  to  forty  years  of  age. 

556.  tonsa  corona,  with  wreath  close-trimmed,  probably  confining  the 
hair  below  the  helmet  (compare  fusos  crines,  x.  137).     It  has  also  been 
explained  of    the   "  circular  tonsure,"  the  hair  cut   round,   in  boyish 
fashion. 

557.  bina,  the  regular  number  (cf.  i.  313). 

558.  levis :  cf.  levia,  v.  91,  levi,  v.  328.  —  pectore,  abl.  of  separation. 
560.   turmae  :  cf.  Par.  Regained,  iv.  66  :  "  turms  of  horse."  —  terni  = 

tres  (§  95,  d;  G.  97,  N.1 ;  H.  174,  2 ;  cf .  v.  85). 


356  Notes.  [ 

565.  auctura  Italos  :    a  town  called  Politorium  was  fabled  to  have 
been  colonized  by  Polites. 

566.  vestigia  .  .  .  ostentans,  i.e.  white  on  the  front  (primi)  of  his 
legs  and  on  his  forehead. 

572.    esse:  cf.  w.  262  (note),  307. 

575.   excipiunt,  referring  back  to  v.  555. 

578.  lustravere,  had  saluted   (by  parading   in  front  of   the   whole 
assembly). 

579.  flagello,  abl.  of  instrument,    where    the   English  idiom  would 
suggest  the  accusative. 

580.  discurrere :  notice  the  long  penult.  —  pares,  in  equal  numbers. 
—  terni,  the  three  parties.  —  agmina  solvere,  broke  up  into  bands. 

581.  diductis  choris,  separating  the  divisions.  —  vocati,  i.e.  at  another 
signal. 

582.  convertere  vias,  they  wheeled.  —  infesta,  i.e.  they  charged  upon 
each  other  as  in  a  sham  fight. 

583.  alios  ineunt  cursus,  i.e.  they  rode  apart  again. 

584.  adversi  spatiis,   in  the  opposite  directions  to  those  they  had 
taken  before ;  or  possibly,  on  opposite  sides  of  the  arena.  —  alternos 
orbibus,   etc.,   i.e.   in   circles,   the  different   squads   alternately  inside 
and  out. 

587.   pariter,  in  even  line,  i.e.  together  as  one  force. 
589.   parietibus  caecis,  -with  blind  walls,  i.e.  without  doors  or  win- 
dows to  serve  as  guide. 

591 .   inremeabilis  error,  the  deceptive  course  that  cannot  be  retraced. 

593.  texunt,  they  form  in  their  winding  course  ;  the  whole  seems  like 
a  richly-woven  web. 

594.  delphinum  similes :  the  play  of  dolphins,  in  its  life  and  bril- 
liancy, relieves  the  architectural  stiffness  of  the  last  comparison. 

596.   cursus,  genitive. 

600.  porro,  in  succession. 

60 1.  patrium  honorem,  its  ancestral  observance. 

602.  Troia,  Troianum :  see  note,  v.  545.  —  dicitur :  for  number  see 
§  205,  d;  G.  285,  exc.  i  ;  H.  463,  i. 

603.  patri,  i.e.  Anchises  ;  cf.  note  on  avo,  v.  550,  for  construction. 

607.  ventos  adspirat :  cf.  iv.  223. 

608.  multa  movens,  with  many  designs. 
616.   superesse:  see  note  on  desistere,  i.  37. 

618.  ergo,  thus,  prepared  as  they  are  already. —  baud  ignara  no- 
cendi  =  skilled  in  mischief  (§  209,  c  •  G.  700;  H.  637,  viii). 

619.  reponit :  cf.  repono,  v.  484. 


V.  671.]  The  AZneid.  357 

621.  cui  .  .  .  fuissent  (§  320,  e  ;  G.  633  ;  H.  517),  as  one  who  once 
had  had  a  family,  and  name,  and  children  :  a  woman  of  dignity  and  of 
influence  amongst  the  rest,  and  hence  a  suitable  person  for  her  scheme. 

624.   traxerit :  see  note  to  fuissent,  v.  621. 

627.  cum  ferimur,  while  -we  are  still  borne  on  ;  cf.  iii.  647. 

628.  sidera  emensae,  etc. :  the  stars  are  put  for  the  dangers  of  the 
sky,  —  the  rocks  for  those  of  the  deep. 

630.  fraterni :  cf.  v.  24. 

631.  dare  urbem:  they  are  now  a  people  without  a  city,  —  a  violent 
contradiction  of  terms  to  ancient  notions. 

635.   infaustas  puppes,  those  ill-omened  httlks. 

638.  agi:  §  270,  b,  cf.  §  298,  N.  ;  G.  428,  N.-';  H.  533,  N.3 

639.  tantis  prodigiis  (dat.  of  possession) :  such  prodigies  admit  no 
delay.  —  quattuor  arae :  erected  perhaps  to  offer  sacrifice  for  a  pros- 
perous voyage  ;  perhaps  by  the  four  ships'  crews,  or  by  Cloanthus,  ac- 
cording to  his  vow  (v.  237). 

640.  deus,  etc.,  i.e.  his  altars  supply  the  means,  and  the  dangers  he 
threatens  (those  of  the  sea)  the  desire  (animum). 

642.    sublata  procul  dextra,  lifting  high  her  hand ;  cf.  v.  775. 

646.   vobis,  ethical  dat.  (see  note  on  v.  162). 

651.   quod  careret :  §  341,  d ;  G.  541 ;  H.  516,  ii. 

655.  ambiguae,  etc.,  gazed  on  the  ships,  vacillating  between  their  un- 
happy clinging  to  the  shore  at  hand  and  the  kingdoms  which  summoned 
them  by  the  fates. 

658.  secuit,  cut  her  path  through  the  air,  as  a  ship  through  the  water : 
the  rainbow  is  her  wake  ;  cf.  iv.  257,  700-1. 

659.  monstris  :  the  bow  suddenly  appearing,  and  the  departure  of 
Iris,  show  the  divine  nature  of  the  phenomenon. 

660.  focis  penetralibus,  probably  their  household  fires  in  the  interior 
of  their  huts  or  tents. 

661.  frondem,  the  branches  with  which  the  altars  were  decorated. 

663.  pictas :   Homer  describes  ships  as  "  scarlet-prowed."     Figures 
of  gods,  etc.,  were  also  painted  on  the  sterns.  —  abiete  (trisyllable),  abl. 
of  material. 

664.  cuneos  :  the  divisions  of  the  seats  of  the  theatres,  so  called  from 
their  shape.     (See  Fig.  4,  p.  207.) 

666.  respiciunt,  looking  round  behold. — in  nimbo,  in  the  cloud  of  smoke. 

668.  sic,  just  as  he  was. 

669.  castra,  the  encampment  (of  huts,  etc.)  near  the  ships. 

671.  cives,  my  countrywomen,  a  name  reminding  them  at  once  of 
their  allegiance  and  their  hopes. 


358  Notes.  [ 

677.  sicubi  .  .  .  saxa,  i.e.  whatever  hollow  rocks  (if  there  are  any 
anywhere)  may  chance  to  be  thereabout. 

679.    mutatae,  coming  to  themselves. 

683.  est  (from  edo,  cf.  iv.  66)  vapor,  the  fire  consumes  slowly  (lentus). 
—  toto  .  .  .  pestis,  the  destruction  sinks  into  the  entire  frame. 

685.  abscindere,  hist.  inf. 

687.  exosus,  sc.  es,  but  cf.  i.  237. 

688.  pietas  antiqua,  thy  ancient  regard ;  compare  ii.  536. 

691.  vel  tu,  etc.,  i.e.  either  let  the  fleet  escape  the  flames,  and  thus 
rescue  what  little  remains  (res  tenues)  to  the  Trojans,  or  —  the  only 
thing  left  to  do  in  case  you  refuse  —  destroy  it  all  suddenly.  For  quod 
superest,  cf.  v.  796. 

696.  turbidus    imber   aqua,   a  wild  drenching  storm  thick  with  the 
black  south  winds,     turbidus  aqua  expresses  the  wildness  of  the  storm 
and  the  drenching  of  the  rain  ;  the  south  winds  are  black  because  they 
bring   such  weather  as  this  —  thick  and  dark ;    and    the  epithets,   as 
often  in  poetry,  are  intentionally  confused  in  their  application.    Cf.  atros 
Aquilone,  inhorruit  tenebris  (w.  2,  n). 

697.  super,  from  above.  —  semiusta,  three  syllables. 

702.  -ne  .  .  .  -ne :  see  i.  308,  v.  95.  —  resideret :  the  dir.  quest,  would 
be  residam  (deliberative). 

704.  Nautes,  said  to  have  been  the  priest  of  Pallas  in  Troy,  and  the 
preserver  of  the  Palladium,  which  passed  to  his  descendants,  the  Nautii, 
at  Rome. 

706.  haec,  i.e.  the  words  of  Nautes  below.  —  responsa,  so  called  be- 
cause his  words  are  inspired  and  oracular.  —  portenderet,  ind.  question. 

710.  superanda,  etc.:  cf.  Par.  Lost,  xi.  374,  375;  "Arming  to  over- 
come by  suffering." 

712.  volentem,  a  willing  adviser. 

713.  superant ,  etc.,  remain  over  from  the  lost  ships,  after  the  serviceable 
ones  are  filled.  —  quos  pertaesum  est,  etc. :  see  note  on  iv.  18. 

717.  habeant  sine:  cf.  v.  163  and  note. 

718.  Acestam  (see  note,  v.  38):    here  Virgil  follows  the  tradition. 
Cicero  (Verr.  v.  33)  says  :  "  Segesta  is  a  very  old  town  in  Sicily,  which 
is  shown  to  have  been  founded  by  v^neas  when  he  fled  from  Troy,  and 
came  into  these  parts.     The  people  of  Segesta,  accordingly,  consider 
themselves  to  be  bound  to  the  Roman  people,  not  only  by  constant  alliance 
and  friendship,  but  also  by  ties  of  blood  (cognatione)."  —  permisso  no- 
mine (abl.  abs.)  =  by  his  permission,  which  is  thus  courteously  asked. 

720.  diducitur,  is  distracted  by  (lit.  drawn  apart  into),  unwilling  thus 
to  divide  his  band  and  yet  seeing  the  advantages  of  the  course  suggested 
by  Nautes. 


V.  75°.] 


The 


359 


Fig.  48. 


721.  et  =  and  while  he  ponders  thus. 

722.  facies,  etc.  :  not  really  the  ghost  of  Anchises  (who,  when  met 
in  the  lower  world,  seems  not  to  know  of  these  occurrences,  see  vi.  694, 
and  note),  but  a  vision  sent  from  heaven  and  taking  his  shape.     Cf.  the 
human  shape  assumed  by  Iris  (v.  620)  and  by  Venus  (i.  315).  —  delapsa, 
gliding  down  (from  Heaven,  not  up  from  the  world  below). 

727.    tandem  —  in  your  extremity. 
730.   gens  dura  :  cf.  ix.  603-613. 
732.   Averna,  used  in  a  general 
way  of  the  lower  world  ;  see  vii.  91. 
736.  multo  sanguine:  see  vi.  243. 

738.  iamque   vale :    the  vision 
speaks    as    a    ghost    might   have 
spoken  ;  such  spirits  were  thought 
to  vanish  at  the  approach  of  dawn. 
Cf.  Hamlet,  i.  5.  58  ff. : 

But  soft  I  methinks  I  scent  the  morning  air: 
Brief  let  me  be. 

.  .  .  Fare  thee  well  at  once: 
The  glow-worm  shows  the  matin  to  be  near, 
And  gins  to  pale  his  uneffectual  fire. 

(Cf.  i.  i.  147-156). 

739.  Oriens  =  Aurora. 

743.  cinerem,  i.e.  of  his  own  hearth  :  the  sacrifice  of  wheat  and  incense 

is  made  to  his  own  household 
deities.  —  acerra,  the  box  for 
holding  incense.  (See  Fig. 
48  ;  from  an  ancient  wall- 
painting.) 

744.  Larem,  the  household 
divinity  ;  more  commonly  in 
the  plural  Lares.  Fig.  49 
(from  an  ancient  relief) 
shows  them  in  the  attitude 
in  which  they  were  usually 
represented  (the  trees  are  the 
olives  before  the  house  of 
Augustus).  —  canae:  see  i. 
292,  and  note. 

748.   constet,  is  fixed. 

7  50.  transcribunt,  they  reg- 


Fig  49- 


360  Notes.  [ 

istfr,  i.e.  for  the  new  city:   the  regular  word  for  registering  colonists  is 
adscribo.  —  volentem,  who  -wished it  (§  292 ;  G.  438  ;  H.  549,  4). 
751.  laudis:  §  223  ;  G.  405,  N.2  ;  H.  410,  v,  i. 

754.  bello,  abl.  of  specification. 

755.  aratro:  see  note  i.  425. 

756.  Ilium,  Troiam :  these  names  here  seem  to  be  given  to  different 
quarters  of  the  city. 

758.  indicit  forum,  proclaims  a  court,  i.e.  establishes  courts  of  justice. 
—  patribus  .  .  .  vocatis  (abl.  absolute) :  the  senate  (patres)  are  con- 
ceived as  his  council.  —  iura,  here  apparently  equivalent  to  leges. 

761.  sacer,  held  in  reverence. 

762.  novem,  the  usual  time  for  funeral  rites;  see  v.  64,  and  note. 

763.  straverunt :  see  i.  66,  and  note. 

766.  morantur,  etc.,  they  prolong  the  night  and  day. 

767.  ipsi:  see  ^.716, 

775.  procul :  cf.  v.  642.  —  pateram  tenet,  i.e.  makes  a  libation.   (See 
Fig.  49.) 

776.  porricit:  cf.  v.  238,  and  note. 

784.  infracta,  subdued.    Notice  that  the  prefix  in-  has  two  meanings: 
one  negative   (in   which   it   is   compounded  with   the  participle)  and 
the  other  intensive,   and   the   like    (when  it  is  compounded  with   the 
verb). 

785.  media,   etc.,  exedisse :   to  have  eaten  the  city  of  the  Phrygians 
out  of  the  vitals  of  the  race  (eviscerating  the  nation,  as  it  were,  or,  as  we 
should  say,  destroying  it  root  and  branch).     For  the  expression,  cf.  II. 
iv.  35  5  Bry.  43. 

786.  traxe  (=traxisse):  §  128,  b;  G.  131,  4,  b,  4  ;  H.  235,  3. 

787.  reliquias,  etc.,  observe  the  emphasis  :  the  relics,  the  very  ashes 
and  bones  of  murdered  Troy. 

788.  sciat  ilia,  let  HER  tell  (for  I  cannot  see  any  reason  for  such 
malignity). 

790.  caelo,  i.e.  has  raised  the  waves  to  the  stars,  according  to  the 
common  hyperbole  (see  i.  103,  note). 

795.  terrae,  a  forced  use  of  the  dat.  of  indir.  obj.  ;  in  prose,  in  terra. 

796.  quod  superest:  Juno  has  done  us  many  injuries.     These  are 
irrevocable,  —  what's  done  is  done  and  as  to  that  we  cannot  pray  for 
relief :  there  remains  only  this  (quod  superest)  that  you  can  do  for  us, 
and  for  this,  then,  we  pray.     Accordingly,  render  :   This  and  this  only  I 
ask.  —  liceat  tibi  (hortatory),  allow  yourself  (almost  =  deign}. 

800.  fidere :  see  note  on  v.  638.  —  regnis,  dat.  or  abl.  (§  227,  c,  N.; 
G.  346,  R.2,  and  N.2  ;  H.  385,  ii,  and  N.2). 


V.829-]  The  ^Eneid.  361 

801.  genus  :  Venus  was  born  from  the.  sea.  —  merui,  I  have  deserved 
it,  too.  —  furores,  etc.,  the  madness  of  the  waves. 

802.  compress!,  i.e.  in  ^neas's  behalf. 

803.  Xanthum,  Simoenta  :  see  II.  xxi.  218;  Bry.  269.     The  rescue 
of  ./Eneas  from  Achilles  took  place  before  the  struggle  with  the  waters, 
while  here  the  two  are  confounded  ;  but  doubtless  Virgil  follows  another 
tradition.     Compare  the  whole  description  with  the  splendid  narrative 
in  Homer  (Bry.  xx.  399). 

809.  congressum,  etc.,  encountering  the  son  of  Pelens,  -with  the  gods  un- 
fair (not  impartial,  and  therefore  unfavorable)  and  strength  ill-matched 
(zeugma  ;  cf.  note  on  i.  356). 

8  1  o.   cum  cuperem  (concessive)  :  alluding  to  the  treachery  of  Laomedon. 

814.  unus,  i.e.  Palinurus  ;  see  v.  859. 

815.  pro  multis  :  cf.  ii.  116-119,  v.  483. 

816.  laeta  :  cf.  note  on  sterilis,  iii.  141. 

817.  auro,  i.e.  the  golden  harness. 

818.  effundit,  a  regular  word  for  letting  loose  the  reins. 

820.  tonanti,  perhaps  a  general  epithet  of  a  chariot-wheel  ;  or  it  may 
refer  to  the  roaring  of  the  waters  below. 

821.  sternitur,  etc.  :  cf.  Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered,  xv.  19: 

Scarce  had  the  \vondrous  bark  attained  the  deep, 
Then  turbid  and  enraged,  when  lo  !  the  clouds 
Were  scattered,  raging  Notus  fell  asleep, 
And  gentle  winds,  soft  breathing  through  the  shrouds, 
Levelled  the  mountainous  billows. 


822.  cete,  a  Greek  plural  (KI^TTJ),  used  for  monsters  of  the  deep  in 
general. 

823.  chorus,  band  of  sea-deities.  —  Glauci,  a  sea-divinity,  said  to  be 
completely  overgrown  with  "shellfish,  seaweed,  and  stones."  —  Inous 
Palaemon  :  of  the  transformation  of  Melicerta,  and  his  mother  Ino,  into 
sea-deities,  see  Ovid,  Met.,  iv.  426-542.  —  On  w.  823,  824,  cf.  Spenser, 
Faery  Queen,  iv.  11.  13  : 

Phorcys,  the  father  of  that  fatall  brood, 
By  whom  those  old  Heroes  wonne  such  fame  ; 
And  Glaucus,  that  wise  soothsayes  understood  ; 
And  tragicke  Inoes  sonne,  the  which  became 
A  god  of  seas  through  his  mad  mother's  blame, 
Now  hight  Palsemon,  and  is  saylers'  frend. 

827.    blanda  gaudia,  flattering  delights.  —  vicissim,  in  their  turn. 
829.   intend!,  etc.  :  cf.  v.  403. 


362 


Notes. 


FIG.  50. 


830.    fecere  pedem,  made  a  tack:  a  technical  expression.     The  pes  is 
the  lower  corner  of  the  sail  which  is  drawn  in  or  out  in  the  tacking. 

831.  torquent,   detorquent,    of    the    dif- 
ferent tacks. 

832.  cornua,  spars. —  sua  flamina,  favor- 
ing gales  (§  197,  b;   G.  312,  R.1;  H.  449,  2). 

835.  metam:  see  note  on  iii.  429. 

837.  sub  remis,  every  man  close  to  his 
oar.  —  fusi  per,  etc. :  cf.  fusi  per  herbam, 
i.  214. 

838.  aetheriis,    i.e.   of   the    upper,    fiery 
heaven. 

840.  tristia,  fatal ;  insonti,  as  it  was 
against  his  will. 

842.    Phorbanti,  one  of  the  companions. 

845.  furare,  steal  away  (like  "stealing  a 
nap  ").  —  labori,  a  poetical  extension  of  the 
dat.  of  separation  (§  229,  cf.  c  ;  G.  345,  R.1 ; 
H.  385,  2). 

847.    Cf.  Pope,  Dunciad,  iv.  614  : 

Even  Palinurus  nodded  at  the  helm. 


849.   monstro  (dat.,  see  note  on  v.  800), 
i.e.  the  terrible  deep. 
850.   credam,  deliberative  subjunctive. 

852.  dabat,  amittebat,  tenebat :  observe  the  force  of  these  imperfects. 
Palinurus  speaks  without  once  losing  his  grasp  of  the  helm,  or  letting 
his  eyes  wander  from  the  stars. 

854.  Lethaeo,  the  river  of  the  world  below  that  gave  forgetfulness 
(see  vi.  714).  —  With  854-856  cf.  Denham,  Song ; 

Come,  I  say,  thou  powerful  god, 
And  thy  leaden  charming-rod, 
Dipped  in  the  Lethaean  lake, 
O'er  his  wakeful  temples  shake. 

So  Spenser  speaks  of  "sweet  slumbering  dew"  (Faery  Queen,  i.  I.  36), 
Shakspere  of  "the  honey-heavy  dew  of  slumber"  (_/«/.  Caes.,  ii.  230), 
Milton  of  "the  dewy-feather'd  sleep"  (//  Penseroso,  v.  146)  and  of  "the 
timely  dew  of  sleep"  (Par.  Lost,  iv.  614). 

856.   solvit,  relaxes,  in  contrast  to  tenebat,  above. 

859.  cum  gubernaclo  :  cf.  vi.  349. 

862.   iter :  see  v.  217. 


V.86;.]  The  ALneid.  363 

864.  Sirenum:    see  Figs.  31   (p.  288),  50.     See  Spenser's  beautiful 
stanzas,  Faery  Queen,  ii.  12.  30-38. 

865.  quondam :  after  they  were  foiled  by  the  craft  of  Ulysses  (Od. 
xii.  178-200),  the  Sirens  are  said  to  have  cast  themselves  into  the  sea 
and  perished. 

866.  turn,  etc. :  i.e.  the  song  of  the  Sirens  is  now  replaced  by  the  roar 
of  the  surf. 

867.  fluitantem,  drifting  at  random  :  tineas  is  roused  by  the  irregular 
movement  and  the  chafing  surge  against  the  cliff. 


BOOK  VI. 

The  main  action  of  this  book,  the  visit  to  the  world  of  Shades,  is 
expanded  from  the  narratives  of  Ulysses  in  the  eleventh  book  of  the 
Odyssey.  But  there  are  striking  differences  in  the  main  conception. 
Ulysses,-  in  a  region  vaguely  indicated  as  at  the  ends  of  the  earth,  beyond 
the  Ocean  stream,  simply  offers  sacrifice  and  digs  a  trench  about  which 
the  ghosts  crowd  eager  for  the  victims'  blood,  and  so  hold  converse 
with  him.  In  Virgil  the  locality  is  no  longer  vague.  The  shades  inhabit 
a  vast  underground  realm  of  which  the  entrance  is  marked  by  the  sulphur 
springs  and  caverns  near  the  bay  of  Naples.  This  under-world  has  well- 
defined  regions  of  the  tormented  and  the  blessed,  according  to  the  more 
developed  though  philosophic  and  skeptic  opinion  of  the  Augustan  age. 
The  whole  does  not  represent  a  consistent  general  conception  of  the 
under-world,  but  seems  to  be  made  up  of  ideas  drawn  from  many  quarters. 
The  passage  from  v.  637  on  bears  marks  of  a  conception  of  the  under- 
world drawn  from  the  Mysteries,  and  Virgil,  like  many  educated  Romans, 
had  probably  been  initiated  into  the  Mysteries  of  Eleusis.  Much  of 
the  philosophy  is  Platonism  or  Stoic  pantheism  ;  and  the  theory  of  the 
vision  appears  to  include  the  Pythagorean  doctrine  of  metempsychosis. 
Cf.  Ovid,  Met.,  xv.  1-487. 

In  imitation  of  Virgil  the  episode  of  a  visit  to  the  under-world  has  been 
a  favorite  device  of  modern  poetry,  and,  in  such  cases,  many  features  of 
Virgil's  description  have  usually  been  borrowed.  The  most  famous 
modern  instance  is  Dante's  Inferno,  in  which  Virgil  himself  is  brought 
in  as  the  poet's  guide  through  Hell.  For  examples  from  English  litera- 
ture see  Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  i.  5.  31-44  (Descent  of  Night  and  Duessa), 
ii.  7.  20-66  (Cave  of  Mammon),  Pope,  Dunciad.  iii.  13  ff.  One  of  the 
most  remarkable  English  imitations  of  the  descent  to  Hades  is  Thomas 
Sackville's  Induction  ( 1 563)  to  The  Mirror  for  Magistrates.  The  plan  of 


364  Notes,  [ 

the  Mirror  is  to  introduce  one  after  another  the  ghosts  of  unfortunate 
"princes  and  magistrates"  who  shall  in  person  give  an  account  of  their 
crimes  or  misfortunes.  The  Induction  represents  the  author  as  conducted 
to  Hades  by  the  goddess  Sorrow,  as  ^Eneas  by  the  priestess.  The  ghosts 
swarm  about  them,  and  Henry,  Duke  of  Buckingham,  begins  the  series 
of  tragic  tales. 

1-2.   These  lines,  in  some  editions,  are  added  to  Book  V. 

2.  Cumarum :  Cumas  was  the  oldest  Greek  settlement  in  Italy.     It 
was  situated  on  the  coast,  a  few  miles  west  of  Naples,  where  its  remains 
are  still  to  be  seen.    In  its  foundation  Chalcis  of  Eubcea  was  united  with 
Cyme   in    Asia   Minor,  —  hence   the  name  Gums  :   the  assigned  date 
is  B.C.   1050 ;    compare    with    the    succeeding   description    that   in   iii. 
441-460. 

3.  obvertunt  proras :  contrary  to  our  custom,  the  vessels  were  brought 
up  to  land  stern  on  ;  hence  praetexunt,  of  the  line  of  sterns  along  the 
shore. 

4.  litora:  §  228,  a;  G.  331. 

6.  semina :  i.e.  as  the  fire  is  struck  with  flint  and  steel,  the  elements 
of  fire  seem  to  be  in  the  flint. 

8.  rapit,    scour   for   fuel    or  game.  —  inventa,   etc.,  find  and  show 
(§  292,  R.  ;  G.  664,  R.1 ;  H.  549,  5). 

9.  arces,  i.e.  the  temple  of  Apollo  is  on  a  hill,  its  secret  shrine  (ady- 
tum) being  the  cave  of  the  Sibyl. 

10.  horrendae :  she  is  an  object  of  awe  as  being  inspired  by  Apollo. 
—  procul,  at  a  distance :  not  very  far,  but  merely  out  of  the  way.  — 
Sibyllae,  see  Gayley,  Classic  Myths,  p.  486 ;  cf.  Eel.  iv.  4. 

12.  Delius  :    Apollo  is  often  so  called  from  his  favorite  abode  at 
Delos. 

13.  Triviae,  an  epithet  of  Diana  in   her   threefold  form  (iv.    511, 
609). 

14.  Daedalus  :  his  escape  by  flying  is  told  by  Ovid,  Met.,  viii.  183-259; 
see  Gayley,  Classic  Myths,  pp.  255-7. 

20.  Androgei :  Androgeos,  son  of  Minos,  on  account  of  the  envy  of 
the  Athenians,  was  sent  by  yEgeus  to  encounter  the  Marathonian  bull 
by  which  he  was  slain.  His  death  was  avenged,  and  the  Athenians  were 
compelled  to  send  yearly  seven  boys  and  seven  girls  to  be  devoured  by 
the  Minotaur.  (See  Gayley,  Classic  Myths,  pp.  260-265,  where  there  is  a 
translation  of  part  of  Catullus,  Ixiv,  giving  an  account  of  the  victory  of 
Theseus  over  the  Minotaur.)  The  sculptures  on  the  temple  gates  rep- 
resent first  two  scenes  at  Athens:  (i)  the  death  of  Androgeos  and  (2) 


VI.  35-]  The  jEneid.  365 

the  drawing  of  lots  to  determine  the  victims  to  be  sent  to  Crete  ;  then 
two  scenes  in  Crete  :  (3)  Pasiphae,  (4)  the  Labyrinth,  with  Theseus  and 
Ariadne.  Cf.  Spenser's  description  of  the  gate  of  the  Bower  of  Bliss 
(Faery  Queen,  ii.  12.  44): 

Yt  framed  was  of  precious  yvory, 

That  seemd  a  worke  of  admirable  witt ; 

And  therein  all  the  famous  history 

Of  Jason  and  Medea  was  ywritt ; 

Her  mighty  charmes,  her  furious  loving  fitt ; 

His  goodly  conquest  of  the  golden  fleece, 

His  falsed  fayth,  and  love  too  lightly  flitt  ; 

The  wondred  Argo,  which  in  venturous  peece 

First  through  the  Euxine  seas  bare  all  the  flowr  of  Greece. 

See  also  JEn.  i.  456,  and  note. 

21.  Cecropidae  :  Cecrops  was  the  fabulous  founder  of  Athens. 

22.  ductis,  ablative  absolute. 

23.  contra,  i.e.  on  the  other  door.  —  mari,  abl.  of  separation. 

24.  crudelis  amor :  the  madness  of  Pasiphae  was  inflicted  on  her 
by  Venus,  as  a  punishment  for  revealing   the  goddess'   intrigue  with 
Mars. 

26.  Minotaurus  :   Dante,  taking  this  monster  as  the  type  of  brutal 
rage,  makes  him  the  guard  of  the  Seventh  Circle  of   Hell  (Inferno, 
xii:  1-33). 

27.  labor  ille  :  the  Labyrinth,  which  it  was  Daedalus's  "  task  "  to  build 
as  a  place  of  confinement  for  the  monster.    The  expression  labor  domus 
resembles  rotarum  lapsus  (ii.  235)  and  minae  murorum  (iv.  88);  see  the 
notes.  —  error,  wanderings,  in  its  original  sense. 

28.  reginae,  the  princess,  i.e.  the  daughter  of  Minos,  Ariadne,  who 
fell  in  love  with  Theseus. 

29.  ipse  resolvit :  the  builder  of  the  labyrinth  taught  the  princess  how 
to  unravel  its  mystery  by  the  guiding  clue  of  thread.  —  dolos  ambages- 
que  (hendiadys  ;  cf.  i.  6r,  note),  deceitful  windings. 

31.  sineret  dolor,  had  grief  permitted  (hort.  subj.  expressing  a  con- 
dition :  §  310,  b  ;  G.  598  ;  H.  507,  i).    For  tense  see  §  308,  a  ;  G.  prob. 
597,  R.1 ;  H.  510,  N.2 

32.  casus  effingere,  i.e.  to  represent  Icarus's  flight  and  falling  into  the 
Icarian  sea,  to  which  he  gave  his  name.     See  Frontispiece. 

33.  omnia,  two  syllables. 

34.  perlegerent,  would  have  continued  to  peruse  (§  308,  a  ;  G.  597,  R.1 ; 
H.  510,  N.2). 

35.  sacerdos  :    the  Sibyl  is  priestess  of  Apollo,  god  of  augury,  and  of 
Trivia  (Hecate),  goddess  of  the  shades. 


366  Notes. 

38.  intacto,  i.e.  by  the  yoke. 

39.  praestiterit :  §  311,  a  ;  G.  257,  2  ;  H.  485,  N.1 

40.  morantur,  delay  [to  execute]  the  required  rites. 

42.  antrum  :  there  is  now  shown  at  Cumae,  as  the  cave  of  the  Sibyl, 
a  series  of  passages  cut  in  the  rock  (aditus  centum).    The  real  cave  was 
destroyed  by  the  Goths  (A.D.  553). 

43.  aditus  centum,  apparently  a  hundred  passages  from  the  hall  of 
the  outer  temple  to  the  cave. 

45.  virgo:  the  Sibyl  is  already  in  the  cavern. —  poscere,  etc.,*'/  is 
time  to  seek  the  oracles  from  Apollo  (§§  270,  i>,  298,  N-;  G.  428,  N.2;  H. 

538). 

47.  unus,  the  same. 

48.  non  comptae,  etc.,  did  not  remain  in  its  order.     Her  hair  had 
been  loose  and  flowing,  but  not  disordered. 

49.  videri:  §  273,  d ;  G.  421,  N.1,  c;  H.  533,  ii.  N.2 

50.  mortale,  cognate  accusative.  —  quando  (causal),  for  she  is  now 
inspired  by  the  divine  presence.  —  iam  propiore,  nearer  and  nearer. 

51.  cessas,  do  you  hesitate  ?     Supply  ire. 

52.  neque  ante,  i.e.  not  without  vows  and  prayers. 

53.  fata,  participle. 

57.  direxti :  for  the  form  see  iv.  606  (note),  682. 

58.  Aeacidae :  Achilles  was  slain  by  the  arrow  of  Paris,  directed  by 
Apollo.  —  obeuntia,  washing,  governing  terras. 

60.  Massylum":  cf.  iv.  483.  —  praetenta  Syrtibus  (dat.)  =  which 
line  the  Syrtes :  the  fields  stretch  along  the  shore  of  the  Syrtes. 

62.  hac  .  .  .  tenus :  often  thus  found  separate,  a  relic  of  the  usage 
before  they  grew  together.  —  fuerit  secuta  (hortatory  subj.,  §  266;  G. 
263,  3  ;  H.  483,  2),  thus  far  (and  no  farther)  may  the  fortune  of  Troy 
have  pursued  us. 

64.    obstitit,  were  an  offence.  —  Ilium,  etc. :  cf.  ii.  325. 

66.  venturi:  §  293,  b ;  G.  668;  H.  549,  4. — da  considere,  grant 
that  the  Trojans  settle.  —  non  indebita  f atis,  due  to  my  destinies. 

69.  templum :    a  temple  of  Apollo  was  built  by  Augustus  on   the 
Palatine,  containing  the  statue  of  that  god  between  those  of  Latona  and 
Diana. 

70.  festos  dies  :  Virgil  has  in  mind  the  ludi  Apollinares,  established 
B.C.  212. 

71.  penetralia,  shrine,  referring  to  the  reverence  paid  to  the  Sibylline 
books,  kept  in  the  care  of  an  illustrious  body  of  priests  (lectos  viros), 
and  consulted  in  times  of  public  emergency. 

74.   foliis  ne  manda  (§  269,  N.;  G.  270,  i;  H.  488),  see  iii.  445-452. 


VI.  1 04-]  The  ALneid.  367 

75.   ventis:    dat.;    cf.  collo  monile,  i.  654,  and  note.     So  Par.  Lost, 
iii.  493  : 

The  sport  of  racking  winds. 

77.  Phoebi  nondum  patiens,  not  yet  submissive  to  Phoebus  ;  the  figure 
is  that  of  an  unruly  horse  trying  to  throw  his  rider.  —  immanis,  wildly. 

78.  sipossit:  see  i.  181,  note. 

79.  excussisse :  for  the  tense  see  §  288,  d,  R.  ;  G.  280,  2,  b ;  H.  537,  N.,  2. 

—  f atigat,  plies  the  bit  in. 

80.  fingit  premendo,  trains  her  by  control. 

83.  periclis :  §  249  ;  G.  407;  H.  421,  i. 

84.  terrae    graviora,   more    dreadftd  perils   of  the   land. —  Lavini 
(§  214, /;  G.  361;  H.  396,  vi),  of  Lavinium,  their  future  kingdom;   see 
i.  2,  note. 

86.    non  et  venisse  VOlent,  they  shall  not  also  be  glad  to  have  come. 

88.  Simois,  Xanthus  :  the  former  is  held  to  stand  for  the  Tiber,  and 
the  latter  for  the  Numicius,  where  .<Eneas  perished.  —  non  defuerint, 
shall  not  be  wanting  (§  281,  R.;  G.  244,  N.1;  H.  473,  i). 

89.  alius  Achilles,  i.e.  Turnus,  the  young  king  of  the  Rutuli,  whose 
heroic  struggle  against  ^Eneas  makes  the  subject  of  the  remaining  books. 

—  partus,  sprung  up  (ready)  in  Latium. 

90.  et  ipse,  he  too.     Achilles  was  son  of  the   sea-goddess  Thetis  ; 
Turnus,   of   the   nymph    Venilia.  —  addita,    assigned  =  devoted  as   an 
enemy. 

91.  Cum  tu,  etc.,  while  you,  a  supplicant,  in  your  need  shall  entreat 
— and  what  tribes  shall  you  not  entreat  ?   .<Eneas  is  made  to  go  in  search 
of  aid  to  Evander,  whose  kingdom  is  on  the  Palatine,  where  was  after- 
wards the  site  of  Rome. 

93.   coniunx  :  Lavinia.  —  iterum,  as  was  the  case  with  Helen. 

95.  ito  :  the  future  or  second  form  of  the  imperative  here  denotes 
continuance  (§  269,  d  ;  G.  268,  2  ;  H.  487,  2);  cf  Tennyson,  Princess  : 

I  hold 

That  it  becomes  no  man  to  nurse  despair, 
But  in  the  teeth  of  clench'd  antagonisms 
To  follow  up  the  worthiest  till  he  die. 

96.  quod  =  id  quod.  —  qua,  by  whatever  way. 

97.  Graia  :   Evander  (see  v.  91,  note)  was  from  Arcadia.  —  abtfrom. 

99.  antro,  abl.  of  place  from  which. 

100.  ea  frena,  etc.,  thus  Apollo  shakes  the  reins  over  her  as  she  raves, 
and  plies  the  spurs  beneath  her  side  (ea  =  sic,  like  the  common  use  of 
adj.  for  adv.),  continuing  the  figure  of  v.  77. 

104.   mi :  contraction  of  mini. 


368  Notes.  [ 

105.   praecepi :  observe  the  force  of  prae. 

107.  Acheronte  refuse  (abl.  abs.),  where  Acheron  overflows:    it  was 
the  overflow  of  the  river  that  formed  the  palus  Acherusia. 

108.  contingat,  be  it  my  lot  (§  332,  a,  2  ;  G.  553,  3  ;  H.  501,  i,  i). 

109.  doceas  :  §  266,  a,  N.  ;  G.  263,  2,  b;  H.  484,  iv. 
112.   comitatus  :   see  i.  382,  note  on  secutus. 

115.   ut  peterem,  subst.   clause   of  purp.  in  appos.  with   mandata 
(§  331,  head-note;  G.  546,  N.2;  H.  499,  3). 

117.  omnia  (cognate  ace.) :  posse  constantly  takes  a  neuter  accusative. 

118.  lucis  Avernis,  the  groves  of  Avernus  (v.  131).     This  is  a  lake 
near  Cumae,  of  volcanic  origin.     In  all  this  region  there  remain  to  this 
day  the  sulphurous  exhalations  and  other  signs  of  volcanic  action,  with 
which  the  ancients  connected  the  entrance  to  the  lower  world. 

119.  Manes:  the  spirits  of  the  dead,  conceived  as  dwelling  beneath 
the  earth.     For  the  story  of  Orpheus,  see  Georg.  iv.  454-527;  Ovid, 
Met.  xi.  1-84.  —  si,  i.e.  if  they  could  do  this,  why  not  I,  who  am  also  of 
divine  descent? 

1 20.  fidibus  :  notice  the  quantity  of  the  first  i. 

121.  Pollux,  the  immortal  one  of  the  twin-brothers  of   Helen.     He 
shared  with  Castor,  in  turn,  his  gift  of  immortality. 

122.  viam,  cognate  accusative. 

127.  Ditis  :  Dis  or  Dis  Pater  was  the  king  of  the  under-world,  corre- 
sponding to  the  Greek  Hades,  called  also  Pluto.     His  kingdom  included 
the  good  as  well  as  the  bad,  so  that  it  does  not  answer  to  the  modern 
phrase  "  infernal  regions." 

128.  revocare  gradum:  not  that  the  return  is  difficult  in  itself,  but 
that  it  depends  on  conditions  which  not  all  can  attain.     Cf.  Par.  Lost, 

"•  432»  433  : 

Long  is  the  way 

And  hard,  that  out  of  hell  leads  up  to  light. 

129.  hie,  hoc:   for  gender,  see  §  195,  d;  G.  211,  R.6;    H.  445,  4  ;   a 
principle  often  before  cited,  but  this  case  is  a  convenient  example  of  it, 
because  the  two  pronouns   refer   to   the   same   idea.  —  pauci   (always 
with  negative  idea),  only  a  few. 

131.    potuere  (sc.  hoc),  have  been  able  to  do  this. 

134.   innare  (after  cupido  est,  which  =  cupis)  ;  cf.  ii.  10,  note. 

136.  peragenda,  sc.  sunt. 

137.  foliis,  vimine  :  abl.  of  specification  with  aureus. 

138.  lunoni   infernae,  i.e.   Proserpina,  queen   of   the  world   below 
(See  Fig.,  p.  101.) 

140.    operta,  the  hidden  regions. 


vi.  187.]  The  ALneid.  369 

141.  decerpserit:  §  327,  a ;  G.  574 ;  H.  520,  i,  i. 

145.  ergo,  therefore,  since  it  is  indispensable.  —  alte,  on  high  ;  cf.  v. 
.36. 

148.  vincere,  m-ercome  its  resistance. 

149.  praeterea,  one  thing  more. — tibi,  ethical  dative. 

1 52.  sedibus,  dative  of  place  to  which.  —  ante,  first.  —  sepulchre, 
ablative. 

1 54.  sic  demum,  as  usual,  with  a  negative  implication,  only  in  this  way. 

155.  presso  ore  (abl.  abs.),  -with  fast-closed  lips. 

157.  caecos  eventus  :  the  Sibyl's  predictions,  the  matter  of  the  golden 
bough,  and  the  death  of  one  of  his  companions. 

159.  vestigia  figit,  i.e.  walks  slowly  and  thoughtfully.  —  curis,  abl. 
of  manner. 

162.  diceret,  an  indirect  question  depending  on  the  idea  of  question- 
ing implied  in  serebant. 

164.  Misenum :  the  death  of  a  comrade  named  Misenus  was  part  of 
the  old  legend.     Cape  Miseno,  at  one  extremity  of  the  bay  of  Naples, 
still  keeps  his  name.     One  account  made  him  the  pilot  of  the  fleet  : 
hence  the  apparent  confusion  between  him  and  Palinurus. 

165.  ciere:  see  note  on  videri,  v.  49. 

167.  lituo :  the  lituus  was  a  curved  trumpet,  for  cavalry;  the  tuba,  a 
straight  one,  for  infantry.  Virgil  uses  the  names  indifferently  (v.  233). 
So  concha  (v.  171),  which  is  used  for  any  wind  instrument,  hints  at  the 
rivalry  with  Triton  (i.  144). 

170.   infer iora,  a  less  noble  destiny. 

173.  aemulus  Triton  :  in  the  spirit  of  the  old  mythology  :  whoever 
excels  in  any  art  is  said  thereby  to  provoke  the  jealousy  of  some  deity. 
See  the  story  of  Arachne  (Ovid,  Met.  vi.  1-69).  —  credere:  §  320, /  N.; 
G.  552,  R.2;  H.  533,  ii,  3,  N.2 

177.  aram  sepulcri,  the  sepulchral  mound,  or  funeral  pile. 

178.  arboribus,  abl.  of  instrument.  —  caelo,  dative. 

179.  itur:  cf.  v.  45.  —  stabula  :  cf.  v.  7. 

180.  procumbunt,  etc.:  change  the  point  of  view  in  translation,— 
they  lay  low  the  pines  (lit.  the  pines  fall). 

181.  fissile,  the  riven  (lit.  cleavable)  oak  is  split. 

182.  montibus,  from  the  mountains. 
184.  paribus  armis,  with  like  tools. 

1 86.  voce,  aloud. 

187.  ostendat :  the  conclusion  is  omitted,  as  in  English  ;  that  is,  it  is 
never  formulated  even  in   the  mind,  but  left  vague,  so  that  the  whole 
equals  a  wish  (§  267,  b,  N.1;  G.  261,  N.1  ;  H.  483,  i).  —  arbore,  loc.  abl. 


3/O  Notes.  [>ENEID. 

188.   tanto  =  this  great :  quando  gives  the  reason  for  the  hope. 
193.   maternas  aves :  doves  were  sacred  to  Venus,  and  her  car  was 
drawn  by  them. 

195.  lucos,  that  part  of  the  grove. 

196.  rebus,  dative. 

199.  prodire  (histor.  infin.),  went  in  advance,  alighting  here  and  there 
to  feed.  —  volando :  §  301,  example  2;  G.  431;  H.  542,  iv. 

200.  acie,  abl.  of  instrument.  —  possent :    §  319,2;   G.  631,  i;    H. 
500,  i.  —  sequentum :  cf.  i.  434,  note. 

201.  grave  olentis:  see  v.  240.  —  grave,  cogn.  ace. 

203.  geminae,  the  pair. 

204.  discolor,  of  different  hue,  i.e.  from  the  rest ;   see  next  verse.  — 
auri  aura,  the  gleam  of  gold:  the  connection  of  light  and  air  (aura)  is 
frequent  in  ancient  poetry  (cf.  Hi.  600,  and  note).    Notice  the  alliteration. 

206.  fronde,    abl.  of  manner.  —  nova,  strange.  —  sua  :    §    196,  c  ; 
G.  309,  2  ;  H.  449,  2. 

211.  cunctantem  prob.  denotes  merely  the  natural  tenacity  of  gold  ; 
the  branch  in  fact  made  no  resistance  ;  cf.  v.  146. 

212.  nee  minus,  none  the  less  because  of  Eneas'  absence. 

213.  ingrato,  sad  (lit.  unfleasing) .  —  suprema,  last  offices :  the  funeral 
rites  here  described  were  those  usual  in  Rome.     It  was  not,  however, 
till  long  after  y£neas  that  cremation  instead  of  burial  became  the  ordi- 
nary practice.     The  celebrated  description  that  follows  and  that  in  xi. 
184  ff.  have  been  often  imitated  ;  cf.,  for  example,  the  funeral  of  Arcite 
in  Chaucer's  Knighfs  Tale,  w.  2055-2108  (which  reproduces  the  imita- 
tion in  Statius,  Thebaid,  vi).     A  less  known,  but  very  interesting  parallel, 
is  Davenant's  Gondibert,  canto  iv.  (end). 

214.  taedis,  abl.  of  means. 

216.  ante,  in  front.     Cypress  was  apparently  first  used  in  the  funeral 
pile  for  the  sake  of  its  aromatic  odor.     Boughs  of  it  were  also  set  in 
front  of  the  door  of  the  dead  man's  dwelling  ;  here  they  seem  to  be  set 
up  for  adornment  in  front  of  the  pile.     Cf.  iii.  64,  and  note. 

217.  armis,  from  an  old  and  very  general  notion  that  these  things 
went  with  the  departed  spirit,  and  were  used  by  the  dead  in  Hades. 

219.   frigentis,  cold  in  death  :  more  poetic  than  mortui. 
221.   purpureas  vestes  :  a  custom  at  great  Roman  funerals.  —  nota, 
accustomed,  i.e.  those  he  wore  in  his  life. 

223.  ministerium,  accusative,  in  appos.  with  the  preceding  clause : 
the  usual  construction  in  such  cases  (§  240,  £•;  G.  324). 

224.  aversi,  turning  away  their  faces,  as  was  the  custom.     Cf.  Dave- 
nant,  Gondibert,  iv.  62  : 


VI.  244-]  The  Aineid.  371 

Hubert  his  arm  westward  aversely  stretch'd, 

Whilst  to  the  hopeful  East  his  eyes  were  turn'd, 
And  with  a  hallow'd  torch  the  pile  he  reach'd. 

225.  olivo,  abl.  of  material.  —  fuso,  i.e.  these  were  poured  on  as  a 
libation. 

228.  Corynaeus  :  apparently  a  priest. 

229.  socios,  etc.,  poet,  for  undam  circum  socios  tulerunt. 

231.  lustravit,  purified  the  company  from  the  pollution  of  the  pres- 
ence of  a  corpse.  —  novissima  verba,  salve,  vale,  ave  (cf.  i.  219,  ii.  644, 
xi.  97),  with  sometimes  other  words,  like  sit  tibi  terra  levis,  ilicet,  or 
the  like. 

237.  Sackville,  Induction  to  Mirror  for  Magistrates,  sts.  30,  31  : 

An  hideous  hole  all  vast,  withouten  shape, 

Of  endless  depth,  overwhelmed  with  ragged  stone, 

With  ugly  mouth,  and  grisly  jaws  doth  gape, 

And  to  our  sight  confounds  itself  in  one  : 

Here  enter'd  we,  and  yeding  forth,  anon 

An  horrible  loathly  lake  we  might  discern, 

As  black  as  pitch,  that  cleped  is  Avern. 

A  deadly  gulf  ;  where  naught  but  rubbish  grows, 
With  foul  black  swelth  in  thicken'd  lumps  that  lies, 
Which  up  in  th'  air  such  stinking  vapors  throws, 
That  over  there  may  fly  no  fowl  but  dies 
Chok'd  with  the  pestilent  savors  that  arise  : 

Hither  we  come  ;  whence  forth  we  still  did  pace, 

In  dreadful  fear  amid  the  dreadful  place. 

238.  tuta  (part,  of  tueor,  in  a  passive  sense),  sheltered. 

239.  baud  ullae  volantes,  no  fly  ing  creatures:  Justin  this  neighbor- 
hood is  situated  the  famous  grotto  del  cane,  in  which  dogs  and  other  small 
animals  are  smothered  by  the  carbonic  acid  accumulated  along  the  bot- 
tom.    There  is,  however,  no  place  dangerous  to  the  flight  of  birds.     Cf. 
Henry  More,  Cupid's  Conflict,  st.  10  : 

As  heedless  fowls  that  take  their  perilous  nights 
Over  that  bane  of  birds,  Averno  lake, 
Do  drop  down  dead. 

242.  Aornon :  formerly  supposed  to  be  from  Aopws,  Greek  for  bird- 
less.  The  Latin  name  corresponding  to  Aornon  is  Avernum  ;  but  the 
connection  with  6pvis  is  impossible. 

244.  front!  invergit,  pours  upon  the  forehead.  —  vergere,  when  used 
of  pouring,  signifies  that  the  cup  is  completely  turned  upside  down,  as 
in  offering  to  the  infernal  deities  ;  while  fundere  is  simply  to  pour  out, 
the  hand  being  held  palm  upwards. 


372  Notes.  [ 

245.  saetas  :  the  long  hairs  between  the  horns  were  plucked  out  and 
burnt  as  a  first-offering  (libamina  prima),  while  certain  prayers  were 
said. 

247.  caelo,  locative  ablative. 

248.  supponunt :  the  action  of  placing  the  knife  beneath  belongs  to 
the  worship  of  the  gods  below. 

249.  suscipiunt :  the  blood  is  caught  in  bowls,  and  poured  out  with 
special  solemnity, —  not  suffered  to  stream  upon  the  ground. 

250.  matri  Eumenidum :   the  mother  of   the  Furies  is  Night,  and 
her  sister  is  Earth. 

251.  ense  ferit :  the  sword  no  doubt  had  a  magic  power  over  the 
inhabitants  of  the  world  below  (cf.  w.  260,  291  ;  Od.  xi.  48  ;  Bry.  59). 

253.  solida :  the  whole  victim  was  burned  in  sacrifice  to  the  gods 
below,  since,  after  being  devoted  to  them,  no  part  could  be  eaten. 

255.  sub,  just  at,  just  before. 

256.  iuga  silvarum,  the  ridges  covered  with  forests.  —  coepta  [sunt] 
moveri :  §  143,  a ;  G.  423,  N.3  ;  H.  297,  i,  i. 

257.  canes  :  these  are  the  infernal  hounds  of  Hecate. 

258.  dea,  Hecate. — procul,  etc.:    the  words  regularly  addressed  to 
the  uninitiated  at  the  mysteries,  but  here  addressed  to  the  companions 
of  ^Eneas,  who  were  not  like  him  entitled  to  visit  the  world  below. 

260.  tu,  opposed  to  profani,  above. 

261.  animis:  §  243,  e ;  G.  406  ;  H.  414,  iv. 

262.  tantum,  so  much,  and  no  more,  as  often.  —  se  immisit,  plunged. 

263.  ducem  aequat :  §  227,  b  ;  G.  346,  N.3;  H.  371,  iii,  N.2 

264.  umbrae,  ghosts,  as  being  only  the  "  shadows  "  of  persons. 

265.  nocte,  abl.  of  manner. 

266.  audita  loqui,  to  tell  -what  I  have  heard.     Virgil  professes  to  fol- 
low the  common  tradition  as  to  the  world  below.     But  he  has  been 
thought  also,  in  these  words,  to  hint  at  certain  mysteries  in  which  he 
had  been  initiated  (see  introductory  note  to  bk.  vi).     So  far  as  he  has 
any  but  a  poetical  purpose  it  is  probably  to  introduce  from  the  lips  of 
Anchises  the  account  of  the  glories  of  Rome,  and  especially  of  the 
Julian  house. 

269.  vacuas,  i.e.  destitute  of  real  life  and  blood. 

270.  maligna,  niggardly;  cf.  ingratae,  Eel.  i.  35. 

272.  rebus,  dat.  with  abstulit. 

273.  vestibulum  :  so  Sackville  : 

Within  the  porch  and  jaws  of  hell. 

274.  Luctus :  these  woes  are  at  the  door,  as  causing  the  death  of  men. 
—  Curae,  i.e.  the  stings  of  conscience  personified. 


VI.  283.]  The  AZneid.  373 

Man's  feeble  race  what  ills  await, 

Labor  and  Penury,  the  racks  of  Pain, 

Disease,  and  Sorrow's  weeping  train, 

And  Death,  sad  refuge  from  the  storms  of  Fate. 

GRAY,  Progress  of  Poesy,  vv.  42-45. 

276.  malesuada,  tempting  to  crime.  —  turpis,  unsightly. 

277.  Labos  :  §  48,  d  ;  G.  45,  N. 

278.  Leti:  §  234,  d ;  G.  359,  R.1  ;  H.  391,  ii,  4.     In  the  Iliad  Sleep 
and  Death,  the  Sons  of  Night,  are  twin-brothers  (xiv.  231,  xvi.   672). 
See   Fig.    51    (from   a   vase-painting)    which    represents   the   body   of 

Fig.  51. 


Memnon  in  the  hands  of  the  brothers  Sleep  and  Death.  The  idea  is 
a  favorite  one  with  modern  poets.  Of  countless  examples  two  typical 
ones  may  suffice  : 

Care-charmer  Sleep,  son  of  the  sable  Night, 
Brother  to  Death,  in  silent  darkness  born. 

DANIEL,  Delia,  sonnet  xlv. 

When  in  the  down  I  sink  my  head, 
Sleep,  Death's  twin-brother,  times  my  breath  ; 
Sleep,  Death's  twin-brother,  knows  not  Death, 
Nor  can  I  dream  of  thee  as  dead. 

TBNNYSON,  In  Memoriam,  Ixvii. 

280.  Eumenidum  thalami :  the  Furies  sleep  at  the  threshold  (iv. 
473),  but  their  avenging  task  is  done  in  Tartarus  (v.  570).  —  ferrei,  from 
their  implacable  nature  and  inevitable  power. 

283.  quam  .  .  .  ferunt,  which,  they  say,  vain  dreams  flocking  every- 
where (volgo)  have  for  their  abode  ;  cf.  Ovid,  Met.  xi.  592. 


374  Notes,  [ 

286.  biformes  :  see  iii.  426. 

287.  Briareus :   the  hundred-handed  giant,  whom  Thetis  summoned 
to  the  aid  of  Zeus;  see  II.  i.  402-406;  Bry.  504. — belua,  the  Hydra, 
slain  by  Hercules;  see  Gayley's  Classic  Myths,  p.  235. 

288.  Chimaera  :  see  Gayley's  Classic  Myths,  p.  233. 

All  monstrous,  all  prodigious  things, 
Abominable,  inutterable,  and  worse 
Than  fables  yet  have  feign 'd,  or  fear  conceiv'd, 
Gorgons,  and  Hydras,  and  Chimaeras  dire. 

Par.  Lost,  ii.  625  -628. 

289.  forma  :  the  Spanish  giant  Geryon,  slain  by  Hercules,  who  car- 
ried off  his  famous  herd  of  oxen. 

294.  inruat  =  inruissent :   the  pres.  for  the  imperf .  in  a  cond.  con- 
trary to  fact  makes  the  supposition  vivid  (§  308,  e ;  G.   596,   R.1  ;   H. 
509,  N.2);  cf.  i.  58,  v.  325,  and  notes.     This  imperf.,  in  its  turn,  would 
replace  the  pluperf.  (§  308,  a  ;    G.  597,  R.1;    H.  510,  N.c),  because  the 
narrative  is  here  conducted  in  the  hist.  pres.  tense  (corripit,  offert,  etc.). 

295.  Acherontis  :    Acheron,  "the  joyless,"  is  the  stream  that  em- 
braces the  whole  of  the  lower  world.     In  Virgil's  mind  it  is  not  kept 
distinct  from  the  other  infernal  rivers  ;  Cocytus  ("  Wailing  Lamenta- 
tion ")  and  Styx  ("  Squalid  Grief  "),  v.  323. 

296.  caeno,  abl.  of  means. 

299.  squalore  :  Charon's  squalid  appearance  agrees  with  the  ancient 
ideas  and  habits  of  mourning  (cf.   i.  480,  note).      Dante  (Inferno,  iii. 
82  ff.)  imitates  Virgil's  description  of  Charon,  making  him  the  ferryman 
who  conducts  the  souls  of  the  damned  over  Acheron  to  Hell. 

300.  slant  lumina  flamma,  his  eyes  stand  out  in  flame,  i.e.  are  like 
fixed  balls  of  fire. 

301.  nodo  (abl.  of  manner),  another  indication  of  neglect  (and  there- 
fore a  sign  of  mourning). 

302.  ipse,  with  his  own  hand,  old  as  he  is. — veils  (abl.)  ministrat, 
tends  the  sails  (literally,  "  serves  the  boat  with  sails  "). 

304.  senior  :  the  word  regularly  applied  to  a  man  between  forty-five 
and  sixty.  —  iam  gives  the  idea  of  his  gradually  growing  old.  -deo  (sc. 
est),  dative  of  possession. 

306.  def  uncta :  cf .  v.  83. 

309.  frigore,  abl.  of  time. 

310.  gurgite  ab  alto,  i.e.  as  they  reach  land  in  their  migrations. 
313.   primi :    §  191  ;   G.  325,  R.6  ;    H.  443.  —  transmitter,  used  re- 

flexively ;  cursum  depends  on  trans. 


VI.  348.]  The  AZneid.  375 

315.  navita  :    "that  grim  ferryman  that  poets  write  of"  {Richard 
III.,  i.  4.  46). 

316.  submotos  (§  292,  R.  ;  G.  664,  R.1 ;  H.  579):  the  regular  word  for 
dispersing  a  crowd. 

318.  quid  volt,  what  means?     So  Fr.  "Que  veut  dire?" 

319.  discrimine,  choice  (i.e.  criterion). 

321.  longaeva :  the  Sibyl,  said  the  legend,  had  received  the  gift  of  as 
many  years  as  the  grains  of  sand  which  she  held  in  her  hand,  but  without 
the  boon  of  youth  (Ovid,  xiv.  132-153).  —  certissima,  most  surely. 

323.  Cocyti :  cf.  Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  ii.  7.  56  : 

A  blacke  flood,  which  flow'd  about  it  round. 

That  is  the  river  of  Cocytus  deepe 

In  which  full  many  soules  do  endlesse  wayle  and  weepe. 

Milton,  Par.  Lost,  ii.  577-580  : 

Abhorred  Styx,  the  flood  of  deadly  hate  ; 
Sad  Acheron,  of  sorrow,  black  and  deep  ; 
Cocytus,  nam'd  of  lamentation  loud 
Heard  on  the  rueful  stream. 

324.  numen  :  Virgil  vaguely  assigns  a  divinity  to  the  river,  just  as  all 
earthly  rivers  had  a  god.     The  ace.,  after  verbs  of  swearing,  is  an  imi- 
tation of  the  Greek;  cf.  v.  351. 

325.  inops  :  perhaps  this  is  an  allusion  to  the  piece  of  money  with 
which  the  dead  were  furnished  to  pay  their  passage.     (See  Fig.,  p.   164.) 

327.  ripas  (§  239,  b;  G.  331,  R.1;  H.  374,  6),  nor  is  it  granted  to 
convey  them  over  the  dread  banks  and  hoarse  flood,  until,  etc. 

333.  mortis  honore,  i.e.  burial. 

334.  Oronten  :  see  i.  113.     Leucaspis  is  not  elsewhere  mentioned  by 
Virgil  ;  he  seems  to  have  perished  along  with  Orontes. 

335.  simul,  i.e.  with  himself.  —  vectos,  sailing,  in  the  sense  of  a 
present  participle  (§  290,  b  ;  G.  282,  N.  ;  H.  574,  i). 

337.    sese  agebat  =  came  walking. 

344.  hoc  uno  response :  some  such  oracle  may  have  been  in  one  of 
the  legends,  but  it  is  not  mentioned  elsewhere  by  Virgil.    Neptune  had 
announced  to  Venus  (v.  814)  that  the  fleet  would  come  safe,  with  the 
loss  of  one  man  only. 

345.  ponto  (loc.  abl.)  incolumem,  safe  on  the  sea. 

348.  nee  deus  mersit :  Palinurus  does  not  know  that  it  was  the  god 
of  Sleep  that  threw  him  over  (v.  859);  nor  did  he  perish  by  the  sea 
(v.  358).  It  was  by  accident  (forte),  he  thinks,  that  he  fell  over- 
board. 


376  Notes.  [.<ENEID. 

350.  cui  serves  as  indir.  obj.  of  both  datus  and  haerebam  (§  227,  e,  3  ; 
G.346,N.«;  H.  385,4*). 

351.  maria,  obj.  of  iuro,  by  a  Greek  construction  (§  238,  c  ;  0.33  3, 
2,  R.  ;  H.  371,  ii);  the  regular  Latin  idiom  would  take  per;  cf.  v.  324. 

352.  timorem,  subj.  of  cepisse,  etc. 

353-  quam  tua  .  .  .  navis,  as  that  your  ship,  stripped  of  her  equip- 
ment, and  having  cast  off  her  pilot  (lit.  -wrenched  from  her  pilot},  might 
swamp  in  those  surging  -waves.  —  ne  deficeret:  §  331,  f;  G.  550;  H. 
498,  iii.  —  armis,  i.e.  the  tiller.  —  magistro,  dat.  (§  229 ;  G.  345,  R.1  ; 
H.  385,  2). 

355.  tris  noctes :  so  Ulysses  floats  two  days  and  two  nights  (Od.  v.  388 ; 
Bry.  465).   The  woodwork  of  the  stern  serves  Palinurus  as  a  sort  of  raft. 

356.  aqua,  abl.  of  specification. 

357.  sublimis  ab  unda,  i.e.  raised  high  on  a  wave,  from  the  crest  of 
which,  etc. 

358.  tuta  tenebam,  ni,  /  -was  just  reaching  safety  [and  should  have 
been  safe],  had  not,  etc.  (§  308,  b;  G.  597,  R.2;  H.  511,  i). 

360.  capita  mentis :  the  crags  of  the  cliff ':  he  was  half  out  of  water, 
grasping  at  the  protuberances  of  the  cliffs  with  hands  bent  and  stiff 
(uncis  manibus). 

361.  praedam,  a  prize,  i.e.  a  shipwrecked  man  with  some  of  his  prop- 
erty about  him. 

362.  fluctushabet:  see  v.  871. 

363.  quod  te  Oro  (see  ii.   141),  but  I  implore  you  ;  quod  is  adverbial 
ace.,  cf.  quod  si  (§  240,  b;  G.  333,  i,  R.2  ;  H.  378^  2). 

365.  aut  tu  .  .  .  aut  tu  :  observe  the  emphasis  and  urgency  expressed 
in  the  repetition  of  the  pronoun,  which  is  not  itself  emphatic. — terrain 
inice :  a  mere  formal  burial  was  sufficient ;  cf.  Hor.  Od.  i.  28.  35. 

370.  undas,  i.e.  of  the  Styx. 

371.  ut  saltern  quiescam  :  since  I  could  not  rest  in  life,  having  failed 
to  reach  the  promised  land  with  you. 

373.  tarn  dira  cupido,  so  wild  a  wish. 

377.    cape,  take  to  your  heart  for  consolation. 

379.  prodigiis  acti :  it  is  said  that  the  people  of  Lucania,  suffering 
from  pestilence,  were  commanded  by  an  oracle  to  propitiate  by  sacrifice 
the  shade  of  Palinurus. 

381.  Palinuri  :  a  headland  on  the  coast  still  bears  the  name  Punta  di 
Palinuro. 

384.  ergo :  i.e.  since  they  have  quieted  Palinurus. 

385.  iam  inde  ut  prospexit,  at  once  when  he  espied. 

389.    iam  istinc,  right  from  -where  you  are :  come  no  nearer. 


VI.  4 is-]  The  ALneid.  377 

392.  euntem  =  coming,  lit.,  going  on  his  journey. 

393.  Thesea,  etc.,  both  these  heroes  visited  the  world  below  on  the 
errands  assigned  to  them  here. 

394.  invicti  viribus,  resistless  in  might :  my  opposition  to  them  would 
be  vain. — essent:  §  313,^";  G.  605,  N.  ;  H.  515,  N.1,  3. 

395.  Tartareum  custodem,  the  watch-dog  of  Tartarus,  Cerberus,  whom 
Hercules  was  sent  by  Eurystheus  to  drag  away  (II.  viii.  366-369  ;  Bry.  460; 
Od.  xi.  622-625  ;  Bry.  775).     Cf.  Marlowe,  Tamburlaine,  i.  i.  2  : 

His  fiery  eyes  are  fixed  upon  the  earth. 

As  if  he  now  devis'd  some  stratagem, 

Or  meant  to  pierce  Avernus'  darksome  vaults 

To  pull  the  triple-headed  dog  from  hell. 

396.  a  solio  regis,  from  the  monarch's  very  throne,  to  which  Cerberus 
is  supposed  to  have  fled,  breaking  his  chain. 

397.  dominam :    the  title  Sfoiroiva,  lady  or  mistress,  belonged  espe- 
cially to  Persephone.  —  Ditis,  limiting  thalamo. 

398.  Amphrysia :  Apollo,  by  whose  gift  the  Sibyl  was  inspired,  is 
called  "  the  shepherd  of  Amphrysus "   (Georg.  iii.   2),  a  river  in   the 
dominions  of  Admetus,  whose  flocks  he  kept.     See  Lowell's  poem  The 
Shepherd  of  King  Admetus,  and  cf .  Gayley,  Classic  Myths,  pp.  1 30  ff . 

400.   licet,  i.e.  for  all  we  shall  do  to  prevent. 

402.   casta,   predicate.  —  patrui :     Proserpina  was  the  daughter  of 
Jupiter,  and  Pluto  was  his  brother. 

404.   imas  ad  umbras  —  to  the  shades  below. 

408.  nee  plura  his,  nor  more  than  this  she  said.  —  donum  :  see  v.  632. 

409.  tempore:  §§  250,  259,  d;  G.  403,  N.4  ;  H.  423,  430. 
410-412.    Cf.  Sackville,  Induction,  st.  70  : 

Hasting  straight  unto  the  bank  apace. 

With  hollow  call  unto  the  rout  he  cried, 

To  swerve  apart,  and  give  the  goddess  place. 

412.  laxat  foros,  clears  the  gangways. 

413.  Cf.  Sackville,  Induction,  st.  71  : 

And  forth  we  launch  full  fraughted  to  the  brink  : 
When,  with  the  unwonted  weight,  the  rushy  keel 
Began  to  crack,  as  if  the  same  should  sink. 

414.  sutilis  :  the  traditional  notion  of  Charon's  boat  was  got  from 
Egypt,  where  light  boats  are  made,  like  Moses'  ark,  of  bulrushes  or  of 
the  papyrus.  —  paludem,  i.e.  water  from  the  marsh. 

415.  incolumis,  accusative. 


378  Notes.  [/ENEID. 

416.  glauca,  gray  ;  cf .  x.  205 :  naturally  no  green  thing  could  be  found 
in  the  place  of  shades.  —  in,  to  be  taken  with  both  limo  and  ulva ;  such 
dislocations  of  words  are  common  in  poetry. 

417.  Cerberus:  cf.  Sackville,  Induction,  st.  72  : 

We  had  not  long  forth  pass'd,  but  that  we  saw 
Black  Cerberus,  the  hideous  hound  of  hell, 
With  bristles  rear'd,  and  with  a  three-mouthed  jaw 
Foredinning  the  air  with  his  horrible  yell, 
Out  of  the  deep  dark  cave  where  he  did  dwell. 

See  also  Dante,  Inferno,  vi.  ijff. 

420.  melle  .  .  .  ofiam  (see  iv.  486),  a  cake  soporific  with  honey  and 
medicinal  plants :  offa  is  properly  broken  meat,  such  as  is  given  to  dogs. 

421.  fame:  notice  the  long  e  (see  iii.  218,  note). 

424.  sepulto,  buried  (in  sleep) ;  cf.  iii.  630. 

425.  inremeabilis,  not  to  be  recrossed,  a  usual  epithet  of  the  Styx, 
"from  whose  bourne  no  traveller  returns." 

427.  in  limine  primo  :  following  Virgil,  Dante  (Inf.,  iv.  35)  places  just 
beyond  the  Styx  the  souls  of  Pagans  and  unbaptized  infants. 

428.  vitae :  §  218,  a  ;  G.  374  ;  H.  399,  i,  3. 

430.  crimine,  accusation ;  mortis  :  §  220,  a  •  G.  378,  R.8  ;  H.  410,  iii,  N.2 

431.  nee  sine  sorte,  sine  iudice,  a  kind  of  hendiadys,  as  if  it  were 
"judges  selected  by  lot."  The  unjustly  slain  have  now  an  impartial  trial. 

432.  quaesitor  :  the  trial  is  represented  as  according  to  the  usage  of 
the  Roman  courts,  not  according  to  the  Greek  myth,  which  gave  a  bench 
consisting  of  three  judges,  Minos,  Rhadamanthus,  and  ^Eacus.     Here, 
Minos  is  the  quaesitor,  or  President  of  the  Court ;  the  lots  are  drawn 
(urnam  mowet}  to  select  the  jurors  (iudice  includes  both  the  quaesitor 
(v.  432)  and  the  jury)  who  are  to  pass  judgment  on  the  person  on  trial  ; 
while  the  concilium  silentum  is  the  panel  of  jurors  (iudices),  when  they 
have  been  selected  from  the  shades  themselves,  the  fellow-citizens  of 
the  accused.     Dante  (Inferno,  v.  i  ff.)  makes  of  Minos  a  demon  who,  at 
the  entrance  of  the  second  circle  of  Hell,  receives  the  damned  and  assigns 
to  each  his  penalty.  —  silentum,  old  form  for  silentium. 

433.  discit :  the  investigation  must  not  be  thought  of  according  to 
our  proceedings,  but  as  more  like  the  French,  in  which  the  court  is  the 
agent  of  the  government  to  detect  and  punish.     Hence,  here,  the  judge 
himself  conducts  a  preliminary  investigation  embracing  the  whole  life  and 
conduct  of  the  criminal,  and  not  limited  as  with  us  to  the  particular 
offence. 

435.    insontes,  i.e.  having  done  nothing  worthy  of  death. 


VI.  4580  The  jEneid.  379 

436.  proiecere,  castaway.  —  quam  vellent  (subj.  imp.  of  a  hopeless 
wish,  §  311,  b  ;  G.  258,  N.1  ;    H.  261,  R.):  in  Od.  xi.  489-491  ;   Bry.  600, 
Achilles  is  made  to  say,  "  Would  I  might  rather  be  a  bondman  of  the 
soil  under  a  poor  man  without  lot  or  substance,  than  lord  of  all  the 
perished  dead."     Cf.  Charles  Lamb's  essay,  New  Year's  Eve. 

437.  nunc  (emph.),  as  opposed  to  their  feeling  when  alive.  —  pau- 
periem,  labores,  the  hardships  from  which  men  have  sought  escape  in 
death.     Suicide  was  a  sort  of  epidemic  among  the  later  Romans  ;  and  it 
was  perhaps  a  part  of  Virgil's  purpose  to  impress  a  wholesome  horror 
of  it. 

438-439.   tristique,  etc.  :  cf.  Spenser,  Ruins  of  Rome,  xv. : 

The  darksome  river 

Of  Styx,  not  passable  to  souls  returning, 
Enclosing  you  in  thrice  three  wards  forever. 

Milton,  Par.  Lost,  ii.  434-436  : 

This  huge  convex  of  fire, 
Outrageous  to  devour,  immures  us  round 
Ninefold. 

See  also  Pope,  Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day,  w.  90,  91. 

440.   fusi,  spread  out  (in  order  to  give  room  for  solitude). 

442.  quos,  those  whom  :  its  antecedent  is  the  implied  object  of  celant. 

443.  myrtea,  because  the  myrtle  was  sacred  to  Venus. 

445.  Phaedram,  etc.  These  personages  were  :  the  celebrated  mytho- 
logical heroine,  Phaedra,  who  loved  guiltily  her  stepson  Hippolytus; 
Procris,  who  was  shot  with  an  arrow  by  her  husband  Cephalus  ;  Eriphyle, 
who  was  bribed  to  betray  the  hiding-place  of  her  husband  Amphiaraus, 
and  was  slain  by  her  son  ;  Evadne,  who  perished  on  the  funeral  pile  of 
her  husband  Capaneus  ;  Pasiphae  (see  note,  Eel.  vi.  46);  Laodamia,  wife 
of  Protesilaus,  who  killed  herself  on  hearing  of  his  death  at  Troy  (see 
Wordsworth's  Laodamia);  Caeneus,  who  when  a  woman  (then  called 
Caenis)  had  been  loved  by  Neptune,  and  who  had  become  a  man  with 
the  gift  of  invulnerability  (Ovid,  Met.,  xii.  172-207). 

451.   quam,  governed  by  iuxta. 

453.   obscuram,  dim  among  the  shadows. 

455.  demisit :  cf.  Od.  xvi.  191  ;  Bry.  262. 

456.  verus  nuntius,  perhaps  the  flame  of  her  funeral  pile  (v.  3-7), 
from  which  they  might  infer  the  fact,  or  we  may  suppose  the  news  to 
have  come  by  ordinary  channels.     The  emphasis  is  on  verus. 

457.  extrema  :  cf.  i.  219  ;  i.e.  taken  extreme  measures. 

458.  funeris  (emph.),  was  it  death  I  brought  on  you? 


380  Notes.  [ 

459.  si  qua  fides,  •whatever  faith,  i.e.  object  which  would  sanction  an 
oath. 

462.  senta  situ,  rough  with  neglect. 

463.  egere:  notice  the  first  e  long,  distinguishing  the  verb  from  egeo. 
—  nee  credere  quivi,  nor  could  1  have  believed. 

464.  hunc  tantum,  so  great  as  this. 

466.  fato,  abl.  of  cause. 

467.  torva :  §  238,  a  ;  G.  333,  2,  N.6 ;  H.  371,  ii,  N.  ;  cf.  i.  328. 

468.  lacrimas  ciebat,  shed  tears. 

471.  stet :  §312;  G.  602 ;  H.  513,  ii.  —  Marpesia  cautes :  Marpesus 
was  a  mountain  of  Paros  ;  so  that  the  pale,  unmoved  figure  of  Dido  is 
compared  to  Parian  marble. 

474.  respondet,  etc.,  "  answers  all  her  cares,  and  equals  all  her  love  " 
(Dryden). 

477.  datum  iter,  the  appointed  -way  (not  granted}. 

478.  ultima,  the  last  before  coming  to  the  regions  of  blessedness  and 
of  torment.  —  secreta,  apart  (se-cerno). 

479.  Tydeus,  etc.  ;  these  were  heroes  of  the  legendary  war  of  the 
"  Seven   against   Thebes,"  the   chief   event   of   the   time  immediately 
before  the  Trojan  war. 

487.  usque,  still. 

488.  conferre  gradum,  to  walk  by  his  side. 

492.  tollere  vocem  exiguam,  raise  their  piping  voice,  attempting  the 
war-cry.     So  Homer  speaks  of  the  thin  voice  of  the  shades  ;  cf.  Dryden, 
Annus  Mirabilis,  st.  223  ;  and  Shakspere,  Hamlet,  i.  i.  115,  116  : 

The  sheeted  dead 
Did  squeak  and  gibber  in  the  Roman  streets. 

493.  frustratur,  disappoints,  because  they  have  no  voice.  —  hiantes 
=  their  open  mouths. 

495.  Deiphobum:  see  note,  ii.  310.  There  were  various  legends  of 
his  death.  The  mutilation  was  merely  savage  revenge.  The  shade 
shows  the  wounds  received  by  the  body.  So  the  ghost  of  Banquo 
appears  to  Macbeth  with  the  "  twenty  trenched  gashes  on  his  head  " 
(Macbeth,  iii.  4.  27,  81). 

498.  vtx  adeo  adgnovit,  he  could  scarce  so  much  as  (adeo)  recognize. 

499.  notis,  familiar. 

500.  Cf.  the  dialogue  of  Ulysses  and  Agamemnon   in  Od.  xi.  396- 

433  5  B«7-  5°°- 

501.  optavit  sumere,  has  chosen  to  injlict. 

502.  cui,  etc.,  i.e.  who  has  been  permitted  (by  the  gods)  such  out- 
rages upon  you  ? 


VI.  542.]  The  Alncid.  381 

505.  tumulum,   etc.,  an  empty  tomb  (cenotaph);  such    rites   would 
allow  the  shade  to  cross  the  Styx  ;  cf.  iii.  62,  note. 

506.  ter  :  see  note,  v.  231. 

507.  te,  emphatic,  as  opposed  to   the  tomb  ;    hence  not  elided,  but 
merely  shortened  before-amice. —  arma  :  cf.  v.  233. 

509.   tibi  relictum,  left  undone  by  thee. 

511.  Deiphobo,  funeris  umbris :  i.e.  both  to  the  man  himself  (which 
would  be  friendship)  and  to  the  shade  of  the  dead  (which  would  be  a 
religious  duty). 

512.  haec  monumenta,  these  memorials,  the  ghastly  mutilations. 

514.  nimium,  etc.,  you  must  needs  too  well  remember. 

515.  venit:  see  ii.  237,  238. 

517.  ilia,  Helen.  —  Chorum,  a  festive  dance  (see  Fig.  40,  p.  322).— 
orgia  circum,  through  a  -wild  orgy. 

518.  flammam  tenebat :  in  ii.  256  it  is  said  that  the  signal  was  given 
from  Agamemnon's  ship.     In   like  manner  cf.  v.  525  with   ii.  571-574. 
Virgil  leaves  us  to  settle  the  contradictions  (if  there  are  any)  as  we  can. 

526.   amanti,  to  her  fond  husband. 

529.  Aeolides  :  a  name  of  insult  for  Ulysses,  hinting  that  his  real 
father  was  not  Laertes,  but  the  crafty  Sisyphus,  son  of  /Eolus. 

532.  pelagi  erroribus  :  Deiphobus  was,  of  course,  ignorant  of  /Eneas's 
voyage  or  his  settlement  in  Italy.  The  question  is  imitated  from  Homer, 
who  places  the  world  of  shadows  beyond  the  Ocean,  whither  only 
wandering  could  bring  a  man.  The  alternative  is,  whether  ^Eneas  has 
come  hither  by  mere  chance  of  travel  or  by  divine  direction. 

534.  adires :  the  imperf.  is  used  because  fatigat  has  also  the  sense 
of  the  perf.  "  has  pursued  and  still  pursues  "  ;  cf.  §  276,  a ;  G.  230  ; 
H.  467,  2.  —  turbida,  gloomy,  the  opposite  of  liquida,  bright  and  clear  ; 
cf.  Job  x.  21,  22. 

536.  medium  axem  :  a  night  appears  to  have  been  spent  in  the  pre- 
liminary sacrifices,  and  it  is  now  past  noon  of  the  next  day. 

537.  traherent :  for  tense  see  §  308,  a;  G.  597,  R.1 ;  H.  510,  N.2   The 
construction  changes  at  sed,  and  so  no  formal  protasis  appears. 

540.  via  findit,  etc.  :    the  two  regions  are  the  inner  courts  of  the 
Under-world,  the  proper  places  of  reward  and  punishment ;  but  why  the 
shades   previously  mentioned   should   be   excluded   does   not   appear. 
Probably  there  is  a  mixture  of  different  ideas  the  earlier  conception  of 
the  underworld  and  that  associated  with  the  Eleusinian  mysteries  (cf. 
introductory  note  to  bk.  vi.). 

541.  dextera,  sc.  est. 

542.  Elysium,  accus.  of  end  of  motion,  after  iter  [est]. 


382  Notes.  [ 

543.  exercet  poenas,  inflicts  the  doom,  i.e.  by  sending  them  to  Tarta- 
rus (which  is  expressed  in  the  coordinate  clause  mittit,  etc.). 

545.  explebo  numerum,  i.e.  of  the  shades  (by  returning  to  my  place 
among  them). 

548.  respicit,  looks  off  (i.e.  away  from  where  he  stands ;  not  looks  back). 

549.  moenia,  a  fortress  or  vast  castle  used  as  a  dungeon,  to  which 
Phlegethon,  the  river  "  blazing  with  flame,"  serves  as  a  moat.     The 
image  is  drawn  from  a  torrent  of  lava. 

552-554.    Cf.  Crashaw,  Suspicion  of  Herod,  i.  39  : 

The  adamantine  doors  forever  stand 

Impenetrable,  both  to  prayers  and  tears, 
The  walls'  inexorable  steel  no  hand 

Of  time  or  teeth  of  hungry  ruin  fears. 

553.  bello,  i.e.  with  the  engines  of  war. 

554.  f errea  turris,  a  tower  or  "  keep "  of  steel,  rising  high  in  the 
midst. 

566.  Rhadamanthus,  like  Minos  he  was  a  famous  Cretan  hero,  said 
to  have  been  made  a  judge  in  the  world  below.     Here  he  appears  in  the 
character  of  a  Roman   quaesitor  parracidii,   trying    greater   offenders 
than  those  who  come  before  Minos.     The  criminals  are  supposed  to 
have  contrived  to  conceal  their  guilt  during  life  (furto  laetatus  inani). 

567.  castigat,  audit,  subigit :    the  famous  hysteron  proteron  in  this 
passage  is  a  fiction  of  grammaiians  (cf.  note  on  ii.  353);  castigo  cannot 
refer  to  punishment,  but  must  refer  to  the  upbraiding,  menacing  lan- 
guage   of   the   judge,  which    was   perhaps   accompanied   with    torture 
(subigitque  fateri).  —  dolos,  dark  ways. 

568.  quis,  indef.  —  quae  commissa  piacula,   the  committed  guilt, 
which,  equivalent  to  commissa  quorum  piacula. 

569.  distulit  in  seram  mortem  has  deferred  [the  expiation  of]  till 
death  —  too  late,  since  the  expiation  must  now  be  in  the  other  world. 

570.  sontes,  obj.  of  insultans  (§  227,  b  ;  G.  346,  N.2  ;  H.  386,  4). 

571.  Tisiphone,  the  eldest  of  the  Furies,  who  opens  the  awful  doors 
(sacrae  portae).     Dante  (Inferno,  ix.  46  ff.)  assigns  her,  with  her  sisters 
Megaera  and  Allecto,  to  the  sixth  circle  of  his  Hell. 

573.  horrisono  cardine  :  cf.  Milton's  celebrated  imitation,  Par.  Lost, 
ii.  879-882 : 

On  a  sudden  open  fly, 
With  impetuous  recoil  and  jarring  sound, 
Th'  infernal  doors,  and  on  their  hinges  grate 
Harsh  thunder. 


VI.  6o6.]  The  jEneid.  383 

574.  custodia,  Tisiphone  ;  within  is  the  Hydra,  fiercer  than  she  ;  and 
still  beyond,  Tartarus  itself,  more  dreadful  than  either. 

576.  hiatibus,  the  gaping  jaws  of  the  several  heads. 

578.  bis  patet :  cf.  iv.  445,  446. 

579.  suspectus  ad  Olympum,  the  upward  look  to  Olympus. 

580.  pubes,  the  Titans,  sons  of  earth  who  warred  with  the  gods. 
582.  Aloidas,  sons  of  Aloeus,  —  Otus  and  Ephialtes,  who  put  Mars 

in  chains  (II.  v.  385-387  ;  Bry.  476). 

585.  Salmonea,  king  of  Elis,  brother  of  Sisyphus,  who   contemptu- 
ously imitated  the  thunder  and  lightning  of  Jupiter.  —  dantem  :  see  note 
to  ii.  103. 

586.  dum  imitatur  =  imitantem  (cf.  §  290,  c;  G.  570,  N.2  ;  H.  550, 
N.6),  i.e.  punished  for  imitating  the  thunders  of  Jupiter  (so  qui  .   .   . 
simularet  below). 

588.  per  Elidis  urbem  :  i.e.  Olympia,  built  in  especial  honor  of  Zeus ; 
thus  the  affront  was  increased. 

591.  aere,  either  a  brazen  chariot,  as  was  that  of  Salmoneus,  driven 
over  a  bridge,  or  vessels  of  "sounding  brass."  —  simularet:  §  320,^; 
G.  633;  H.  517.  Cf.  Dryden,  Astraa  Redtix,  vv.  197-8: 

Which  durst  with  horses'  hoofs  that  beat  the  ground 
And  martial  brass  belie  the  thunder's  sound. 

593.  non  ille  faces,  etc. :  his  was  no  mere  imitation  of  thunder  and 
lightning. 

594.  immani  turbine,  i.e.  the  mighty  whirling  thunderbolt  (cf.  the 
"  wind  "  of  a  shot,  and  see  Vocab.). 

596.  cernere  erat  =  one  might  see,  by  a  common  Greek  construction. 
—  iugera,  the  iugerum  was  about  half  an  acre  (240  feet  by  120). 

598.  iecur :  the  liver,  as  the  supposed  seat  of  lust,  is  fitly  the  organ 
attacked ;    compare  the  punishment  of  Prometheus.  —  fecunda  poenis 
(dat.),  fertile  for  torture. 

599.  rimatur  epulis  (dat.  akin  to  end  of  motion),  tears  at  his  banquet. 
Cf.  George  Peele,  Battle  of  Alcazar,  iv.  2  : 

Racked  let  him  be  in  proud  Ixion's  wheel, 
Pined  let  him  be  with  Tantalus'  endless  thirst, 
Prey  let  him  be  to  Tityus'  greedy  bird, 
Wearied  with  Sisyphus'  immortal  toil. 

603.  genialibus  toris,  banqueting-couches,  especially  those  set  for  the 
birthday  festival. 

604.  fulcra,  props  or  supports  (gold-footed  frames  for  couches). 
606.  manibus,  with  contingere. 


384  Notes.  [ 

Fill  high  the  sparkling  bowl, 

The  rich  repast  prepare, 

Reft  of  a  crown,  he  yet  may  share  the  feast  : 

Close  by  the  regal  chair 

Fell  Thirst  and  Famine  scowl 

A  baleful  smile  upon  their  baffled  guest. 

GRAY,  The  Bard,  w.  77-82. 

608.  hie  quibus,  here  [are  they]  to  whom,. etc.  —  invisi  fratres,  like 
Atreus  and  Thyestes. 

609.  pulsatus  parens  :  the  act  of  striking  a  parent  was  regarded  with 
peculiar  horror.  —  nexit,  contrived  (lit.  wove  a  %veb  of  fraud).  —  client! : 
the  client  had  a  certain  sacred  claim  to  the  protection  of  his  patronus  ; 
see  note  to  Cic.  Rose.  Am.  §  4  ;  Cat.  iv.  23. 

610.  qui  .  .  .  repertis  :  those  who  have  found  a  treasure,  and  kept 
it  all  to  their  selfish  use,  —  a  type  of  all  who  are  greedy  of  gain. 

612.  arma  impia,  i.e.  civil  war. 

613.  dextras,  the  pledge  of  the  right  hand,  referring  to  servile  insur- 
rection ;  cf.  fallere  numen,  v.  324. 

615.  poenam,  sc.  exspectent. 

616.  saxum,  etc.:   an  allusion  to  Sisyphus  (see  Fig.,  p.  175).     Cf. 
Thomson,  Castle  of  Indolence,  i.  1 2  : 

Come,  ye  who  still  the  cumbrous  load  of  life 
Push  hard  up  hill,  but  as  the  furthest  steep 
You  trust  to  gain,  and  put  an  end  to  strife, 
Down  thunders  back  the  stone  with  mighty  sweep, 
And  hurls  your  labors  to  the  valley  deep 

617.  district!,  fastened,  with  their  limbs  strained  apart,  — the  com- 
monly reported  punishment  of  Ixion.     (See  Fig.,  p.  175.) 

618.  Theseus,  punished  for  his  crime  in  attempting  to  carry  off  Pro- 
serpine ;  Phlegyas,  son  of  Ares,  and  founder  of  a  robber  community,  the 
Phlegya?.    His  crime  was  that  he  burned  the  temple  of  Apollo  at  Delphi. 

621.  vendidit,  imposuit :  these  were  the  special  crimes  of  a  period 
of  civil  war,  such  as  Rome  had  just  passed  through. 

622.  fixit,  refixit :  laws  were  published  by  being  posted  up  on  brazen 
tablets,  and  when  repealed  were  taken  down  again.     Cf.  Landor,  Gebir, 
iii.  228,  229  : 

Here  are  discover'd  those  who  tortur'd  law 
To  silence  or  to  speech,  as  pleas'd  themselves. 

625.   sint :  equivalent  to  a  present  condition  contrary  to  fact.     For 
tense,  see  note  on  v.  294. 

630.   Cyclopum  educta  caminis  (abl.  of  separation),  i.e.  wrought  at 


VI.  6s7-]  The  Alneid.  385 

the  forges  of  the  Cyclops.     The  walls  of  Pluto  were  supposed  to  have 
been  built  of  iron  or  steel. 

631.  adverse  fornice  (abl.  of  quality),  with  their  arch  in  front  of  me. 

632.  praecepta,  the  instructions  given  by  the  gods. 

635.  corpus  spargit :  the  water  stands  ready  for  ceremonial  purifica- 
tion, as  in  the  vestibule  of  a  temple. 

640.  largior  aether,  i.e.  not  closed  in  by  the  denser  clouds  and  exha- 
lations of  the  earth.  Cf.  Milton,  Comus,  vv.  4-6  : 

In  regions  mild  of  calm  and  serene  air. 
Above  the  smoke  and  stir  of  this  dim  spot, 
Which  men  call  earth. 

—  et,  connecting  irregularly  the  two  ideas  of  freedom  and  brilliancy.  — 
lumine  purpureo,  glowing  light. 

642-647.  Imitated  by  Milton  in  his  account  of  the  fallen  angels  in 
hell,  Par.  Lost,  ii.  528  ff.  : 

Part  on  the  plain,  or  in  the  air  sublime 
Upon  the  wing,  or  in  swift  race  contend, 
As  at  the  Olympian  games  or  Pythian  fields  ; 
Part  curb  their  fiery  steeds,  or  shun  the  goal 
With  rapid  wheels,  or  fronted  brigads  form. 


Others  more  mild, 
Retreated  in  a  silent  valley,  sing 
With  notes  angelical  to  many  a  harp 
Their  own  heroic  deeds  and  hapless  fall 
By  doom  of  battle. 

645.  Threicius  sacerdos,  Orpheus,  "  the  Thracian  bard  "  (Par.  Lost, 
vii.  34),  the  mythic  father  of  song  and  institutor  of  the  Orphic  mysteries. 
—  longa,  as  a  priest. 

646.  obloquitur :  cf.  "  discourse  most  eloquent  music."     Hamlet,  iii. 
2-  374-  —  numeris  septem  (dat.),  the  seven  tones  of  the  scale  as  played  on 
the  lyre.  —  discrimina  vocum,  the  notes  of  the  voice. 

647.  eadem,  grammatically  referring  to  discrimina,  but  really  referring 
to  the  tune  as  a  whole  as  both  played  and  sung.  —  pectine :  so  called 
because  inserted  among  the  strings  of  the  harp  like  the  "  comb  "  among 
the  threads  of  the  loom. 

648.  Teucri,  see  Table,  p.  190. 

651.   arma  .  .   .  inanes,  he  gazes  from  afar  upon  the  phantom  arms 
and  chariots  of  the  heroes. 

653.   gratia,  fondness  for.  —  currum  (obj.  gen.  contracted). 
657.   choro,  abl.  of  manner. 


386  Notes.  [ 

658.  superne  volvitur,  flows  in  the  world  above.  The  Eridanus  (Po) 
was  held  to  have  its  rise  in  the  infernal  regions.  In  fact,  near  its  source 
it  flows  underground  for  about  two  miles. 

660.  manus  .  .  .  passi:  §  187,  d ;  G.  211,  R.1,  exc.  a;  H.  461,  i  ; 
cf.  i.  212. 

663.  vitam  excoluere,   etc.,  as  we  should  say,  adorned  or  ennobled 
human  life  by  skilful  inventions.  —  inventas  :    §  292,  a;   G.  325,  R.a; 
H.  549,  N.2     Cf.  Pope,  Temple  of  Fame,  w.  70,  71  : 

Or  worthies  old,  whom  arts  or  arms  adorn, 
Who  cities  rais'd,  or  tam'd  a  monstrous  race. 

664.  qui  .  .  .  merendo :    a  general  phrase  for  the  benefactors  of 
mankind. 

665.  vitta,  i.e.  as  if  victors  in  the  games. 

667.  Musaeum :  selected  as  being  the  mythical  father  of  poets  (so 
Milton,  //  Penseroso,  v.  104).  —  nam,   introducing  the  reason  why  the 
priestess  addressed  him  particularly  ;  the  respect  in  which  he  is  held 
indicates  a  corresponding  distinction. 

668.  umeris,  abl.  of  manner,  not  degree  of  difference. 
670.   illius  :  §  223,  e  ;  G.  373  ;  H.  398,  5. 

672.    atque,  and  at  once. 

676.  sistam :  Musaeus  is  to  leave  them  when  they  have  passed  the 
ridge  and  the  way  is  in  sight. 

680.  ituras  :  the  doctrine  of  metempsychosis,  here  hinted  at,  is  further 
developed  later. 

68 1.  lustrabat  recolens,  sun>eyed  thoughtfully. 

682.  forte,  i.e.  his  thoughts  happened  to  be  busy  at  that  moment  on 
this  subject. 

683.  manus,  deeds,  i.e.  martial  exploits. 
685.  alacris:  §  84,  a,  N.  ;  H.  153,  N.2 
691.  mea  cura  =  my  fond  hope. 

694.  quam  metui:  and  yet  Anchises  must  have  known  that  tineas 
went  to  Africa  by  divine  direction,  and  that  his  course  to  Italy  was  safe. 
The  verse  expresses,  however,  a  father's  natural  anxiety. 

695.  tua  imago :  it  would  appear  from  this  that  the  visions  of  Anchises, 
seen  by  ^Eneas  in  dreams,  were  not  the  visitation  of  his  real  presence 
(cf.  v.  722,  and  note). 

697.  stant  sale,  etc.,  ride  on  the  Tuscan  wave :  the  ships  are  still  afloat, 
not  hauled  up  on  shore  as  at  the  end  of  a  voyage. 

698.  amplexu,  probably  dative. 
701.   Cf.  Pope,  Dunciad,  ii.  in,  112: 


VI.  729-]  The  sEneid.  387 

A  shapeless  shade,  it  melted  from  his  sight, 
Like  forms  in  clouds,  or  visions  of  the  night. 

702.    This  line  is  repeated  from  ii.  794. 

705.  Lethaeum  amnem  :  see  Hamlet,  i.  4.  32-34  : 

And  duller  shouldst  thou  be  than  the  fat  weed 
That  rots  itself  in  ease  on  Lethe  wharf, 
Wouldst  thou  not  stir  in  this. 

Cf.  the  famous  description  in  Par.  Lost,  ii.  582-586.  —  domos  :  §  228,0; 
H.  386,  3. 

706.  volabant,  flitted :  the  word  expresses  the  noiseless  and  hurried 
movement  of  the  spirits.    The  faint  sound  they  make  is  compared  to  the 
humming  of  bees  in  summer.     Cf.  Pope,  Duticiad,  iii.  31-33  : 

Millions  and  millions  on  these  banks  he  views, 
Thick  as  the  stars  of  night,  or  morning  dews, 
As  thick  as  bees  o'er  vernal  blossoms  fly. 

710.   horrescit,  starts. 

719.  anne  .  .  .  animas,  what!  can  -we  think  that  spirits  go  hence  on 
high  to  [the  light  of]  heaven  ? 

721.  lucis  .  .  .  cupido,  so  wild  a  desire  of  life.  Contempt  of  life, 
real  or  affected,  was  part  of  the  old  philosophic  creed. 

723.  suscipit,  takes  up  the  argument.     This  style  of  philosophical 
reasoning  is  very  characteristic  of  the  spirit  of  Virgil's  poetry.    The  ideas 
that  follow  are  generally  Platonic,  but  are  mixed  with  Stoicism. 

724.  terras,  i.e.  the  earth  as  a  whole,  physically  ;  personified,  it  would 
be  singular. 

725.  Titania  astra  :  see  iv.  119,  and  note. 

726.  spiritus  intus  alit :  a  celebrated  phrase,  as  containing  the  ancient 
creed  of  pantheism;  see  Georg.  iv.  221-227.     Cf.  Thomson,  Castle  of 
Indolence,  ii.  47  : 

Eternal,  never-resting  soul, 
Almighty  power,  and  all-directing  day, 
By  whom  each  atom  stirs  and  planets  roll, 
Who  fills,  surrounds,  informs,  and  agitates  the  whole. 

727.  magno  corpore,  i.e.  the  universe,  perhaps  conceived,  on  Stoic 
principles,  as  a  living  organism. 

728.  inde  genus,  etc.  :  the  meaning  is,  that  the  mingling  of  spirit  with 
a  material  body  is  what  causes  organic  or  individual  life. 

729.  monstra,  strange  shapes,  as  sea  creatures  always  look  to  us.    So 
Milton  calls  the  sea  "  the  monstrous  world  "  (Lycidas,  v.  1 58).  Cf.  Byron's 
apostrophe  to  the  Ocean  ( Childe  Ha rold): 


388  Notes. 

Even  from  out  thy  slime 
The  monsters  of  the  deep  are  made. 

730.  igneus  vigor  :  the  "  fiery  force  "  and  "heavenly  source  "  found 
in  these  forms  of  life  (seminibus)  are  two  expressions  for  the  same  thing ; 
the  celestial  ether  being  conceived  as  flame. 

731.  quantum,  etc.,  i.e.  so  far  as  the  gross  nature  of  the  body  allows. 
Cf .  Shakspere,  Merchant  of  Venice,  v.  i .  64,  65  : 

But  whilst  this  muddy  vesture  of  decay 
Doth  grossly  close  it  in. 

Henry  More,  the  English  Platonist,  in  his  poem  on  the  Praexistency  of 
the  Soul,  st.  3,  calls  the  soul 

A  spark  or  ray  of  the  Divinity 
Clouded  in  earthy  fogs,  yclad  in  clay. 

733.  hinc,  i.e.  from  the  effect  of  the  body.  Thus  in  the  New  Testa- 
ment, passions  are  said  to  reside  in  "  the  flesh."  —  auras,  the  light. 

735-  supremo  .  .  .  reliquit,  when  life  has  left  them,  -with  the  last 
glimpse  of  light ;  cf.  iv.  692,  and  note. 

736.  tamen,  even  then,  though  the  soul  has  put  off  its  earthy  en- 
velope. 

738.  inolescere,  said  properly  of  parasitic  growths,  which  become 
strangely  (modis  miris)  implicated  with  what  they  grow  on. 

740.  panduntur,  etc.  The  language  is  of  purification  by  the  air,  but 
perhaps  the  image  was  meant  to  suggest  also  the  torment  of  crucifixion. 
With  this  and  the  following  lines  cf.  Shakspere,  Measure  for  Measure, 
iii.  I.  122-6  : 

To  bathe  in  fiery  floods,  or  to  reside 
In  thrilling  regions  of  thick-ribbed  ice  ; 
To  be  imprison'd  in  the  viewless  winds, 
And  blown  with  restless  violence  about 
The  pendent  world. 

742.  exuritur  igni :  in  passages  like  this  Dante  very  naturally  found 
an  anticipation  of  the  doctrine  of  purgatory.  The  three  elements  are 
used  to  cleanse  the  soul. 

743-4.  quisque  .  .  .  manes,  ive  suffer,  every  man  his  own  retribution 
(manes,  the  soul  that  receives  the  penalty,  being  put  for  its  destiny  or 
life  in  the  world  below).  —  per  .  .  .  Elysium,  etc.  Apparently,  after  the 
purification  of  penance,  the  souls  pass  into  Elysium,  where  a  few  remain 
(freed  from  the  necessity  of  returning  to  other  bodies),  the  rest,  after  a 
further  purification  by  time,  go  through  another  round  of  life. 

746.    purum,  etc.  (pred.),  has  left  pure  the  ethereal  sense. 


VI. 


The  ALneid. 


389 


Fig.  52. 


747.  aura'i  simplicis  ignem,  the  flame  of  pure  light  (the  ether). 

748.  has  omnes,  all  these,  i.e.  with  the  exception  of  the  pauci  men- 
tioned in  v.  744.  —  rotam  volvere  :  see  the  myth  in  Plato's  Republic, 
book  x. 

750.    immemores,  etc.  (pred.),  that  without  memory  they  may  revisit 
the  upper  earth.  —  convexa,  i.e.  under  the  arch 
of  heaven. 

754.  possit,  characteristic  subj. 

755.  adversos  legere,  scan  those  before  them. 
Cf.  Dryden,  Eleonora,  w.  197-200: 

Anchises  looked  not  with  so  pleased  a  face, 
In  numbering  o'er  his  future  Roman  race, 
And  marshalling  the  heroes  of  his  name, 
As  in  their  order  next  to  light  they  came. 

756.  quae  deinde  (=  dehinc)  sequatur,  etc., 
ind.  quest.,  depending  on  expediam. 

758.  nostrum  in  nomen  ituras :  a  legal 
phrase  of  adoption  into  a  family,  the  heroes 
whose  names  follow  belonging  to  Roman  story, 
but  not  all  to  the  house  of  Anchises. 

760.  pura  hasta  :  sometimes  explained  of  a 
"  headless  spear,"  given  as  a  prize  to  young 
men  after  their  first  feat  of  arms.     (See  Fig.  52.) 
here  in  any  case  a  symbol  of  peace. 

761.  lucis,  i.e.  order  of  birth. 

763.  postuma  proles,  youngest  born  ;  but  in  some  legends  Silvius  is 
called  postumus  as  born  after  his  father's  death,  in  the  woods  to  which 
Lavinia  had  fled  in  fear  of  Ascanius  (cf.  the  prediction,  i.  263-271) ;  and 
this  may  be  the  sense  here,  though  longaevo  seems  to  make  against  it. 

766.  Longa  Alba,  the  "long  white  town,"  stretched  along  a  ridge  on 
the  edge  of  Lake  Albanus.     It  was  supposed  to  be  the  old  capital  of 
the  Latin  league,  from  which  rank  it  was  dispossessed  by  Rome.     Other 
Latin  towns  are  mentioned  below.     Compare,  for  some  of  these  legen- 
dary names,  the  fourteenth  book  of  Ovid's  Metamorphoses. 

767.  proxumus,  close  by:  in  the  lists,  Procas  stands  as  the  twelfth  or 
fourteenth. 

770.  si  umquam  acceperit :  ^neas  Silvius,  it  was  said,  was  kept  from 
his  inheritance  for  53  years.  —  regnandam  Albam  =  the  throne  of  Alba 
(§  294,  d ;  G.  430  ;  H.  549,  3). 

772.  umbrata  quercu,  wreathed  with  oak.  The  oak-wreath  (corona 
civilis)  was  bestowed  on  him  who  had  saved  the  life  of  a  Roman  citizen 


It  would  seem  to  be 


390  Notes.  [ 

in  battle.  (See  figure  of  Augustus,  in  text,  p.  181.)  As  perpetual 
preserver  of  the  people,  such  wreaths  were  hung  before  the  door  of 
Augustus  by  vote  of  the  Senate.  Hence  the  allusion  is  a  personal 
compliment. 

773.   Nomentum,  etc.,  towns  of  the  Prisci  Latini. 

776.  turn  .  .  .  erunt,  these  shall  then  be  names,  i.e.  places  of  note. 

777.  avo  COmitem,  a  companion   (or  champion)  to  his  grandfather. 
The  first  exploit  of  Romulus  was  to  restore  Numitor  to  the  throne  of 
Alba. 

779.  geminae  cristae  :  the  double  plume  was  a  distinguishing  mark 
of  Mars,  though  no  representation  of  it  appears  in  works  of  art ;  like 
him,  Romulus  is  constantly  represented  with  a  helmet.  It  is  by  this 
sign  that  his  father  (Mars)  marks  him  by  his  own  sign  of  honor  as  belong- 
ing to  the  -world  on  high  (superum,  lit.  as  being  of  the  gods,  predicate 
gen.:  §  214,  c;  G.  366;  H.  401). 

782.  imperium  aequabit :  cf.  i.  287. 

783.  septem  arces,  the  seven  heights  (septimontiuni) ;  the  name  was 
first  given  to  the  Palatine,  with  its  spurs  and  those  of  the  adjoining 
Esquiline  ;  it  was  afterwards  extended  to  the  larger  group  of  the  famous 
"seven  hills,"  with  which  at  first  it  had  nothing  to  do. 

784.  mater,  Cybele;  see  note  to  iii.  in.     She  was  represented  with 
the  turreted  crown  (hence  turrita)  also  worn  by  personified  cities.    (See 
Fig.  30,  p.  283.) 

The  tow'red  Cybele 
Mother  of  an  hundred  gods. 

MILTON,  Arcades,  w.  21-22. 

Glad  Berecynthia  so 
Among  her  deathless  progeny  did  go  ; 
A  wreath  of  towers  adorned  her  reverend  head, 
Mother  of  all  that  on  ambrosia  fed. 

WALLER,  To  the  Queen  Mother  of  France,  w.  13-16. 

A  crown  of  such  majestic  towers  doth  grace 
The  gods'  great  mother,  when  her  heavenly  race 
Do  homage  to  her ;  yet  she  cannot  boast 
Amongst  that  numerous  and  celestial  host 
More  heroes  than  can  Windsor. 

DEN-HAM,  Cooper's  Hill. 

Nor  Cybele  with  half  so  kind  an  eye 
Surveyed  her  sons  and  daughters  of  the  sky ; 
Proud,  shall  I  say,  of  her  immortal  fruit  ? 
As  far  as  pride  with  heavenly  mind  may  suit. 

DRYDBN,  Eleonora,  w.  201-204. 
Cf.  also  Ppenser,  Ruins  of  Rome,  vi. 


VI.  8o2.]  The  ALneid.  391 

788.  geminas  acies,  both  your  eyes  ;  an  expression  in  the  "  high  style  " 
and  hence  suited  to  Anchises'  prophetic  enthusiasm.  Cf.  "  Make  your 
two  eyes,  like  stars,  start  from  their  spheres."  Hamlet,  i.  5.  17. 

791.  hie  vir,  etc. :  cf.  Pope,  Dunciad,  iii.  319,  320 : 

This,  this  is  he,  foretold  by  ancient  rhymes  : 
Th'  Augustus  born  to  bring  Saturnian  times. 

792.  aurea,  etc.  :   see  Ovid's  description  of  the  Golden   Age,   Met. 
i.  89-112  (finely  translated  by  Dryden).     The  poets  have  always  been 
fond  of  this  conception.     Chaucer's  The  Former  Age  is  a  good  example. 
Cf.  Milton's  description  of  Eden   (Par.  Lost,  iv.  207-355).     For  the 
return  of  the  Golden  Age  see  Eel.  iv.  (imitated  in  Pope's  Messiah)  ;  cf. 
/En.  i.  291,  note.     The  compliment  in  the  present  passage  is  turned  by 
Dryden  to  the  praise  of  Charles  II. 

O,  happy  age  !     O,  times  like  those  alone 
By  fate  reserved  for  great  Augustus'  throne, 
When  the  joint  growth  of  arts  and  arms  foreshew 
The  world  a  Monarch,  and  that  Monarch  you  ! 

Astraa  Redux,  end. 

793.  Latio,  loc.  abl. 

794.  super  Garamantas  :  a  tribe  of  interior  Africa,   which  sent  an 
embassy  to  Augustus.     How  this  struck  the  Roman  imagination  is  seen 
in  the  following  verses.  —  Indos  :  the  reference  is  to  the  East,  generally. 
When  Augustus  was  in  Syria  (B.C.  20),  embassies  from  the  Parthians 
and  Indians  restored  the  standards  taken  more  than  thirty  years  before 
from  Crassus. 

796.  extra  .  .  .  vias,  i.e.  beyond  the  tropics.  Cf.  Ben  Jonson,  Prince 
Henry's  Barriers :  "  Beyond  the  paths  and  reaches  of  the  sun  "  ;  Dryden, 
Annus  Mirabilis,  st.  160:  "Beyond  the  year  and  out  of  heaven's  high 
way";  and  Gray,  Progress  of  Poesy,  v.  54  :  "  In  climes  beyond  the  solar 
road  "  (of  the  Arctic  regions).  —  Atlas  :  cf.  iv.  247. 

798.  in  adventum,  against  his  coming  (as  we  might  say  in  English), 
i.e.  looking  towards  it. 

799.  responsis,  i.e.  oracles  which  are  to  be  fulfilled  by  his  coming. 

800.  turbant  (intrans.),  are  troubled.  —  septemgemini,  referring  to 
the  numerous  mouths  of  the  Delta  of  the  Nile. 

802.  £xerit:  §  313,  b\  G.  607;  H.  515,  iii.  —  Erymanthi  pacarit 
nemora,  i.e.  by  killing  the  wild  boar.  —  Lernam,  referring  to  the  Hydra 
(see  v.  287).  These  exploits  of  Hercules  were  all  within  the  limits  of 
Arcadia,  and  so  give  no  great  notion  of  his  wanderings.  Atlas,  Antaeus, 
and  Geryon  might  have  suggested  a  wider  range. 


392  Notes.  [ 

805.  Liber  was  an  old  Italian  god  of  fertility,  identified,  without  any 
special  cause,  with  the  Grecian  Bacchus,  god  of  wine,  inspiration,  and 
dramatic  poetry.     The  triumphant  march  of  Bacchus,  in  the  fable,  led 
him  as  far  as  India.     His  car  was  drawn  by  tigers  or  lynxes,  guided  by 
reins  of  vine-branch. 

806.  virtute  (abl.  of  manner)  extendere  vires,  to  put  forth  strength  in 
[deeds  of]  valor. 

808.   olivae  :  see  v.  774. 

810.  regis :  Numa,  the  second  king,  the  reputed  founder  of  most  of 
the  religious  customs  of  Rome  ;  he  was  a  native  of  the  Sabine  Cures. 

812.  imperium  magnum:  in  fact  a  city  of  perhaps  twenty  or  thirty 
thousand  inhabitants,  and  a  territory  of  about  fifteen  miles  square. 
Anchises  speaks  in  vision  of  the  vast  empire  to  follow. 

815.  iactantior,  too  boastful,  as  grandson  of  Numa.     He  was  said  to 
be  founder  of  the  plebs  as  an  order  in  the  state :  hence  gaudens  popu- 
laribus  auris,  when  intriguing  for  the  kingdom. 

816.  nunc,   i.e.  even  then  before  the  republic  was  founded.     The 
allusion  is  meant  to  be  more  or  less  disparaging  to  the  lower  orders. 

818.  fasces  receptos,  the  recovered  fasces.  The  fasces,  or  bundles  of 
rods  and  axe,  were  borne  by  the  lictors  before  the  highest  officer,  as  the 
symbol  of  imperium,  or  military  power ;  Brutus  wrested  the  imperium 
from  the  kings  and  restored  it  to  the  aristocracy. 

820.  natos  .  .  .  vocabit :  the  well-known  story  of  Brutus,  who  sen- 
tenced to  death  his  own  sons  for  joining  in  a  conspiracy  to  restore  the 
exiled  king.  Hence  saevas  secures. 

822.  utcumque  f  erent  minores,  however  posterity  shall  report  his  deeds. 
In  these  words  Anchises  admits  the  cruelty  of  the  act,  but  immediately 
excuses  it  on  the  ground  of  patriotism. 

824.  Decios,  etc.  :  the  Decii,  father,  son,  and  grandson,  solemnly 
devoted  themselves  to  death  (like  Arnold  of  Winkelried),  each  to  win  a 
doubtful  battle,  in  the  war  with  the  Latins,  with  the  Samnites,  and  with 
Pyrrhus  respectively;  Torquatus  (T.  Manlius)  won  his  title,  with  a 
golden  neck-chain,  by  slaying  a  gigantic  Gaul  ;  Camillus,  returning 
from  banishment,  drove  back  the  victorious  Gauls,  winning  back  the 
conquered  standards  (referentem  signa).  The  Drusi,  a  respectable 
but  not  eminent  family,  are  here  mentioned  in  compliment  to  Livia, 
wife  of  Augustus. 

827.  Concordes  animae  :  Pompey  and  Caesar,  in  equal  arms  (paribus 
in  armis),  since  their  power  was  about  equal. 

830.  socer :  Caesar,  whose  daughter  Julia  was  the  third  and  best  be- 
loved wife  of  Pompey.  She  died  B.C.  54,  while  Caesar  was  in  Gaul.  — 


VI.  849-]  The  ALneid.  393 

arce  Monoeci,  the  rampart  of  Moncecus  (Monaco),  on  the  coast  just  east 
of  Nice.  It  is  mentioned  to  signify  Caesar's  march  from  Gaul  into 
Italy. 

831.  Eois  :   the  main  reliance  of  Pompey  was  on  the  forces  of  the 
East. 

832.  adsuescite  :  the  expression  seems  to  refer  to  the  naturally  hu- 
mane temper  of  both  the  rivals. 

833.  in  viscera,  etc.  :  cf.  Spenser,  Ruins  of  Rome,  xxiv  : 

That,  each  to  other  working  cruell  wrongs, 
Your  blades  in  your  owne  bowels  you  embrew'd. 

834.  tu  prior :  Caesar,  as  the  more  illustrious.     Besides,  the  exploits 
of  Caesar,  as  a  popular  chief,  were  distasteful  to  the  courtiers  of  Augustus, 
and  it  was  fashionable  to  belittle  them;  hence  the  objurgatory  tone. 

836.  ille :    L.  Mummius,   conqueror  of  Corinth,  B.C.  146.  —  trium- 
phata,  here  transitive  in  the  sense  of  tritimph  over. 

837.  currum,  alluding  to  the  well-known  triumphal  procession. 

838.  ille :    L.  ^Emilius  Paullus,  conqueror  of  Perseus  (Aeaciden,  as 
descended  from  Achilles),  B.C.  168.    By  Argos,  etc.,  is  meant  all  Greece, 
of  which,  in  Anchises'  time,  this  was  the  chief  city. 

840.  templum  Minervae :  see  ii.  163. 

841-4.  Cato,  etc.  These  heroes  are  Cato  the  Censor ;  Cossus,  a  hero 
of  the  early  wars  against  the  Gauls  ;  the  Gracchi,  the  celebrated  tribunes 
of  the  people,  one  of  whose  ancestors  had  distinguished  himself  in  Spain  ; 
the  Scipios,  Africanus  elder  and  younger ;  Fabricius,  "  strong  in  poverty," 
who  defeated  Pyrrhus;  Serranus  (C.  Atilius  Regulus,  consul  B.C.  257  ; 
not  the  famous  Regulus),  a  general  in  the  First  Punic  War.  The  name 
Serranus  was  said  to  have  been  given  to  Regulus  from  his  being  found 
sowing  (serentem)  in  the  field  by  the  messengers  who  brought  the  news 
of  his  election  as  consul. 

842.  duo  fulmina  belli :  cf.  Ben  Jonson,  Prince  Henry's  Barriers : 
"The  other  thunderbolt  of  war,  Harry  the  Fifth." 

845.  (Fabius)  Maxumus,  the  commander  against  Hannibal.  The 
following  verse  (which  is  taken  from  Ennius)  refers  to  his  method  of 
waging  war,  whence  he  was  called  Cunctator. 

848.  ducent :  ducere  applies  strictly  to  yielding  materials,  like  metal, 
clay,  or  wax ;  its  use  here  suggests  that  marble  itself  is  pliable  in  the 
hands  of  a  consummate  artist.    Cf.  Thomson,  Castle  of  Indolence,  ii.  13: 

To  touch  the  kindling  canvas  into  life. 

849.  orabunt   melius :    in    forensic   oratory,  the  names  of  Crassus, 


394  Notes.  [ 

Hortensius,  and  Cicero,  stand  as  high  as  those  of  their  Greek  masters. 
But  Anchises  purposely  disparages  every  other  glory  —  art,  oratory, 
science  —  in  comparison  with  that  of  arms. 

852.  Cf.  Ben  Jonson,  Prince  Henry's  Barriers : 

His  arts  must  be  to  govern,  and  give  laws 
To  peace  no  less  than  arms. 

853.  Cf.  Ben  Jonson,  Hue  and  Cry  after  Cupid : 

To  spare  his  subjects,  but  to  quell  the  proud. 

855.  Marcellus  (M.  Claudius):  called  the  "Sword  of  Rome,"  one 
of  the  best  generals  against  the  Gauls,  and  afterwards  against  Hannibal. 
He  won  the  spolia  ofima  by  slaying  with  his  own  hand  the  Gallic  chief 
Viridomarus.  His  name  is  mentioned  last,  to  introduce  that  of  his  young 
namesake. 

857.  tumultu,  alarm  :  strictly,  the  name  for  civil  war. 

858.  sistet :  contrasted  with  tumultu.  —  eques  :  the  most  celebrated 
exploits  of  Marcellus  were  with  cavalry. 

859.  Quirino,  the  Sabine  god  of  battles  (identified  with  the  deified 
Romulus),  to  whom  the  spolia  opima  were  regularly  consecrated. 

865.  quantum  instar,  what  a  likeness  (to  the  elder  Marcellus) !  —  ipso, 
opposed  to  comitum. 

866.  nox  .  .  .  circumvolat :  cf.  Cowley,  Davideis,  bk.  ii : 

But  oh,  alas  !  what  sudden  cloud  is  spread 
About  this  glorious  king's  eclipsed  head  ? 
It  all  his  fame  benights,  and  all  his  store, 
Wrapping  him  round,  and  now  he's  seen  no  more. 

869.  ostendent  tantum  :  the  young  Marcellus,  son  of  Octavia,  sister 
of  Augustus,  died  in  his  twentieth  year. 

871.  fuissent,  properly  subj.  of  dep.  clause  in  ind.  disc.,  standing  for 
fut.  perf. 

872.  quantos  virum  gemitus,  what  lamentation  of  strong  men!  — 
Mavortis  urbem,  i.e.  Rome. 

873.  quae  funera :  in  the  funeral  procession  of  the  young  Marcellus, 
there  were  six  hundred  couches  containing  the  images  of  his  illustrious 
kindred.     The  funeral  was  on  the  Campus  Martins. 

874.  tumulum :  the  ruins  of  the  immense  tomb  are  still  to  be  seen 
near  the  Tiber.     (See  Fig.  53,  p.  395.) 

878.  heu  prisca  fides,  etc. :  cf.  Dryden,  Absalom  and  Achitophel, 
i.  844,  845  : 


VI.  883.]  The 


395 


O,  ancient  honor  !    O,  unconquered  hand, 
Whom  foes  unpunished  never  could  withstand! 


879.  tulisset,  i.e.  if  he  had  lived. 

880.  illi:  §  228,  b\  cf.  i.  314. 


Fig-  53- 


MAUSOLEUM  OF  AUGUSTUS. 


881.  seu  .  .  .  armos,  repeating  the  allusion  of  v.  858. 

882.  rumpas:  §  307,  b,  R. ;  G.  596,  i  ;  H.  511,  i,  N.1 

883.  A  celebrated  anecdote  relates  that,  when  Virgil   recited  these 
lines  before  Augustus,  Octavia  swooned,  and  on  her  recovery  ordered 


396 


Notes. 


ten  thousand  sesterces  to  be  given  to  the  poet  for  each  of  the  verses  in 
which  mention  was  made  of  her  son. 

885.    inani,  i.e.  because  the  boy  would  never  come  to  maturity. 

887.  aeris  campis  :  cf.  largior  aether,  v.  640. 

893.  gemmae  portae :  this  description  of  the  horn  and  ivory  gates  is 
taken  from  the  words  of  Penelope  to  Odysseus  (Od.  xix.  562-567  ; 
Bry.  678).  Cf.  Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  i.  i.  40.  — fertur,  is  reported  (citing 
the  above  legend). 


PVBLI    VERGILI    MARONIS 
AENEIS:  BVCOLICA:  GEORGICA 


GREATER  POEMS  OF  VIRGIL 


VOL.  II 


CONTAINING    THE 


ECLOGUES 


EDITED   BY 


J.  B.   GREENOUGH   AND   G.   L.   KITTREDGE 


BOSTON,  U.S.A.,  AND  LONDON 
PUBLISHED     BY     GINN     &     COMPANY 

IQOO 


COPYRIGHT,  1895,  BY 
J.  B.  GREENOUGH  AND  G.  L.  KITTREDGE 


ALL  RIGHTS   RESERVED 


PREFACE, 


IN  revising  the  1882  edition  of  Greenough's  Virgil,  it  has 
seemed  best  in  view  of  the  practice  in  schools  to  separate 
the  Eclogues  from  the  ^Eneid.  The  text,  as  in  former 
editions,  follows  Ribbeck  in  the  main.  The  notes  have 
been  carefully  revised  throughout.  Many  changes  have 
been  made  in  discussing  the  difficult  passages,  and,  in 
general,  suggestions  as  to  the  connection  of  thought,  which 
in  the  Eclogues  is  often  very  complicated,  have  been 
multiplied,  while  the  translations  suited  to  elementary  study 
have  been  much  reduced  in  number.  It  has  seemed  to  the 
editors  that  study  of  the  Eclogues  is  best  devoted  to  their 
literary  character,  and  hence  the  grammatical  references 
have  been  reduced  to  a  minimum  and  English  parallels 
and  imitations  have  been  quoted  or  referred  to  with  great 
freedom.  It  is  hoped  that  the  subtle  charm  of  these  earlier 
works  of  the  great  poet  will  not  be  lost  even  to  young 
students  of  Latin  either  by  neglect  or  by  over-attention  to 

pedantic  details. 

J.  B.  G. 

G.  L.  K. 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS 

IN    THE    ECLOGUES. 


(For  Abbreviations  see  &neid,  page  v.) 


IN  THE  TEXT. 

PAGE 

Thalia.     Statue.     Mus.  Chiar 3 

Tityrus  and  Melibceus.      Vatican  Fragments 3 

Farmer  going  to  market.     Relief  now  at  Munich.     Liitz.      ...  4 

Italian  country-house.     Wall  painting.     Zahn 6 

Drinking  vessels.     Pottery.     Ann.  Inst 10 

River  Anapus,  with  papyrus.     Photograph 13 

Silenus.     Statue.     Mits.  Chiar 18 

Satyr,  with  grafting  materials.     Ancient  gem.     Pine"';  Virgil.  .     .  18 

Young  satyr.     Wall  painting.     H.  &•*  P. 18 

Mantua.     Photograph 27 

Fountain  of  Arethusa.     Photograph 29 

Parnassus.     L'Untvers 29 

Hercules  and  Silvanus.     Relief.     Mus.  Chiar 30 

Shepherd  and  sheep.     Painting  from  tomb  of  Statilius  Taurus 

(circa  B.C.  30).     Parker  s  Photographs 32 

IN   THE   NOTES. 

FIG. 

1.  Woman  sacrificing  fruits.     Wall  painting H.  <&°  P. 

2.  Syrinx.     Wall  painting ff.S>P. 

3.  Rustic  with  basket.     Ant.  d'Hercul.        .     .    Horace  by  Thompson. 

4.  Falx.     Ancient  MS.      . Smith. 

5.  Hunting-nets.      Relief ....    Smith. 


vi  List  of  Illustrations. 


FIG. 


6.  Hunting-nets.      Relief Smith. 

7.  Cattle  pursued  by  lions.     Wall  painting ff.&P, 

8.  Woman  spinning.     Relief Smith. 

9.  Bacchus  in  car  drawn  by  tigers.     Relief Muller. 

10.     Genius  with  thyrsus  and  basket Thompson  s  Horace. 

n.  Youths  drawing  wine  from  a  crater.    Slave  with  cyathus.   G.  6°  K. 

12.  Dancing  satyr Pine's  Virgil. 

13.  Pedum.     Wall  painting H.  6°  P. 

14.  Hand    touching   the   ear,    symbolic  of   memory.      Ancient 

gem Mus.  Flor. 

15.  Bacchus  with  cantharus  and  panther.     Silenus  with  pecten. 

Crater.     Basket  of  fruit.     Wall  painting.    .     .     .     H.  &>  P. 

16.  Prometheus.      Relief Arch.  Zeit. 

17.  Diana.     Wall  painting H.  &°  P. 

18.  Griffins.     Relief.  .     .          Hirt. 

19.  Genius  with  torch.     Wall  painting.    .  .    .    .     .     .     H.  &°  P. 


PASTORAL    POEMS 

(BUCOLICA) 


THALIA. 


PASTORAL    POEMS. 


ECLOGUE    I. 
MELIBOEUS.       TITYRUS. 

TITYRE,  tu  patulae  recubans  sub  tegmine  fagi 
silvestrem  tenui  Musam  meditaris  avena  ; 
nos  patriae  fines  et  dulcia  linquimus  arva : 
nos  patriam  fugimus ;  tu,  Tityre,  lentus  in  umbra 
formosam  resonare  doces  Amaryllida  silvas. 
T.  O  Meliboee,  deus  nobis  haec  otia  fecit : 
namque  erit  ille  mihi  semper  deus  ;  illius  aram 
saepe  tener  nostris  ab  ovilibus  imbuet  agnus. 
Ille  meas  errare  boves,  ut  cernis,  et  ipsum 
ludere,  quae  vellem,  calamo  permisit  agresti. 
M.  Non  equidem  invideo ;  miror  magis  :  undique  totis 
usque  adeo  turbatur  agris.     En,  ipse  capellas 
protinus  aeger  ago  ;  hanc  etiam  vix,  Tityre,  duco  : 
hie  inter  densas  corylos  modo  namque  gemellos, 
spem  gregis,  ah,  silice  in  nuda  conixa  reliquit. 
Saepe  malum  hoc  nobis,  si  mens  non  laeva  fuisset, 
de  caelo  tactas  memini  praedicere  quercus :  — 


4  Pastoral  Poems.  [BUCOL. 

[saepe  sinistra  cava  praedixit  ab  ilice  cornix.] 

Sed  tamen,  iste  deus  qui  sit,  da,  Tityre,  nobis. 

T.  Urbem,  quam  dicunt  Romam,  Meliboee,  putavi  20 

stultus  ego  huic  nostrae  similem,  quo  saepe  solemus 

pastores  ovium  teneros  depellere  fetus  : 

sic  canibus  catulos  similis,  sic  matribus  haedos 

noram,  sic  parvis  componere  magna  solebam : 

verum  haec  tantum  alias  inter  caput  extulit  urbes,  25 

quantum  lenta  solent  inter  viburna  cupressi. 

M.   Et  quae  tanta  fuit  Romam  tibi  causa  videndi  ? 

T.  Libertas ;  quae  sera,  tamen  respexit  inertem, 

candidior  postquam  tondenti  barba  cadebat ; 

respexit  tamen,  et  longo  post  tempore  venit,  3° 

postquam  nos  Amaryllis  habet,  Galatea  reliquit : 

namque,  fatebor  enim,  dum  me  Galatea  tenebat, 

nee  spes  libertatis  erat,  nee  cura  peculi : 


FARMER  GOING  TO  MARKET. 


quamvis  multa  meis  exiret  victima  saeptis, 
pinguis  et  ingratae  premeretur  caseus  urbi, 
non  umquam  gravis  acre  domum  mihi  dextra  redibat. 


35 


ECL.  I.]  Tityrus.  5 

M.  Mirabar,  quid  maesta  deos,  Amarylli,  vocares, 

cui  pendere  sua  patereris  in  arbore  poma : 

Tityrus  hinc  aberat.     Ipsae  te,  Tityre,  pinus, 

ipsi  te  fontes,  ipsa  haec  arbusta  vocabant.  40 

T,  Quid  facerem  ?     Neque  servitio  me  exire  licebat, 

nee  tarn  praesentis  alibi  cognoscere  divos. 

Hie  ilium  vidi  iuvenem,  Meliboee,  quot  annis 

bis  senos  cui  nostra  dies  altaria  fumant ; 

hie  mihi  responsum  primus  dedit  ille  petenti :  45 

'  Pascite,  ut  ante,  boves,  pueri,  submittite  tauros.' 

M.  Fortunate  senex,  ergo  tua  rura  manebunt, 

et  tibi  magna  satis,  quamvis  lapis  omnia  nudus 

limosoque  palus  obducat  pascua  iunco  ! 

Non  insueta  gravis  temptabunt  pabula  fetas,  5° 

nee  mala  vicini  pecoris  contagia  laedent. 

Fortunate  senex,  hie,  inter  flumina  nota 
et  fontis  sacros,  frigus  captabis  opacum  ! 
Hinc  tibi,  quae  semper,  vicino  ab  limite,  saepes 
Hyblaeis  apibus  florem  depasta  salicti  55 

saepe  levi  somnum  suadebit  inire  susurro; 
hinc  alta  sub  rupe  canet  frondator  ad  auras ; 
nee  tamen  interea  raucae,  tua  cura,  palumbes, 
nee  gemere  ae'ria  cessabit  turtur  ab  ulmo. 
T.  Ante  leves  ergo  pascentur  in  aequore  cervi,  60 

et  freta  destituent  nudos  in  litore  pisces, 
ante  pererratis  amborum  finibus  exsul 
aut  Ararim  Parthus  bibet,  aut  Germania  Tigrim, 
quam  nostro  illius  labatur  pectore  voltus. 
M.  At  nos  hinc  alii  sitientis  ibimus  Afros,  65 

pars  Scythiam  et  rapidum  Cretae  veniemus  Oaxen, 
et  penitus  toto  divisos  orbe  Britannos. 

En  umquam  patrios  longo  post  tempore  finis, 
pauperis  et  tuguri  congestum  caespite  culmen, 
post  aliquot  mea  regna  videns  mirabor  aristas  ?  70 


Pastoral  Poems. 


[BUCOL. 


Impius  haec  tarn  culta  novalia  miles  habebit. 
barbarus  has  segetes  ?     En,  quo  discordia  civis 
produxit  miseros  !     His  nos  consevimus  agros  ! 

Insere  nunc,  Meliboee,  piros,  pone  ordine  vitis ! 
Ite  meae,  felix  quondam  pecus,  ite  capellae ! 
Non  ego  vos  posthac,  viridi  proiectus  in  antro, 
dumosa  pendere  procul  de  rupe  videbo ; 
carmina  nulla  canam ;  non,  me  pascente,  capellae, 
florentem  cytisum  et  salices  carpetis  amaras. 
T.  Hie  tarnen  hanc  mecum  poteras  requiescere  noctem 
fronde  super  viridi :  sunt  nobis  mitia  poma, 
castaneae  molles,  et  pressi  copia  lactis ; 
et  iam  summa  procul  villarum  culmina  fumant, 
maioresque  cadunt  altis  de  montibus  umbrae. 


75 


80 


ITALIAN  COUNTRY-HOUSE. 


ECL.  II.]  Alexis. 


ECLOGUE    II. 

FORMOSUM  pastor  Corydon  ardebat  Alexim, 
delicias  domini,  nee  quid  speraret  habebat ; 
tantum  inter  densas,  umbrosa  cacumina,  fagos 
adsidue  veniebat.     Ibi  haec  incondita  solus 
montibus  et  silvis  studio  iactabat  inani :  5 

O  crudelis  Alexi,  nihil  mea  carmina  curas  ? 
Nil  nostri  miserere  ?     Mori  me  denique  coges. 
Nunc  etiam  pecudes  umbras  et  frigora  captant ; 
nunc  viridis  etiam  occultant  spineta  lacertos, 
Thestylis  et  rapido  fessis  messoribus  aestu  '° 

allia  serpyllumque  herbas  contundit  olentis. 
At  mecum  raucis,  tua  dum  vestigia  lustro, 
sole  sub  ardenti  resonant  arbusta  cicadis. 

Nonne  fuit  satius  tristis  Amaryllidis  iras 
atque  superba  pati  fastidia,  nonne  Menalcan,  15 

quamvis  ille  niger,  quamvis  tu  candidus  esses  ? 
O  formose  puer,  nimium  ne  crede  colori ! 
Alba  ligustra  cadunt,  vaccinia  nigra  leguntur. 

Despectus  tibi  sum,  nee  qui  sim  quaeris,  Alexi, 
quam  dives  pecoris,  nivei  quam  lactis  abundans.  20 

Mille  meae  Siculis  errant  in  montibus  agnae ; 
lac  mihi  non  aestate  novum,  non  frigore  defit ; 
canto  quae  solitus,  si  quando  armenta  vocabat, 
Amphion  Dircaeus  in  Actaeo  Aracintho. 

Nee  sum  adeo  informis  :  nuper  me  in  litore  vidi,  25 

cum  placidum  ventis  staret  mare ;  non  ego  Daphnim 
iudice  te  metuam,  si  numquam  fallit  imago. 
O  tantum  libeat  mecum  tibi  sordida  rura 
atque  humilis  habitare  casas,  et  figere  cervos, 
haedorumque  gregem  viridi  compellere  hibisco !  3° 

Mecum  una  in  silvis  imitabere  Pana  canendo. 
[Pan  primus  calamos  cera  coniungere  pluris 


8  Pastoral  Poems. 


instituit;  Pan  curat  ovis  oviumque  raagistros.] 

Nee  te  paeniteat  calamo  trivisse  labellum  : 
haec  eadem  ut  sciret,  quid  non  faciebat  Amyntas  ?  35 

Est  mihi  disparibus  septem  compacta  cicutis 
fistula,  Damoetas  dono  mihi  quam  dedit  olim, 
et  dixit  moriens  :  '  Te  nunc  habet  ista  secundum.' 
Dixit  Damoetas  ;  invidit  stultus  Amyntas. 

Praeterea  duo,  nee  tuta  mihi  valle  reperti,  40 

capreoli,  sparsis  etiam  nunc  pellibus  albo, 
bina  die  siccant  ovis  ubera  ;  quos  tibi  servo  : 
iam  pridem  a  me  illos  abducere  Thestylis  orat  ; 
et  faciet,  quoniam  sordent  tibi  munera  nostra. 

Hue  ades,  o  formose  puer  :  tibi  lilia  plenis  45 

ecce  ferunt  Nymphae  calathis  ;  tibi  Candida  Nais, 
pallentis  violas  et  summa  papavera  carpens, 
narcissum  et  florem  iungit  bene  olentis  anethi  ; 
turn  casia  atque  aliis  intexens  suavibus  herbis, 
mollia  luteola  pingit  vaccinia  calta.  50 

Ipse  ego  cana  legam  tenera  lanugine  mala, 
castaneasque  nuces,  mea  quas  Amaryllis  amabat  ; 
addam  cerea  pruna  :  honos  erit  huic  quoque  pomo  ; 
et  vos,  o  lauri,  carpam,  et  te,  proxima  myrte, 
sic  positae  quoniam  suavis  miscetis  odores.  55 

Rusticus  es,  Corydon  :  nee  munera  curat  Alexis, 
nee,  si  muneribus  certes,  concedat  lollas. 
Heu,  heu,  quid  volui  misero  mihi  !     Floribus  austrurn 
perditus  et  liquidis  inmisi  fontibus  apros. 

Quern  fugis,  ah,  demens  ?     Habitarunt  di  quoque  silvas,  60 
Dardaniusque  Paris.     Pallas,  quas  condidit  arces, 
ipsa  colat  ;  nobis  placeant  ante  omnia  silvae. 
Torva  leaena  lupum  sequitur  ;  lupus  ipse  capellam  ; 
florentem  cytisum  sequitur  lasciva  capella  ; 
te  Corydon,  o  Alexi  :  trahit  sua  quemque  voluptas.  65 

Aspice,  aratra  iugo  referunt  suspensa  iuvenci, 


ECL.  in.]  Palcemon.  9 

et  sol  crescentis  decedens  duplicat  umbras : 

me  tamen  urit  amor ;  quis  enim  modus  adsit  amori  ? 

Ah,  Corydon,  Corydon,  quae  te  dementia  cepit ! 

Semiputata  tibi  frondosa  vitis  in  ulmo  est ;  7° 

quin  tu  aliquid  saltern  potius,  quorum  indiget  usus, 

viminibus  mollique  paras  detexere  iunco  ? 

Invenies  aliuin,  si  te  hie  fastidit,  Alexim. 


ECLOGUE    III. 

DIG  mihi,  Damoeta,  cuium  pecus,  an  Meliboei  ? 
D.  Non,  verum  Aegonis ;  nuper  mihi  tradidit  Aegon. 
M.  Infelix  o  semper,  ovis,  pecus,  ipse  Neaeram 
dum  fovet,  ac  ne  me  sibi  praeferat  ilia  veretur, 
hie  alienus  ovis  custos  bis  mulget  in  hora,  5 

et  sucus  pecori  et  lac  subducitur  agnis. 
D.  Parcius  ista  viris  tamen  obicienda  memento : 
novimus  et  qui  te,  transversa  tuentibus  hircis, 
et  quo  —  sed  faciles  Nymphae  risere  —  sacello. 
M.  Turn,  credo,  cum  me  arbustum  videre  Miconis  10 

atque  mala  vitis  incidere  falce  novellas. 
D.  Aut  hie  ad  veteres  fagos  cum  Daphnidis  arcum 
fregisti  et  calamos :  quae  tu,  perverse  Menalca, 
et,  cum  vidisti  puero  donata,  dolebas, 

et,  si  non  aliqua  nocuisses,  mortuus  esses.  15 

M.  Quid  domini  faciant,  audent  cum  talia  fures! 
Non  ego  te  vidi  Damonis,  pessime,  caprum 
excipere  insidiis,  multum  latrante  Lycisca? 
Et  cum  clamarem  :  '  Quo  nunc  se  proripit  ille  ? 
Tityre,  coge  pecus  ; '  tu  post  carecta  latebas.  20 

D.  An  mihi  cantando  victus  non  redderet  ille 
quem  mea  carminibus  meruisset  fistula  caprum  ? 
Si  nescis,  meus  ille  caper  fuit ;  et  mihi  Damon 
ipse  fatebatur,  sed  reddere  posse  negabat. 


IO 


Pastoral  Poems. 


[BUCOL. 


M,  Cantando  tu  ilium,  aut  umquam  tibi  fistula  cera  25 

iuncta  fuit  ?     Non  tu  in  triviis,  indocte,  solebas 

stridenti  miserum  stipula  disperdere  carmen  ? 

D.  Vis  ergo  inter  nos  quid  possit  uterque  vicissim 

experiamur?     Ego  hanc  vitulam  —  ne  forte  recuses, 

bis  venit  ad  mulc^tram,  binos  alit  ubere  fetus  —  3° 

depono :  tu  die,  mecum  quo  pignore  certes. 

M.  De  grege  non  ausim  quicquam  deponere  tecum. 

Est  mihi  namque  domi  pater,  est  iniusta  noverca ; 

bisque  die  numerant  ambo  pecus,  alter  et  haedos. 

Verum,  id  quod  multo  tute  ipse  fatebere  maius,  35 

insanire  libet  quoniam  tibi,  pocula  ponam 


DRINKING  VESSELS. 

fagina,  caelatum  divini  opus  Alcimedontis ; 
lenta  quibus  torno  facili  superaddita  vitis 
diffuses  hedera  vestit  pallente  corymbos  : 
in  medio  duo  signa,  Conon,  et  —  quis  fuit  alter, 
descripsit  radio  totum  qui  gentibus  orbem, 
tempora  quae  messor,  quae  curvus  arator  haberet  ? 
Necdum  illis  labra  admovi,  sed  condita  servo. 


40 


ECL.  III.]  Palamon.  1 1 

D.  Et  nobis  idem  Alcimedon  duo  pocula  fecit, 
et  molli  circum  est  ansas  amplexus  acantho,  45 

Orpheaque  in  medio  posuit  silvasque  sequentis. 
Necdum  illis  labra  admovi,  sed  condita  servo : 
si  ad  vitulam  spectas,  nihil  est  quod  pocula  laudes. 
M.  Nunquam  hodie  effugies  ;  veniam,  quocumque  vocaris  : 
audiat  haec  tantum  —  vel  qui  venit  ecce  Palaemon  :  5° 

efficiam  posthac  ne  quemquam  voce  lacessas. 
D.  Quin  age,  si  quid  habes,  in  me  mora  non  erit  ulla, 
nee  quemquam  fugio  :  tantum,  vicine  Palaemon, 
sensibus  haec  imis,  res  est  non  parva,  reponas. 
P.  Dicite,  quandoquidem  in  molli  consedimus  herba  :         55 
et  nunc  omnis  ager,  nunc  omnis  parturit  arbos, 
nunc  frondent  silvae,  nunc  formosissimus  annus. 
Incipe,  Damoeta  ;  tu  deinde  sequere  Menalca  : 
alternis  dicetis ;  amant  alterna  Camenae. 
D.  Ab  love  principium,  Musae  ;  lovis  omnia  plena  :  60 

ille  colit  terras,  illi  mea  carmina  curae. 
M.  Et  me  Phoebus  amat ;  Phoebo  sua  semper  apud  me 
munera  sunt,  lauri  et  suave  rubens  hyacinthus. 
D.  Malo  me  Galatea  petit,  lasciva  puella, 
et  fugit  ad  salices,  et  se  cupit  ante  videri.  65 

M.  At  mini  sese  offert  ultro,  meus  ignis,  Amyntas, 
notior  ut  iam  sit  canibus  non  Delia  nostris. 
D.  Parta  meae  Veneri  sunt  munera  :  namque  notavi 
ipse  locum,  aeriae  quo  congessere  palumbes. 
M.  Quod  potui,  puero  silvestri  ex  arbore  lecta  7° 

aurea  mala  decem  misi ;  eras  altera  mittam. 
D.  O  quotiens  et  quae  nobis  Galatea  locuta  est ! 
Partem  aliquam,  venti,  divom  referatis  ad  auris ! 
M.  Quid  prodest,  quod  me  ipse  animo  non  spernis,  Amynta, 
si,  dum  tu  sectaris  apros,  ego  retia  servo?  75 

D.  Phyllida  mitte  mihi :  meus  est  natalis,  lolla  ; 
cum  faciam  vitula  pro  frugibus,  ipse  venito. 


12  Pastoral  Poems.  [BUCOL 

M.  Phyllida  amo  ante  alias ;  nam  me  discedere  flevit, 

et  longum  Formose,  vale,  vale,  inquit,  lolla. 

D.  Triste  lupus  stabulis,  maturis  frugibus  imbres.  8° 

arboribus  vend,  nobis  Amaryllidis  irae. 

M.  Dulce  satis  umor,  depulsis  arbutus  haedis, 

lenta  salix  feto  pecori,  mihi  solus  Amyntas. 

D.  Pollio  amat  nostram,  quamvis  est  rustica,  Musam  : 

Pierides,  vitulam  lectori  pascite  vestro.  85 

M.  Pollio  et  ipse  facit  nova  carmina  :  pascite  taurum, 

iam  cornu  petat  et  pedibus  qui  spargat  arenam. 

D.  Qui  te,  Pollio,  amat,  veniat  quo  te  quoque  gaudet : 

mella  fluant  illi,  ferat  et  rubus  asper  amomum. 

M.  Qui  Bavium  non  odit,  amet  tua  carmina,  Maevi,  9° 

atque  idem  iungat  vulpes  et  mulgeat  hircos. 

D.  Qui  legitis  flores  et  humi  nascentia  fraga, 

frigidus,  o  pueri,  fugite  hinc,  latet  anguis  in  herba. 

M.  Parcite,  oves,  nimiuin  procedere ;  non  bene  ripae 

creditur;  ipse  aries  etiani  nunc  vellera  siccat.  95 

D.  Tityre,  pascentes  a  flumine  reice  capellas : 

ipse  ubi  tempus  erit,  omnis  in  fonte  lavabo. 

M.  Cogite  ovis,  pueri ;  si  lac  praeceperit  aestus, 

ut  nuper,  frustra  pressabimus  ubera  palmis. 

D.   Heu,  heu,  quam  pingui  macer  est  mihi  taurus  in  ervo  !  100 

Idem  amor  exitium  est  pecori  pecorisque  magistro. 

M.  His  certe  neque  amor  causa  est ;  vix  ossibus  haerent : 

nescio  quis  teneros  oculus  mihi  fascinat  agnos. 

D.  Die,  quibus  in  terris  —  et  eris  mihi  magnus  Apollo  — 

tris  pateat  caeli  spatium  non  amplius  ulnas.  i°5 

M.  Die,  quibus  in  terris  inscripti  nomina  regum 

nascantur  flores,  et  Phyllida  solus  habeto. 

P,  Non  nostrum  inter  vos  tantas  componere  lites. 

Et  vitula  tu  dignus,  et  hie,  et  quisquis  amores 

aut  metuet  dulces,  aut  experietur  amaros.  II0 

Claudite  iam  rivos,  pueri,  sat  prata  biberunt. 


5 1 

O-c 


ECL.  IV.]  Pollio.  13 


ECLOGUE  IV. 

OICELIDES  Musae,  paulo  maiora  canamus! 

wj     Non  omnis  arbusta  iuvant  humilesque  myricae; 

si  canimus  silvas,  silvae  sint  consule  dignae. 

Ultima  Cumaei  venit  iam  carminis  aetas ; 
magnus  ab  integro  saeclorum  nascitur  ordo :  5 

iam  redit  et  Virgo,  redeunt  Saturnia  regna ; 
iam  nova  progenies  caelo  demittitur  alto. 
Tu  modo  nascenti  puero,  quo  ferrea  primum 
desinet  ac  toto  surget  gens  aurea  mundo, 
casta  fave  Lucina  :  tuus  iam  regnat  Apollo.  J° 

Teque  adeo  decus  hoc  aevi  te  consule  inibit, 
Pollio,  et  incipient  magni  procedere  menses. 
Te  duce,  si  qua  manent  sceleris  vestigia  nostri, 
irrita  perpetua  solvent  formidine  terras. 
Ille  deum  vitam  accipiet,  divisque  videbit  .  *5 

permixtos  heroas,  et  ipse  videbitur  illis, 
pacatumque  reget  patriis  virtutibus  orbem. 

At  tibi  prima,  puer,  nullo  munuscula  cultu 
errantis  hederas  passim  cum  baccare  tellus 
mixtaque  ridenti  colocasia  fundet  acantho.  20 

Ipsae  lacte  domum  referent  distenta  capellae 
ubera,  nee  magnos  metuent  armenta  leones ; 
ipsa  tibi  blandos  fundent  cunabula  flores, 
occidet  et  serpens,  et  fallax  herba  veneni 
occidet ;  Assyrium  volgo  nascetur  amomum.  25 

At  simul  heroum  laudes  et  facta  parentis 
iam  legere  et  quae  sit  poteris  cognoscere  virtus, 
molli  paulatim  flavescet  campus  arista, 
incultisque  rubens  pendebit  sentibus  uva, 
et  durae  quercus  sudabunt  roscida  mella.  3° 

Pauca  tamen  suberunt  priscae  vestigia  fraudis, 
quae  temptare  Thetim  ratibus,  quae  cingere  muris 


14  Pastoral  Poems.  [BUCOL. 

oppida,  quae  iubeant  telluri  infindere  sulcos : 

alter  erit  turn  Tiphys,  et  altera  quae  vehat  Argo 

delectos  heroas  ;  erunt  etiam  altera  bella,  35 

atque  iterum  ad  Troiam  magnus  mittetur  Achilles. 

Hinc,  ubi  iam  firmata  virum  te  fecerit  aetas, 
cedet  et  ipse  mari  vector,  nee  nautica  pinus 
mutabit  merces  :  omnis  feret  omnia  tellus  : 
non  rastros  patietur  humus,  non  vinea  falcem ;  4° 

robustus  quoque  iam  tauris  iuga  solvet  arator ; 
nee  varies  discet  mentiri  lana  colores : 
ipse  sed  in  pratis  aries  iam  suave  rubenti 
murice,  iam  croceo  mutabit  vellera  luto ; 
sponte  sua  sandyx  pascentis  vestiet  agnos.  45 

Talia  saecla,  suis  dixerunt,  currite,  fusis 
Concordes  stabili  fatorum  numine  Parcae. 

Adgredere  o  magnos  —  aderit  iam  tempus  —  honores, 
cara  deum  suboles,  magnum  lovis  incrementum ! 
Aspice  convexo  nutantem  pondere  mundum,  5° 

terrasque  tractusque  maris  caelumque  profundum ! 
Aspice,  venture  laetentur  ut  omnia  saeclo ! 

O  mihi  tarn  longae  maneat  pars  ultima  vitae, 
spiritus  et  quantum  sat  erit  tua  dicere  facta ! 
Non  me  carminibus  vincet  nee  Thracius  Orpheus,  55 

nee  Linus,  huic  mater  quamvis  atque  huic  pater  adsit, 
Orphei  Calliopea,  Lino  formosus  Apollo, 
Pan  etiam,  Arcadia  mecum  si  iudice  certet, 
Pan  etiam  Arcadia  dicat  se  iudice  victum. 

Incipe,  parve  puer,  risu  cognoscere  matrem,  60 

matri  longa  decem  tulerunt  fastidia  menses. 
Incipe,  parve  puer,  cui  non  risere  parentes, 
nee  deus  hunc  mensa,  dea  nee  dignata  cubili  est. 


ECL.  V.]  Daphnis.  \  5 

ECLOGUE  V. 

MENALCAS.       MOPSUS. 

CUR  non,  Mopse,  boni  quoniam  convenimus  ambo, 
tu  calamos  inflare  levis,  ego  dicere  versus, 
hie  corylis  mixtas  inter  consedimus  ulmos  ? 
Mo.  Tu  maior ;  tibi  me  est  aequum  parere,  Menalca, 
sive  sub  incertas  zephyris  motantibus  umbras,  5 

sive  antro  potius  succedimus  :  aspice,  ut  antrum 
silvestris  raris  sparsit  labrusca  racemis. 
Me.  Montibus  in  nostris  solus  tibi  certat  Amyntas. 
Mo.  Quid,  si  idem  certet  Phoebum  superare  canendo  ? 
Me.  Incipe,  Mopse,  prior,  si  quos  aut  Phyllidis  ignes,         10 
aut  Alconis  habes  laudes,  aut  iurgia  Codri : 
incipe,  pascentis  servabit  Tityrus  haedos. 
Mo.  Immo  haec,  in  viridi  nuper  quae  cortice  fagi 
carmina  descripsi  et  modulans  alterna  notavi, 
experiar,  tu  deinde  iubeto  ut  certet  Amyntas.  '5 

Me.  Lenta  salix  quantum  pallenti  cedit  olivae, 
puniceis  humilis  quantum  saliunca  rosetis, 
iudicio  nostro  tantum  tibi  cedit  Amyntas. 
Sed  tu  desine  plura,  puer ;  successimus  antro. 
Mo.  Extinctum  nymphae  crudeli  funere  Daphnim  20 

flebant ;  vos  coryli  testes  et  flumina  nymphis ; 
cum,  complexa  sui  corpus  miserabile  nati, 
atque  deos  atque  astra  vocat  crudelia  mater. 

Non  ulli  pastes  illis  egere  diebus 

frigida,  Daphni,  boves  ad  flumina  ;  nulla  neque  amnem      25 
libavit  quadrupes,  nee  graminis  attigit  herbam. 
Daphni,  tuum  Poenos  etiam  ingemuisse  leones 
interitum  montesque  feri  silvaeque  loquuntur. 
Daphnis  et  Armenias  curru  subiungere  tigres 
instituit ;  Daphnis  thiasos  inducere  Bacchi,  3° 

et  foliis  lentas  intexere  mollibus  hastas. 


1 6  Pastoral  Poems.  [Bucot. 

Vitis  ut  arboribus  decori  est,  ut  vitibus  uvae, 
ut  gregibus  tauri,  segetes  ut  pinguibus  arvis, 
tu  decus  omne  tuis !     Postquam  te  fata  tulerunt, 
ipsa  Pales  agros  atque  ipse  reliquit  Apollo.  35 

Grandia  saepe  quibus  mandavimus  hordea  sulcis, 
infelix  lolium  et  steriles  nascuntur  avenae  ; 
pro  molli  viola,  pro  purpureo  narcisso, 
carduus  et  spinis  surgit  paliurus  acutis. 

Spargite  humum  foliis,  inducite  fontibus  umbras,  40 

pastores,  mandat  fieri  sibi  talia  Daphnis  ; 
et  tumulum  facite,  et  tumulo  superaddite  carmen  : 
DAPHNIS  EGO  IN  SILVIS  HINC  VSQUE  AD  SIDERA  NOTVS 
FORMONSI  PECORIS  CVSTOS  FORMONSIOR  IPSE. 
Me.  Tale  tuum  carmen  nobis,  divine  poeta,  45 

quale  sopor  fessis  in  gramine,  quale  per  aestum 
dulcis  aquae  saliente  sitim  restinguere  rivo : 
nee  calamis  solum  aequiparas,  sed  voce  magistrum. 
[Fortunate  puer,  tu  nunc  eris  alter  ab  illo.] 
Nos  tamen  haec  quocumque  modo  tibi  nostra  vicissim        5° 
dicemus,  Daphnimque  tuum  tollemus  ad  astra ; 
Daphnin  ad  astra  feremus  :  amavit  nos  quoque  Daphnis. 
Mo.  An  quicquam  nobis  tali  sit  munere  maius  ? 
Et  puer  ipse  fuit  cantari  dignus,  et  ista 
iam  pridem  Stimichon  laudavit  canning,  nobis.  55 

Me.  Candidus  insuetum  miratur  limen  Olympi, 
sub  pedibusque  videt  nubes  et  sidera  Daphnis. 
Ergo  alacris  silvas  et  cetera  rura  voluptas 
Panaque  pastoresque  tenet,  Dryadasque  puellas ; 
nee  lupus  insidias  pecori,  nee  retia  cervis  60 

ulla  dolum  meditantur  :  amat  bonus  otia  Daphnis. 
Ipsi  laetitia  voces  ad  sidera  iactant 
intonsi  montes ;  ipsae  iam  carmina  rupes, 
ipsa  sonant  arbusta  :  Deus,  deus  ille,  Menalca  ! 

Sis  bonus  o  felixque  tuis  !     En  quattuor  aras :  65 


ECL.  VI.  j  Silenus,  17 

ecce  duas  tibi,  Daphni,  duas  altaria  Phoebo. 

Pocula  bina  novo  spumantia  lacte  quotannis, 

craterasque  duo  statuam  tibi  pinguis  olivi, 

et  multo  in  primis  hilarans  convivia  Baccho,  — 

ante  focum,  si  frigus  erit,  si  messis,  in  umbra,  —  7° 

vina  novum  fundam  calathis  Ariusia  nectar. 

Cantabunt  mihi  Damoetas  et  Lyctius  Aegon  ; 

saltantis  satyros  imitabitur  Alphesiboeus. 

Haec  tibi  semper  erunt,  et  cum  solemnia  vota 
reddemus  Nymphis,  et  cum  lustrabimus  agros.  75 

Dum  iuga  mentis  aper,  fluvk>s  dum  piscis  amabit, 
dumque  thymo  pascentur  apes,  dum  rore  cicadae, 
semper  honos  nomenque  tuum  laudesque  manebunt ;  i 

ut  Baccho  Cererique,  tibi  sic  vota  quotannis 
agricolae  facient :  damnabis  tu  quoque  votis.  80 

Mo.  Quae  tibi,  quae  tali  reddam  pro  carmine  dona  ? 
Nam  neque  me  tantum  venientis  sibilus  austri, 
nee  percussa  iuvant  fluctu  tarn  litora,  nee  quae 
saxosas  inter  decurrunt  flumina  valles. 

Me.  Hac  te  nos  fragili  donabimus  ante  cicuta :  85 

haec  nos,  Formosum  Corydon  ardebat  Alexim, 
haec  eadem  docuit,  Cuium  pecus,  an  Meliboei? 
Mo.  At  tu  sume  pedum,  quod,  me  cum  saepe  rogaret, 
non  tulit  Antigenes  —  et  erat  turn  dignus  amari  — 
formosum  paribus  nodis  atque  acre,  Menalca.  9° 


ECLOGUE  VI. 

PRIMA  Syracosio  dignata  est  ludere  versu, 
nostra  nee  erubuit  silvas  habitare  Thalia. 
Cum  canerem  reges  et  proelia,  Cynthius  aurem 
vellit,  et  admonuit :  '  Pastorem,  Tityre,  pinguis 
pascere  oportet  ovis,  deductum  dicere  carmen.' 


1 8  Pastoral  Foems.  [BUCOL. 

Nunc  ego  —  namque  super  tibi  erunt,  qui  dicere  laudes, 
Vare,  tuas  cupiant,  et  tristia  condere  bella  — 
agrestem  tenui  meditabor  arundine  Musam. 
Non  iniussa  cano  :  si  quis  tamen  haec  quoque,  si  quis 
captus  amore  leget,  te  nostrae,  Vare,  myricae,  i° 

te  nemus  omne  canet ;  nee  Phoebo  gratior  ulla  est, 
quam  sibi  quae  Vari  praescripsit  pagina  nomen. 

Pergite,  Pierides !     Chromis  et  Mnasyllos  in  antro 


SATYRS. 

Silenum  pueri  somno  videre  iacentem, 

inflatum  hesterno  venas,  ut  semper,  laccho  :  15 

serta  procul  tantum  capiti  delapsa  iacebant, 

et  gravis  attrita  pendebat  cantharus  ansa. 

Adgressi  —  nam  saepe  senex  spe  carminis  ambo 
luserat  —  iniciunt  ipsis  ex  vincula  sertis  : 
addit  se  sociam,  timidisque  supervenit  Aegie,  —  20 

Aegle,  Nai'adum  pulcherrima,  —  iamque  videnti 
sanguineis  frontem  moris  et  tempora  pingit. 
Ille  dolum  ridens,  '  Quo  vincula  nectitis  ? '  inquit ; 
'  solvite  me,  pueri ;  satis  est  potuisse  videri : 
carmina,  quae  voids,  cognoscite  ;  carmina  vobis,  25 

huic  aliud  mercedis  erit : '  simul  incipit  ipse. 


SILENUS. 


ECL.  VI.]  Silenus.  19 

Turn  vero  in  numerum  Faunosque  ferasque  videres 

ludere,  turn  rigidas  motare  cacumina  quercus  ; 

nee  tantum  Phoebo  gaudet  Parnasia  rupes, 

nee  tantum  Rhodope  miratur  et  Ismarus  Orphea.  30 

Namque  canebat,  uti  magnum  per  inane  coacta 
semina  terrarumque  animaeque  marisque  fuissent, 
et  liquid!  simul  ignis  ;  ut  his  exordia  primis 
omnia  et  ipse  tener  mundi  concreverit  orbis ; 
turn  durare  solum  et  discludere  Nerea  ponto  35 

coeperit,  et  rerum  paulatim  sumere  formas  ; 
iamque  novum  terrae  stupeant  lucescere  solem, 
altius  atque  cadant  submotis  nubibus  imbres ; 
incipiant  silvae  cum  primum  surgere,  cumque 
rara  per  ignaros  errent  animalia  montis.  40 

Hinc  lapides  Pyrrhae  iactos,  Saturnia  regna, 
Caucasiasque  refert  volucres,  furtumque  Promethei : 
his  adiungit,  Hylan  nautae  quo  fonte  relictum 
clamassent,  ut  litus  Hyla,  Hyla  !  omne  sonaret. 

Et  fortunatam,  si  numquam  armenta  fuissent,  45 

Pasiphaen  nivei  solatur  amore  iuvenci. 
Ah,  virgo  infelix,  quae  te  dementia  cepit ! 
Proetides  inplerunt  falsis  mugitibus  agros  : 
at  non  tarn  turpis  pecudum  tamen  ulla  secuta  est 
concubitus,  quamvis  collo  timuisset  aratrum,  50 

et  saepe  in  levi  quaesisset  cornua  fronte. 
Ah,  virgo  infelix,  tu  nunc  in  montibus  erras : 
ille,  latus  niveum  molli  fultus  hyacintho, 
ilice  sub  nigra  pallentis  ruminat  herbas, 
aut  aliquam  in  magno  sequitur  grege.     Claudite,  nymphae,  55 
Dictaeae  nymphae,  nemorum  iam  claudite  saltus, 
si  qua  forte  ferant  oculis  sese  obvia  nostris 
errabunda  bovis  vestigia ;  forsitan  ilium, 
aut  herba  captum  viridi,  aut  armenta  secutum, 
perducant  aliquae  stabula  ad  Gortynia  vaccae.  60 


2O  Pastoral  Poems.  [BUCOL. 

Turn  canit  Hesperidum  miratam  mala  puellam  ; 
turn  Phaethontiades  musco  circumdat  amaro 
corticis,  atque  solo  proceras  erigit  alnos. 

Turn  canit,  errantem  Permessi  ad  flumina  Gallum 
Aonas  in  mentis  ut  duxerit  una  sororum,  65 

utque  viro  Phoebi  chorus  adsurrexerit  omnis ; 
ut  Linus  haec  illi,  divino  carmine  pastor, 
floribus  atque  apio  crinis  ornatus  amaro, 
dixerit :  '  Hos  tibi  dant  calamos,  en  accipe,  Musae, 
Ascraeo  quos  ante  seni,  quibus  ille  solebat  70 

cantando  rigidas  deducere  montibus  ornos : 
his  tibi  Grynei  nemoris  dicatur  origo, 
ne  quis  sit  lucus,  quo  se  plus  iactet  Apollo.' 

Quid  loquar  aut  Scyllam  Nisi,  quam  fama  secuta  est 
Candida  succinctam  latrantibus  inguina  monstris  75 

Dulichias  vexasse  rates,  et  gurgite  in  alto 
ah,  timidos  nautas  canibus  lacerasse  marinis, 
aut  ut  mutates  Terei  narraverit  artus  ; 
quas  illi  Philomela  dapes,  quae  dona  pararit, 
quo  cursu  deserta  petiverit,  et  quibus  ante  80 

infelix  sua  tecta  supervolitaverit  alis  ? 

Omnia  quae,  Phoebo  quondam  meditante,  beatus 
audiit  Eurotas,  iussitque  ediscere  laurus, 
ille  canit :  pulsae  referunt  ad  sidera  valles  ; 
cogere  donee  ovis  stabulis  numerumque  referri  85 

iussit,  et  invito  processit  Vesper  Olympo. 


ECL.  VII.]  Melibceus.  21 

ECLOGUE  VII. 

MELIBOEUS.       CORYDON.       THYRSIS. 

FORTE  sub  arguta  consederat  ilice  Daphnis, 
compulerantque  greges  Corydon  et  Thyrsis  in  unum, 
Thyrsis  ovis,  Corydon  distentas  lacte  capellas, 
ambo  florentes  aetatibus,  Arcades  ambo, 
et  cantare  pares,  et  respondere  parati.  5 

Hue  mihi,  dum  teneras  defendo  a  frigore  myrtos, 
vir  gregis  ipse  caper  deerraverat ;  atque  ego  Daphnim 
aspicio.     Ille  ubi  me  contra  videt :  '  Ocius  '  inquit 
'  hue  ades,  o  Meliboee,  caper  tibi  salvus  et  haedi ; 
et,  si  quid  cessare  potes,  requiesce  sub  umbra.  10 

Hue  ipsi  potum  venient  per  prata  iuvenci, 
hie  viridis  tenera  praetexit  arundine  ripas 
Mincius,  eque  sacra  resonant  examina  quercu.' 

Quid  facerem  ?  Neque  ego  Alcippen,  nee  Phyllida  habebam 
depulsos  a  lacte  domi  quae  clauderet  agnos,  '5 

et  certamen  erat,  Corydon  cum  Thyrside,  magnum. 
Posthabui  tamen  illorum  mea  seria  ludo : 
alternis  igitur  contendere  versibus  ambo 
coepere  ;  alternos  Musae  meminisse  volebant.   . 
Hos  Corydon,  illos  referebat  in  ordine  Thyrsis.  20 

C.  Nymphae,  noster  amor,  Libethrides,  aut  mihi  carmen, 
quale  meo  Codro,  concedite  :  proxima  Phoebi 
versibus  ille  facit ;  aut,  si  non  possumus  omnes, 
hie  arguta  sacra  pendebit  fistula  pinu. 

T.  Pastores,  hedera  crescentem  ornate  poe'tam,  25 

Arcades,  invidia  rumpantur  ut  ilia  Codro ; 
aut  si  ultra  placitum  laudarit,  baccare  frontem 
cingite,  ne  vati  noceat  mala  lingua  futuro. 
C.  Saetosi  caput  hoc  apri  tibi,  Delia,  parvus 
et  ramosa  Micon  vivacis  cornua  cervi.  30 

Si  proprium  hoc  fuerit,  levi  de  marmore  tota 


22  Pastoral  Poems.  [BUCOL. 

puniceo  stabis  suras  evincta  coturno. 

T.  Sinum  lactis  et  haec  te  liba,  Priape,  quotannis 

exspectare  sat  est :  custos  es  pauperis  horti. 

Nunc  te  marmoreum  pro  tempore  fecimus  ;  at  tu,  35 

si  fetura  gregem  suppleverit,  aureus  esto. 

C.  Nerine  Galatea,  thymo  mihi  dulcior  Hyblae, 

candidior  cycnis,  hedera  formosior  alba, 

cum  primum  pasti  repetent  praesepia  tauri, 

si  qua  tui  Corydonis  habet  te  cura,  venito.  4° 

T.  Immo  ego  Sardoniis  videar  tibi  amarior  herbis, 

horridior  rusco,  proiecta  vilior  alga, 

si  mihi  non  haec  lux  toto  iam  longior  anno  est. 

Ite  domum  pasti,  si  quis  pudor,  ite  iuvenci. 

C.  Muscosi  fontes,  et  somno  mollior  herba,  45 

et  quae  vos  rara  viridis  tegit  arbutus  umbra, 

solstitium  pecori  def  endite  ;  iam  venit  aestas 

torrida,  iam  lento  turgent  in  palmite  gemmae. 

T.  Hie  focus  et  taedae  pingues,  hie  plurimus  ignis 

semper,  et  adsidua  postes  fuligine  nigri ;  50 

hie  tantum  Boreae  curamus  frigora,  quantum 

aut  numerum  lupus,  aut  torrentia  flumina  ripas. 

C.  Stant  et  iuniperi,  et  castaneae  hirsutae ; 

strata  iacent  passim  sua  quaque  sub  arbore  poma ; 

omnia  nunc  rident :  at  si  formosus  Alexis  55 

montibus  his  abeat,  videas  et  flumina  sicca. 

T.  Aret  ager  ;  vitio  moriens  sitit  aeris  herba; 

Liber  pampineas  invidit  collibus  umbras : 

Phyllidis  adventu  nostrae  nemus  omne  virebit, 

luppiter  et  laeto  descendet  plurimus  imbri.  60 

C.  Populus  Alcidae  gratissima,  vitis  laccho, 

formosae  myrtus  Veneri,  sua  laurea  Phoebo ; 

Phyllis  amat  corylos :  illas  dum  Phyllis  amabit, 

nee  myrtus  vincet  corylos,  nee  laurea  Phoebi. 

T-   Fraxinus  in  silvis  pulcherrima,  pinus  in  hortis,  65 


ECL.  vill.]  Pharmaceutria.  23 

populus  in  fluviis,  abies  in  montibus  altis : 

saepius  at  si  me,  Lycida  formose,  re  visas, 

fraxinus  in  silvis  cedat  tibi,  pinus  in  hortis. 

M.  Haec  memini,  et  victum  frustra  contendere  Thyrsim  : 

ex  illo  Corydon  Corydon  est  tempore  nobis.  7° 


ECLOGUE    VIII. 
DAMON.       ALPHESIBOEUS. 

PASTORUM  Musam  Damonis  et  Alphesiboei- 
immemor  herbarum  quos  est  mirata  iuvenca 
certantis,  quorum  stupefactae  carmine  lynces, 
et  mutata  suos  requierunt  flumina  cursus  — 
Damonis  Musam  dicemus  et  Alphesiboei. 

Tu  mihi  seu  magni  superas  iam  saxa  Timavi, 
sive  oram  Illyrici  legis  aequoris,  en  erit  umquam 
ille  dies,  mihi  cum  liceat  tua  dicere  facta  ? 
En  erit  ut  liceat  totum  mihi  ferre  per  orbem 
sola  Sophocleo  tua  carmina  digna  coturno  ? 
A  te  principium,  tibi  desinam  :  accipe  iussis 
carmina  coepta  tuis,  atque  hanc  sine  tempora  circum 
•inter  victrices  hederam  tibi  serpere  laurus. 

Frigida  vix  caelo  noctis  decesserat  umbra, 
cum  ros  in  tenera  pecori  gratissimus  herba, 
incumbens  tereti  Damon  sic  coepit  olivae. 
D.  Nascere,  praeque  diem  veniens  age,  Lucifer,  almum, 
coniugis  indigno  Nisae  deceptus  amore 
dum  queror,  et  divos,  quamquam  nil  testibus  illis 
profeci,  extrema  moriens  tamen  adloquor  hora. 

Incipe  Maenalios  mecum,  mea  tibia,  versus. 
Maenalus  argutumque  nemus  pinosque  loquentis 
semper  habet ;  semper  pastorum  ille  audit  amores, 
Panaque,  qui  primus  calamos  non  passus  inertis. 


24  Pastoral  Poems.  [BUCOL. 

Incipe  Maenalios  mecum,  mea  tibia,  versus.  25 

Mopso  Nisa  datur :  quid  non  speremus  amantes  ? 
lungentur  iam  grypes  equis,  aevoque  sequent! 
cum  canibus  timidi  venient  ad  pocula  dammae. 
Mopse,  novas  incide  faces  :  tibi  ducitur  uxor ; 
sparge,  marite,  nuces  :  tibi  deserit  Hesperus  Oetam.  3° 

Incipe  Maenalios  mecum,  mea  tibia,  versus. 
O  digno  coniuncta  viro,  dum  despicis  omnes, 
dumque  tibi  est  odio  mea  fistula,  dumque  capellae, 
hirsutumque  supercilium  promissaque  barba, 
nee  curare  deum  credis  mortalia  quemquam !  35 

Incipe  Maenalios  mecum,  mea  tibia,  versus. 
Saepibus  in  nostris  parvam  te  roscida  mala  — 
dux  ego  vester  eram  —  vidi  cum  matre  legentem. 
Alter  ab  undecimo  turn  me  iam  acceperat  annus ; 
iam  fragilis  poteram  ab  terra  contingere  ramos.  4° 

Ut  vidi,  ut  peril !     Ut  me  malus  abstulit  error  ! 

Incipe  Maenalios  mecum,  mea  tibia,  versus. 
Nunc  scio,  quid  sit  Amor :  duris  in  cotibus  ilium 
aut  Tmaros,  aut  Rhodope,  aut  extremi  Garamantes, 
nee  generis  nostri  puerum  nee  sanguinis  edunt.  45 

Incipe  Maenalios  mecum,  mea  tibia,  versus. 
Saevus  Amor  docuit  natorum  sanguine  matrem 
commaculare  manus ;  crudelis  tu  quoque,  mater : 
crudelis  mater  magis,  an  puer  improbus  ille  ? 
Improbus  ille  puer ;  crudelis  tu  quoque,  mater.  50 

Incipe  Maenalios  mecum,  mea  tibia,  versus. 
Nunc  et  ovis  ultro  fugiat  lupus  ;  aurea  durae 
mala  ferant  quercus  ;  narcisso  floreat  alnus ; 
pinguia  corticibus  sudent  electra  myricae ; 
certent  et  cycnis  ululae  ;  sit  Tityrus  Orpheus,  55 

Orpheus  in  silvis,  inter  delphinas  Arion. 

Incipe  Maenalios  mecum,  mea  tibia,  versus. 
Omnia  vel  medium  fiant  mare  :  vivite,  silvae  ! 


ECL.  VIII.]  Pharmaceutria.  25 

Praeceps  aerii  specula  de  mentis  in  undas 

deferar ;  extremum  hoc  munus  morientis  habeto.  60 

Desine  Maenalios,  iam  desine,  tibia,  versus. 

Haec  Damon  :  vos,  quae  respondent  Alphesiboeus, 
dicite,  Pierides  ;  non  omnia  possumus  omnes. 
A.   Effer  aquam,  et  molli  cinge  haec  altaria  vitta, 
verbenasque  adole  pinguis  et  mascula  tura,  65 

coniugis  ut  magicis  sanos  avertere  sacris 
experiar  sensus  :  nihil  hie  nisi  carmina  desunt. 
Ducite  ab  urbe  domum,  mea  carmina,  ducite  Daphnim. 

Carmina  vel  caelo  possunt  deducere  Lunam  ; 
carminibus  Circe  socios  mutavit  Ulixi ;  7° 

frigidus  in  pratis  cantando  rumpitur  anguis. 
Ducite  ab  urbe  domum,  mea  carmina,  ducite  Daphnim. 

Terna  tibi  haec  primum  triplici  diversa  colore 
licia  circumdo,  terque  haec  altaria  circum 
effigiem  duco  :  numero  deus  impare  gaudet.  75 

Ducite  ab  urbe  domum,  mea  carmina,  ducite  Daphnim. 

Necte  tribus  nodis  ternos,  Amarylli,  colores, 
necte,  Amarylli,  modo,  et  Veneris  die  vincula  nccto. 
Ducite  ab  urbe  domum,  mea  carmina,  ducite  Daphnim. 

Limus  ut  hie  durescit  et  haec  ut  cera  liquescit  80 

uno  eodemque  igni,  sic  nostro  Daphnis  amore. 
Sparge  molam,  et  fragilis  incende  bitumine  laurus. 
Daphnis  me  malus  urit,  ego  hanc  in  Daphnide  laurum. 
Ducite  ab  urbe  domum,  mea  carmina,  ducite  Daphnim. 

Talis  amor  Daphnim,  qualis  cum  fessa  iuvencum  85 

per  nemora  atque  altos  quaerendo  bucula  lucos 
propter  aquae  rivum  viridi  procumbit  in  ulva, 
perdita,  nee  serae  meminit  decedere  nocti, 
talis  amor  teneat,  nee  sit  mihi  cura  mederi. 
Ducite  ab  urbe  domum,  mea  carmina,  ducite  Daphnim.      9° 

Has  olim  exuvias  mihi  perfidus  ille  reliquit, 
pignora  cara  sui,  quae  nunc  ego  limine  in  ipso, 


26  Pastoral  Poems.  [BUCOL. 

terra,  tibi  mando ;  debent  haec  pignora  Daphnim. 
Ducite  ab  urbe  domum,  mea  carmina,  ducite  Daphnim. 

Has  herbas  atque  haec  Ponto  mihi  lecta  venena  95 

ipse  dedit  Moeris  ;  nascuntur  plurima  Ponto. 
His  ego  saepe  lupum  fieri  et  se  condere  silvis 
Moerim,  saepe  animas  imis  excire  sepulcris, 
atque  satas  alio  vidi  traducere  messis. 
Ducite  ab  urbe  domum,  mea  carmina,  ducite  Daphnim.     too 

Fer  cineres,  Amarylli,  foras,  rivoque  fluenti 
transque  caput  iace,  nee  respexeris :  his  ego  Daphnim 
adgrediar;  nihil  ille  decs,  nil  carmina  curat. 
Ducite  ab  urbe  domum,  mea  carmina,  ducite  Daphnim. 

Aspice,  corripuit  tremulis  altaria  flammis  105 

sponte  sua,  dum  ferre  moror,  cinis  ipse :  bonum  sit ! 
Nescio  quid  certe  est,  et  Hylas  in  limine  latrat. 
Credimus,  an,  qui  amant,  ipsi  sibi  somnia  fingunt  ? 
Parcite,  ab  urbe  venit,  iam  carmina,  parcite,  Daphnis. 


ECLOGUE   IX. 

LYCIDAS.       MOERIS. 

QUO  te,  Moeri,  pedes,  an,  quo  via  ducit,  in  urbem  ? 
M.  O  Lycida,  vivi  pervenimus,  advena  nostri 
(quod  numquam  veriti  sumus)  ut  possessor  agelli 
diceret :  '  Haec  mea  sunt ;  veteres  migrate  coloni ! ' 
Nunc  victi,  tristes,  quoniam  Fors  omnia  versat, 
hos  illi  —  quod  nee  vertat  bene  —  mittimus  haedos. 
Z.  Certe  equidem  audieram,  qua  se  subducere  colles 
incipiunt,  mollique  iugum  demittere  clivo, 
usque  ad  aquam  et  veteres  (iam  fracta  cacumina)  fagos 
omnia  carminibus  vestrum  servasse  Menalcan. 
M.  Audieras,  et  fama  fuit ;  sed  carmina  tantum 
nostra  valent,  Lycida,  tela  inter  Martia,  quantum    • 


ECL.  IX.] 


Mceris. 


27 


Chaonias  dicunt  aquila  veniente  columbas. 
Quod  nisi  me  quacumque  novas  incidere  lites 
ante  sinistra  cava  monuisset  ab  ilice  cornix,  15 

nee  tuus  hie  Moeris,  nee  viveret  ipse  Menalcas. 
L.  Heu,  cadit  in  quemquam  tantum  scelus  ?     Heu,  tua  nobis 
paene  simul  tecum  solatia  rapta,  Menalca  ? 
Quis  caneret  nymphas  ;  quis  humum  rlorentibus  herbis 
spargeret,  aut  viridi  fontes  induceret  umbra  ?  20 

Vel  quae  sublegi  tacitus  tibi  carmina  nuper, 
cum  te  ad  delicias  ferres,  Amaryllida,  nostras  ? 
Tityre,  dum  redeo  —  brevis  est  via  — pasce  capellas, 
et  potum  pastas  age,  Tityre,  et  inter  agendum 
occursare  capro,  cornu  ferit  Hie,  caveto.  2  5 

M.  Immo  haec,  quae  Varo  necdum  perfecta  canebat : 
Vare,  tuum  nomen,  superet  mode  Mantua  nobis  — 
Mantua,  vae  miserae  nimium  vicina  Cremonae  — 


MANTUA. 

cantantes  sublime  ferent  ad  sidera  cycni. 

L.  Sic  tua  Cyrneas  fugiant  examina  taxes  ; 

sic  cytiso  pastae  distendant  ubera  vaccae  ! 

Incipe,  si  quid  habes :  et  me  fecere  poetam 

Fierides ;  sunt  et  mihi  carmina ;  me  quoque  dicunt 


28  Pastoral  Poems.  [BUCOL. 

vatem  pastores ;  sed  non  ego  credulus  illis. 

Nam  neque  adhuc  Vario  videor,  nee  dicere  Cinna  35 

digna,  sed  argutos  inter  strepere  anser  olores. 

M.  Id  quidem  ago  et  tacitus,  Lycida,  mecum  ipse  voluto, 

si  valeam  meminisse  ;  neque  est  ignobile  carmen  : 

Hue  ades,  o  Galatea ;  quis  est  nam  Indus  in  undis  ? 

Hie  ver purpureum  ;  varios  hie  flumina  circum  4° 

fundit  humus  flores  ;  hie  Candida  populus  antro 

imminet,  et  lentae  texunt  umbracula  vites. 

Hue  ades :  insani  feriant  sine  litora  fluctus . 

Z.  Quid,  quae  te  pura  solum  sub  nocte  canentem 

audieram  ?     Numeros  memini,  si  verba  tenerem.  45 

M.  Daphni,  quid  antiques  signorum  suspicis  ortus  ? 

Ecce  Dionaei  processit  Caesaris  as t 'rum, 

astrum,  quo  segetes  gauderent  frugibus,  et  quo 

duceret  aprieis  in  eollibus  uva  colorem. 

Insere,  Daphni,  piros :  carpent  tua  poma  nepotes.  50 

Omnia  fert  aetas,  animum  quoque  :  saepe  ego  longos 
cantando  puerum  memini  me  condere  soles : 
nunc  oblita  mihi  tot  carmina;  vox  quoque  Moerim 
iam  fugit  ipsa ;  lupi  Moerim  videre  priores. 
Sed  tamen  ista  satis  referet  tibi  saepe  Menalcas.  55 

L.  Causando  nostros  in  longum  ducis  arnores : 
et  nunc  omne  tibi  stratum  silet  aequor,  et  omnes, 
aspice,  ventosi  ceciderunt  murmuris  aurae. 
Hinc  adeo  media  est  nobis  via ;  namque  sepulcrum 
incipit  adparere  Bianoris  :  hie  ubi  densas  60 

agricolae  stringunt  frondes,  hie,  Moeri,  canamus ; 
hie  haedos  depone  :  tamen  veniemus  in  urbem. 
Aut  si,  nox  pluviam  ne  colligat  ante,  veremur, 
cantantes  licet  usque  (minus  via  laedit)  eamus ; 
cantantes  ut  eamus,  ego  hoc  te  fasce  levabo.  65 

M.  Desine  plura,  puer,  et  quod  nunc  instat  agamus : 
carmina  turn  melius,  cum  venerit  ipse,  canemus. 


ECL.  X.]  Callus.  29 

ECLOGUE   X. 

EXTREMUM  hunc,  Arethusa,  mihi  concede  laborem  : 
pauca  meo  Gallo,  sed  quae  legat  ipsa  Lycoris, 
carmina  sunt  dicenda  :  neget  quis  carmina  Gallo  ? 
Sic  tibi,  cum  fluctus  subterlabere  Sicanos, 
Doris  amara  suam  non  intermisceat  undam.  5 

Incipe ;  sollicitos  Galli  dicamus  amores, 
dum  tenera  attondent  simae  virgulta  capellae. 
Non  canimus  surdis ;  respondent  omnia  silvae. 

Quae  nemora,  aut  qui  vos  saltus  habuere,  puellae 
Nai'des,  indigno  cum  Gallus  amore  peribat  ?  I0 

Nam  neque  Parnasi  vobis  iuga,  nam  neque  Pindi 


PARNASSUS. 

ulla  moram  fecere,  neque  Aoniae  Aganippe. 

Ilium  etiam  lauri,  etiam  flevere  myricae. 

Pinifer  ilium  etiam  sola  sub  rupe  iacentem 

Maenalus,  et  gelidi  fleverunt  saxa  Lycaei.  '  S 

Stant  et  oves  circum ;  —  nostri  nee  poenitet  illas, 

nee  te  poeniteat  pecoris,  divine  poe'ta ;  — 


30  Pastoral  Poems.  [BUCOL. 

et  formosus  ovis  ad  flumina  pavit  Adonis ; 

venit  et  upilio  ;  tardi  venere  subulci ; 

uvidus  hiberna  venit  de  glande  Menalcas.  20 

Omnes  Unde  amor  iste  rogant  tibi  ?     Venit  Apollo  : 
'  Galle,  quid  insanis  ? '  inquit ;  '  tua  cura  Lycoris 
perque  nives  alium  perque  horrida  castra  secuta  est.' 
Venit  et  agresti  capitis  Silvanus  honore, 


HERCULES  AND  SILVANUS. 

florentis  ferulas  et  grandia  lilia  quassans.  25 

Pan  deus  Arcadiae  venit,  quern  vidimus  ipsi 
sanguineis  ebuli  bacis  minioque  rubentem. 
'  Ecquis  erit  modus  ? '  inquit.    '  Amor  non  talia.curat ; 
nee  lacrimis  crudelis  Amor,  nee  gramina  rivis, 
nee  cytiso  saturantur  apes,  nee  fronde  capellae.'  30 

Tristis  at  ille  :  '  Tamen  cantabitis,  Arcades  '  inquit 


ECL.  X.]  Callus.  31 

'  montibus  haec  vestris  :  soli  cantare  periti 

Arcades.     O  mihi  turn  quam  molliter  ossa  quiescant, 

vestra  meos  olim  si  fistula  dicat  amores ! 

Atque  utinam  ex  vobis  unus,  vestrique  fuissem  35 

aut  custos  gregis,  aut  maturae  vinitor  uvae ! 

Certe,  sive  mihi  Phillis,  sive  esset  Amyntas, 

seu  quicumque  furor — quid  turn,  si  fuscus  Amyntas; 

et  nigrae  violae  sunt  et  vaccinia  nigra  — 

mecum  inter  salices  lenta  sub  vite  iaceret ;  4° 

serta  mihi  Phyllis  legeret,  cantaret  Amyntas. 

'  Hie  gelidi  fontes,  hie  mollia  prata,  Lycori, 
hie  nemus  ;  hie  ipso  tecum  consumerer  aevo. 
Nunc  insanus  amor  duri  me  Martis  in  armis 
tela  inter  media  atque  adversos  detinet  hostes  :  45 

tu  procul  a  patria  (nee  sit  mihi  credere  tantum  !) 
Alpinas,  ah  dura,  nives  et  frigora  Rheni 
me  sine  sola  vides  :  ah,  te  ne  frigora  laedant ! 
Ah,  tibi  ne  teneras  glacies  secet  aspera  plantas  ! 

'  Ibo,  et,  Chalcidico  quae  sunt  mihi  condita  versu  5° 

carmina,  pastoris  Siculi  modulabor  avena. 
Certum  est  in  silvis,  inter  spelaea  ferarum 
malle  pati,  tenerisque  meos  incidere  amores 
arboribus  ;  crescent  illae,  crescetis,  amores. 

1  Interea  mixtis  lustrabo  Maenala  nymphis,  55 

aut  acris  venabor  apros  :  non  me  ulla  vetabunt 
frigora  Parthenios  canibus  circumdare  saltus. 
lam  mihi  per  rupes  videor  lucosque  sonantis 
ire ;  libet  Partho  torquere  Cydonia  cornu 
spicula  :  —  tamquam  haec  sit  nostri  medicina  furoris,          60 
aut  deus  ille  malis  hominum  mitescere  discat ! 

1  lam  neque  hamadryades  rursus  nee  carmina  nobis 
ipsa  placent ;  ipsae  rursus  concedite  silvae. 
Non  ilium  nostri  possunt  mutare  labores, 
nee  si  frigoribus  mediis  Hebrumque  bibamus,  65 


Pastoral  Poems. 


[BUCOL. 


Sithoniasque  nives  hiemis  subeamus  aquosae, 
nee  si,  cum  moriens  alta  liber  aret  in  ulmo, 
Aethiopum  versemus  ovis  sub  sidere  Cancri. 
Omnia  vincit  Amor ;  et  nos  cedamus  Amori.' 

Haec  sat  erit,  divae,  vestrum  cecinisse  poe'tam, 
dum  sedet  et  gracili  fiscellam  texit  hibisco, 
Pierides ;  vos  haec  f acietis  maxima  Gallo  — 
Gallo,  cuius  amor  tantum  mihi  crescit  in  horas, 
quantum  vere  novo  viridis  se  subicit  alnus. 
Surgamus  :  solet  esse  gravis  cantantibus  umbra ; 
iuniperi  gravis  umbra ;  nocent  et  frugibus  umbrae. 
Ite  domum  saturae,  venit  Hesperus,  ite  capellae ! 


70 


75 


NOTES 


ECLOGUES 


PASTORAL     POEMS. 


(For  sources,  etc.,  see  Introduction  to  Vol.  I,  pp.  xx-xxii.) 


ECLOGUE  I. 

THIS  Eclogue  is  founded  on  historical  facts ;  namely,  the  ejection 
of  Virgil  from  his  farm  and  his  reinstatement  through  the  favor  of 
Augustus.  (See  Introd.,  pp.  xv,  xvi.)  Tityrus  represents  the  poet 
himself,  and  Meliboeus  his  less  fortunate  neighbors.  Though  the 
subject  is  treated  in  the  conventional  pastoral  style,  yet  the  poem  gives 
a  lively  picture  of  the  distress  caused  by  the  confiscation  of  lands  after 
the  civil  wars.  The  scene  represents  Tityrus,  late  in  a  sunny  afternoon, 
reclining  at  the  roadside  by  his  cottage  near  Mantua,  with  Amaryllis 
busy  near  by,  in  household  cares,  while  Meliboeus  passes,  driving  his 
goats  from  the  farm  of  which  he  has  been  dispossessed  by  the  soldiers. 
An  ancient  (200  to  400  A.D.)  conception  of  the  scene  is  given  in  the 
head-piece  (from  a  Vatican  manuscript).  An  English  imitation  of  the 
poem  may  be  seen  in  Ambrose  Philips's  first  Pastoral. 

Verse  i.  Tityre  :  this,  with  most  of  the  other  proper  names,  is  Greek, 
and  borrowed  from  Theocritus.  It  is  the  Doric  form  of  the  word  Satyr, 
also  signifying  goat,  and,  like  most  of  the  names  in  the  Eclogues,  is  a 
conventional  name  for  a  shepherd.  Modern  pastoral  poetry  has  adopted 
many  names  from  Virgil.  Thus  Spenser  refers  to  Chaucer  under  the 
name  of  Tityrus  (Shepherds'  Calendar,  Feb.,  w.  91-93): 

But  shall  I  tel  thee  a  tale  of  truth, 
Which  I  cond  of  Tityrus  in  my  youth, 
Keeping  his  sheepe  on  the  hills  of  Kent? 

—  tu :  notice  as  soon  as  this  word  appears  that  it  is  emphatic  and  must 
be  opposed  to  something  coming  later,  to  wit,  nos.  —  patulae,  etc.  :  in 
Latin  poetry  words  belonging  together,  or  contrasted  words,  are  often 
so  arranged  as  to  stand  in  corresponding  parts  of  the  verse,  as  at  the 
beginning,  or  before  the  caesura  and  at  the  end:  thus,  patulae  . .  .  fagi; 
tenui . . .  avena ;  fines  . . .  arva.  —  tegmine :  in  Latin  and  Greek  poetry, 
on  account  of  the  climate,  water  and  the  coolness  of  shade  are  repre- 


Notes. 


[BUCOL. 


seated  as  especially  delightful ;  while  hardihood  is  more  often  shown  by 
the  endurance  of  heat  than  of  cold. 

2.  silvestrem,  woodland  =  pastoral  (cf.  iv.  3).     The  pasture-land  of 
the  ancients  was  on  wooded  hills.  —  tenui  avena,  on  the  thin  reed, 
which  made  a  delicate  sort  of  pipe  or  whistle  (abl.  instr.,  the  usual  con- 
struction of  names  of  musical  instruments).     The  humble  nature  of 
pastoral  poetry  is  suggested  by  tenui ;  cf.  vi.  8,  and  note.  —  Musam,  the 
Muse,  or  goddess  of  song,  used  for  song  itself.    The  ancients  constantly 
identified  their  divinities  with  the  thing  that  was  their  care.     So  Ceres, 
grain  (^En.  i.  177),    Bacchus,  wine  (Jin.  i.  215). —  meditaris,  practise 
(fj^Xerav).     Cf.  Comus,  v.  547  : 

To  meditate  my  rural  minstrelsy. 
So  Lycidas,  v.  66  : 

And  strictly  meditate  the  thankless  Muse. 

3.  nos,  emphatic  by  being  expressed  at  all ;  here,  also,  by  its  position 
and  repetition.  —  patriae  fines  :  cf.  v.  68.     In  this  instance  the  patria 
consists  merely  of  the  native  village,  or  perhaps  farm. 

4.  fugimus  is  a  stronger  word  than  linquimus ;  it  denotes  the  hurry 
and  confusion  of  flight,  in  contrast  to  the  easy  repose  of  Tityrus.  — 
lentus,  at  ease :  properly  flexible,  but  often  used  as  the  reverse  of  braced 
or  strained  to  toil. 

5.  formosam  :  her  charms  are  coupled  with  her  name  in  the  song.  — 
Amary llida :  Gr.  form,  §  63,  b  ;  G.  65  ;  H.  68  ;   for   construction   see 
§  238,  a  ;   G.  333,  2,  N.3  ;   II.  371,  i2. 

6.  Meliboee,  a  Greek  name,  meaning  cow-herd.  —  deus,  a  god :  as  we 

might  say,  guardian  angel.  The 
gods  of  the  ancients  were  so  numer- 
ous, and  so  near  to  mankind,  that 
the  name  often  had,  for  them,  about 
the  same  dignity  as  that  of  saints 
in  modern  times.  Augustus,  who 
is  here  referred  to,  was  not  regu- 
larly deified  until  after  his  death 
in  A.D.  14  ;  hence  the  apologetic 
tone  of  namque,  etc. 

7.  namque:  cf.  JEn.  i.  65,  and 
note.  —  ille  :  Tityrus  uses  the  em- 
phatic pronoun  as  if  to  say,  "  He, 
my  great  patron,"  though  Meliboeus 

does  not  know  to  whom  he  refers.  —  mini,  in   my   regard  (dat.   of 
reference).  —  illius :  §  347,  a,  i  ;  G.  706,  exc.  4 ;  H.  577,  3.  —  aram, 


ECL.  I.]  Pastoral  Poems.  37 

altar,  for  lesser  sacrifices  (see  Fig.  i,  from  a  Pompeian  wall-painting, 
representing  a  rustic  sacrifice) :  the  altare,  high  altar  for  burnt  offerings 
(Eel.  v.  66),  was  dedicated  only  to  the  higher  deities,  but  this  dis- 
tinction is  not  always  observed  in  literature. 

8.  tener,    young.  —  nostris  :    Tityrus   says  "  our "  as    being    the 
steward  of  his  master's  farm. 

9.  ipsum,  opposed  to  boves 

10.    quae  vellem,   what  I  will  (imperf,  by  seq.  of  tenses;  subj.  of 
integral  part).  —  calamo  :   cf.  avena,  v.  2. 

n.   magis  =  potius,  rather.  —  totis  agris,  throughout  the  fields. 

12.  usque  adeo  turbatur,   to  such   a  degree  does  confusion  prevail 
(impers.  passive),     adeo  would  properly  be  correlative  to  ut  in  a  clause 
of  result,  which,  however,  is  made  the  main  clause  (miror,  etc.),  and  so 
no  ut  appears.    Thus  "  I  wonder  —  things  are  so  disturbed  "  is  equivalent 
to  "Things  are  so  disturbed  that  I  wonder."  —  ipse,  contrasted  with 
others  implied  in  undique. 

13.  protinus,  farther  on:  i.e.  I  cannot  (as  usual)  find  a  shelter  near 
at  hand.  —  duco,  i.e.  because  too  weak  to  be  driven. 

14.  modo,  just  now.  —  namque  regularly  introduces  its  clause,  but 
here  the  order  is  changed  for  metrical  reasons.  —  gemellos  (dim.  of 
geminos),  twin  kids. 

1 5.  silice  in  nuda,  i.e.  by  the  roadside,  where  they  must  presently 
die.  The  sufferings  of  the  dumb  creatures  add  to  the  pathos.  —  reliquit, 
at  the  end  of  the  line,  contrasts  with  spem  gregis,  at  the  beginning ; 
the  hope  was  only  to  be  disappointed. 

1 6.  malum  hoc,  i.e.  exile.  —  laeva :  cf.  &n.  ii.  54,  and  note.  —  si ... 
f uisset :  i.e.  it  would  have  been  a  warning,  had  not,  etc.    The  conclusion 
is  only  implied.     The  omens  were  seen,  the  gods  did  their  part,  but  he 
was  too  blind  to  heed  the  warning. 

17.  de  caelo  tactas,  struck  by  lightning  (the  usual  phrase).    See  Cic. 
in  Cat.  III.  viii.  19.  —  praedicere  :  for  tense  see  §  336^,  N.  J ;  G.  281,  N. 
—  quercus  :  the  blasting  of  the  olive,  it  is  said,  was  understood  to  pre- 
dict barrenness  ;  that  of  the  oak,  exile. 

18.  This  line  has  probabiy  crept  in  from  ix.  15.     See  note  there. 

19.  tamen,    still:    i.e.   notwithstanding   my  misfortunes    I   should 
be  glad  to  hear  of  your  better  luck.  —  iste  (the  so-called  pron.  of  the 
second  pers.),  that . . .  you  speak  of.  —  qui  sit  (more  euphonious  than 
quis  sit),  what  god  it  is  (§  104,  a,  N. ;  G.  106,  R. ;  H.  188,  i).  —  da  (for 
die  ;  so  accipe  for  audi),  tell  me. 

20.  urbem :  the  great  city  was  what  first  struck  his  rustic  fancy,  and 
so  he  begins  with  that,  leaving  the  question  quite  unnoticed. 


38  Notes.  [BUCOL. 

21.  stultus  ego,  fool  that  I  was.  —  huic  nostrae :    Mantua,   from 
which  Andes,  Virgil's  birthplace,  was  some  three  miles  distant. 

22.  depellere,  i.e.  down  to  market  from  {he  upland. 

23.  sic  .  .  .  noram,  so  I  knew  (had  learned  to  know)  puppies  like 
dogs,  and  kids  like  their  dams;  and   so  also   I   compared  Mantua  to 
Rome. 

24.  sic  parvis,  etc.,  proverbial. 

25.  extulit :  the  perf.  is  used  to  refer  to  the  time  when  he  reached 
the  city. 

25.  verum  haec,  etc.,  i.e.  puppies  and  kids  do  not  differ  in  kind 
from  dogs  and  goats  ;  but  Rome  is  of  another  nature  from  Mantua, 
differing  as  cypress  from  osier. 

27.  Meliboeus  here  catches  his  neighbor's  wonder,  and  forgets  his 
own  question. 

28.  libertas :   Virgil   does   not   take   pains   to   make   the  story  of 
Tityrus  correspond  minutely  with  his  own  case.     The  allegory  merely 
suggests  the  real  facts.     Virgil  himself  was  a  yeoman,  the  free  owner  of 
a  little  farm.     Tityrus  is  a  slave,  tending  flocks  for  a  noble  proprietor, 
who  lives,  like  most  landowners,  in  Rome  (cf.  v.  41,  note).  —  respexit : 
a  word  often  used  of  regard  from  a  superior  to  an  inferior.     Libertas  is 
here  personified  as  a  divinity.  —  inertem,  idle  as  I  was,  and  so  not 
entitled  to  it.     A  thrifty  slave  might  generally  buy  his  freedom  in  five 
or  six  years. 

29.  candidior,  whiter  and  -whiter.  —  tondenti,  as  I  clipped  it ;  a  very 
suitable  way  of  speaking  here,  for  the  slave  could  not  shave  his  beard 
till  emancipated.     Supply  mihi;  cf.  /En.  i.  102  (iactanti),  Caes.  B.  G. 
i.  42  (petenti),  i.  47  (cedentes).  —  cadebat,  began  to  fall;  lit.  was  falling 
(§  324,  a,  cf.  277,  c ;  G.  563,  N.2,  cf.  233  ;  H.  471,  4,  cf.  469,  i). 

30.  respexit,  she  did  regard,  emphatic.  —  post,  adverbial.  —  tempore, 
abl.  of  degree  of  difference. 

31.  Amaryllis,  Galatea,    the   successive  contubernales  of  Tityrus. 
The  condition  of  slavery  permitted  no  lawful  marriage.  —  habet :  present 
for  perfect,  as  with  iamdudum,  because  the  bond  still  continues  (§  276,  a  ; 
G.  230  ;  H.  467,  2). 

32.  namque,  for,  you  see.  —  tenebat :   for  tense  see  §  276,  e,  N.  ; 
G.  569  ;  H.  519,  i. 

33.  peculi,  savings,  generally  out   of    the   produce   of    the   cattle. 
Strictly,  all  that  a  slave  had  might  be  regarded  as  his  master's  ;  but  he 
was  encouraged  to  save  his  earnings  and  certain  perquisites  in  order  to 
buy  his  freedom.     His  peculium,  indeed,  was  in  a  manner  his  property 
in  the  view  of  Roman  law. 


ECL.  I.]  Pastoral  Poems.  39 

34.  victima,  i.e.  sold  to  the  priests  for  sacrifice,  apparently  a  prof- 
itable branch  of  the  shepherd's  trade.     Victima  usually  signifies  a  larger 
victim  ;  hostia,  a  smaller.     The  use  of  the  singular  is  like  our  "  many  a 
one."     A  farmer  taking  his  products  to  market  is  represented  in  the 
figure  in  the  text  (from  an  ancient  relief). 

35.  ingratae,  ungracious,  from  the  rustic's  point  of  view,  absorbing 
his  products  for  a  scanty  price  without  caring  for  him.  —  pinguis  caseus, 
i.e.  cream-cheese. 

36.  mihi,  dative  of  reference.  —  dextra,  i.e.  the  money  was  spent  as 
soon  as  received,  probably  to  gratify  his  mistress. 

37.  mirabar,  i.e.  I  see  now  the  reason  of  what  I  wondered  at  at  the 
time.   "And  really  you  were  much  missed,  Tityrus."    His  friend  noticed 
the  effect  though  he  did  not  know  of  his  absence.  —  Amarylli :  §  348,  6  ; 
G.  707,  4,  exc.  2  ;  H.  581,  i,  2. 

38.  sua  in  arbore  (cf.  vii.  54),  i.e.  on  the  tree  where  they  grew. 

39.  aberat:  for  quantity  see  §  359,  /;  G.  708,  exc.  5;  H.  580,  N.2. — 
ipsae  pinus,  etc.  :  even  these  are  represented  as  sharing  in  the  grief  of 
Amaryllis  and  missing  their  master,  not  as  wanting  any  special  care,  but 
as  not  finding  the  man  they  were  wont  to  see.    The  pine  here  mentioned 
is  probably  the  stone-pine,  planted  for  its  large  edible  seeds,  as  well  as 
for  shade,  and  valuable  also  as  furnishing  wax  and  food  for  bees.     The 
arbusta  are  the  plantations  of  young  elms,  on  which  vines  were  trained 
in  festoons  from  tree  to  tree,  as  in  the  vineyards  of  Italy  now. 

41.  quid  facerem,  what  was  I  to  do?  (deliberative  subjunc.).     At 
length  answering  the  question  of  v.  19,  he  says,  To  leave  home  and  go 
to  Rome  was  my  only  chance,  first,  of  freedom,  and  second,  of  pro- 
tection.    It  is  by  these  two  sentences  that  the  allegory  is  connected, 
though  somewhat  loosely,  with  the  facts  (cf.  note  on  w.  28,  46). 

42.  praesentis,  i.e.  propitious  (compare  "  a  very  present  help  ").  — 
alibi  (belonging  to  licebat),  elsewhere  than  at  Rome. 

43.  iuvenem :  Octavianus  (Augustus),  who  was  only  twenty-two  at 
the  time  of  the  confiscation. 

44.  bis  senos  dies,    twelve  days,   i.e.  the  first  day  of  every  month 
(calends),  when  offerings  were  regularly  made  to  the  Lares,  or  house- 
hold gods.     Virgil  means  that  he  will  join  with  the  worship  of  his  own 
Lares  that  of   young  Cassar's  genius  or  guardian  spirit  :  —  as  Horace 
says  (Od.  iv.  5),   laribus   tuum   miscet  numen.      Ovid   (Fasti,  ii.  636) 
describes  the  ceremony : 

Parca  precaturi  sumite  vina  manu, 
Et  Bene  vos,  bene  te,  patriae  pater,  oftime  Caesar 
Dicite  suffuse  per  bona  verba  mero. 


4O  Notes.  [BUCOL. 

—  fumant,  i.e.  the  service  is  already  an  established  custom,  this  dialogue 
being  supposed  to  be  held  in  the  autumn  (see  v.  82).  —  altaria :  see 
note,  v.  7. 

45.  responsum   dedit :   the   phrase   regularly  used  of  an  oracular 
response  ;   its  employment  here  keeps  up  the  thought  of  Caesar  as  a 
divinity.  —  primus,  i.e.  this  was  the  first  assurance  of  security  and  favor, 
anxiously  sought. 

46.  pascite,  etc. :  here  Virgil  again  drops  the  allegory  :  Tityrus,  the 
slave  herdsman,  went  to  Rome  chiefly  to  beg  his  freedom  ;   and  the 
answer  he  is  supposed  to  get  is  to  keep  his  farm,  the  boon  which  Virgil, 
the  free  yeoman  landowner,  really  sought  of  Augustus, — feed  yotir  cow s 
and  breed  your  bullocks  as  before  (cf.  note  v.  41).  —  submittite,  properly, 
to  raise  for  the  purpose  of  breeding,   apparently  a  technical  word  of 
graziers  and  cattle-breeders  (see  Georg.  iii.  73,  159,  and  Vocab.). 

47.  tua  rura  manebunt,  the  fields  -will  continue  yours. 

48.  lapis  omnia,   etc.      This  description  of  a  country  alternately 
marshy  and  gravelly  applies  very  well  to  the  territory  of  Mantua.     The 
idea  is :  Though  it  is  not  a  very  good  farm,  yet  it  is  good  enough  and  a 
blessed  fortune  compared  with  ours. 

50.  temptabunt,  will  injure.  —  gravis  fetas,  the  weakling  cattle, 
which  have  lately  dropped  their  young  (cf.  v.  1 5). 

51.  mala,  baneful. — contagia  :  the  plural,  indicates  many  cases  of 
the  disease,  as  often  in  Latin  (§  75,  c;  G.  204,  N.8;  H.  130,  2). 

52.  flumina  nota,  i.e.  the  "smooth-sliding  Mincius"  (as  Milton  calls 
it),  which  flows  by  Mantua. 

53.  frigus  opacum,  cool  shade  (see  note  on  tegmine,  v.  i). 

54.  hinc  tibi,  etc.,  on  this  side,  as  ever,  the  hedge  on  the  neighboring 
roadway,  -whose  willow-flower  is  fed  on  by  Hybl&an  bees,  shall  often,  with 
its  soft  whispering,  win  you  sleep.     In  this  perplexed  sentence,   quae 
semper  means  as  it  always  has  done  ;  florem  is  ace.  of  specification  by 
the  common  Greek  construction,  after  depasta,  fed  upon  ;  salicti  is  the 
shorter  form  of  saliceti,  willow-grove  ;  susurro,  the  whispering  of  leaves 
mingled  with  the  hum  of  bees  ;  limite,  strictly,  the  line  run  by  public 
surveyors  (agrimensores),  dividing  off  the  land  for  purposes  of  cultiva- 
tion.   (See  Georg.  i.  126.)     The  limes  was  not  really  a  line,  but  an  open 
tract,  8,  12,  20,  or  40  feet  wide,  serving  as  a  roadway.     The  saepes  here 
described  was  therefore,  strictly,  a  roadside  hedge.  —  Hyblaeis :  cf.  Julius 
Ctssar,  v.  i.  34,  35  : 

For  your  words,  they  rob  the  Hybla  bees 
And  leave  them  honeyless. 


ECL.  I.]  Pastoral  Poems.  41 

57.  hinc  alta   sub  rupe,    on  the  other  side  beneath   the  high  rock 
(opposed  to  v.  54).  —  frondator,  leaf-gatherer.     The  foliage  of  the  trees 
was  stripped  in  autumn  and  used  for  fodder.     The  cooing  of  the  wood- 
pigeon  (see  Georg.  ii.  365)  is  a  sign  of  coming  autumn.  —  ad  auras, 
upon  the  breeze. 

58.  nec  tamen,    and  yet  .  .  .  not   (though    the    pruner    sings).  — 
cura,  pet. 

59.  ab,  on  (see  Hor.  Od.  i.  2,  10),  literally  from.    By  a  very  common 
usage  an  appearance  is  said  to  come  from  the  place  where  it  appears, 
but  in  this  particular  connection  "from"  is  perhaps  quite  as  good,  even 
in  English. 

60.  ante  . . .  quam,   sooner  shall,  etc.,  than  (a  common  expression 
for  never)]  cf.  Lodge,  Rosalind: 

First  Time  shall  stay  his  stayless  race, 

And  Winter  bless  his  brows  with  corn, 
And  snow  bemoisten  July's  face, 

And  Winter  spring,  and  Summer  mourn, 
Before  my  pen,  by  help  of  Fame, 
Cease  to  recite  thy  sacred  name. 

—  ergo,  so  then:  resumptive,  referring  to  w.  41-46.  —  leves:  notice  the 
short  penult.  —  aequore,  the  level,  commonly  used  in  poetry  for  the  sea 
(see  ./En.  i.  84,  note);  used  also  by  Juvenal  (viii.  61)  for  the  plain. 

62.  exsul,  not  necessarily  driven  out,  but  only  afar  from  home. 

63.  The  Arar  (Saone)  is  a  river  of  Gaul,  the  Tigris  a  river  of  Asia : 
the  contrast  is  of  farthest  East  and  farthest  West. 

64.  voltus :   no  particular  expression   seems   to  be  intended,   but 
merely  his  face.  —  labatur :  for  mood  see  §  327,  a  ;  G.  577  ;  H.  520,  2. 

65.  at  nos,  etc. :   the  mention  of  his  good  fortune  had  called  forth 
an  expression  of  gratitude  from  Tityrus ;  illius  refers  to  his  benefactor ; 
but,  not  heeding  this  interruption,  Meliboeus  goes  on  to  contrast  the 
exile  of  the  others  with  Tityrus's  happier  lot  :  but  we  must  wander  to 
the  most  distant  corners  of  the  earth.  —  alii  .  .  .  pars,  correlative.  — 
sitientis,  thirsty :    the   drought  is  vividly  referred   to  the  people.  — 
Afros  :  ace.  of  end  of  motion. 

66.  Cretae,   sometimes  understood   as  a  common  noun  following 
rapidum,  which  bears  down  chalk,  i.e.  turbid,  referring  to  the  Oxus,  a 
Scythian  river.     But  there  is  a  town  in  Crete,  Axus  or  Oaxus,  whose 
stream  is  probably  meant.    Crete  was  quite  far  enough  eastward  for  the 
rustic  fancy  ;  it  was,  besides,  a  Roman  province  ;  and  exiles  from  Capua 
were  actually  settled  there  by  Augustus. 

67.  orbe  (abl.  of  means),  by  a  world. 


42  Notes,  [BUCOL. 

68-70.  en,  ah !  giving  emphasis  and  a  pathetic  wistfulness  to  the 
question  (cf.  ecquis,  x.  28).  —  patrios  . . .  mirabor  aristas,  shall  I  ever 
long  hence  behold  my  native  bounds  and  the  sodded  (congestum  caespite) 
roof  of  my  poor  hut,  seeing  with  wonder  hereafter  (post)  my  little  realm, 
a  few  poor  ears  of  wheat.  —  post,  repeating  the  general  notion  of  longo 
post  tempore.  —  mirabor  contains  both  the  idea  of  seeing  and  that  of 
wondering  at ;  the  former  idea  runs  through  the  sentence,  the  latter  is 
appropriate  to  the  last  part  only.  Reading  the  words  in  their  order 
through  caespite  culmen,  one  would  expect  videbo  to  follow,  and  no 
other  verb-idea  is  up  to  this  point  suggested.  This  videbo  is  in  fact 
contained  in  mirabor,  which,  however,  adds  the  notion  of  wondering, 
applicable  only  to  aliquot  .  .  .  aristas.  The  Latin  freedom  of  order 
allows  such  condensed  forms  of  expression  where  the  English  may 
require  two  verbs,  one  for  each  sense.  —  With  the  whole  passage  cf. 
Ambrose  Philips,  Pastorals,  ii : 

Sweet  are  thy  banks  !    Oh  when  shall  I  once  more 
With  longing  eyes  review  thy  flowing  shore  ? 
When,  in  the  crystal  of  thy  waters,  see 
My  face,  grown  wan  through  care  and  misery  ? 
When  shall  I  see  my  hut,  the  small  abode 
Myself  had  rais'd  and  cover'd  o'er  with  sod? 
Though  small  it  be,  a  mean  and  humble  cell, 
Yet  is  there  room  for  me  and  peace  to  dwell. 

71.  impius,  as  robbing  his  fellow-citizens;  the  word  is  constantly 
used  of  civil  war.  —  miles :   here  again  is  a  bitter  reference  to  Virgil's 
own  experience.  —  novalia,  fallows,  i.e.  land  which  I  have  broken  in  by 
my  own  toil. 

72.  barbarus:  the  armies  of  Caesar  had  come  to  be  made  up  largely 
of  barbarian  foreigners,  Gauls,  Germans,  and  Spaniards.    It  is  for  them 
then  that  I  have  sown  my  fields !  (his  nos,  etc.).     To  such  a  pass  has 
civil  strife  brought  our  wretched  state  ! 

73.  nos:  inserted  to  emphasize  his,  though  not  itself  emphatic. 

74.  mine :  this  word  (as  often  in  English)  gives  a  bitterly  sarcastic 
force  to  the  imperative,  graft  your  pears  now  (if  you  can,  when  you  see 
for  whom  you  have  done  it  before). 

76.  ego,  i.e.  that  lot  will  be  another's.  —  viridi  .  .  .  antro,  in  the 
mossy  grot.  It  may,  however,  refer  to  an  artificial  bower  of  evergreen. 
Observe  the  vivid  image  in  the  words  pendere  de  rupe. 

79.  cytisum,  a  flowering  shrub,  excellent  for  its  milk-giving  proper- 
ties :  a  kind  of  lucerne,  or  coarse  clover. 

80.  tamen  poteras,  still  you  might,  i.e.  if  you  wished,  even  though 


ECL.  II.]  Pastoral  Poems,  43 

you  are  obliged  to  depart    (§  308,  c ;   G.  254,  R.2;    H.  511,  N.8).     Cf. 
Ambrose  Philips,  Pastorals,  ii : 

Sweet  milk  and  clouted  cream,  soft  cheese  and  curd, 
With  some  remaining  fruit  of  last  year's  hoard, 
Shall  be  our  ev'ning  fare  ;  and  for  the  night 
Sweet  herbs  and  moss,  that  gentle  sleep  invite. 

83.  villarum,  farm-houses  (villa  rustica) :  the  country-seat  of  a  rich 
city  resident  was  villa  urbana.  —  culmina  :   there  being  no  chimneys, 
the  smoke  of  the  hearth  or  brazier  (focus)  escaped  through  the  well- 
ventilated  roof.     These  smoking  roofs  announce  that  supper-time  has 
come.  —  iam  fumant,  are  beginning  to  smoke,   iam  with  the  present  and 
imperfect  constantly  has  this  force. 

84.  maiores,  i.e.  lengthened  by  the  declining  sun.  —  cadunt,  merely 
a  vivid  way  of  saying,  lie  on  the  plain.    Virgil  seems,  in  accordance  with 
his  gentle  nature  and  feeble  constitution,  to  have  been  particularly  fond 
of  quiet  scenes,  and  especially  evening  scenes.      See  the  endings  of 
Eels,  ii.,  vi.,  x.,  and  ./En.  iv.  522  ff.     Cf.  Henry  More,  Cupid's  Conflict: 

By  this  the  outstretch'd  shadows  of  the  trees 
Pointed  me  homeward,  and  with  one  consent 
Foretold  the  day's  descent. 


ECLOGUE  II. 

THE  subject  of  this  poem  is  the  complaint  of  a  shepherd,  Corydon, 
in  love  with  Alexis.  It  is  said  to  represent,  in  the  conventional  style  of 
pastoral  verse,  the  admiration  of  Virgil  for  a  young  slave  whom  he  saw 
at  the  house  of  his  patron  Asinius  Pollio,  and  whose  beauty  he  thus 
celebrates.  The  story  further  goes  that  Pollio,  charmed  with  the  poem: 
made  a  gift  of  the  slave  to  the  author  ;  and  that  the  slave,  being  care- 
fully educated,  became  a  celebrated  grammarian  under  his  real  name 
Alexander.  This  story,  though  not  certain,  is  natural  and  probable.  — 
Pope's  second  pastoral,  Summer,  is  an  imitation  of  this  Eclogue. 

The  Eclogue  is  in  a  manner  made  up  from  the  third  and  the  eleventh 
Idyl  of  Theocritus.  The  former,  being  a  complaint  of  a  shepherd  to  his 
love  Amaryllis,  furnished  the  sentiment  and  the  general  style ;  the 
latter,  which  is  the  address  of  the  monster  Polyphemus  to  the  sea- 
nymph  Galatea,  served  as  a  model  for  Corydon's  defence  of  his  personal 
appearance. 

r.  formosum  :  notice  the  position  at  the  beginning,  corresponding 
with  that  of  Alexim  at  the  close  of  the  line  (see  note  on  i.  i).  — 


44  Notes.  [BUCOL. 

ardebat,  burned  with  love  for,  =amabat,  and  so  governing  the  accusa- 
tive by  a  forced  construction,  apparently  first  introduced  by  Virgil.  In 
poetical  phraseology  one  word  used  in  the  sense  of  another  frequently 
borrows  the  construction  of  the  word  for  which  it  is  substituted. 

2.  nec  habebat,  nor  knew :  cf.  dare,  tell  (i.  19),  and  accipe,  hear.  — 
quid  speraret,  what  to  hope  for:  the  direct  question  is,  quid  sperem, 
what  can  I  hope?  (deliberative  subjunc.). 

3.  tantum,   i.e.  all  that  he  could  do.  —  cacumina,  in  explanatory 
appos.  with  fagos  :  showing  what  he  came  for,  shelter  from  heat. 

4.  veniebat,  would  come.  —  incondita,  rude  (ill  put  together,  see  do 
in  Vocab.). 

5.  inani  studio,  idle  fondness  (as  being  unrequited). 

7.  mori  ...  COges :   in  Theocritus,   "you  will  make  me  go  hang 
myself." 

8,  9.   nunc  etiam,  etc. :  these  images,  especially  the  hiding  of  the 
lizards  in  the  thornbush,  suggest  the  extreme  heat  of  noontide.     Cf. 
Tennyson's  CEnone,  w.  24  ff.  : 

For  now  the  noonday  quiet  holds  the  hill : 
The  grasshopper  is  silent  in  the  grass  : 
The  lizard,  with  his  shadow  on  the  stone, 
Rests  like  a  shadow,  and  the  cicala  sleeps. 
The  purple  flowers  droop  :  the  golden  bee 
Is  lily-cradled  :  I  alone  awake. 
My  eyes  are  full  of  tears,  my  heart  of  love. 

11.  allia,  etc.:  making  a  sort  of  salad  (moretum)  flavored  with  garlic, 
a  favorite  dish  in  Southern  Europe,  where  meat  is  scarce.     "  It  was 
composed  of  flour,  cheese,  salt,  oil,  and  various  herbs  (herbas  olentis) 
brayed  together  in  a  mortar."    The  Moretum,  a  poem  ascribed  to  Virgil, 
treats  of  the  preparation  of  this  compound.     See  Cowper's  translation, 
The  Salad.     Cf.  L  'Allegro,  w.  83  ff.  : 

Where  Corydon  and  Thyrsis,  met, 
Are  at  their  savory  dinner  set 
Of  herbs,  and  other  country  messes, 
Which  the  neat-handed  Phyllis  dresses. 

12,  13.   at  ...  cicadis :    the   lover  and    the    cicada  are   the   only 
creatures  that  find  no  rest  (cf.  w.  8,  9,  note).  —  arbusta :  see  i.  40. 
In  prose,  the  subject  would  naturally  be  cicadae ;  hence  mecum,  i.e. 
they  and  I. 

14.   fuit:  see  i.  80,  note.  —  iras:  cf.iii.8i.    Amaryllis  and  Menalcas 
are  old  flames  of  Corydon. 


ECL.  II.]  Pastoral  Poems.  45 

16.  niger,  swarthy :  notice  that  the  succeeding  lines  are  in  apology 
for  this  style  of  beauty,  contrasted  with  candidus,  fair,  or  brilliantly 
white.  —  esses  follows  the  sequence  of  tenses,  though  it  expresses  a 
general  truth. 

18.  alba,  etc.  :  the  blossom  of  pure  white  falls  neglected,  while  the 
darker  flower  (or  berry)  is  prized  and  gathered.     Cf.  the  madrigal  in 
Nicholas  Vonge,  1597  : 

Brown  is  my  love,  but  graceful ; 
And  each  renowned  whiteness, 
Match'd  with  thy  lovely  brown,  doth  lose  its  brightness. 

Fair  is  my  love,  but  scornful ; 
Yet  have  I  seen  despised 
Dainty  white  lilies  and  sad  flowers  well  prized. 

19.  despectus,  looked  down  on. — tibi,   dat.  of  agent.  —  qui  sim, 
what  sort  of  person  I  am :  qui  being  here  used  as  adjective,  and  not 
(as  in  i.  19)  for  mere  euphony. 

20.  quam  dives,  etc. :  this  description  of  rustic  wealth  is  from  the 
pleading  of  Polyphemus,  in  Theocritus  :  pecoris  refers  to  sheep,  and 
lactis  to  cows  (for  the  genitive  see  y£n.  i.  14,  and  note). 

21.  Siculis,  loosely  used  because  many  wealthy  Romans  had  estates 
in  Sicily ;  and  hence,  perhaps,  taken  as  part  of  the  stock  imagery  from 
Theocritus.  —  errant :  cf.  i.  9. 

22.  aestate,  frigore,  the  times  when  fresh  milk  is  most  apt  to  fail. 
The  lac  novum  is  a  curious  recommendation  of  his  love  ;  but  it  accords 
with  the  conventional  simplicity  of  pastoral  verse. 

23.  quae  solitus  Amphion,  etc. :  what  Amphion  used  (to  sing).    He 
was  the  mythic  builder  of  Thebes,  whose  walls  rose  to  the  music  of 

his  lyre. 

Amphion  there  the  loud  creating  lyre 

Strikes,  and  beholds  a  sudden  Thebes  aspire  ! 

Cithzron's  echoes  answer  to  his  call, 

And  half  the  mountain  rolls  into  a  wall : 

There  might  you  see  the  length'ning  spires  ascend, 

The  domes  swell  up,  the  wid'ning  arches  bend, 

The  growing  tow'rs  like  exhalations  rise, 

And  the  huge  columns  heave  into  the  skies. 

POPE,  Temple  of  Fame,  w.  85  ff. 

He  with  his  brother  Zethus  —  sons  of  Zeus  and  Antiope  —  were 
exposed  on  the  mountain  ridge  Aracynthus,  which  separates  Bceotia 
from  Attica  (Acte),  and  brought  up  by  rustics.  Dirce  is  a  fountain  near 
Thebes.  These  epithets  and  allusions  are  conventional  imitations  of 
authors  in  whom  they  meant  something.  The  hiatus  after  Actaeo  is 


46  Notes,  [BUCOL. 

probably   copied   literally  from   the    Greek.  —  si   quando  =  -whenever 
(literally,  if  ever). 

25.  nee  sum  adeo  informis  :  see  preliminary  note.    Prettily  imitated 
by  Andrew  Marvell,  Damon  the  Mower,  w.  57  ff. : 

Nor  am  I  so  deform'd  to  sight, 
If  in  my  scythe  I  looked  right, 
In  which  I  see  my  picture  done, 
As  in  a  crescent  moon  the  sun. 

26.  placidum  ventis :   the  ancients  seem   to  have  supposed   that 
certain  winds  calmed  the  sea,  —  perhaps  by  ceasing  to  blow  (see  ^En. 
v.  763).     The  sea-beach  might  possibly  afford  a  mirror  for  the  giant 
Cyclops  in  the  original,  but  hardly  for  the  shepherd  Corydon  here.  — 
Daphnim,  the  mythic  paragon  of  bucolic  poetry  (see  Eel.  v.).  —  ego  : 
the  Latin  likes  to  represent  two  persons  in  contrast  :  so  here  ego  is 
expressed  to  set  off  Daphnim,  but  is  not  itself  emphatic. 

28.  tantum,  only  ('tis  all  I  ask).  —  libeat,  hortat.  subj.  —  sordida, 
rude,  homely.  —  With  w.  28  ff.,  cf.  Marlowe's  song  The  Passionate 
Shepherd  to  his  Love : 

Come  live  with  me,  and  be  my  love  ; 
And  we  will  all  the  pleasures  prove 
That  hills  and  valleys,  dales  and  fields, 
Woods  or  sleepy  mountain  yields. 

So  Herrick,  To  Phyllis  : 

Live,  live  with  me  and  thou  shall  see 
The  pleasures  I  '11  prepare  for  thee,  elc. 

—  figere,  bring  down  (pierce  with  the  spear). 

30.  hibisco,  to  the  marsh-mallow,  i.e.  for  their  grazing.  Dative  of 
the  end  of  motion. 

32,  33.  These  lines  are  doubtful,  and  are  exceedingly  awkward  here. 
They  are  probably  a  parallel  passage  which  was  written  in  the  margin 
and  which  has  crept  into  the  text. 

34.  nee  paeniteat,  and  be  not  loath.  —  trivisse  (cf.  note  on  certasse, 
/En.  ii.  548),  i.e.  by  running  it  up  and  down  along  the  scale  of  reeds. 
The  whole  idea  is :  "  Come  and  learn  of  me  to  play 
the  pipe  :  others  have  valued  this  and  why  not 
you?"  The  pipe  referred  to  is  the  syrinx  or  Pan's 
Pipe,  made  of  several  reeds  of  different  lengths 
fastened  together  with  wax  (see  Fig.  2).  —  labellum 
(dim.),  pretty  lip. 

35.    faciebat,    offered  to  do    (would  have  done). 
36.   disparibus :  see  note,  v.  34.  —  cicutis :  cf.  calamo,  v.  34,  and 
avena,  i.  2. 


ECL.  II.] 


Pastoral  Poems. 


47 


37.  dono :  see  §  233,  a  ;  G.  356,  R.2  ;  H.  390. 

38.  te  .  .  .  secundum,  i.e.  //  has  in  you  a  (worthy)  second  master. 

40.  nee,  and  . . .  not  (with  tuta). 

41.  capreoli,  fawns  (of  the  roebuck).  —  etiam  mine:  the  spots  are 
said  to  disappear  at  the  age  of  six  months.    They  are  the  more  precious, 
from  being  found  in  a  dangerous  valley  (nee  tuta).    The  roebuck  is  the 
smallest  European  deer.     A  spotted  fawn  often  appears  as  a  pet  on 
Greek  vases. 

42.  bina  (§  95  ;  H.  174,  2)  die,  i.e.  they  are  so  vigorous  as  to  take 
the  milk  of  a  ewe  twice  every  day. 

43.  orat,  has  begged  (§  276,  a  ;  G.  230;  H.  467,  2). 

44.  f aciet,   she  shall  do  it.  —  sordent  tibi, 
are  mean  in  your  eyes  (dat.  of   reference).  — 
lilia,  etc.,  a  poetic  way  of  offering  these  tributes, 
as  coming  from  the  divinities. 

46.  calathis,  -wicker  baskets,  as  in  Fig.  3. 

47.  pallentis,  \.z.yellow:  the  plant  is  said  to 
be  the  wall-flower.  —  casia,   abl.   of  means.  — 
intexens  has  vaccinia,  as  object. 

5 1 .    ipse  ego :  while  the  nymphs  bring  flowers, 
I  will  gather  fruits.  —  cana  mala,  i.e.  quinces. 

53.  cerea  pruna,  yellow  plums,  sweeter  than 
the  purple  (observe  the  hiatus  which  is  some- 
times allowed  at  the  main  caesura).  —  quoque, 
following  as  usual  the  word  to  which  it  belongs, 
as   etiam   regularly   precedes.  —  porno,   fruit, 
including   all   except   grapes,    figs,    and   olives 
(§231;  G.  233;  H.  469,  i). 

54.  proxima  :  the  myrtle  and  laurel  are  constantly  associated  : 

Yet  once  more,  O  ye  laurels,  and  once  more 

Ye  myrtles  brown,  with  ivy  never  sere.  — Lycidas. 

55.  quoniam,  explaining  proxima. 

56.  rusticus,  a  clown,  no  mate  for  the  city-bred  Alexis. 

57.  lollas,  the  master  of  Alexis,  representing  Pollio  in  reality.  — 
concedat,  i.e.  he  could  give  more  valuable  presents,  if  you  should  enter 
that  contest. 

58.  quid  volui  mihi,  what  woe  have  I  wilfully  brought  on  myself  (in 
allowing  myself  to  be  beguiled  by  love).  —  floribus  . .  .  apros,  a  pro- 
verbial manner  of  speech. 

60.   quern  fugis,  i.e.  is  it  a  rustic  you  flee  ?  why  should  you  avoid  a 
rustic  ? 


FIG.  3. 


48  Notes.  [BUCOL. 

61.  Paris  :  he  was  a  shepherd  on  Mt.  Ida  when  the  famous  dispute 
of  the  goddesses  was  referred  to  him.  —  Pallas,  etc.,  let  Pallas  cherish 
the  city  towers  she  has  built,  other  gods  have  loved  the  woods  as  well. 

65.  trahit  sua  quemque,  etc.,  each  one's  fancy  draws  him.     Notice 
that  quisque  in  Latin  is  always  in  the  predicate  or  in  the  relative  clause, 
and  regularly  follows  the  reflexive,  as  here  ;  in  English  the  corresponding 
distributive  is  in  the  subject  or  antecedent  clause,  as  in  the  translation 
above.  —  o  :  observe  the  hiatus. 

66.  iugo  suspensa :  so  as  not  to  cut  the  ground  as  the  oxen  are 
driven  home  at  night ;  i.e.  night  brings  rest  to  all  but  me. 

67.  duplicat :  in  the  summer  months,  it  is  said  that  in  those  lati- 
tudes the  shadow  is  double  the  length  of  the  object  between  four  and 
five  o'clock. 

68.  me  tamen  urit,  yet  I  am  still  consumed,  i.e.  though  all  else  is 
cooled  by  the  approach  of  the  evening.     It  is  well  here,  as  often,  to 
change  the  voice  to  keep  the  emphasis.  —  adsit,  deliberative  subj. 

70.  semiputata,  frondosa :  the  half -pruned  vine  and  the  elm  over- 
grown with  leaves  are  both  signs  of  thriftless  husbandry.     Notice  the 
interlocked  order  of  the  words  semiputata  .  .  .  frondosa,  vitis  .  .  . 
ulmo,  by  which  both  adjectives  come  first,  but  still  retain  the  same 
order  as  their  nouns  (§  344,  h  ;  G.  683). 

71.  quin  tu,  etc.,  from  Theocr.  xi.  72-74  :  if  the  vineyard  and  garden 
are  neglected,  at  least  mind  some  light  indoor  task.  —  aliquid  quorum, 
etc.,  something  of -what  need  requires:  supply  eorum. 

72.  detexere,  weave  up,  that  is,  get  them  done  off  your  hands.    From 
this  sense  of  de  in  composition  probably  comes  its  intensive  meaning : 
c'f.  deperdere. 

73.  invenies :  addressed  to  himself.     "  You  shall  find  perhaps  a 
fairer  Galatea  "  (Theocr.). 

ECLOGUE  III. 

THIS  eclogue  represents  (after  Theocritus,  Idyls  iv.  and  v.)  the  rivalry 
in  song  of  two  shepherds,  Menalcas  and  Damoetas.  After  some  dispute, 
the  decision  is  left  to  Palaemon  as  umpire,  and  the  two  rival  swains 
vie  in  alternate  couplets.  This  form  of  verse  is  called  Amcebean 
(d/«H/3acos,  responsive).  The  couplets  are  wholly  disconnected,  some  of 
them  mere  squibs  flung  out,  it  is  supposed,  by  the  poet  at  his  rivals. 
Though  the  Amoebean  verse  is  Greek,  and  the  poem  itself  copied  from 
Theocritus,  yet  the  alternate  abuse  is  thoroughly  Italian.  The  Romans 
were  very  fond  of  coarse  invective  and  repartee.  With  the  whole 


ECL.  III.]  Pastoral  Poems.  49 

eclogue   may   be    compared    Spenser,   Shepherds'    Calendar,  August; 
Herrick,  A  Bucolic  ;  Pope,  Spring  ;  and  Gay,  Shepherds'  Week,  Monday. 

1.  cuium  :  a  word   rustic  or  antiquated  in  Virgil's  time.  —  an,  alter- 
native question  (§  211,  b;  G.  457,  i  ;  H.  353,  N.4). 

2.  Aegonis  :  the  name  and  the  verse  are  taken  literally  from  Theocr. 
iv.  2.     JEgon  is  Menalcas's  rival  (v.  4). 

3.  pecus,   ace.  of  exclam.  (§  240,^;    G.  343,  i  ;    11.381). —  ipse, 
JEgon  (cf.  ipse  dixit,  "  the  master  said  it "). 

4.  fovet,  wooes:  the  word  is   used  in  JEn.  ix.  57  in  the  sense  of  con- 
stant attendance  on  the  camp. 

5.  alienus  CUStOS  =  an  unfaithful  keeper  (like  a  stranger,  with  no 
interest  in  his  charge,  cf.  the   hireling   in   the   parable  of   the  Good 
Shepherd).  —  bis  in  bora,  a  bit  of  extravagance  :  twice  a  day  would  be 
quite  enough.     The  offence  of  secretly  milking  cattle  was  punished  by 
whipping  and  loss  of  wages. 

6.  sucus  (root  in  sugo)  =  the  life-blood,  the  strength  of  the  sheep.  — 
subducitur,  is  stolen  (taken  secretly,  sub,  like  Greek  vw6,  and  English 
underhand}. 

7.  parcius,  not  so  freely.  —  viris,  contrasted  with  the  effeminacy  of 
Menalcas. — tamen,  i.e.  though  it  were  *rue  (ironically). — obicienda, 
to  be  filing  at. 

8.  qui  te,  the  answering  taunt,  —  designedly  left  obscure,  say  abused, 
or  something  of  the   kind.  —  transversa  (cf.  ^En.  v.  19)  tuentibus, 
eyeing  askance. 

9.  faciles,  good-natured.  —  sacello,  the  nymph's  grotto. 

10.  turn,   credo,  at  the  same  time,   I  suppose   (ironical,   as  almost 
always  when  used  thus  parenthetically)  :  hinting  that  Damcetas  was  the 
real  mischief-maker.  —  arbustum  :    see  note,  i.  40.  —  videre,  i.e.   the 
nymphs. 

1 1.  mala,  malicious.    Thefa/x  was  a  large  stout  knife,  hooked  at  the 
end,  used  for  trimming  sprouts  and  foliage  (see  Fig.  4). 

13.  aut    hie,    following    the    same    construction, 
Damoetas   replies  with   another  charge.  —  calamos, 
arrows  (reeds),  used  by  shepherds  in  hunting,  or  to 
defend  their  charge.  —  quae,  referring  loosely  to  the 
preceding  nouns,  although  they  are  masculine. 

14.  puero,  i.e.  Daphnis. 

15.  aliqua,  somehow  (cf.  vii.  26).  —  mortuus  esses, 
i.e.  of  envy. 

16.  quid,  etc.,  what  are  masters  to  do,  when  thieves 

venture  on  such  things  (as  these  which  follow)  ?  FIG.  4. 


50  Notes.  [BUCOL. 

18.  excipere,  catch,  a  technical  hunting  term.  —  insidiis,  by  trick 
(i.e.  by  enticing  it  away).  —  Lycisca,  the  dog's  name  ;  it  means  wolf- 
hound (the  ancient  wolf-hound  is  said  to  have  been  a  mongrel  between 
dog  and  wolf). 

19.  quo  .  .  .  ille,    whither  is  that  fellow   hurrying?   referring   to 
Menalcas,  who  was  rushing  out  to  catch  the  straggling  goat. 

20.  latebas,  started  to  hide  (showing  your  guilt). 

21.  an,  implying  a  previous  question:  "could  I  not  take  my  own." 
cf .  v.  i,  note.  —  non  redderet,  should  he  not  have  paid  (§  266,  e  ;  G. 
272,  3;  483,  2,  N.),  as  my  due?  hinting  at  a  wager  won  by  him. 

22.  meruisset,  subj.  of  integral  part. 

23.  si  nescis,  if  you  did  but  know  it,  lit.  if  you  don't  know,  then  let 
me  tell  you  so. 

25.  cantando,  etc.,  YOU  beat  HIM  in  singing  ?   Did  you  ever  so  much 
as  own  a  pipe  of  reeds  joined  with  wax  ?   i.e.  you  never  aspired  to  any- 
thing higher  than  a  single  pipe. 

26.  triviis  :  the  scene  seems  to  belong  to  the  rustic  worship  of 
Proserpine  or  Hecate,  at  places  where  three  roads  met.     The  goddess 
herself  was  called  Trivia  (see  y£n.  vi.  13).  —  indocte,  bungler. 

27.  strident!  .  .  .  carmen,  mangle  a  wretched  tune  on  a  squeaking 
straw.     Cf.  Lycidas,  v.  123  :  — 

Their  lean  and  flashy  songs 

Grate  on  their  scrannel  pipes  of  wretched  straw. 

28.  vis  experiamur  (§  331,  /,  R.;  G.  546,  R.2;  H.  499,  2),  will  you 
try  with  me  ?  —  ergo,  i.e.  since  you  doubt  my  skill.  —  vicissim,  i.e.  in 
amcebean  or  responsive  verse. 

29.  ne  recuses  (§  317,  c ;  G.  545,  R.8;  H.  499,  2,  N.),  i.e.  that  is  why 
I  tell  you. 

30.  binos  fetus,  twin  calves. 

31.  depono  :  the  more  regular  word  is  pono,  put  up  the  pfize  in  the 
ring  (nOtvai,  KarariOtvcu).  — pignore  :  §  248;  G.  399;   H.  419,  iii. 

32.  ausim  (§  128,  e,  3  ;  G.  131,  4,  b\  H.  240,  4),  potential  subjunc. 

33.  iniusta,  unkind. 

34.  alter,  one  or  the  other  (of  them). 

35.  id  quod,  something  that ;  pocula  is  in  apposition. 

36.  pocula :  bowls  or  drinking  cups,   which  went  in  pairs,  one  for 
water  and  one  for  wine.      Cf.  Spenser,  Shepherds'  Calendar,  Aug.,  w. 
25  ff.: 

Then  loe,  Perigot,  the  pledge  which  I  plight, 

A  mazer  ywrought  of  the  maple  warre, 
Wherein  is  enchased  many  a  fayre  sight 


KCL.  III.]  Pastoral  Poems.  51 

Of  beres  and  tygers,  that  maken  fiers  wane  ; 
And  over  them  spred  a  goodly  wild  vine, 
Entraild  with  a  wanton  yvie  twine. 

38.  facili,  ready  (cf.  our  "  a  ready  hand  "). 

39.  diffuses  .   .   .  corymbos  :  a  -vine  decks  with  pale  ivy  the  outspread 
clusters.     It  seems  best  to  take  vitis  as  =  ivy-vine,  though  it  is  almost 
always  the  grape.     (Cf.  Ovid,  Met.  iii.  664.)     The  meaning  then  is,  a 
vine  of  ivy  carved  on  the  bowl  conceals  under  its  leaves  the  darker 
clusters  of  berries.     Cf.  vii.  38. 

40.  in  medio,  etc.:  i.e.  two  figures  in  the  centre,  inside.  —  Conon,  an 
astronomer    of    Alexandria,    of    about    200    B.C.  —  alter,    probably 
Archimedes  (an  associate  and  friend  of  Conon),  whose  name  cannot  be 
given  in  hexameter  verse  (see  Introd.,  p.  xl). 

41.  radio:  with  which  geometric  figures  were  described  on  a  layer 
of   sand.  —  gentibus,   i.e.  for  everybody's   benefit    (see   next  line).  — 
orbem,  the  concave  of  the  sky  with  its  constellations,  of  which  a  rude 
but  sufficient  knowledge  supplied  the  place  of  a  "  farmer's  almanac  " 
(see  Georg.  i.  204-240,   and  elsewhere).     The   use  of  the  word  here 
comes  from  the  ancients'  conception  of  the  earth  as  a  circle. 

42.  haberet :   see  note  on  speraret,  Eel.  ii.  2  ;   descripsit  orbem 
amounts  to  "indicated  by  marking  off  the  times  of  the  year"  ;  hence  it 
can  introduce  an  indirect  question. 

46.   Orphea :  see  Ovid,  Met.  x.  90  ff. ;  cf.  Gayley,  Classic  Myths. 

48.  si  ad  vitulam  spectas  :  the  best  interpretation  is,  If  you  have 
an  eye  to  the  heifer  (i.e.  a  wish  to  win  her),^<?«  have  no  occasion  to  praise 
your  cups  (for  I  will  not  stake  a  heifer  against  cups).     It  is  of  no  use 
talking  about  cups  :  they  are  not  to  be  compared  with  the  heifer  in 
value.     See  the  next  verse.  —  laudes  :  see  §  320,  a;  G.  525,  i,  N.2 ;  H. 

5°3.  N.2 

49.  hodie,  at  all,  a  colloquial  expression  emphasizing  the  negative 
(not  =  to-day).     Menalcas  suspects  Damcetas  of  wishing  to  evade  the 
contest,  and  so  abandons  the  cups  as  a  stake  and  recurs  to  the  original 
heifer.  — veniam,  etc.,  as  we  might  say,  "  I  '11  meet  you  where  you  like." 

50.  audiat  (hort.  subjunc.):  the  intended  subject  is  not  expressed; 
it  is  instantly  changed  to  the  person  coming  in  sight,  who  is  as  yet 
unknown,   but   who   proves   to   be    Palaemon.  —  ecce,    etc.,  why,  it's 
Palcemon  !  —  haec,  this  contest. 

51.  efficiam  ne,  I  will  stop  you  from  (§  319,  a,  N.;  G.  553,  i). 

52.  quin  age,  well  then,  come  on'  —  si  quid  babes,  if  you  can  do 
anything  (in  song).  —  in  me,  on  my  part.     Cf.  Par.  Lost,  xii.  615 :  "  In 
me  is  no  delay." 


52  Notes.  [Bucoi.. 

53.  nee  fugio,  in  reference  to  effugies,  v.  49. 

54.  sensibus  (loc.  abl.)  .  .  .  reponas,  let  it  sink  deep  in  your  thought: 
the  senses  being  regarded  as  avenues  to  the  soul,  or  judging  faculty. 

56.  omnis  ager,  etc.,  i.e.  it  is  the  season  when  all  nature  is  fruitful. 
why  should  not  we  break  forth  into  song  ?    Cf.  Pope,  Spring,  w.  42,  43  : 

Now  hawthorns  blossom,  now  the  daisies  spring, 
Now  leaves  the  trees,  and  flow'rs  adorn  the  ground. 

57.  formosissimus  annus,  i.e.  the  fairest  season  of  the  year.     Cf. 
summus  mons,  etc. 

58.  deinde,  two  syllables,  as  always  in  Virgil. 

59.  alternis  (neut.  plur.,  abl.   of  manner),  in   alternate   strains.  — 
Camenae,  Muses.     The  Camenae  were  fountain  nymphs,  with  powers  of 
soothsaying :  their  name  (originally  Casmenae)  is  connected  with  carmen. 
When  the  Romans  adopted  the  Greek  mythology  they  identified  these 
nymphs  with  the  Grecian  Muses,  with  whom   they  originally  had  very 
little  in  common. 

60.  What  precedes  leads  up  to  the  real  Amcebean,  which  begins  with 
this  verse.     Notice  that  the  second  singer  generally  follows  in  a  strain 
similar  to  the  first,  but  always  extends  or  intensifies  the  idea  if  he  can 
(cf.  Eel.  vii.).     The  sudden  changes  of  subject,  especially  towards  the 
end,  are  characteristic,   and  show  the  zeal  of  the   contestants,  —  the 
challenger  always  seeking  some  new  theme,  in  the  hope  of  baffling  his 
adversary.  —  ab    love,    etc.:    here   doubtless  Virgil  has   in   mind  two 
passages,  one  in  Theocritus  (xvii.  i),  in  which  the  Muses  are  invoked, 
and  one  in  Aratus  (Phaen.  2),  which  adds  the  pantheistic  idea  that  had 
come  to  be  the  prevailing  style  of  thought  among  philosophers  and  is 
common  in  Virgil  (see  Georg.  iv.  220-227).     Musae  is  taken  by  some 
as  voc.,  by  others  as  gen.;  but  in  either  case  the  meaning  is  eventually 
the  same,  —  that  Jove,  the  source  of  all  things,  properly  begins  the 
strain. 

61.  colit,   cherishes   (as  the  god  of  the  sky  and  the  weather;  cf. 
Georg.  ii.  326).  —  curae:  §  233,  a;  G.  356  ;  H.  390,  N.2 

62.  et  me,  i.e.  I  too  have  a  patron,  and  a  nearer  one,  Phoebus,  the 
special  god  of  song.  —  sua,  his  favorite  ;  cf.  ^En.  iii.  469,  and  note. 

63.  lauri,  hyacinthus:    these  plants  were  the  delight  of  Apollo; 
the  first  being  the  nymph   Daphne,  who  fled  from  his  pursuit  (Ovid, 
Met.  i.  452),  and  the  second  a  beautiful  youth  accidentally  killed  by 
him  with  a  discus  (Id.  x.  162).     See  Gayley,  Classic  Myths. — lauri  et : 
notice  the  hiatus  (occasionally  allowed).  —  suave,  cogn.  ace.;  cf.  grave 
olentis,  ^En.  vi.  201. 


ECL.  III.] 


Pastoral  Poems. 


53 


64.  male  petit,  hits  me  -with  an  apple :  apples  were  gifts  of  love,  and 
sacred  to  Venus  ;  the  parings  are  still  used  in  Hallowe'en  divination. 
Observe  the  quantity  of  malo. 

65.  cupit :   notice  that  this  word  is  stronger  than  volo.  —  ajote,  first 
(i.e.  before  she  gets  there). 

66.  at  mihi,  i.e.  but  my  flame  (Amyntas)  is  not  so  coy. 

67.  lam,  by  this  time.  —  Delia,  probably  Menalcas's  mate  {contuber- 
nalis),  to  whose   presence   the  dogs   are  of   course   accustomed,   but 
possibly  the  moon.  —  sit,  subj.  of  result. 

68.  parta,  etc.,  I  have  found  a  gift  for  my  love.  i.e.  a  wild  pigeon's 
nest.  —  notavi  locum,  /  have  marked  the  spot.     Cf.  Shenstone  : 

I  have  found  out  a  gift  for  my  fair  : 

I  have  found  where  the  wood-pigeons  breed. 

69.  quo,   where  (lit.  whither).  —  congessere,   have  built  (lit.   have 
brought  together),  sc.  nidum.     The  wood-pigeon  was  sacred  to  Venus. 

70.  quod  potui,  i.e.  all  I  could  get  to-day  (but  to-morrow  I  will  give 

as  many  more) :  I  have 
made  a  gift  already  ;  you 
are  only  intending  it.  — 
silvestri,  -wild. 

71.   aurea  mala,  i.e. 
ripe     and     ruddy    (not 
oranges,  which  were  un- 
known to  the  ancients).  —  altera,  another  ten. 

73.  referatis  (optative  subjunc.),  etc.,  i.e.  the  singer  hopes  that  all 
the  words  may  not  go  for  naught,  carried  away  by  the  winds,  but  that 
some  of  them  at  least  may  reach  the  ears  of  the  gods,  to  secure  the 
fulfilment  of  her  promise. 

74.  quid,  -what  (adverbial  ace.).  —  animo,  abl.  of  specification.  — 
spernis:  §  333;  G.  525. 

75.  si  dum  tu,  etc.,  i.e.  they  are  separated,  even  when  engaged 
together  in  the  chase.     For 

nets,    see    Figs.    5   and    6 
(fron,  a^cta,  reliefs>.  MJ 

76-77.  This  couple,  da-  /j/ 
ndes  Damcetas  s  nval  lollas, 
whose  slave  Phyllis  is.  lol- 
las is  told  to  send  Phyllis  to  share  the  cheerful  birthday  celebration  of 
Damcetas ;  he  himself  is  bidden  only  to  the  less  festival  rites  of  the 
ambarvalia  (see  Georg.  i.  343;  Tib.  ii.  i). —  vitula,  abl.  of  instrument, 


FIG.  5. 


FIG.  6. 


54  Notes.  [BUCOL 

a  common  construction  with  verbs  of  sacrificing.  —  venito  :  see  §  269.  d  ; 
G.  -68,  2  ;  H.  487,  2.1 

78.  Phyllida,  etc. :  Menalcas  assumes  the  person  of  lollas,  retorting 
that  Phyllis  has  given  her  heart  to  him.  —  me  discedere,  a  forced  use  of 
the  indirect  discourse  construction  (§  333,  b;  G.  542,  533  ;  H.  535,  iii); 
flevit  is  treated  as  a  verb  of  feeling. 

79.  longum  (§  29,  c ;  G.  20,  iii ;  H.  42,  N.)  vale,  a  lingering  farewell. 
In  the  second  vale,  e,  by  a  Greek  usage,  is  shortened  before  the  vowel, 
but  not  elided  (§  359,  e  ;  G.  720,  R.1;  H.  608,  ii). 

80.  triste  (cf.  ^En.  iv.  569,  and  note),  baneful,  "  a  sad  thing  "  (observe 
the  chiastic  arrangement,  and  the  division  by  the  caesura). 

82.  satis  (sero),  to  the  growing  crops.  —  depulsis  (sc.  ab  ubere), 
weaned. 

83.  fetO,  i.e.,  weak,  after  having  dropped  their  young,  when  their 
favorite  food  is  most  grateful. 

84.  Pollio,  the  patron  of  Virgil  (see  Introd.,  p.  xv,  and  Introd.  to 
Eel.  i).  —  quamvis  est  rustica,  however  rude  (quamvis  regularly  takes 
the  subjunctive,  but  in  poets  and  later  writers  the  indicative).  —  quamvis 
est :  for  mood  cf.  JEn.  v.  542,  note. 

85.  pascite,  i.e.  foster  the  growth  of:  the  heifer  is  to  be  raised  as  a 
sacrifice  in  honor  of  Pollio,  here  called  the  reader  (lectori)  of  Virgil's 
song. 

86.  nova  carmina,  i.e.  Menalcas  outbids  his  rival  by  making  Pollio 
an  original  poet,  not  a  mere  patron  or  critic,  whence  he  deserves  a 
nobler  offering  (taurum).     Pollio's  most  famous  works  were  tragedies 
on  Roman  subjects,  not  mere  copies  of  the  Greek  (hence  perhaps  nova). 

87.  qui  petat,  characteristic  subj. 

88.  te  gaudet,  sc.  venisse,  where  he  rejoices  that  you  have  arrived, 
meaning  "  the  height  of  fame,"  or  something  similar. 

89.  mella  fluant,  etc.,  i.e.  may  everything  prosper  for  him  without 
his  own  effort,  as  in  the  Golden  Age  (proverbial);  cf.  ALn.  vi.  792,  and 
note ;  Eel.  iv.  —  amomum,  a  fragrant  Eastern  shrub ;  here  used  for  the 
gum,  incense. 

90.  amet,  i.e.  may  he  fall  so  low!    Bavius  and  Maevius  were  obscure 
and  envious  poets  of  Virgil's  time.     Menalcas  calls  down  a  curse  on 
those  who  prefer  the  verses  of  Bavius  to  Pollio's,  and  thus  surpasses  his 
rival,  in  so  far  as  abusive  language  may  be  regarded  as  more  forcible 
than  praise. 

91  •  atque  idem,  at  the  same  time  (our  colloquial  "  by  the  same  token  " 
would  give  the  same  force)  may  all  his  efforts  fail  (contrasted  with  v. 
89).  The  proverbs  are  borrowed  from  the  Greek. 


ECL.  in.]  Pastoral  Poems.  55 

92.  qui  legitis :    as  fast  as   Damcetas  finds   himself   matched,   he 
changes  the  subject. 

93.  frigidus,  etc.  :  note  the  hurry  and  confusion  suggested  by  the 
movement  of  this  verse.     Cf.  Dante,  Inf.,  vii.  84. 

94.  parcite,  forbear :  as  the  youths  have  just  been  warned,  so  now 
the  sheep.     The  construction  is  a  poetic  extension  of  prohibition  (cf. 
/En.  hi.  42,  and  note). 

95.  creditur  (impers.),  there 's  no  trusting  to. 

96.  reice  (re-iice),  drive  back,  made  a  dissyllable  by  synizesis  (§  347,  c; 
G.  727;   H.  608,  iii). 

97.  erit :  for  quantity  see  §  359,  /;  G.  721;  H.  608,  v. —  in  fonte, 
in  the  upper  waters,  where  it  is  safer. 

101.  magistro :  the  shepherd  of  pastoral  poetry  is  always  an  unsuc- 
cessful lover  by  profession  ;  so  here  Damretas  is  wasted  by  love. 

102.  his  certe,  etc.,  and  yet  with  these  of  mine,  at  least,  love  is  not 
the  cause  (§   235).      The  force  of  neque  might  be  expressed  by  our 
colloquial  "either"  (my  flocks  are  in  a  bad  way  too,  and  love  isn't  the 
cause  of  it  either).  —  ossibus  (dat.  §  227,  e,  3  ;  G.  346,  N.6  ;  H.  385,  4*), 
i.e.  they  hardly  hold  together. 

103.  nescio  quis,  some  .  .  .  or  other  (a  weak  aliquis).  —  oculus,  the 
belief  in  the  evil  eye  is  still  prevalent  in  Italy.      Notice  that  here  as  in 
the  other  cases  the  second  singer  makes  out  a  worse  case  than  the  first. 

104-107.    Cf.  Gay,  Shepherds'1  Week,  Monday,  w.  iiiff.: 

Lobbin,     This  riddle,  Cuddy,  if  thou  canst,  explain  ; 
This  wily  riddle  puzzles  e"Very  swain  : 
What  flower  is  that  which  bears  the  Virgin's  name, 
The  richest  metal  joined  with  the  same  ? 

Cuddy.     Answer,  thou  carl,  and  judge  this  riddle  right, 
I  '11  frankly  own  thee  for  a  cunning  wight  : 
What  flower  is  that  which  royal  honor  craves, 
Adjoin  the  Virgin,  and  't  is  strown  on  graves  ? 

105.  caeli  spatium :    this  riddle  has  had  many  answers,  none  of 
them  satisfactory  :  a  deep  well,  a  cave,  an  oven,  the  shield  of  Achilles, 
a  pit  in  the  comttium,  called  mundus,  opened  once  a  year,  etc.    According 
to  an  old  anecdote,  reported  by  Servius,  Virgil  is  said  to  have  referred 
to  one  Caelius,  a  spendthrift  of  Mantua,  who,  in  selling   his   estates, 
reserved  only  land  enough  for  his  own  grave.  —  magnus  Apollo  :  Apollo 
was  the  god  of  divination.  —  amplius  :  cf.  ./En.  i.  683,  and  note. 

106.  inscripti  .  .  .  flores  :  the  hyacinth  (see  note  to  v.  63)  is  said  to 
be  veined  in  the  form  of  the  letters  AI,  the  Greek  word  for  alas !  and 


56  Notes.  [BUCOL. 

also  the  first  syllable  of  the  name  AIAS,  Ajax  (gee  Ovid,  Met.  xiii.  397). 
Cf.   Milton,  Lycidas :    "  the  sanguine  flower  inscribed  with   woe."  - 
nomina :  the  direct  obj.  of  inscribe  is  here  irregularly  retained  with 
the  passive  inscripti;  cf.  traiectus  lora,  &n.  ii.  273,  and  note. 

108.  nostrum,  in  my  power ;  see  §  214,  d,  N. ;  G.  366,  R.3  ;  H.  401,  N.3 

109.  quisquis,  etc.,  every  one  who  feels  the  charms  of  happy  or  the 
pangs  of  unhappy  love  ;  i.e.  every  poet  who  sings  of  love. 

in.  claudite  :  a  touch  of  real  life  concludes  the  song.  While  the 
contest  is  going  on  Palaemon  has  come  to  have  his  slaves  open  the 
sluices  to  irrigate  the  fields.  There  is  also  a  hint  at  the  figurative  sense, 
to  stay  the  stream  of  bucolic  verse. 


ECLOGUE  IV. 

THE  date  of  this  Eclogue  is  unquestionably  B.C.  40.  In  that  year 
the  treaty  of  Brundusium  provided  for  an  amicable  settlement  of  the 
quarrels  among  the  triumvirs,  Octavius,  Antony,  and  Lepidus  ;  so  that 
the  Roman  world  looked  forward  to  an  era  of  peace  and  prosperity. 
The  Eclogue  celebrates  the  expected  birth  of  a  child  under  whose 
leadership  the  world  is  to  enjoy  these  blessings.  Whose  child  is  meant 
is  not  absolutely  certain,  but  it  is  most  likely  that  it  was  the  offspring 
of  the  lately  celebrated  union  of  Octavius  (Augustus)  and  Scribonia. 
The  poem  takes  the  form  of  a  prophecy  of  this  new  era  (cf.  JEn. 
vi.  791  ff.).  The  general  idea  is  furnished  by  vague  notions  (current  in 
antiquity)  of  a  Golden  Age,  which,  having  existed  in  the  infancy  of  the 
world,  was  expected  to  return,  after  a  series  of  less  happy  times.  The 
poem  greets  the  expected  child  as  the  herald  and  the  founder  of  this 
restored  Golden  Age.  The  similarity  between  this  prophecy  and  the 
Messianic  expectations  of  the  Jews  (see  the  book  of  Isaiah ;  and  cf.  Pope's 
Messiah)  has  led  many  Christian  writers  to  ascribe  to  Virgil  himself  an 
intention  of  Messianic  prophecy  and  even  to  regard  the  Eclogue  as 
inspired.  The  latter  idea  had  full  credence  in  the  middle  ages  and  con- 
tributed to  the  reverence  in  which  Virgil  was  then  held  (see  Introd., 
p.  xxx).  It  is  unnecessary  to  assume  Hebrew  influence,  however,  for 
there  is  nothing  in  the  poem  which  is  not  in  accordance  with  classical 
ideas.  The  Eclogue  is  dedicated  to  Pollio,  Virgil's  friend  and  patron 
(see  Introd.,  p.  xv),  in  whose  consulship  (B.C.  40)  the  birth  of  the  child 
was  expected.  —  Pope's  Messiah  is  a  professed  imitation  of  this  poem, 
and  Herrick  doubtless  had  Virgil  in  mind  in  his  Pastoral  on  the  Birth 
of  King  Charles, 


ECL.  IV.]  Pastoral  Poems.  57 

1-3.    Cf.  Pope,  Messiah,  w.  1-6: 

Ye  Nymphs  of  Solyma  !  begin  the  song  : 
To  heav'nly  themes  sublimer  strains  belong. 
The  mossy  fountains,  and  the  sylvan  shades, 
The  dreams  of  Pindus  and  th'  Aonian  maids, 
Delight  no  more.  —  O  thou  my  voice  inspire 
Who  touch'd  Isaiah's  hallow'd  lips  with  fire. 

1.  Sicelides  Musae,  i.e.  those  of  pastoral  song,  so  called  because 
Theocritus  was  a  Sicilian  (see  Introd.,  p.  xxi).  —  maiora,  i.e.  than  the 
loves  and  the  interests  of  shepherds ;  paulo  indicates  that  he  does  not 
mean  to  abandon  the  style  of  pastoral  poetry,  but  only  to  raise  it  to  a 
somewhat  higher  strain ;  cf .  v.  3. 

2.  omnis,  notice  the  long  i. — arbusta  .  .  .  myricae :  suggesting  the 
ordinary  subjects  of  unpretentious  pastoral  song. 

3.  consule,  Pollio  (see  Introd.,  p.  xv). 

4.  ultima,  the  last,  i.e.  the  restored  Golden  Age,  which  is  to  be 
permanent ;  in  one  sense  this  has  already  come  (venit),  but  its  blessings 
are  only  beginning  to  be  felt.  —  Cumaei,  i.e.  the  Sibylline  books  thought 
to  have  been  sold  to  king  Tarquin  by  the  Cumaean  Sibyl.     The  Sibyls 
were  prophetic  nymphs,  like  the  Camenae  (iii.  59),  but  were  independent 
each  of  the  others.     Ten  principal  ones  are  mentioned,  of  whom  two 
had  their  homes  in  Italy:  the  Cumaean  (Amalthea),  and  the  Tiburtine 
{Albunea).      For   the   prophetic   character   of    the    Sibyl,   see  ^Eneid, 
Book  vi.     The  supposed    Sibylline   books   were   destroyed  when   the 
Capitol  was  burned   in    Sulla's  time ;    but  about  a  thousand  verses, 
which  were  reputed  genuine,  were  gathered  afterwards,  and  religiously 
preserved.     They  seem  to  have  contained  chiefly  directions  for  religious 
ceremonies. 

5.  magnus  ordo :   ordo  indicates  the  progression  of  the  four  ages  ; 
the  first  or  Golden  Age  has  now  come  again.    The  ancients  had  an  idea 
of  ages  in  the  world's  history,  and  these  they  associated,  somewhat 
vaguely,  with  the  metals  gold,  silver,  bronze,  iron.     The  ages  would 
seem  to  have  been  described  in  the  real  or  supposed  Sibylline  books, 
with  which  Virgil  connects  them  here.     According  to  his  view  the  Iron 
Age  has  just  closed  and  with  the  Golden  Age  the  cycle  is  beginning 
anew  (ab  integro) ;  this  is  called  ultima  as  being  the  last  mentioned 
by  the    Sibyl,  whose   prophecy  may  be  supposed   to   cease  with   the 
re-establishment  of  the  Golden  Age.    Along  with  this  simpler  and  more 
popular  conception,  Virgil  may  have  in  mind  also  the  Etruscan  cycle  of 
ten  ages  (saecula),  and  the  astronomical  notion  of  the  magnus  annus, 
i.e.  the  period  when  the  heavenly  bodies  would  return  to  the  same 
positions  which  they  had  at  the  creation. 


58  Notes.  [BUCOL. 

6.  virgO :  i.e.  the  goddess  Astraea,  known  on  earth  as  Justice,  said 
to  have  been  the  last  of  the  divinities  to  quit  the  earth  amid  the  crimes 
of  the  Iron  Age  : 

Ultima  caelestum,  terras  Astraea  reliquit.  —  Ovid.  Met.  i.  150. 

Saturnia  :  the  early  Golden  Age  was  associated  with  the  reign  of  the 
old  Italian  god  of  husbandry,  Saturnus,  —  afterwards  confounded  with 
the  Greek  Kronos,  father  of  Zeus,  —  under  whom  peace  and  justice  were 
believed  to  have  been  undisturbed,  in  a  time  of  great  simplicity  of  life, 
when  men  lived  on  acorns  and  wild  fruits  before  the  cultivation  of  grain. 
Cf."/En.  vi.  792,  and  note.  —  redit,  redeunt :  the  repetition  of  the  verb 
here  takes  the  place  of  a  conjunction,  but  gives  emphasis  to  the  idea. 

7.  nova  progenies  :  a  new  and  better  race  is  to  people  the  earth,  of 
which  the  expected  child  is  to  be  father  ;  hence  the  prayer  to  Lucina  to 
insure  the  establishment  of  this  race. 

8.  nascent!,  at  his  birth.  —  quo,  in  whose  time,  a  forced  use  of  the 
loc.  abl. ;  cf.  te  consule,  v.  n. 

9.  gens,  i.e.  the  nova  progenies  just  predicted,  whose  existence  will 
constitute  a  Golden  Age.  —  mundo,  loc.  abl. 

10.  Lucina  :  a  name  properly  given  to  Juno  as  goddess  of  marriage 
and  so  of  birth,  —  she  who  bestows  light  upon  the  child  (lux).     But 
often  (as  here)  the  same  function  is    ascribed  to  Diana.  —  tuus,  i.e. 
frater.     Apollo  was  the  favorite  divinity  of  Augustus,  by  whom  he  was 
later  made  the  patron  deity  of  Rome.  —  regnat :  hence  Lucina  ought 
to  favor  the  birth. 

n.  te,  expressed  again  in  the  same  construction  further  on  for 
emphasis.  —  adeo,  just :  giving  a  "  rhetorical  prominence  "  to  the  pre- 
ceding word.  —  decus  hoc  aevi  =  //»'.y  glorious  age;  cf.  y£n.  ii.  235, 
note,  for  the  form  of  expression.  —  te  consule  means  merely  in  the 
time  of  your  (Pollio's)  consulship  ;  te  duce  (below),  under  your  guidance. 
—  inibit,  -will  come  in  (intransitive,  a  rare  use). 

12.  magni  menses,  the  divisions  of  the  great  cycle  (magnus  annus), 
analogous  to  those  of  the  ordinary  year. 

13.  sceleris  :  referring  especially  to  the  guilt  of  the  bloody  civil  wars; 
hence  nostri. 

14.  irrita:  the  remains  of  civil  war  will  be  made  harmless  (in-rata, 
lit.  annulled}.  —  solvent,  will  free,  i.e.  by  becoming  harmless. 

15.  ille,  i.e.  the  boy.  —  deum  (gen.  plur.),  i.e.  he  shall  begome  a  god, 
and  hold  •communion  with  gods  and  demigods. —  divis  :    248,  a,  R.; 
G.  348,  R.i;  H.  385,  3. 

16.  heroas  (Greek  form  and  quantities  retained):  in  the  Golden  Age, 


ECL.  IV.] 


Pastoral  Poems. 


59 


gods  and  heroes  dwelt  familiarly  with  men  upon  the  earth.  —  illis,  dat. 
of  agent. 

17.  pacatum  =  conquered.  —  patriis  :  see  Introd.  to  the  Eclogue. 
18-45.    "  The  coming  of  the  Golden  Age  will  be  gradual,  its  stages 

corresponding  to  those  in  the  life  of  the  child."  These  stages  are  three: 
i.  infancy  (w.  18-25):  all  wild  things  shall  grow  luxuriantly  to  beautify 
the  earth,  and  noxious  plants  and  wild  animals  shall  lose  their  evil 
qualities ;  ii.  youth  (w.  26-36) :  crops  shall  grow  spontaneously,  but 
commerce  and  war  shall  still  be  practised  ;  iii.  mature  manhood  (w. 
37-45)  :  commerce  and  the  arts  shall  become  unnecessary,  war  doubt- 
less ceasing,  and  the  Golden  Age  shall  be  fully  established.  The  details 
of  the  description  are  in  each  case  suited  to  the  needs  and  desires  of 
the  time  of  life  referred  to. 

18.  prima,  i.e.  at  first  (as  soon  as  you  are  born).  — munuscula,  its 
little  gifts  (suited  to  an  infant).  —  cultu,  abl.  of  manner.  —  Cf.  Pope, 

Messiah  : 

See  Nature  hastes  her  earliest  wreaths  to  bring, 
With  all  the  incense  of  the  breathing  spring. 

20.  ridenti,  i-e.  pleasing ;  cf.  Gray,  Progress  of  Poesy,  v.  5  :  "The 
laughing  flowers  that  round  them  blow."  —  acantho  :  for  case  see  note 
on  divis  (v.  15). 

21.  ipsae,  of  themselves  (without  a  herdsman). 

22.  nec  .  .  .  leones :  this  and  similar  images  have  been  thought  to  be 
imitated  from  the  Hebrew  prophets,  particularly  Isaiah  xi.  6  :  "  the  wolf 


FIG. 


shall  dwell  with  the  lamb,"  etc.  But  if  Virgil  had  known  this  passage, 
he  would  hardly  have  missed  the  words  so  exquisitely  fit  to  his  purpose, 
"  a  little  child  shall  lead  them."  He  appears  to  copy  here  the  established 
imagery  of  the  Golden  Age  (cf.  Hesiod,  Works,  1 18,  236 ;  Theocr. 
xi.  12  ;  Hor.  Od.  iii.  4,  17  ;  Epod.  xvi.  49).  —  The  destruction  of  the 
herds  by  lions  does  not  agree  with  Italian  surroundings,  but  was  never- 
theless an  idea  familiar  to  the  Romans ;  cf.  Fig.  7  (from  a  Pompeian 
wall-painting). 


60  Notes.  [BUCOL. 

23.  cunabula  :  carrying  out  the  idea  suggested  by  munuscula,  v .  18. 

24.  fallax   veneni,    of  treacherous  poison.      For  genitive  cf.   fessi 
rerum,   ^En.  i.  178,  and  note.     With  the  following  verses  cf.  Pope, 
Messiah,  w.  71  ff. . 

On  rifted  rocks,  the  dragon's  late  abodes, 

The  green  reed  trembles,  and  the  bulrush  nods. 

Waste  sandy  valleys,  once  perplex'd  with  thorn, 

The  spiry  fir  and  shapely  box  adorn  : 

To  leafless  shrubs  the  flow'ring  palms  succeed, 

The  od'rous  myrtle  to  the  noisome  weed. 

The  lambs  with  wolves  shall  graze  the  verdant  mead, 

And  boys  in  flow'ry  bands  the  tiger  lead  ; 

The  steer  and  lion  at  one  crib  shall  meet, 

And  harmless  serpents  lick  the  pilgrim's  feet. 

25.  VOlgO,  everywhere  (instead  of  being  a  rare  exotic). 

26.  simul,  as  soon  as  (=  simul  atque,  as  often). 

29.  sentibus  (abl.  of  separation):  "to  gather  grapes  from  thorns" 
seems  to  have  been  a  proverb  of  impossibility. 

30.  roscida  mella :  it  seems  to  have  been  believed  that  honey  fell  in 
the  form  of  dew,  and  was  so  gathered  by  bees.  —  sudabunt,  distil  (here 
followed  by  a  cogn.  ace.). 

31.  pauca :   notice   the  emphasis;    a  few,   though  only  a  few!  — 
suberunt :  observe  the  force  of  sub-. 

32.  temptare :  it  was  the  depraved  desire  of  wealth,  the  ancients 
thought,  which  first  led  men  to  brave  the  perils  of  the  sea  (see  Hor. 
Od.  i.  3,  9).  —  Thetim,  a  sea-nymph,  mother  of  Achilles  :  here,  the  sea. 
Cf.  i.  2  and  note. 

33.  iubeant,  vehat,  subj.  of  purpose.     Such  clauses  are,  however, 
indistinguishable  from  clauses  of  characteristic  except  by  the  fact  that 
their  action  is  referred  to  the  future ;  but  there  is  so  little  difference 
between  purpose  and  future  intended  result,  that  it  seems  best  to  call 
all  such  clauses  purpose. 

34.  alter  erit,  etc.,  i.e.  there  will  be  another  Heroic  Age,  history 
thus  repeating  itself.  —  Tiphys,  the  pilot  of  the  Argo  :  there  must  still 
be  some  attempts  at  adventure  and  conquest,  until  the  age  reaches  its 
perfection. 

35.  delectos :    a  stock  name  for  the   Argonauts.  —  altera  bella, 
a  second  series  of  -wars  like  the  first,  with  even  the  same  succession  of 
events. 

36.  ad  :  notice  that  this  word  here  means  against,  not  to. 

37.  bine  (like  inde),  then  (after  this). 


ECL.  IV.]  Pastoral  Poems.  61 

38.  vector,  traveller  (i.e.  merchant).  —  mari,  abl.  of  separation.  — 
nautica  pinus,  i.e.  the  ship  of  the  trader.     Cf. 

Never  comes  the  European  trader.  —  TENNYSON,  Locksley  Hall. 

In  ancient  times  the  merchant  sailed  in  his  own  ship  (pinus) ;  hence  he 
is  constantly  called  nauta. 

39.  omnis,  etc. :  and  hence  commerce  will  be  unnecessary. 

41.  tauris,  dative. 

42.  mentiri  COlores,  to  asstime  false  colors.     The  luxurious  arts  will 
be  unnecessary,  since  nature  will  furnish  all  their  products  spontane- 
ously.    The  ancients  regarded  all  such  arts  as  a  corruption  of  nature 
(hence  mentiri).     This  same  idea,  as  well  as  its  more  modem  opposite, 
is  expressed  in  Shakspere,  Winter's  Tale,  iv.  3  : 

Perdita.     The  fair'st  flowers  o'  the  season 
Are  our  carnations  and  streak'd  gillyvors, 
Which  some  call  nature's  bastards  :  of  that  kind 
Our  rustic  garden  's  barren  ;  and  I  care  not 
To  get  slips  of  them. 

Polixenes.  Wherefore,  gentle  maiden, 

Do  you  neglect  them  ? 

Perdita.  For  I  have  heard  it  said 

There  is  an  art  which  in  their  piedness  shares 
With  great  creating  nature. 

Polixenes.  Say  there  be ; 

Yet  nature  is  made  better  by  no  mean 
But  nature  makes  that  mean  :  so,  o'er  that  art 
Which  you  say  adds  to  nature,  is  an  art 
That  nature  makes.     You  see,  sweet  maid,  we  marry 
A  gentler  scion  to  the  wildest  stock, 
And  make  conceive  a  bark  of  baser  kind 
By  bud  of  nobler  race  :  this  is  an  art 
Which  does  mend  nature,  —  change  it  rather ;  but 
The  art  itself  is  nature. 

43.  suave,  cogn.  ace.;  cf.  ^En.  vi.  20  (grave  olentis). 

44.  murice,  idiomatic  ablative  of  price  (§  252,  c;  G.  404,  N.1;  H. 
422,  N.2)  —  mutabit  vellera,  shall  change  his  natural  fleece  for.     murex 
is  purple ;  luto,  yellow ;  sandyx,  scarlet,  —  in  each  case  the  name  of 
the  dye  being  used  for  the  color. 

46.  saecla  (cogn.  ace.  after  currite,  §  238,  a;  G.  333,  2,  N.8  ;  H.  371, 
ii,  N.)  "  spin  such  ages !  "  so  sang  to  their  spindles  the  Destinies.  For 
the  fusus,  see  Fig.  8  (from  an  ancient  relief).  For  the  Parcae  and  their 
spinning,  see  ^£n.  i.  22,  note. 


62 


Notes. 


[BUCOL. 


FIG.  8. 


47.    Concordes,  etc.,  harmonious  (i.e.  with  each  other)  by  fhe  unshaken 
purpose  of  fate.  —  fatorum,  i.e.  fate  in  the  abstract,  of  which  the  Parcae 
are,  as  it  were,  the  expounders.  —  numine, 
abl.  of  cause. 

49.  Observe  the  force   and   weight   of 
this  spondaic  verse. 

50.  mundum,  the  system  of  the  universe, 
of  which   the  earth  is  the   visible   centre. 
The   heavens,  which    in   the   view   of   the 
ancients  were  hollow  spheres  with  a  solid 
crust  or  surface,  are  represented  as  thrilled, 
and  so  nodding,   as  it  were  (nutantem), 
•with  their  rounded  weight,  at  the  coming 
of  the  age  of  gold.  —  pondere  :   this  illus- 
trates  the   impossibility  of   distinguishing 
clearly  between  kindred  uses  of  the  abl.  ; 
it  may  be  either  means  or  manner  (cf.  the 

similar  uncertainty  in  the  English  translation). 

51.  -que:  this  syllable  may  be  considered  as  lengthened  by  the  two 
following  consonants,  but  this  usage  is  probably  an  imitation  of  Homeric 
rhythm  (cf.  ^En.  iii.  91). 

52.  ut,  how,  interrogative.  —  saeclo,  abl.  with  laetor. 

53.  0  mihi  .  . .  vitae  =  Oh  that  the  closing  years  of  my  life  may  be  so 
far  prolonged!  (lit.  Oh  that  the  last  part  of  so  long  a  life  may  remain 
to  me !).     Virgil  was  then  about  thirty  years  old.  —  tarn  affects  only 
longae  directly,  but  its  force  is  continued  with  spiritus  (as  if  he  had  said 
tantus  spiritus). 

54.  spiritus  et,  and  genius  too.  —  dicere  :  i.e.  ad  dicenda. 

55.  vincet,  i.e.  in  case  the  prayer  is  granted.  —  Orpheus,  Linus,  the 
mythic  bards  of  the  age  of  heroes. 

56.  adsit,  i.e.  though  they  have  the  help  of  their  divine  parents,  who 
are  named  in  the  next  verse. 

57.  Orphei,  a  Greek  form  ;  scan  as  a  dissyllable. 

58.  Arcadia  iudice  (abl.  abs.)  :  even  Pan's  own  country,  the  land  of 
pastoral  poets,  would  have  to  admit  his  inferiority. 

And  come,  you  prime  Arcadians  forth,  that  taught 

By  Pan  the  rites  of  true  society, 
From  his  loud  music  all  your  manners  wrought, 

And  made  your  commonwealth  a  harmony. 

BEN  JONSON,  Pan's  Anniversary. 

60.    incipe,  etc. :   a  prayer  for  the  speedy  advent  of  the  miraculous 
child  (cf.  v.  46).  —  risu,  with  thy  smile,  a  lovely  image  of  infancy. 


ECL.  v.J  Pastoral  Poems.  63 

61.  tulSrunt:  e  is  short,  as  often  in  Virgil. 

62.  cui,  etc. :  him  on  whom  his  parents  have  not  smiled  (in  response). 

63.  deus,  i.e.  not  as  yet,  implying  that  it  will  be  his  lot  ultimately. 


ECLOGUE  V. 

IN  form  this  Eclogue  is  an  expansion  of  the  first  Idyl  of  Theocritus, 
which  sings  the  death  of  the  shepherd  Daphnis ;  in  meaning,  however, 
it  has  been  held  to  be  allegorical,  celebrating  the  apotheosis  of  Julius 
Caesar,  which  was  confirmed  by  a  solemn  act  B.C.  42.  In  the  first  part 
of  the  poem,  after  some  preliminary  conversation,  the  shepherd  Mopsus 
bewails  the  death  of  Daphnis  ;  in  the  last  Menalcas  (representing  Virgil) 
recounts  the  reception  of  Daphnis  among  the  gods  and  the  rites  paid  to 
him  as  a  divinity.  Although  in  general  this  Eclogue  (like  iii.  and  vii.) 
is  divided  between  two  singers,  yet  the  Amoebean  strain  or  alternate 
form  is  not  preserved  throughout :  the  main  part  of  the  song  of  each 
singer  is  continuous,  the  first  (w.  20-52)  finishing  before  the  second 
(w.  56-80)  begins. 

Spenser's  November  eclogue  in  the  Shepherds'1  Calendar,  Milton's 
Lycidas,  and  Pope's  fourth  Pastoral,  Winter,  may  be  compared  with 
this  poem. 

1 .  cur  non  =  here  the  more  common  quin ;  the  question  is  equivalent 
to  a  mild  exhortation.  —  boni,   skilled,  followed  by  infin.  (§  273,  d ; 
G.  421,  N.1,  c ;  H.  533,  3).  —  ambo,  with  boni,  which  is  in  pred.  apposi- 
tion with  the  subj.  of  convenimus:  we  have  met  here,  skilled,  both  of  us. 

2.  levls:  notice  the  quantities. 

3.  COrylis :   best  considered  as  dative    (§  248,  a,  R. ;   G.  346,  N.6 ; 
H.  385,  3),  though  the  ablative  also  is  used  in  this  construction.  — 
consedimus :  imitation  of  the  Greek  aorist  with  rl  ov. 

4.  maior,  the  elder. 

5.  incertas,  etc. :  render,  the  quivering  shadows  stirred  by  the  zephyrs, 
changing  the  abl.  abs.  in  translation. 

6.  ut  sparsit :    the  question  may  be  considered  as   a  direct  one 
(exclamatory),  or  the  indicative  may  be  referred  to  an  earlier  usage 
(§  334,  d;  G.  467,  N. ;  H.  529,  7). 

7.  silvestris  labrusca,   the  wild  vine  that  runs  to  wood,  and  has 
clusters  only  here  and  there  (raris).  —  These  words  hint  modestly  his 
preference  for  the  grotto. 

8.  tibi  certat  (§  229,  c;  G.  346,  N.G;  II.  385,  4*),  i.e.  attempts  to 
rival  you. 


64  Notes.  [BUCOL. 

9.  quid  si  certet,  a  playful  disparagement  of  his  rival:  suppose  he 
were  to  rival  Phoebus.     The  conclusion  is  here  only  implied.  —  canendo, 
abl.  of  manner. 

10.  si  quos,  etc. :  cf.  iii.  52. 

n.  Alconis :  merely  the  name  of  some  shepherd.  —  iurgia  Codri, 
abuse  of  Codrus  (cf.  vii.  22,  26);  see  the  abuse  in  Eel.  iii.  Codri  and  the 
other  genitives  are  obj.  The  idea  is  whether  you  have  a  song  of  love, 
an  encomium,  or  a  song  of  railing,  —  in  fact,  any  pastoral  subject  to 
sing  of.  Cf.  Spenser,  Shepherds'1  Calendar,  November,  w.  5-8  : 

Now  somewhat  sing  whose  endles  sovenaunce 
Emong  the  shepeheards  swaines  may  aye  remaine, 
Whether  thee  list  thy  loved  lasse  advaunce, 
Or  honor  Pan  with  hymnes  of  higher  vaine. 

13.  immo,  nay,  rather. 

14.  descripsi:  cf.  x.  53.  —  modulans,  etc.,  i.e.  set  them  to  music 
verse  by  verse,  —  played  a  line  and  then  noted  down  the  strain,  and  so 
on  till  the  song  was  finished.  —  alterna,  adverbial  ace.  (§  191 ;  H.  443). 

15.  deinde,  i.e.  after  you  have  heard  me  ;  Mopsus  is  a  little  piqued 
at  the  hint  of  Amyntas's  rivalry,  till  Menalcas  soothes  him  by  the 
elaborate  compliment  which  follows.  —  ut  certet :  a  rare  construction 
with  iubeo. 

1 6.  salix,    saliunca :    these  plants   are   chosen   as   resembling  the 
valuable  ones  mentioned  after  them.    The  leaves  of  willow  are  in  shape 
and  color  similar  to  olive,  though  the  plant  is  comparatively  worthless  ; 
and  the  herb  saliunca,  though  fragrant,  cannot  be  woven  into  garlands 
like  the  rose.     Thus  both  the  likeness  and  the  unlikeness  heighten  the 
contrast. 

1 8.  iudicio,  abl.  of  specification. 

19.  desine  :  often  transitive  even  in  prose.  —  plura,  i.e.  further  pre- 
liminaries. 

20.  Daphnim :    Daphnis,  the  ideal  shepherd  (cf.   Introd.,  p.  xxi.). 
Theocritus  represents  his  death  as  bewailed  by  the  nymphs. 

21.  flebant :   observe  the  effect  of  this  word,  making  a  single  foot, 
and  followed  by  a  pause,   in  heightening  the  pathos  of  the  verse.  — 
testes,  i.e.  these  know  how  bitter  their  grief  was,  for  it  was  near  them 
that  the  body  was  discovered.  —  nymphis,  dat.  of  reference. 

23.  atque  . . .  atque :  a  stronger  expression  than  et  . .  .  et.  —  astra : 
the  stars,  which  by  astrological  fancy  were  supposed  to  control  the 
destinies  of  human  life.  —  mater :  prob.  Venus  as  the  ancestress  of 
Julius  Caesar. 


ECL.  V.] 


Pastoral  Poems. 


24.  non  ulli,  etc.,  i.e.  the  disconsolate  herdsmen  ceased  their  labors 
and   the   cattle    refused   to   eat   and   drink.      Cf.  Spenser,  Shepherds' 
Calendar,  November,  w.  133  ff. : 

The  feeble  flocks  in  field  refuse  their  former  foode, 
And  hang  theyr  heads  as  they  would  learne  to  weepe  ; 
The  beastes  in  forest  wayle  as  they  were  woode  [i.e.  mad], 
Except  the  wolves,  that  chase  the  wandring  sheepe, 
Now  she  is  gone  that  safely  did  hem  keepe. 

—  pastos,  i.e.  after  feeding-time. 

25.  neque  does  not  destroy  the  negative  force  of  nulla  (see  §  209, 
a,  3;  G.  445;  H.  553,  2). 

27.  Poenos  leones,  etc.,  i.e.  all 
nature,  not  only  shepherds  and 
herds,  but  even  the  most  savage 
forms,  mourned  his  death. 

29.  curru,    dat.  ;     subiungere 
tigres:  see  Fig.  9.     Bacchus  was 
worshipped   primarily  as  a  bene- 
factor to  mankind  in  introducing 
the  cultivation  of  the  vine.  Parallel 

to  this  the  beneficent  effects  of  Caesar's  conquests  and  rule  are  praised 
in  the  person  of  Daphnis. 

30.  thiasos  inducere,  to  lead  the  mystic  dances  belonging  to  the  rites 

of  Bacchus  (same  construction  as  subiungere). 

—  foliis,  etc. :  these  words  refer  to  the  thyrsus, 
a  spear,  wreathed  with  vine  and  ivy,  or  some- 
times tipped  with  a  pine  cone.    (See  Figs.  10 
and   15,    and    full-page    illustration,   ^En.,    p. 
109.) 

34.   decus :  notice  that  this  nominative  is 
precisely  equivalent  to  the  dative  decori,  v.  32. 

—  tulerunt  =  abstulerunt.      (Cf .  tollo,  from 
the  same  root.)     Cf.  Lycidas,  w.  37  ff.: 

But,  O,  the  heavy  change,  now  thou  art  gone, 
Now  thou  art  gone  and  never  must  return  ! 
Thee,  shepherd,  thee  the  woods,  and  desert  caves, 
With  wild  thyme  and  the  gadding  vine  o'ergrown, 
And  all  their  echoes,  mourn. 


FIG. 


FIG.  10. 


35.  Pales  (sometimes  masculine),  deity  of  the  flocks.  The  day  of 
her  festival,  the  Palilia  (April  21),  was  taken  as  the  anniversary  of 
the  founding  of  Rome.  See  cut  under  Georgics. 


66  Notes.  [BUCOL. 

Where'er  he  goes,  upon  the  ground 
The  better  grass  and  flowers  are  found. 
To  sweeter  pastures  lead  he  can 
Than  ever  Pales  could  or  Pan. 

BEN  JONSON,  New  Year's  Gift,  1635. 

—  Apollo :  he  had  been  keeper  of  the  flocks  of  the  Thessalian  king 
Admetus,  and  so  was  a  patron  of  shepherds  ;  cf.  Peele,  Essex's  Welcome, 

vv.  60,  6l  : 

He  shineth  on  the  plains,  his  lusty  flock  him  by, 
As  when  Apollo  kept  in  Arcady. 

Here  he  is  appropriately  mentioned  since  he  was  the  favorite  deity  of 
the  Julian  family  (cf.  Eel.  iv.  10). 

36,  37.  grandia  .  .  .  avenae,  "worthless  darnel  (tares)  and  sterile 
•wild  oats  spring  up  in  the  furrows  to  which  we  have  often  committed  the 
choice  barley-grains.  Grain  was  carefully  selected  for  sowing  (Georg. 
i.  197-199):  it  was  even  thought  that  unless  large  grains  were  chosen 
it  would  degenerate  into  worthless  weeds.  The  baleful  effects  mentioned 
are  caused  by  the  absence  of  the  guardian  genius  Daphnis.  —  quibus : 
the  antecedent  words  would  be  in  eis. 

38.  purpureo  :  properly  red  or  purple,  but  sometimes  used  of  mere 
brilliancy  of  color.     The  narcissus  is  white  ;  but  one  sort  has  a  purple 
calyx. 

39.  spinis,  abl.  of  manner.     Cf.  Gay,  Shepherd 's  Week,  Friday,  w. 

83  ff.: 

Lament,  ye  fields,  and  rueful  symbols  show, 
Henceforth  let  not  the  smelling  primrose  grow  ; 
Let  weeds  instead  of  butter-flowers  appear, 
And  meads  instead  of  daisies  hemlocks  bear ; 
For  cowslips  sweet  let  dandelions  spread, 
For  Blouzelinda,  blithesome  maid !  is  dead. 

40.  spargite,  etc.  :    i.e.  strew  the  ground  with   flowers,  and  plant 
shade-trees  about  the  fountain  at  his  grave.    A  favorite  burial-place  was 
near  a  shaded  running  stream.  —  inducite,  draw  the  shadows  over  (a 
poetical  way  of  saying  "plant  shade-trees  ").     These  are  acts  of  worship 
to  the  departed  Daphnis,  now  regarded  as  a  divinity. 

44.  formonsi :  the  original  n  is  here  retained  to  give  the  archaic 
effect  of  an  inscription. 

45.  tale  tuum,  etc.  :  cf.  Par.  Lost,  viii.  2 1 1  ff . : 

And  sweeter  thy  discourse  is  to  my  ear 
Than  fruits  of  palm-tree  pleasantest  to  thirst 
And  hunger  both,  from  labor  at  the  hour 
Of  sweet  repast. 

And  Spenser,  Shepherds'  Calendar,  June : 


KCL.  V.J  Pastoral  Poems.  67 

Colin,  to  heare  thy  rhymes  and  roundelayes, 
Which  thou  wert  wont  on  wastfull  hylls  to  singe, 
I  more  delight  then  larke  in  sommer  dayes  : 
Whose  Echo  made  the  neyghbour  groves  to  ring. 

46.  quale  :  for  gender,  cf.  triste  lupus  stabulis,  iii.  80. 

47.  dulcis,  fresh,  i.e.  not  brackish,  nor  medicated,  as  is  very  common 
in  that  country.  —  restinguere,  subject  of  quale  [est]. 

48.  magistrum :  perhaps  Daphnis,  whose  song  is  praised  by  Theoc- 
ritus. 

49.  alter  ab  illo,  second  to  him.     The  line  is  doubtful,  for  it  con- 
tradicts the  preceding  verse. 

50.  tamen,  i.e.  though  you  are  my  superior.  —  quocumque  modo,  i.e. 
with  such  skill  as  I  may.  —  vicissim,  in  my  turn. 

51.  tollemus,  etc.,  exalt,  with  a  suggestion  also  of  deification  (cf. 
yEn.  iv.  322,  and  note);  there  is  an  allusion  to  the  apotheosis  of  Julius 
Caesar. 

53.  an  quicquam,  why  !  can  any  boon  be  greater  ?  (§  2 1 1 ,  b  ;  G.  457,  i ; 
H.  353,  N.4).  — sit,  deliberative  subjunc.  — tali  munere,  such  a  tribute, 
i.e.  as  your  song. 

54.  ipse,  himself,  the  subject  as  opposed  to  the  song.  —  cantari 
dignus:    see  §  238,  c  and  §  320,  /;   G.  552,  R.2 ;  H.  533,  N.2  —  ista 
carmina,  these  strains  of  yours,  written  long  ago  (iam  pridem),  and 
admired  by  a  good  authority,  and  probably  improved  and  polished  since. 

56.  candidus,  in  shining  robes:  the  word  means  a  brilliant  white, 
like  the  garments  of  the  gods.  —  insuetum,  i.e.  strange  to  his  eye  as  a 
mortal.  With  the  deification  of  Daphnis  cf.  Lycidas,  w.  i65ff. : 

Weep  no  more,  woful  shepherds,  weep  no  more  ; 

For  Lycidas,  your  sorrow,  is  not  dead, 

Sunk  though  he  be  beneath  the  watry  floor  ; 

So  sinks  the  day-star  in  the  ocean  bed  ; 

And  yet  anon  repairs  his  drooping  head, 

And  tricks  his  beams,  and  with  new-spangled  ore 

Flames  in  the  forehead  of  the  morning  sky  : 

So  Lycidas  sunk  low,  but  mounted  high 

Through  the  dear  might  of  him  that  walk'd  the  waves; 

Where  other  groves  and  other  streams  along, 

With  nectar  pure  his  oozy  locks  he  laves, 

And  hears  the  unexpressive  nuptial  song, 

In  the  blest  kingdoms  meek  of  joy  and  love. 

There  entertain  him  all  the  saints  above, 

In  solemn  troops,  and  sweet  societies, 

That  sing,  and  singing  in  their  glory  move, 

And  wipe  the  tears  forever  from  his  eyes. 


68  Notes.  [BucoL. 

Now,  Lycidas,  the  shepherds  weep  no  more  ; 
Henceforth  thou  art  the  genius  of  the  shore, 
In  thy  large  recompense  ;  and  shall  be  good 
,  To  all  that  wander  in  that  perilous  flood. 

58.  alacris  voluptas,  eager  delight,  showing  itself  in  gestures,  etc. 
These  images  are  contrasted  with  the  griefs  recounted  in  w.  24-27. 

59.  dryadas  :  see  JEn.  iii.  34,  note. 

61.  bonus,  kindly  (cf.  the  last  line  of  the  passage  just  quoted  from 
Milton) ;  hence  under  his  reign  peace  (otia)  will  prevail  (cf.  note  on 
v.  29). 

62.  ipsi,  ez>en.  —  ad  sidera  :  cf.  JEn.  ii.  488. 

63.  intonsi,  i.e.  clad  in  their  wild  forests. 

64.  sonant,  here  followed  by  the  contents  of  the  song  (deus,  deus) 
as  a  cogn.  ace.  ;  cf.  i.  5,  note.  —  arbusta,  here  simply  woods  ;  arbfires 
would  not  suit  the  hexameter. 

65.  sis,  hortatory.  —  felix,  propitious. — aras:  §  240,  d;  0.343,  N.2; 
H.  381. 

66.  duas  altaria,  two  (which  are)  high  altars  for  sacrifice  to  Phoebus 
(see  note  on  i.  7). 

67.  pocula,  etc. :  these  gifts  are  copied  from  Theocr.  v.  53-57.  — 
bina  quotannis,  two  every  year.    Two  festivals  seem  to  be  indicated.  — 
lacte,  abl.  of  manner. 

68.  crateras :  large  vases  in  which  the  wine  and  water  were  mixed. 


FIG.  n. 

(See  Fig.  11,  from   an  ancient   vase-painting.)      Cf.   note,   /En.  i.   724 
(with  Fig.). 

69.  hilarans  convivia,  etc.,  cheering  the  feast  with  abundant  wine. 

70.  frigus,  in  early  spring  ;  messis,   in  late  summer.     Notice  the 
chiastic  order ;    cf.  iii.  80.      The  particular  festivals  referred  to  are 
unknown. 

71.  novum   nectar,   a    new-found  nectar.     Foreign    wine   was   first 
imported  into  Rome  about  B.C.  50.  —  calathis,  abl.  of  separation. 

73-  saltantis,  etc.,  i.e.  the  neighbors  also  shall  join  in  the  festivities. 
These  would  include  such  dances  as  the  satyrs  and  fauns  perform  in 
the  processions  of  Bacchus.  (See  Fig.  12.) 


ECL.  VI.] 


Pastoral  Poems. 


69 


75.  Nymphis :  the  nymphs  were  favorite  divinities  with  the 
herdsmen,  and  their  worship  was  connected  with  that  of  Bacchus 
and  Ceres,  as  well  as  that  of  Pan, 
but  no  particular  festival  is  known  at 
which  they  were  worshipped.  Virgil  seems 
to  have  in  his  mind  some  special  rites 
that  took  place  in  summer  (messis),  but 
what  is  uncertain.  Perhaps  he  has  here 
mixed  Sicilian  and  Roman  rites.  —  lustra- 
bimus  agros,  referring  to  the  festival  de- 
scribed in  the  note  to  iii.  77,  which  took 
place  in  early  spring. 

79.  Cereri :      Ceres    was    an    Italian 
earth-goddess,  of  far  less  consequence  in 
the  old  mythology  than  Pales  ;  but,  being 
taken  to  represent  the  Demeter  of  the 
Greeks,   she   became   one   of   the   chief 
members  of  the  Roman  Pantheon. 

80.  damnabis  votis,  like  morte  darn- 

nari  (compare  §  220,  b\  G.  378,  R.8;  H.  410,  iii),  i.e.  shall  bind  men 
to  fulfil  their  vows,  by  bestowing  the  desired  gifts  (or,  in  other  words, 
be  a  god  ;  cf.  v.  56). 

81.   reddam,  deliberative  subjunc. 

85.  hac  cicuta,  this  pipe ;  the  name  is  given 
from  the  hollow  stalk  of  the  herb  hemlock. 

86.  haec  nos  docuit:  see  Eel.  ii.  i  and  iii.  i. 
The  pipe  is  represented  as  the  teacher,  the  song 
as  the  thing  taught. 

88.  rogaret,  with  cum  concessive.  —  pedum  : 
see  Fig.  13. 

89.  non  tulit,  could  not  get.  —  amari :  for 
constr.  see  v.  54,  note. 

90.  nodis  atque  acre,  brazen  studs.    For  the 
hendiadys,  see  >En.  i.  61,  note. 


FIG.  12. 


FIG.  13. 


ECLOGUE  VI. 

IN  B.C.  40  Virgil  came  in  contact  with  Alfenus  Varus,  a  Roman 
magistrate  of  literary  taste  and  attainments,  who  had  been  appointed, 
together  with  the  poet  Cornelius  Callus,  to  carry  out  a  new  distribution 
of  lands  in  Cisalpine  Gaul  (cf.  Introd.  to  Eel.  ix.).  Varus  requested 


Notes. 


[BUCOL. 


Virgil  to  write  something  in  the  epic  style.  He  replied  with  the  follow- 
ing verses,  which  are  an  excuse  for  not  composing  an  epic  in  praise  of 
Varus.  He  would  fain,  he  says,  have  done  so,  but  Apollo  reminded 
him  that  a  shepherd  should  only  sing  shepherd's  songs.  Instead  he 
composes  a  short  didactic  poem,  containing  a  kind  of  cosmology, 
followed  by  a  cycle  of  old  Greek  myths.  Such  subjects  were  favorite 
ones  for  poetical  treatment  among  the  ancients  (cf.  ALn.  i.  740  ff.,  and 
Ovid's  Metamorphoses).  —  Cf.  Gay's  imitation  of  this  Eclogue  in  his 
Shepherds'  Week,  Saturday. 

i.  prima  .  .  .  nostra  Thalia,  referring  to  his  first  poetical  attempts. 
Thalia  was  the  muse  of  comic  and  idyllic  verse.  — prima  is  emphatic  as 
opposed  to  cum  canerem,  which  refers  to  his  intended  poem  on  Varus ; 

the  latter  was  to  have  been  in  a 
higher  style.  —  Syracosio,  i.e.  Si- 
cilian (alluding  to  Theocritus). 

2.  habitare :  cf.  ii.  i,  note. — 
Thalia  :  she  was  represented  with 
the  mask  and  the  pedum  or  shep- 
herd's crook  (see  Fig.  13). 

3.  canerem:    the    imperfect 
means  tried  to  sing  or  wanted  to 
sing.  —  reges  et  proelia,  i.e.  heroic 
strains  ;  the  verb  canere  is  often 
transitive  even  in  prose.  —  aurem 
vellit,  plucked  my  ear,  i.e.  to  re- 
mind me.    The  ear  was  held  to  be 
the  seat  of  memory ;  and  touching 
it   was   part   of   the   formality   in 
summoning  a  witness    (see    Hor. 
Sat.  i.  9,  77).    The  idea  is  symbol- 
ized in  Fig.  14   (from  an  antique 

gem).     Cf.  Herrick,  Dissuasions  from  Idleness: 

Cynthius  pluck  ye  by  the  ear, 
That  ye  may  good  doctrine  hear. 

See  also  Lycidas,  v.  77. 

4.  pastorem,  i.e.  being  only  a  rustic  and  not  an  epic  poet.  — 
pinguis,  fat  (as  applied  to  sheep) ;  it  is  used  here,  with  a  slight  play  on 
words,  in  opposition  to  deductum,  thin-spun,  =  tenue,  i.e.  plain,  simple 
(employing  only  the  language  of  common  life,  not  the  fuller,  more 
rounded  style  of  the  epic). 


ECL.  VI.] 


Pastoral  Poems. 


6.  nunc,    opposed   to   cum  canerem :    ego,  opposed   to  the  poets 
referred  to  in  the  following  parenthesis.  —  super  erunt,  there  shall  be 
more  than  enough.  —  tibi,  dat.  of  possessor. 

7.  cupiant,  be  eager.    Notice  that  cupio  is  stronger  than  volo  would 
be.     In  the  clause  qui  cupiant,  the  original  idea  of  purpose  has  faded, 
so  that  we  may  translate  by  the  English  future.  —  condere,  compose  (cf. 
condere  carmen). 

8.  tenui:  though  this  adj.  describes  the  reed  (arundine),  yet  there  is 
a  suggestion  (with  a  different  metaphor)  of  the  character  of  the  song 
previously  expressed  by  deductum.  —  arundine,  abl.  of  instr.;  cf.  i.  2, 
and  note. 

9.  non,  etc.     /  do  not  sing  tmbidden  strains,  i.e.  I  obey  Apollo  by 
not  singing  in  epic  style  ;  still  (tamen),  I  shall  really  be  fulfilling  your 
request,  since  whoever  reads  my  poem  will  find  your  name  on  the  page. 
—  haec  quoque,  these  (rustic  verses)  too,  i.e.  just  as  much  as  if  I  were 
composing  an  epic,  as  you  desired. 

10.  nostrae  myricae  (cf.  iv.  2),  in  modest  contrast  to  nemus  omne, 
which  implies  that  all  pastoral  poets  will  take  up  the  strain. 

n.  canet,  shall  be  heard  to  sing,  the  apodosis  of  si  ...  leget.  — 
nee  gratior,  etc.,  i.e.  anything,  however  humble,  addressed  to  Varus  is 
sure  of  Apollo's  favor. 

12.  praescripsit   sibi, 
has  written  upon  it.     The 
page   is   poetically  repre- 
sented  as   doing  its  own 
writing. 

13.  pergite,  go  on  (i.e. 
proceed  to  carry  out  this 
purpose).  —  Chromis, 
Mnasyllos :     two    young 
Satyrs.    These  were  fabu- 
lous   creatures,   types   of 
the  wild  life  of  the  forest. 
They  are  represented  with 
horns,  pointed  hairy  ears, 
tails,  goats'  legs  and  feet. 
Such  symbols  were  held 
in    great    horror    by   the 
early  Christians,  and  still 

figure  in  the  popular  pictures  as  devils.     (Cf.  note,  v.  «27.) 

14.  Silenum  :     Silenus,    one  of    the   attendants   of    Bacchus,   was 


72  Notes.  [BUCOL. 

represented  as  jolly,  fat,  tipsy,  and  bald,  —  a  type  of  good-humored  but 
rather  vulgar  debauchery.  (See  Fig.  1 5  and  the  Fig.  in  text.)  —  somno, 
abl.  of  manner. 

1 5.  venas,   Greek  accusative.  —  laccho,  a  name  of  Bacchus,  here, 
•wine;  cf.  ^n.  i.  215,  Eel.  i.  2,  and  notes. 

1 6.  procul  tantum,  not  far  off  (lit.,  only  close  by),  an  imitation  of  a 
phrase  in  Theocritus.  —  capiti,  dat.  of  separation. 

17.  attrita,  well  worn  by  constant  use.  —  cantharus,  jug,  a  sort  of 
cup  with  two  handles.    (See  Fig.  1 5.)  —  ansa,  abl.  of  means. 

19.  vincula,  i.e. :  not  really  to  bind  him  as  a  captive,  but  merely  to 
exact  from  him  the  forfeit  of  a  song.     The  prophet  or  bard,  according 
to  ancient  folk-lore,  was  under  an  obligation  to  sing  or  prophesy  if 
caught  or  bound.     Cf.  the  prophecy  of  Proteus  in  Georg.  iv.  398  ff.  — 
ipsis  sertis,  i.e.  those  which  he  had  worn  at  the  feast  where  he  had 
taken  the  wine.     The  garland  is  a  regular  accompaniment  to  drinking. 
See  Fig.  15. 

20.  timidis,  i.e.  as  they  were  alarmed  at  their  temerity. 

21.  iam  videnti  (§  235,  a  ;  G.  343,  R.2  ;  H.  384,  4),  when  now  he 
(wakes  and)  sees  them,  she  stains,  etc. 

23.  quo  (adv.),  why?  to  what  end?  i.e.  of  what  use  is  it  (cf.  the  next 
verse). 

24.  satis  est,  etc.,  it  is  enough  [for  you]  to  seem  to  have  been  able, 
i.e.  to  have  shown  yotir  power. 

25.  cognoscite,  learn  =  hear.  —  carmina,  opposed  to  aliud. 

26.  huic,  i.e.  the  nymph.  —  mercedis,  see  §  216,  3,  cf.  b ;  G.  369; 
H.  397,  N.4 ;  the  construction  is  here  forced,  in  imitation  of  the  Greek. 
—  ipse,  i.e.  of  himself,  without  further  urging. 

27.  turn  vero,  this  phrase  regularly  introduces  the  most  important 
point  of  the  narrative  ;   thus  here  it  indicates  the  sudden  and  violent 
effect  of  the  song.  —  in  numerum  ludere,   dance  to  the  measure.  — 
videres,  you  might  have  seen  (§  31 1,  a  ;  G.  258  ;  H.  485,  N.1).  —  Faunos : 
Faunus  (root  in  faveo)  was  a  well-disposed  god  of  nature,  with  prophetic 
powers  (see  Ovid,  Fasti  iii.  291).     The  popular  mythology  made,  how- 
ever, a  race  of  fauns,  —  merry  and  roguish  dwellers  in  the  woods, 
having  many  of  the  features  of  Shakspere's  Puck.      They  were  iden- 
tified with  the  Greek  satyrs   as  impersonations  of  nature,   but   have 
fewer  animal  characteristics.     The  whole  description  is  a  common  sign 
of  the  power  of  music ;  cf.  the  mourning  of  nature  at  the  death  of  the 
poet  Daphnis,  v.  27. 

30.    Orphea,  here  a  dissyllable  (synizesis). 

31-40.   These  ten  lines  present  a  view  of  the  origin  of  the  universe 


ECL.  VI.]  Pastoral  Poems.  73 

in  which  Epicurean  ideas  (cf .  Lucretius,  v.  4 1 6  ff .)  are  mixed  with  the 
notions  of  other  philosophic  schools.  At  first  all  space  was  a  void,  in 
which  were  the  atoms  of  matter.  These  combined  gradually  into  the 
four  elemental  forms,  —  solid,  liquid,  gaseous,  and  ethereal,  —  earth, 
water,  air,  fire.  Virgil  had  a  leaning  toward  philosophy,  and  began  the 
study  of  Epicurean  views  under  one  Siron  before  he  became  a  poet  (see 
Introd.,  p.  xv).  Cf.  Georg.  ii.  475;  ^n.  i.  740. 

31.  canebat:  for  the  subject  of  the  song,  compare  Ovid's  Metamor- 
phoses, and  the  Theogony  of  Hesiod.     Such  a  semi-scientific  treatment 
of  the  old  myths  was  from  the  time  of  Hesiod  a  favorite  form  of  poetic 
composition.     The  philosophy  of  Empedocles  was  also  in  verse.  —  uti, 
how.  —  magnum  per  inane  :  this,  with  some  of  the  succeeding  expres- 
sions, is  borrowed  from  Lucretius. 

32.  terrarum,  etc. :  the  four  elements  (see  Ovid,  Met.  i.  22-27). 

33.  liquid!,  subtile  or  transparent :  so  called  because  composed  of 
the  finest  atoms. —  exordia,  the  beginnings  of  things. —  his,  abl.  of  source. 

34.  COncreverit  orbis,  the  unhardened  circle  of  the  universe  began  to 
gather  (i.e.  to  consolidate) :  almost  a  literal  statement  of  the  nebular 
theory  of  the  solar  system. 

35.  sOlum,  the  solid  ground.  —  discludere  ponto,  to  shut  off  in  the 
sea  depth:  Nereus,  "the  ancient  of  the  sea,"  was  the  deity  who  dwelt  in 
the  still  depths,   while   Neptune  ruled  the  stormy  surface.  —  ponto, 
loc.  abl. 

36.  sumere :  as  everything  sprang  from  the  earth,  the  earth  is  here 
said  to  put  on  the  forms. 

37.  novum,  etc. :  the  earth  (terrae)  is  poetically  said  to  be  amazed 
at  the  first  appearance  of  the  sun.  —  stupeant :  the  subjunctives  here 
are  in  the  indirect  question  introduced  by  uti  (liow).  —  lucescere,  an 
extended  use  of  the  indirect  discourse  construction,  stupeant  being  a 
"verb  of  feeling"  (cf.  iii.  78). 

38.  altius :  at  first,  the  elements  being  mixed,  the  clouds  are  sup- 
posed to  be  all  about  the  earth  (which  is  conceived  as  a  plane)  but  they 
now  begin  to  take  their  higher  place  and  send  down  the  rains. 

39.  incipiant,    informal   indirect   discourse.      Were   not   the  main 
clause  an  indirect  question,  cum  here  would  have  the  indicative. 

40.  rara,  i.e.  at  first  there  were  only  a  few  of  them.  —  ignaros,  here 
passive,  unknown. 

41.  hinc,  next.     At  this  point  there  is  a  transition  from  the  material 
view  of  the  cosmogony  to  the  mythical  history  of  our  earth.    The  men- 
tion of  Pyrrha  and  Prometheus  suggests  a  diversion  into  the  general 
field  of  ancient  mythology  (w.  43  ff .).  —  lapides  Pyrrhae,  from  which 


74  Notes.  [BUCOL. 

the  new  race  of  men  sprang,  after  the  flood  (Ovid,  Met.  i.  395-415). — 

Saturnia  :  cf.  the  preceding  Eclogue. 

42.   Promethei :  the  Titan  Prometheus  stole  fire  from  heaven  as  a 

gift  to  man ;  he  was  chained  to  a  rock  in  the  Caucasus,  where  his  liver 

was  perpetually  torn  by  vultures 
(volucres).  (See  Fig.  16,  from  an 
ancient  relief.)  Cf.  yEschylus,  Pro- 
metheus Vinctus ;  Shelley,  Pro- 
metheus Unbound. 

43.  Hylan:  Hylas,  who  accom- 
panied Hercules  on  the  Argonautic 
expedition,  and  was  borne  away  by 
fountain  nymphs  enraptured  by  his 
beauty.  Notice  the  peculiarity  of 
the  scanning :  Hyla  Hyla  omne 
sonaret.  The  first  a  is  retained  long, 
the  second  a  is  shortened  in  the 
y JG  l6  Greek  manner.  For  the  hiatus,  see 

§  359,  e;  G.  720,  R.1;  H.  608,  ii.  — 

quo  (taken  with  fonte),  at  what  spring,  i.e.  sings  of  the  spring  where, 

etc.    Cf.  the  other  indirect  questions  in  this  Eclogue. 

44.  clamassent,  indir.  quest.  —  sonaret,  clause  of  result. 

45.  fuissent :   a  protasis  of  which  the  conclusion  is  expressed  in 
fortunatam,  though  not  in  the  regular  form,  quae  fortunata  fuisset ; 
cf.  ^En.  iv.  657. 

46.  Pasiphaen :  see  ^En.  vi.  20-24,  and  notes.  —  solatur,  he  consoles, 
i.e.  sings  of  the  stratagem  by  which  Dasdalus  consoles. 

47.  virgo,  i.e.  Pasiphae. 

48.  Proetides,  princesses  of  Argos,  who  were  driven  mad  by  Hera 
(Juno)  because  they  despised  her  worship,  and  who  imagined  themselves 
converted  into  heifers.     They,  however,  were  not  so  mad  as  Pasiphae. 
—  falsis,  imaginary. 

49.  turpis,  ace.  plural. 

50.  collo  :  cf.  ^En.  ii.  729.  —  quamvis  timuisset,  however  much  she 
(ulla,  i.e.  any  one  of  the  daughters  of  Prcetus)  feared  the  plough,  and 
often  felt  for  horns  on  her  smooth  (human)  forehead. 

51.  levi,  notice  the  quantity. 

53.  latus,  Greek  ace.  —  fultus,  lying  (from  fulcio).  For  quantity 
see  §  359.  /;  G.  721  ;  H.  608,  v.  —  hyacintho,  instrumental.  The 
learner  should  carefully  distinguish  between  the  Latin  and  the  English 
constructions.  We  say,  "  lying  on  ";  the  Latin  says,  "  supported  by." 


ECL.  VI.]  Pastoral  Poems.  75 

54.  pallentis,  pale-green,  compared  with  the  dark  (nigra)  foliage  of 
the  ilex  (holm),  a  sort  of  Italian  live-oak. 

55.  claudite  nymphae :  these  lines  (w.  55-60)  are  supposed  to  be 
the  wild  and  jealous  cry  of  Pasiphae. 

56.  claudite  saltus,  i.e.  that  I  may  find  his  haunts. 

57.  si  qua  .  .  .  vestigia,  if  by  any  chance  the  stray  foot-prints  of  the 
bull  may  offer  themselves  to  my  eyes.    See  §  334,  f,  and  N.;  G.  460,  b; 
H.  529,  I,  N.1 

60.  perducant :  for  subj.  see  §  334,  g,  and  N.;  G.  257  ;  H.  p.  267, 
footnote1.  —  Gortynia  :  Gortyna  was  the  harboring-place  of  the  cattle 
of  the  Sun. 

61.  mala:  notice  the  quantity.  —  miratam,  shorthand  constr.  for 
a   rel.   clause.  —  puellam :    Atalanta,    who   though   fleet  of   foot,  was 
beguiled   by  means  of  the  golden  apples   of   the    Hesperides.      (See 
Gayley,  Myths.) 

62.  Phaethontiades,  the  sisters  of  Phaethon  (QatOtav,  the  Sun),  who 
were  changed  into  poplars  (see  Ovid,  Met.  ii.  340-366).  —  musco  (§  225,  a'; 
G.  348;  H.  384,  2).  —  circumdat,  i.e.  sings  the  story,  compare  solatur, 
v.  46,  and  erigit,  v.  63. 

63.  solo,  abl.  of  separation.  —  erigit,  i.e.  by  singing  of  the  event. 

64.  Gallum  :    the   incongruity   of   introducing   this   compliment   to 
Gallus   was   not   felt   in   the   artificial   style  of  pastoral  poetry.     The 
incident  described  is  imitated  from  a  story  told  by  Hesiod  about  himself 
(cf.  v.  70,  and  note). 

65.  ut  duxerit,  indir.  quest.  —  una  sororum,  i.e.  the  Muses. 

66.  viro  :  §  228  ;   G.  347  ;    H.  386.  —  adsurrexerit,  technical  term 
for  rising  in  honor  of  a  distinguished  personage. 

67.  divino  carmine,  ablative  of  quality. 

68.  apio  :  parsley  was  used  for  garlands  at  convivial  meetings  ;  here 
it  is  spoken  of  because  Linus  was  a  lyric  poet.  —  crinis,  Greek  ace. 

70.  Ascraeo  seni  (sc.  dederunt) :  Hesiod,  the  father  of  songs  of 
husbandry,  and  the  poet  of  the  old  cosmogony.  Ascra  was  near 
Helicon.  —  quos  ante,  as  once,  avoiding  repetition  of  relatives.  He 
as  well  as  Orpheus  drew  after  him  the  listening  woods.  —  quibus,  instru- 
mental ;  cantando,  manner.  Notice  the  two  ablatives  in  two  different 
relations  depending  on  the  same  word. 

72.  his,  instrumental.     The  pipe,  however,  is  only  to  be  the  accom- 
paniment to  the  song.  —  tibi,  dative  after  dicatur.  —  Grynei  nemoris, 
a  grove  of  ^olia  in  Asia  Minor,  sacred  to  Apollo.     It  is  said  that 
Gallus  had  translated  a  Greek  poem  in  praise  of  this  grove. 

73.  sit,  clause  of  purpose.  —  quo  se  plus  iactet,  of  which  Apollo 


76  Notes.  [BUCOL. 

shall  be  more  proud  (quo,  abl.  of  cause).  —  iactet :  for  mood,  cf. 
cupiant,  v.  7,  and  note. 

74.  quid  loquar,  deliberative  subjunc.  A  common  form  of  transi- 
tion, where  the  author  pretends  to  omit  something  in  order  to  refer  to  it 
informally.  —  Scyllam  (obj.  of  loquar;  cf.  v.  3)  :  Scylla,  daughter  of 
Nisus,  king  of  Megara,  betrayed  her  father  to  Minos,  and  was  changed 
into  a  sea-mew  (ctris);  Scylla,  daughter  of  Phorcys,  was  transformed 
into  the  monster  described  in  the  text, — "  her  -white  loins  girt  -with 
barking  monsters"  —  which  occupied  the  rocks  opposite  Charybdis  in 
the  Sicilian  strait.  —  For  an  ancient  representation,  see  ^Eneid,  p.  81. 
—  quam,  object  of  secuta  est,  and  at  the  same  time  subject  of  vexasse. 

76.  Dulichias  rates,  the  ships  of  Ulysses,  from  which  Scylla  snatched 
six  of  the  crew.  Dulichium  is  a  little  island  near  Ithaca.  Cf.  ^En.  iii. 
271. 

78.  aut,  correlative  with  aut  in  v.  74.  —  mutates  artus :  the  trans- 
formation of  Tereus,  changed  to  a  hoopoe,  while  his  wife  Progne  was 
changed  to  a  swallow,  and  her  sister  Philomela  (whom  he  had  betrayed) 
to    a   nightingale    (Ovid,   Met.   vi.    412). — ut :    here  the  construction 
changes  to  an  indirect  question  depending  on  loquar  (v.  74),  which  is 
retained  in  various  forms  through  v.  81. 

79.  dapes,  the  banqttet,  i.e.  the  flesh  of  his  child  Itys  which  was 
served  to  Tereus  ;  dona,  the  head  and  hands  which  were  shown  him 
after  he  had  feasted  on  the  flesh. — pararit,  indir.  quest.,  like  narraverit. 

80.  ante,  first.  —  quibus  alis,   -with  what  wings  she  flew  wretched 
above  her  own  dwelling :  the  habit  of  the  swallow  rather  than  the  night- 
ingale ;   but  the  song  of  the  latter,  "  most  musical,  most  melancholy," 
seems  to  have  suggested  the  notion  of  the  mother's  grief. 

82.  omnia,  in  fact  everything.     The  position  of  the  word  makes  it 
refer  with  emphasis  to  what  precedes. 

83.  Eurotas,  the  river  of  Sparta,  blest  in  hearing  the  song  of  Apollo 
which  he  sang  to  Hyacinthus  on  its  banks.  —  laurus,  accusative  plural, 
obj.  of  iussit  and  subj.  of  ediscere. 

84.  ille,  opposed  to  Apollo,  he,  as  well. 

86.  iussit :  the  subject  is  Vesper,  who  bids  them  (the  satyrs,  who 
are  at  the  same  time  shepherds  ;  see  v..  1 3,  and  note)  gather  the  sheep 
and  report  their  number.  —  invito,  reluctant  to  end  the  strain.  —  Olympo, 
abl.  of  separation,  taken  as  meaning  the  mountain. 


ECL.  VII.]  Pastoral  Poems.  77 


ECLOGUE  VII. 

THIS  is  a  strictly  bucolic  poem,  chiefly  imitated  from  the  sixth  Idyl 
of  Theocritus.  The  herdsman  Meliboeus  relates  a  contest  in  verse 
between  the  shepherds  Corydon  and  Thyrsis  with  Daphnis  for  umpire. 
Corydon  leads  in  choosing  the  subject  in  each  passage,  which  he  changes 
at  every  "  bout,"  while  Thyrsis  strives  to  surpass  him  in  the  strain  selected. 
The  scene  is  apparently  laid  in  the  pastoral  region  of  North  Italy.  The 
date  assigned  to  the  Eclogue  is  B.C.  38. 

3.  distentas  lacte,  i.e.  towards  evening,  hence  at  a  time  when  the 
shepherds  were  at  leisure. 

4.  aetatibus :  this  use  of  the  pi.,  referring  to  the  men  separately, 
though  in  accordance  with  Latin  idiom,  would  hardly  be  found  in  prose; 
see  §  75,  3,  c  ;  G.  204,  N.5  ;  H.  130,  2.  —  Arcades  (cf.  x.  32):  Arcadia, 
in  central  Peloponnesus  at  a  distance  from  the  sea,  long  retained  the 
rustic  and  old-world  ("  Arcadian  ")  simplicity,  of  which  pastoral  song  is 
the  natural  expression  ;  hence  these  rustic  singers  are  conventionally 
termed  Arcadians. 

5.  pares,  parati :    well-matched  in  singing  (cantare  =  cantando, 
§  273,  </;  G.  421,  N.1,  c  ;  H.  533,  ii,  N.2),  and  ready  in  response  (respon- 
dere  =  ad  respondendum,  §  273,  b ;  H.  533,  ii,  3). 

6.  mihi,   a  weak   dat.   of  reference.  —  dum  defendo :    the  tender 
myrtle  had  to  be  protected,  in  Italy,  from  the  late  frosts  of  spring. 

7.  vir  gregis,  the  father  of  the  flock.  —  deerraverat  (observe  the 
contraction  of  the  two  e's),  i.e.  the  flock  had  wandered  and  Melibceus 
was   in   search   of   them  ;    in  his  search   he  spies   Daphnis.  —  atque : 
this  word  always  adds  something  with  more   emphasis  than  et ;  see 
Vocab. 

8.  contra,   in  his  turn.  —  ocius,   instantly :  §  93,   a  \    G.   297 ;    H. 
444,  I. 

9.  tibi,  dative  of  reference. 

10.  cessare,  linger.  —  quid,  awhile ;  see  §240,  a;  6.334;  H.  378,  2. 

11.  ipsi,  of  themselves.  —  potum  :  supine  of  a  lost  verb  of  which  poto 
is  the  frequentative  and  potus  the  participle.  —  iuvenci,  i.e.  our  cattle 
(so  that  we  shall  not  have  to  look  for  them). 

1 2.  praetexit,  fringes. 

13.  ezamina  (ex-agmen),  i.e.  the  young  swarms. 

14.  quid  facerem:  cf.  i.  40,  note. — neque  ego,  etc.,  i.e.  he  had  no 
mate  (contubernalis)  to  attend  to  things  at  home  :  this  was  the  argument 
for  returning;   et  certamen  (v.   16)  gives  the  argument  for  staying; 


78  Notes.  [BUCOL. 

tamen  (v.  17),  i.e.  though  the  argument  for  returning  was  really  stronger, 
yet  he  could  not  miss  the  contest. 

1 6.  Corydon,  etc.,  in  a  loose  but  not  uncommon  sort  of  apposition 
with  certamen. 

17.  posthabui,  etc.,  I  put  off  my  serious  affairs  for  their  sport. 

19.  alternos  .  .  .  volebant,  the  Muses  [that  inspired  them]  chose  to 
rehearse  alternate  strains.      (For  remarks  on  this  style  of  responsive 
versification  see  notes  on  Eel.  iii.) 

20.  referebat,  brought  out ;  i.e.  contributed. 

21.  aut  .  .  .  aut :  notice  the  regular  use  of  aut  .  .  .  aut  to  make  each 
alternative  exclude  the  other. 

22.  Codro  (sc.  concessisti) :  the  name  of  a  shepherd  poet,  but  who 
is  meant,  if  any  actual  person,  is  unknown. 

23.  versibus,  governed  by  proxima  (sc.  carmina).     For  quantity  of 
facit  cf.  ^En.  ii.  411,  note.  —  si  non,  etc.,  i.e.  if  I  cannot  sing  songs  like 
those  of  Codrus. 

24.  pendebit,  etc.  :  it  was  customary,  upon  abandoning  a  vocation, 
to   dedicate   the  instruments  of  it  to  the  divinity  of  the  art.     Here 
Melibceus  purposes  to  offer  his  pipe  to  Pan,  to  whom  the  pine  was 
sacred.     Cf.  Hor.  Od.  i.  5,  13  ;  iii.  26.  — pinu,  abl.  of  place  from  which. 
Notice  how  the  prosody  shows  that  arguta  agrees  with  fistula,  and  sacra 
with  pinu. 

25.  crescentem  poetam  :  in  this  and  the  following  verses  (especially 
vati  future)  observe  the  rude  self-assurance  of  Thyrsis  contrasted  with 
the  modest  delicacy  of  Corydon.  —  hedera  :  as  the  fistula  symbolizes 
the  humble  style  of  pastoral  poetry,  so  the  ivy  (sacred  to  Bacchus) 
alludes  to  a  higher  strain  of  lyric  verse. 

27.  ultra  placitum,  beyond  what  the  gods  approve.  Extravagant 
praise  or  boasting  was  thought  to  incur  the  jealous  resentment  of  the  gods. 
Hence  the  charm  (baccare)  against  the  "  evil  tongue  "  of  Codrus,  whose 
praise  would,  no  doubt,  be  intended  to  injure. 

29.  saetosi,  etc. :   here  Corydon  dramatically  takes  the  person  of 
Micon,  a  young  hunter.  —  caput,  sc.  dat.  The  verb  is  very  often  omitted 
in  votive  inscriptions ;  cf.  ^En.  iii.  288.  —  Delia,  Diana,  the  goddess  of 
the  chase.     (See  Gayley's  Classic  Myths.) 

30.  vivacis,  long-lived,  lit.  tenacious  of  life. 

31.  proprium,  his  constant  fortune.  —  hoc,  his  luck  in  hunting,  as 
indicated  by  the  game  mentioned.  —  levi :  notice  the  quantity.  —  tota, 
full  length,  not  a  mere  bust. 

32.  evincta,  etc.,  thy  ankles  laced  with  purple  buskin :  a  common  re- 
presentation of  Diana.    (See  Fig.  17.)     (Cf.  ^En.  i.  337,  p.  17,  and  Fig.) 


ECL.  VII.] 


Pastoral  Poems. 


79 


33.  smum  (not  to  be  confused 
with  sinus),  a  bowl,  deeper  than  the 
poculum.  The  first  strain  of  Corydon 
Thyrsis  strives  to  excel  by  more  perfect 
pastoral  simplicity,  choosing  Priapus 
instead  of  Diana  and  cakes  and  milk 
(a  humble  gift)  instead  of  the  boar  and 
stag.  The  second  strain  he  tries  to 
outdo  in  the  opposite  direction  by 
promising  (absurdly)  a  golden  statue 
of  Priapus  and  apologizing  for  the 
present  statue  of  marble.  The  result 
is  a  clumsy  incongruity.  Priapus  was 
a  god  of  gardens,  whose  rude  wooden 
image,  emblematic  of  fertility,  was  set 
in  gardens,  half  god  and  half  scarecrow. 
(Cf.  Hor.  Sat.  i.  8.) 

35.  pro  tempore,  according  to  my 
present  means. 

36.  suppleverit,  i.e.  if  my  flock  is 
prosperous,  so  as  to  increase  my  means. 

37.  Hyblae:  see  note,  Eel.  i.  55. — 
Nerine,  daughter  of  Nereus :  the  name 

(Galatea)  and  the  compliments  are  taken  from  Polyphemus  in  Theocr.  xi. 

40.  Corydonis,  objective  genitive. 

41.  immo,  etc.,  nay:  an  asseveration  in  answer  to  some  supposed 
complaint  of  the  maid.     The  word  always  contradicts  what  precedes, 
oftentimes,  however,  to  add  a  still  stronger  statement.     See  derivation 
in  Vocab.  —  Sardoniis  herbis,  a  sort  of  crowfoot  of  Sardinia,  intensely, 
bitter,  which  twisted  the  faces  of  those  who  tasted  it  into  the  "  Sardonic 
laugh."     By  this  odd  imprecation  Thyrsis  seeks  to  outdo  Corydon  in 
expressing  violent  longing  for  his  love,  in  whose  absence  the  day  is 
"  longer  than  a  whole  year." 

42.  proiecta  vilior  alga:  cf.  Coleridge,  Fears  in  Solitude: 

And  let  them  toss  as  idly  on  its  waves 

As  the  vile  sea-weed,  which  some  mountain-blast 

Swept  from  our  shores. 

44.  si  quis  pudor,  //  there's  any  shame  in  you;  i.e.  the  beasts  ought 
to  be  ashamed  of  continuing  to  feed  while  their  keeper  is  impatient  for 
the  evening. 


FIG.  17. 


8o  Notes.  [BUCOL. 

45.  muscosi,  etc.:  an  allusive  description  of  rustic  life  in  summer, 
which  Thyrsis  follows  by  a  similar  description  of  winter. 

46.  arbutus :  the  arbute,  or  "  strawberry-tree,"  affords  a  berry  used 
as  food  by  the  poor  ;  its  leaves  are  scanty,  and  its  shade  thin  (rara). 

47.  solstitium,   midsummer  heat  (midwinter  is  bruma). — pecori, 
dative  of  reference  (§  229,  c  ;  G.  345,  R.1  ;  If.  385,  4,  2).  —  iam  venit, 
is  just  coming ;  iam  is  continuous,  and  refers  to  the  present  as  following 
the  past ;  hence  with  the  present  tense  (venit)  it  expresses  the  beginning 
of  an  action. 

48.  gemmae :  the  buds  upon  the  vine-branch  show  the  beauty  as 
well  as  the  heat  of  summer. 

50.  postes :  the  picture  of  the  well-blackened  door-posts  of  the  poor 
hut,  which  was  the  earliest  style  of  habitation,  corresponds  to  the  later 
atrium  (ater),  or  main  hall  of  the  Roman  house  (see  Eel.  i.  83,  note). 

51.  tantum,  etc.  :  we  heed  no  more  the  wintry  blast  than  the  wolf 
cares,  etc.  —  numerum:  the  number  (of  the  flock),  the  usual  rendering, 
seems  forced  as  well  as  insipid,  but  may  be  justified  by  the  inferiority 
of  Thyrsis'  art.    Possibly  numerum  here  =  music;  i.e.  the  savage  nature 
of  the  wolf  is  not  restrained  by  the  charms  of  music  nor  is  the  stream 
held  in  by  its  banks.  —  ripas :  the  swift,  cold  streams  that  flow  from  the 
Alps  are  liable  to  violent  freshets,  which  make  a  frequent  image  in 
Virgil. 

53-60.  Each  singer  describes  the  double  sympathy  of  Nature  in  the 
presence  and  the  absence  of  the  loved  one  (cf.  i.  38  ff.);  the  descriptions 
are  arranged  chiastically.  For  scanning  of  v.  53  cf.  ii.  24. 

54.  strata,  etc.,  under  every  tree  its  fruit  lies  strewn.  —  sua  quaque : 
cf.  note  to  ii.  65. 

57.  vitio  aeris:  cf.  ./En.  iii.  138,  "corrupto  caeli  tractu." 

58.  Liber :  Bacchus  himself  grudges  to  yield  the  shade  of  vines  to 
the  hillsides.     For  Liber  see  ^En.  vi.  805,  note.  —  collibud  :  §  227,  /; 
G.  346,  N.2 ;  H.  384,  ii. 

60.  luppiter :  here  Jupiter  is,  in  a  manner,  confounded  with  the  rain 
itself,  as  the  gods  often  are  with  the  thing  which  is  their  charge.    Cf.  i.  2, 
and  note. 

61.  populus,  the  poplar,  sacred  to  Hercules,  by  whom  its  leaves  were 
gathered  for  a  wreath  on  his  return  from  the  infernal  regions. 

62.  myrtus:  the  myrtle  loves  the  sea-shore,  which  was  Venus'  birth- 
place, and  it  is  her  favorite  plant.  —  laurea :   the  laurel  was  sacred  to 
Apollo. 

63.  illas  :  the  hazel. 

68.   pinus  :  see  note,  Eel.  i.  39. 


ECL.  VIII.]  Pastoral  Poems.  8 1 

69.  contendere:  for  tense  see  §  336  A,  N.2;  G.  281,  2,  N.;  H.  537,  i. 

70.  ex  illo,  etc.,  i.e.  ever  since  this  match,  Corydon  has  his  true 
value  as  a  singer.     Possibly  also  there  is  a  play  on  the  meaning  of 
Corydon,  'lark.' 

ECLOGUE  VIII. 

THIS  poem  —  imitated  from  Theocritus  —  consists  of  two  parts, 
sung  in  rivalry  by  the  shepherds  Damon  and  Alphesiboeus,  whom  the 
poet  represents  himself  to  have  overheard.  The  first  part  tells  the 
sorrows  of  a  shepherd  at  the  loss  of  his  love  (Idyl  iii.).  The  last  tells 
the  magic  arts  employed  by  a  maiden  skilled  in  sorcery  to  win  back  the 
love  of  the  inconstant  Daphnis  (Idyl  ii.) :  hence  the  title  sometimes 
given  to  it  of  Pharmaceutria,  "The  Sorceress."  It  is  supposed  to  have 
been  written  in  B.C.  39,  and  is  inscribed  to  Pollio,  whose  military  exploits 
are  alluded  to  in  vv.  6-13.  The  two  parts  of  this  poem  differ  from  the 
other  Eclogues  in  being  arranged  in  strophes  of  somewhat  irregular 
length  with  a  burden  (or  refrain).  This  burden  constitutes  the  first 
verse  of  the  strophe  in  the  first  part  and  the  last  verse  of  the  strophe  in 
the  second  part.  —  Pope's  third  Pastoral,  Autumn,  is  an  imitation  of 
this  Eclogue. 

1.  Musam,  the  song  (obj.  of  dicemus). 

2.  quos  est  mirata,  at  whom  the  heifer  gazed  with  wonder  as  they 
strove.     The  charm  of  song  is  constantly  represented  as  powerful  over 
the  lower  animals.     Naturalists  give  authentic  instances,  in  the  case  of 
birds,  mice,  and  even  (it  is  said)  spiders,  as  well  as  animals  nearer  to 
man ;  but  none  of  the  somewhat  grotesque  character  described  by  the 
ancients.     The  particular  animal  here  mentioned,  the  lynx,  belongs  to 
the  fable  of  Orpheus,  not  to  any  Italian  scene. 

4.  mutata,  i.e.  in  direction.  —  requierunt  cursus,  stayed  their  course. 
The  verb  becomes  transitive  by  a  stretch  of  its  meaning. 

Thyrsis,  whose  artful  strains  have  oft  delay'd 
The  huddling  brook  to  hear  his  madrigal. 

MILTON,  Camus,  w.  494,  495. 

6.  tu  (i.e.  Pollio)  is  the  subject  of  superas ;  mihi  is  ethical  dat.  and 
may  be  translated  by  my  friend.  The  two  pronouns  are  put  together 
from  the  Latin  fondness  for  contrasting  persons.  —  Timavi :  a  stream 
flowing  into  the  Adriatic  near  Trieste  (cf.  ^n.  i.  245).  The  expedition 
of  Pollio  was  against  the  Parthini,  an  lllyrian  tribe,  and  he  is  now  sup- 
posed to  be  on  his  way  home  by  sea  along  the  coast.  —  superas,  are 
passing  beyond ;  iam,  yet.  Cf.  note,  Eel.  vii.  47. 


82  Notes.  [BUCOL. 

7.  legis  oram,  are  [still]  skirting  the  shore.  —  en  gives  force  to  the 
question,  thereby  expressing  impatience.   Cf.  ecquis  ;  see  also  Eel.  i.  68. 

8.  cum   liceat;    a  faded  out   clause   of   purpose   (see  §  317   and 
examples;  G.  630;  H.  497,  i). 

9.  ut  liceat,   substant.  result-clause  subject  of  erit.  —  ferre,  etc., 
i.e.  spread  the  fame  of,  etc. 

10.  Sophocleo,  i.e.  tragedy  worthy  of  Sophocles. —  tua  carmina : 
see  note  to  iii.  86.     The  sock  (soccus)  and  buskin  (coturnus)  are  still 
emblems  of  comedy  and  tragedy  respectively.     Cf.  Milton's  L'Allegro, 
v.  121.     The  tragic  buskin  had  high  heels  to  increase  the  stature  of  the 
wearer. 

11.  a  te  (sc.  erat),  i.e.  from  Pollio  came  the  first  incentive  to  song. 
Which  Eclogue  is  meant  as  the  first  is  uncertain,  and  again  on  the 
other  hand  this  one  is  not  the  last,  although  it  has  every  appearance  of 
an  Epilogue.     It  has  been  supposed,  not  improbably,  that  this  was  the 
close  of  the  first  edition  of  the  Eclogues.  —  desinam  (preserved  from 
elision  by  the  pause  ;   most  editions  have  desinet),  i.e.  my  last  song 
shall  be  in  your  honor. 

12.  sine,  etc.,  suffer  this  ivy ;  the  ivy  here  represents  a  humble  song 
as  opposed  to  the  laurels  of  victory,  which  at  the  same  time  suggest  epic 
poetry  (see  vii.  25,  and  note). 

14.  caelo,  ablative  of  separation. 

1 5.  cum,  the  time  when. 

1 6.  tereti  olivae,  on  the  well-rounded  olive,  i.e.  the  polished  staff  of 
olive-wood. 

17.  age,  lead  in.  —  prae  . . .  veniens  :  the  so-called  tmesis  ;  in  fact 
prepositions  in  composition  are  always  more  or  less  loosely  connected, 
and  hence  are  easily  separated.  —  diem  really  belongs  in  sense  both  to 
age  and  prae  (precede  the  day  and  bring  it  in).  The  subject  of  Damon's 
song  is  the  wail  of  a  disappointed  suitor  whose  love  Nisa  is  married  to 
another,  Mopsus. 

18.  deceptus,  beguiled  by  my  love  for  my  promised  bride,  which  she 
merits  not  (indigno). 

19.  divos,  obj.  of  adloquor.  — nil  ...  profeci,  i.e.  it  is  of  no  avail 
that  they  have  been  called  to  witness  our  vows.  —  testibus,  abl.  of  means. 

20.  tamen,  opposed  to  quamquam. 

21.  Maenalios:  a  conventional  epithet  not  properly  belonging  to  the 
scene  (see  Vocab.).      This  verse,  the  refrain  or  burden  of  the  song, 
introduces  the  following  lines,  which  give  Damon's  reason  (as  it  were, 
his  excuse)  for  singing  in  this  particular  strain. 

22.  tibia :  see  head-piece,  p.  3. 


ECL.  VIII.] 


Pastoral  Poems. 


FIG.  18. 


24.  Pana,  object  of  audit,  i.e.  hears  him  play  the  pipe.  —  calamos: 
see  note,  ii.  34.  —  inertis :  the  reeds  were  not  left  to  whisper  idly,  but 
were  fashioned  to  the  uses  of  song. 

25.  quid  non  speremus,  what  have  we  not  to  look  for,  we  lovers, 
i.e.  if  such  matches  as  this  occur?     spero  is  often  used  of  evils  as  well 
as  things  desirable. 

27.  iam,  presently.  —  grypes,  griffins,  winged   lions,    with    eagles' 
heads.     In   Fig.   18  griffins  are  represented  drawing  the  emblems  of 
Apollo.     "  In  the  north  of  Europe," 

says  Herodotus,  "there  appears  to  be 
the  greatest  abundance  of  gold  :  but 
how  it  is  got  I  cannot  exactly  tell ;  it 
is  said,  however,  that  Arimaspians, 
one-eyed  men,  steal  it  from  the  griffins. 
But  I  am  not  persuaded  of  this,  that 
there  are  one-eyed  men,  in  other  re- 
spects like  to  other  men"  (iii.  116); 
about  the  griffins,  apparently,  he  has  no  scruple.  —  equis :  §  248,  a,  R. ; 
0.345;  H.  385,  4,3. 

28.  pocula,  watering-places :  cf.  Georg.  iii.  529  :  "  Pocula  sum  fontes 
liquidi."     The  climax  here  depends  upon  the  deer  doing  it  of  their  own 
accord.  —  dammae :  notice  the  gender. 

29.  incide:   Mopsus,  the  successful  rival,  is  bidden  to  cut  the  pine- 
knots  for  his  own  wedding  torches.     The  poet  grimly  mocks  his  own 

disappointment  by  congratulating  Mopsus.  — novas, 
i.e.  for  the  new  wedding.  —  tibi :  see  §  225,  b ; 
G.  358;  H.  384,  3,  N.1 ;  but  cf.  tibi  in  next  line 
(dat.  of  reference).  —  ducitur,  pres.  tense  for  fut., 
as  often.  In  the  ancient  wedding  the  bride  was 
escorted  by  torchlight  (cf.  .flin.  iv.  38,  note)  with 
various  ceremonies  to  the  house  of  the  husband ; 
hence  ducere,  to  marry,  used  of  the  man.  For  the 
ancient  torch  see  Fig.  19. 

30.    sparge  nuces :  among  marriage  customs,  the 
bridegroom  scattered  nuts  among  the  boys  bearing 

torches.  —  deserit  . . .  Oetam,  i.e.  night  is  coming  on.     The  scenery  is 

Greek,  though  the  customs  are  Italian. 

32.    digno,   ironical :  the  idea  of  the  whole  passage  is,  —  you  have 

chosen  a  fine  husband,  after  despising  all  other  lovers  (including  me) 

and    violating   your   plighted   vows   in   order   to   marry   him !  —  dum 

despicis:  §  290,  c,  N.  ;  G.  570,  N.1 ;  H.  519,  i. 


84  Notes.  [BUCOL. 

34.  supercilium :  the  shaggy  brow  and  long  beard  are  dwelt  on  in 
imitation  of  Polyphemus  in  Theocr.  xi. 

35.  deum,   gen.  pi.  —  eurare :   i.e.  so  as   to  punish  broken  vows 
like  yours. 

37.  saepibus,  i.e.  our  orchard  (inclosed  with  hedges). 

38.  dux,  gtiide:  i.e.  I  knew  where  to  find  the  fairest  fruit.  —  matre, 
my  mother  (as  in  Theocritus). 

39.  alter  ab,  next  to. 

41.  ut,  how  (exclamatory).  Observe  the  hiatus  after  peril.  — 
malus,  fatal. 

43.  scio,  i.e.  by  experience.  —  quid  :  for  gender  cf.  iii.  So.  —  duris, 
etc. :  cf.  ^En.  iv.  365  ff. 

44.  Tmaros,    etc.  :    these   names   belong   to    Epirus,    Thrace,   and 
Africa,  —  mere  symbols  of  barbarism.     The  termination  of  Rhodope  is 
un  elided,  according  to  Greek  use. 

45.  generis  nostri  (predicate  descriptive  genitive),  i.e.  of  no  civilized 
parentage.  —  edunt:  the  present  tense  seems  to  confound  the  god  and 
his  office,  as  if  he  were  born  anew  in  every  case  of  love. 

47.  matrem:  Medea,  who  slew  her  two  children  in  jealous  rage. — 
mater :  i.e.  Medea ;  but  the  reference  is  by  some  thought  to  be  to 
Venus,  Cupid's  mother. 

52.  ovis  . . .  lupus,  etc. :  the  prayer  is  that  the  whole  order  of  nature 
may  be  reversed.  —  fugiat,  subjunc.  of  wish. 

53.  narcisso,  abl.  of  means. 

54.  sudent  electra,  distil  amber :  this  was  thought  to  be  a  product 
of  the  poplar  (Ovid,  Met.  ii.  365);  here  the  humbler  shrub  is  to  be  as 
richly  endowed. 

55.  certent  . . .  ululae:   a  proverbial  saying.     Swans  were  supposed 
by  the  ancients  to  be  as  melodious  in  their  song  as  they  are  stately  in 
their  movement,  and  were  held  sacred  to  Orpheus.     They  have  a  soft 
plaintive  note  in  calling  their  young ;  and  the  fabled  melody  of  their 
death-song  was  proverbial.  —  cycnis :  for  the  dative,  see  ^En.  iv.  38,  note. 

56.  Orpheus,  i.e.  in  the  general  violation  of  nature,  let  the  humble 
poet  equal  the  mythic  bards. 

Orpheus  with  his  lute  made  trees 
And  the  mountain  tops  that  freeze 

Bow  themselves  to  his  sweet  song. 

SHAKSPERE,  Henry  VIII.,  iii.  i.  4. 

—  delphinas:  there  are  many  ancient  tales  of  the  supposed  association 
of  this  creature  with  man,  and  its  fondness  for  music.  The  most  famous 
is  the  one  here  alluded  to  of  the  minstrel  Arion  (Ovid,  Fasti  ii.  83-1 18)> 


ECL.  VIII.]  Pastoral  Poems.  85 

who,  being  forced  into  the  sea  by  a  ship's  crew,   was  rescued  by  a 
dolphin. 

58.  medium  mare,  mid-sea.  —  vivite,  farewell. 

59.  specula  de  mentis,  from  the  watch-tower  of  a  high  mountain, 
i.e.  a  steep  cliff  (cf.  ALn.  x.  454). 

60.  extremum  munus,  this  last  boon :  his  voluntary  death  for  her 
sake,  which  he  bitterly  suggests  will  be  a  relief  to  her  ;  cf.  /En.  iv.  436, 
and  note. 

61.  desine,  etc.:  here  Damon's  song  ends  with  an  appropriate  varia- 
tion in  the  refrain.     Alphesibceus  then  sings  the  complaint  of  a  love- 
lorn maiden  who  is  attempting  to  get  back  her  lover  by  magic.     This 
song  also  is  divided  into  strophes,  with  a  refrain,  here  however  at  the 
end.     For  the  charms  mentioned  compare  the  following  sonnet : 

Thrice  toss  those  oaken  ashes  in  the  air, 

And  thrice  three  times  tie  up  this  true-love's  knot, 

Thrice  sit  you  down  in  this  enchanted  chair, 

And  murmur  soft  "  She  will  or  she  will  not." 

Go  burn  these  poisoned  weeds  in  that  blue  fire, 

This  cypress  gathered  at  a  dead  man's  grave, 

These  screech-owl's  feathers  and  this  prickling  briar, 

That  all  thy  thorny  caras  an  end  may  have. 

Then  come,  you  fairies,  dance  with  me  a  round : 

Dance  in  a  circle,  let  my  love  be  centre  ; 

Melodiously  breathe  out  an  enchanted  sound, 

Melt  her  hard  heart,  that  some  remorse  may  enter. 

In  vain  are  all  the  charms  I  can  devise  : 

She  hath  an  art  to  break  them  with  her  eyes. 

THOMAS  CAMPION  (Schelling,  Elizabethan  Lyrics,  p.  185). 

See  also  Gay's  imitation  of  this  part  of  the  Eclogue  in  his  Shepherds' 
Week  (Thursday:  or.  The  Spell'). 

62.  vos,  emphatic  :  do  YOU  tell,  I  cannot  unaided  attempt  this  more 
difficult  theme.  —  omnia :    there  is  no  occasion  to  supply  facere,  for 
posse  is  constantly  followed  by  neuter  pronouns  and  similar  words. 

64.  effer,  bring  forth  :  the  maiden,  supposed  to  be  standing  before 
the  altar,  addresses  her  attendant  Amaryllis.  —  molli  vitta,  a  fillet  or 
band  of  soft  wool,  worn  about  the  head  by  women,  used  also  by  priests 
and  consecrated  persons.     For  these  latter,  the  vittae  were  properly  the 
narrower  braids  hanging  from  the  ends  of  the  infula,  or  broad  head- 
band.    The  vitta  was  used,  as  here,  with  any  consecrated  object.     See 
j£n.,  p.  260,  Fig.  21. 

65.  verbenas   pinguis,    unctuous  herbs    (cogn.   ace.).      The  word 
verbena  may  be  used  for  any  plant  —  especially  a  consecrated  sprig  01 


86  Notes.  [BUCOL. 

turf  —  used  in  sacred  ceremonies.  —  adole  (oleo),  burn  (cause  to  emit 
fragrance  by  burning).  —  mascula  tura,  large  grains  of  incense. 

66.  coniugis  (cf.  v.  18),  lover,  or  betrothed.  —  sanos  avertere  sensus, 
i.e.  turn  his  mind,  now  sound,  to  the  insanity  of  love.     Compounds  of 
ab  are  often  used  in  this  way  without  any  direct  expression  of  that  from 
which  the  action  is  directed. 

67.  nihil,  i.e.  everything  is  prepared  except  the  magic'song. 

68.  ab  urbe:  it  is  a  country  maid,  whose  truant  lover  has  gone  to 
the  neighboring  city. 

69.  vel,  even.      Cf.  these  and  the  preceding  verses  with   the  cor- 
responding ones  in  the  song  of  Damon  (w.  17-24).  —  deducere  lunam : 
"  a  phrase  often  met  with  in  the  detail  of  magic  rites,  in  which  the  moon 
always  bears  a  conspicuous  part.     The  moon  and  the  stars  were  sup- 
posed to  be  at  the  bidding  of  the  sorceress."     (Cf.  ALn.  iv.  487-491.) 

Nor  uglier  follow  the  night-hag,  when,  call'd 
In  secret,  riding  through  the  air  she  comes, 
Lur'd  with  the  smell  of  infant  blood,  to  dance 
With  Lapland  witches,  while  the  laboring  moon 
Eclipses  at  their  charms. 

Paradise  Lost,  ii.  662-666. 

At  their  incantation  would  the  moon 

Start  back,  and  shuddering  shed  blue  blasted  light.  • 

LANDOR,  Gebir,  \.  17-18. 

70.  Circe:  see  Ovid,  Met.  x.  210-238. 

Who  knows  not  Circe, 

The  daughter  of  the  Sun,  whose  charmed  cup 
Whoever  tasted,  lost  his  upright  shape 
And  downward  fell  into  a  grovelling  swine  ? 

MILTON,  Camus,  vv.  30-53. 

—  anguis,  etc. :  a  common  idea  of  the  power  of  a  sorceress  (see  Ovid, 
Met.  vii.  199). 

73.  terna  . . .  licia,  three  cords,  each  made  up  of  three  strands  of 
different  colors.  The  cords  were  gathered  into  a  true  lover's  knot 
(v.  77).  The  three  colors  are  white,  rose-red,  and  black.  —  tibi  circumdo, 
/  twine  about  thee,  i.e.  about  his  image,  which  she  bears  thrice  round  the 
altar.  —  colore,  abl.  of  quality. 

75.  effigiem:  cf.  JEn.  iv.  508.  —  impare:  a  curious  old  superstition. 
A  trace  of  it  is  seen  in  the  fact  that  all  the  Roman  months,  except 
February,  before  the  reform  of  Cassar,  had  an  odd  number  of  days. 
"  There  's  luck  in  odd  numbers."  The  ablative  in  e  is  used  on  account 
of  the  metre. 


*ECL.  VIII.]  Pastoral  Poems.  87 

77.  nodis    (abl.  of   manner)  :   three   knots   are   to  be  tied,   one  in 
each  cord. 

78.  necte  modo,  just  tie  them  (modo,  apparently,  means  "  that  is  all 
you  have  to  do"  to  make  the  charm  effectual).  —  die:  it  was  a  regular 
part  of  magical  ceremonies  to  declare  formally  the  purpose  of  any  act 
done.      Cf.  the   English  charm  in    Gay,   Shepherds'1  Week,    Thursday, 
w.  2 1  f£  : 

At  eve  last  midsummer  no  sleep  I  sought, 
But  to  the  field  a  bag  of  hemp-seed  brought ; 
I  scatter'd  round  the  seed  on  every  side, 
And  three  times  in  a  trembling  accent  cried  : 
"  This  hemp-seed  with  my  virgin  hand  I  sow ; 
Who  shall  my  true-love  be,  the  crop  shall  mow." 

80.  limus,  cera,  bits  of  clay  and  wax,  two  images,  cast  into  the  altar 
fire.  —  durescit,  liquescit :  this  rhyme,  or  jingle,  is  in  the  manner  of 
popular  charms.     The  verse  signifies  here  that  Daphnis  is  to  soften  to 
his  own  true  love,  and  harden  to  all  others.    The  more  usual  significance 
of  the  rite  is  that  the  enchanted  melts  and  the  enchantress  hardens. 

81.  eodem:  §  347,  c  ;  G.  727  ;  H.  6oS,  iii. 

82.  molam  :  broken  grains,  mixed  with  salt,  and  strewn  in  the  flame 
or  on  the  head  of  a  sacrificial  victim  (JEn.  ii.  133,  iv.  517).  —  fragilis 
.  .  .  laurus,  burn  bay  leaves,  crackling  with  resin.     The  crackling  was 
held  to  be  auspicious;  cf.  Herrick  :  "When  laurel  spirts  i'  the  fire." 

83.  malus,  cruel  (opposed  to  bonus,  kind).  —  in  Daphnide,  literally, 
in  the  case  of,  in  the  matter  of  Dap/mis.  —  laurum  :   prob.  a  play  on 
words  (Gr.  ddfpvr),  laurel). 

85.   tails  amor:   repeated,  v.  89  (cf.  1-5).  —  Daphnim,  sc.  teneat 
(cf.  v.  89).  —  fessa,  weary  with  the  search. 

87.  procumbit,  falls  exhausted  (cf.  /En.  v.  481). 

88.  perdita,  loz-elorn.  —  serae  decedere  nocti,  retreat  before  the  Ic.te 
night  (literally,  yield  to). 

89.  mederi,  i.e.  by  loving  him. 

91.  exuvias  ...  perfidus  (cf.  JEn.  iv.  421,  496):   the  exuviae  are 
whatever  the  faithless  lover  has  left  behind.     Buried  at  the  threshold, 
they  shall  be  a  charm  to  win  him  back  (v.  93). 

92.  pignora :   she  treats  them  as  pledges  left  for  security,   hence 
debent. 

95.  herbas  atque  venena:  hendiadys.  —  Ponto:  probably  used  here, 
as  by  Cicero  (Manil.  ix.  22),  for  Colchis,  the  land  of  the  enchantress 
Medea  (cf.  v.  47). 

96.  Moeris,  some  magician  or  other. 


88  Notes.  [liucoL. 

97.    his,  etc. :  the  details  here  given  indicate  the  power  of  the  charms. 

—  lupum  fieri:  this  superstition  of  the  were-wolf  seems  to  be  a  very 
ancient  one.    It  is  found  in  the  fable  of  Lycaon  (Ovid,  Met.  i.  232-239). 

—  silvis,  locative  abl. 

99.  satas  messis,  harvest  in  the  stalk.  —  traducere  :  this  was  one  of 
the  supposed  powers  of  magic,  —  to  transfer  another  man's  harvest  to 
one's  own  fields.  —  alio,  elsewhere  (lit.  elsewhither). 

101.  fer  cineres  :  to  throw  the  ashes  over  the  head  backward  into  a 
running  stream  and  to  come  away  without  looking  back,  may  be  supposed 
a  charm  to  banish  utterly  the  memory  of  Daphnis,  should  he  still  prove 
false  (v.  103).  —  rivo,  poet,  for  in  rivum. 

,    102.   respexeris,  prohibition.  —  his,  i.e.  the  new  charm  of  thro.wing 
the  ashes  into  the  stream. 

103.  nil  carmina  curat :  seeing  no  effect  from  the  previous  rites,  the 
maiden  in  despair  has  resolved  to  make  a  final  effort  to  banish  Daphnis 
from  her  memory. 

105.  corripuit  .  .  .  cinis  ipse:  as  Amaryllis  sweeps  off  the  ashes,  to 
bear  them  away,  the  embers  suddenly  light  up  the  altar  with  a  quivering 
flame ;  the  girl  observes  it,  and,  wishing  it  may  prove  a  good  omen 
(bonum  sit)  proceeds  in  a  more  hopeful  strain. 

107.  nescio  quid,  etc.,  surely  this  (i.e.  the  omen)  means  something. 

108.  credimus,  shall  I  believe :  the  indicative  is  often  used  thus  in 
a  sense  equivalent  to  the  more  common  (deliberative)  subjunctive. 

109.  parcite,   etc.:    the  charm  is  now  unnecessary — the  lover  is 
coming. 

ECLOGUE  IX. 

IN  the  second  distribution  of  Italian  lands  (B.C.  40),  Virgil's  farm  had 
been  assigned  to  a  centurion  Arrius  ;  and  in  resisting  his  claims  — .relying 
on  the  promise  of  Augustus — Virgil  appears  to  have  been  treated 
brutally  by  the  rude  soldier,  and  to  have  fled  to  Rome  to  save  his  life. 
Mceris,  who  here  represents  the  poet's  vilicus,  or  steward,  while  on  his 
way  to  town  with  farm  produce,  apparently  as  rent  or  tribute,  falls  in 
with  Lycidas,  a  neighboring  shepherd,  and  tells  him  of  his  master's  mis- 
fortune. The  conversation  falls  into  an  Amcebean  style  of  song. 
Menalcas,  referred  to  as  an  adept  in  singing,  is  Virgil  himself.  There 
are  several  quotations  interspersed,  perhaps  from  unpublished  works  of 
Virgil  ;  some  of  them  are  free  translations  from  Theocritus.  The  close 
of  the  poem  leaves  the  shepherds  still  singing  on  their  way  to  the  city. 


ECL.  IX.]  Pastoral  Poems.  89 

1.  quo  te  pedes  :  the  verb  understood  is  ducunt,  suggested  by  ducit. 
The  feet  are  supposed  to  guide  the  man.   Cf.  Milton,  Comus :  "the  sure 
guide  of  well-practised  feet."  —  an,  or  is  it  ?  This  is  not  strictly  a  "  double 
question,'1  because  quo  .  .  .  ducunt  and  an  in  urbem  are  not  alternatives ; 
yet  quo  ducunt  suggests  a  question  (like  "  are  you  going  I  don't  know 
where  ?  "  to  which  "  is  it  to  the  city  ? "  is  a  proper  alternative.    See  §211; 
G.  4575  H.  353. 

2.  vivi  pervenimus,  i.e.  we  have  lived  to  see.     Observe  the  hurried, 
broken  expression  of  these  lines  confusing  the  order  of  the  words. 

3.  quod,  a  thing  which  (explained  by  the  ut  clause).  —  ut  .  .  .  diceret, 
a  clause  of  result  as  if  after  adeo  or  ad  eum  finem. 

6.  quod  nee  vertat  bene,  and  may  they  (lit.,  the  act  of  sending)  be 
his  ruin,  the  contrary  of  an  ordinary  wish  for  good  luck.  —  mittimus  : 
Moeris  speaks  for  his  master. 

7.  certe  equidem,  etc.,  why!   I  am  sure,  etc.,  indicating  Lycidas' 
surprise  at  the  state  of  things.  —  qua  se,  etc.,  indicating  the  limits  of  the 
property. 

8.  molli  clivo,  ablative  of  manner. 

9.  cacumina,  in  apposition  with  veteres  fagos. 

10.  omnia,  i.e.  the  land.  —  vestrum,  your  master. 

n.    audieras,  emphatic,  true  you  had.  —  fama,  the  story. 

13.  Chaonias  columbas,  the  prophetic  doves  of  Dodona. 

14.  quod,  in  fact ;  see  §  240,  b  ;  G.  610,  R.2;  H.  453,  6.  —  me:  that 
is,  it  was  Mceris,  not  his  master  Menalcas  (Virgil)  who  first  noticed  the 
evil  omen.  —  quacumque,  in  any  way  whatever, 'i.e.  at  any  sacrifice. 

15.  sinistra,  ill  boding,  cf.  i.  i6ff.     The  bird  appearing  on  the  left 
should  be  of  good  omen,  according  to  Roman  augury  ;  but  here  Virgil 
follows  the  Greek  usage,  which  interpreted  the  right  as  the  favorable 
side.     The  difference  arose  from  the  fact  that  the  Greek  observer  faced 
the  north,  the  Latin  the  south,  so  that  in  each  case  the  east  was  the 
favorable  side.     Cf.  Cic.  de  Div.  xxxix.  82  ;  M.n.  i.  54,  and  note. 

1 6.  hie,  pronoun,  but  translated  here.  —  nee  viveret :  it  is  said  that 
Virgil  once  had  to  throw  himself  into  the  Mincius  to  escape  the  violence 
of  Arrius;  and  at  another  time  to  hide  in  the  hut  of  a  charcoal-burner, 
who  helped  him  off. 

17.  cadit,  occur  to  (i.e.  come  into  one's  mind).  —  quemquam:  not 
aliquem,   on   account  of  the  implied  idea  that  it  seemed  impossible 
{§   105,  h;   G.   105,  //;    H.  457).  —  tua  solatia,  i.e.,  your  sweet  songs, 
which  had  thus  been  nearly  torn  from  us.  —  nobis :  see  §  229,  c ;  II.  385, 4. 

19.   caneret  nymphas,  i.e.  if  you  had  been  driven  away. 

21.   vel  [quis  caneret  ea]  quae  would  be  the  fuller  expression. — 


90  Notes.  [BUCOL. 

sublegi  tibi,  caught  by  stealth  from  you,  i.e.  Menalcas  :  sub  indicates 
secrecy  (cf.  subducitur,  Eel.  iii.  6). 

22.  delicias  nostras,  i.e.  the  darling  of  the  shepherds. 

23.  dum  redeo,  until  I  return  (for  constr.  see  /En.  iv.  52,  note). 

24.  potum:  see  note  vii.  11.  —  inter  agendum:  see  §  300;  G.  432  ; 
H.  542,  iii. 

25.  caveto:  §  269,  </,  3;  G.  268,  2;  H.  487,  2. 

26.  immo,   nay,  rather.      Menalcas   rather   unnecessarily   suggests 
other  songs  in  order  to  get  in  a  compliment  to  Varus.  —  Varo :  see 
introd.  Eel.  vi.     He  succeeded  Pollio  as  governor  of  Cisalpine  Gaul.  — 
canebat :  the  song  was  apparently  never  finished  (cf.  vi.  10);  hence  the 
imperf.  tense. 

27.  superet  =  supersit,  only  let  Mantua  be  spared  to  us  ;  see  §  314  ; 

G-  573;  H-  S'3.  »• 

28.  Cremonae  :   Cremona  had  supported  the  cause  of  Brutus  and 
Cassius  in  the  civil  war,  and  had  been  punished  by  the  triumvirs  by 
confiscation  of  its  territory.     As  this  was  not  enough  for  the  greedy 
soldiery,  fifteen  miles'  breadth  of  the  adjoining  Mantuan  territory  was 
added.     The  towns  themselves  were  forty  miles  apart. 

29.  cycni :  see  note  viii.  55. 

30.  sic:  a  common  form  of  adjuration.     "So  may,  etc.,  as  you  do 
what  I  desire."     Cf.  Hor.  Od.  i.  3.  !.     So  also  Moore's  song  : 

Tell  me,  kind  seer,  I  pray  thee, 
So  may  the  stars  obey  thee. 

—  Cyrneas  taxes,  yews  of  Corsica  (from  Ktfppos,  its  Greek  name). 
Corsican  honey  had  an  ill  name  from  its  bitter  flavor,  which  was  ascribed 
to  the  box-trees  on  the  island  :  hence  taxos  may  possibly  be  an  error  for 
buxos.  The  yew,  however  (Georg.  iv.  47),  was  held  to  be  injurious  to 
bees. 

32.  incipe,  etc.  :  w.  32-36  are  imitated  from  Theocr.  vii.  37-41. — 
si  quid  habes :  cf.  iii.  52.  —  poetam,  a  MAKER  of  verses  (TTOITJTIJS)  ;  vatem, 
an  inspired  bard  (doi$6s).  The  ignorant  shepherds  look  up  to  him  as  a 
vates.  He  himself  only  claims  to  be  a  verse-maker. 

35.  Vario,  Cinna :  L.  Varius  Rufus,  a  favorite  tragic  and  epic  poet 
of  the  time,  one  of  the  editors  of  the  /Eneid  (Hor.  Od.  i.  6;  Sat.  i.  10, 
51);  Helvius  Cinna,  an  epic  poet  of  no  great  merit  (see  note,  v.  36). 

36.  olores:  cf.  viii.  56.  —  anser:  said  to  be  a  punning  allusion  to  a 
poet  of  unclean  reputation,  a  friend  of  Mark  Antony  (Cic.  Phil.  xiii.  5). 

37.  id  ago,  that  is  just  (quidem)  what  I  am  trying  to  do  (referring  to 
incipe,  v.  32).  —  tacitus  volutO,  f  am  thinking  it  over  to  myself. 


ECL.  IX.]  Pastoral  Poems.  91 

38.  si  valeam,  to  see  if  I  can,  etc. ;  for  constr.  see  vEn.  i.  181,  note. 

39.  hue  adcs,  etc.,  a  free  imitation  of  the  song  of  the  Cyclops  to 
Galatea  in  Theocr.  xi.  42-49  (see  introd.  to  Eel.  ii.,  and  Ovid,  Met.  xiii. 
789-869): 

40.  ver  purpureum,   rosy  spring,   blushing  with  young  flowers;   cf. 
fiL\\.  i.  590,  and  note.     So  Gray,  Spring  :  "wake  the  purple  year." 

43.  insani  .  .  .  fluctus,  i.e.  come  to  the  quiet  land  and  leave  the  mad 
fury  of  the  sea.  —  feriant,  without  ut,  the  usual  constr.  with  sine,  let. 

44.  quid,  how  with  ?   compare  quid  quod.  —  pura,  cloudless. 

45.  si  tenerem:  the  apodosis  is  implied  in  memini ;  i.e.  I  could  sing 
it,  if,  etc. 

46.  Daphni:  addressed  as  the  ideal  shepherd  (see  Introd.,  p.  xxi). — 
antiques  signorum  ortus,  i.e.  antiquorum  ortus  signorum:  a  common 
poetical  transference  of  the  epithet. 

47.  Dionaei  astrum,  the  star  of  Casar,    linns'1  son :    a  remarkable 
comet  appeared  during  the  year  after  Caesar's  death,  and  was  thought 
to  signify  his  apotheosis.    Dione  was  the  mother  of  Venus,  from  whom, 
through  lulus,  the  Julian  house  claimed  descent  (cf.  .-En.  i.  288). 

48.  quo,  under  -which  (abl.  of  cause,  but  cf.  iv.  S).  —  gauderent,  a 
faded  out  clause  of  purpose;   cf.  viii.  8.  —  frugibus,   the  crop  itself; 
distinguished  from  segetes,  the  field  of  grain. 

50.  insere  piros,  graft  the  pear-trees:    under  so  auspicious  a  star, 
they  will  yield  your  descendants  fruit  to  the  third  generation,  a  sign  of 
continued  peace  and  prosperity.     Cf.  the  opposite  idea  as  expressed 
in  i.  73. 

51.  omnia  fert  aetas:   here  Moeris  suddenly  forgets  his  song. — 
animum  :  the  general  word  for  soul,  used  here  for  memory.     So  the 
shepherd  in  Spenser  is  too  old  for  singing  : 

Tho  couth  I  sing  of  love,  and  tune  my  pype 
Unto  my  plaintive  pleas  in  verses  made  : 
Tho  would  I  seeke  for  queene-apples  unrype, 
To  give  my  Rosalind  :  and  in  summer  shade 
Dight  gaudy  girlonds  was  my  common  trade, 
To  crowne  her  golden  locks:  but  yeares  more  rypc. 
And  losse  of  her,  whose  love  as  lyfe  I  wayd, 
Those  weary  wanton  toyes  away  dyd  wype. 

Shepherd?  Calendar,  June. 

—  longos  condere  soles,  spent  long  days :  literally,  laid  the  suns  to  rest, 
i.e.  watched  their  going  down.  ("  See  the  Sun  to  bed  and  to  arise.") 
The  idea  is  that  he  had  songs  enough  to  last  the  whole  day.  For  tense 
see  viii.  69,  note. 


92  Notes.  [BUCOL- 

53.  oblita,  here  passive.     Most  deponents  have  had  an  active  form 
at  some  period  of  the  language,  and  hence  such  participles  are  often 
found  passive. 

54.  iam  fugit,  is  beginning  to  fail.  —  lupi  videre  priores  :  it  was  an 
old  superstition  that  to  meet  a  wolf,  and  not  catch  his  eye  first,  struck 
a  man  dumb.     So  Socrates  in  Plato's  Republic  (i.  10),  speaking  of  the 
glaring  eyes  of  an  eager  opponent,  says,  "  If  I  had  not  caught  his  eye 
first,  I  verily  believe  I  should  have  lost  my  voice."     Cf.  Sir  Thomas 
Browne,  Vulgar  Errors,  iii.  8 :    "  The  ground,   or  occasional   original 
hereof,  was  probably  the  amazement  and  sudden  silence  the  unexpected 
appearance  of  wolves  doth  often  put  upon  travellers ;  not  by  a  supposed 
vapor,  or  venemous  emanation,  but  a  vehement  fear,  which  naturally 
produceth  obmutescence,  and  sometimes  irrecoverable  silence." 

55.  tamen,  i.e.  though  I  have  forgotten  it. 

56.  in  longum,  etc.,  you  delay  my  eager  -wishes. 

57.  et  nunc,  etc.:  everything  is  still  so  that  it  is  a  fit  time  for  singing 
(with  perhaps  a  suggestion  that  nature  herself  is  listening  for  his  song). 
—  tibi,  ethical  dat.  —  aequor :  a  feature  carelessly  introduced,  perhaps 
in  imitation  of  some  other  poet.     It  seems  hardly  possible  that  there 
should  be  any  proper  stratum  aequor  in  the  place. 

58.  aspice,  hark  !  the  breath  of  the  murmuring  wind  (literally,  breezes 
of  windy  murmur)  has  ceased. 

59.  adeo,  just.  —  hinc :  see  Vocab. 

60.  Bianoris,  the  mythical  founder  of  Mantua. 

61.  stringunt  frondes:  see  note,  i.  57. 

62.  tamen,  for  all  that,  i.e.  though  we  rest  awhile.      Mantua  was 
only  about  a  mile  and  a  half  away  :  so  there  was  no  need  of  haste. 

64.  cantantes,  i.e.  we  can  sing  as  we  go.  —  usque,  all  the  way. — 
eamus :  see  §  331,  i,  N.8;  G.  546,  R.3;  H.  499,  2. 

65.  hoc  fasce  (abl.  of  separation):  apparently,  the  kids,  which  Moeris 
is  carrying  :  cf.  depone,  v.  62. 

66.  desine  plura  (cf.  v.  19):   no,  we  cannot  even  stop  to  sing. — 
puer :  for  quantity,  cf.  vii.  23,  note. 

67.  cum  venerit  ipse:  when  Menalcas  himself  shall  come.  Cf.  iii.  3, 
and  note. 


ECL.  X.]  Pastoral  Poems.  93 


ECLOGUE  X. 

THE  elegiac  poet  Cornelius  Gallus,  a  friend  of  Virgil,  had  been 
despatched  (apparently)  to  defend  the  Italian  waters  from  the  free- 
booting  squadron  of  Sextus  Pompey.  In  his  absence,  his  mistress  — 
here  spoken  of  under  the  name  Lycoris  —  had  been  unfaithful  to  him, 
and  had  followed  a  soldier  of  Agrippa's  army  into  Gaul  (B.C.  37).  The 
poem  describes  the  despair  of  the  forsaken  lover.  "  The  structure  of 
this  poem  is  taken  from  the  latter  part  of  Theocr.,  Idyl  i.,  the  dying 
Daphnis  supplying  the  model  for  Gallus,  whose  despair,  however,  does 
not  in  our  poet  bring  him  to  death.  Virgil  is  supposed  to  narrate  the 
story  in  a  song  as  he  is  tending  his  goats,  and  in  rising  to  go  home  for 
the  evening  he  gracefully  intimates  that  he  is  closing  the  volume  of 
pastoral  poetry."  The  scenery  (purely  conventional)  is  in  Arcadia. 
Milton's  Lycidas  may  be  compared  with  profit. 

1.  Arethusa:  conventionally  the  nymph  of  pastoral  verse.     For  her 
story  see  yEn.  iii.  694,  note. 

2.  quae  legat,  rel.  clause  of  purpose ;  cf.  note  on  iv.  33. 

3.  neget  (delib.  subjunc.)  quis  carmina  Gallo :  cf.  Lycidas,  w.  10,  1 1  : 

Who  would  not  sing  for  Lycidas?  He  knew 
Himself  to  sing  and  built  the  lofty  rhyme. 

4.  sic  tibi  (dat.  after  intermisceat) :  cf.  ix.  30,  and  note  ;  Lycidas, 
w.  19-22,  and  Comus,  w.  924,  925: 

May  thy  brimmed  waves  for  this 
Their  full  tribute  never  miss. 

—  cum  subterlabere,  when  thou  shalt  glide  beneath.  Here  Arethusa  is 
represented  as  still  fleeing  from  the  pursuit  of  Alpheus  and  flowing 
under  the  sea  to  Sicily,  the  myth  being  regarded  as  a  continuing 
phenomenon.  Virgil  prays  her,  as  she  would  wish  her  waters  to  be 
undefiled  by  the  salt  waves  in  the  passage,  to  assist  his  song  of  love. 
Cf.  Shelley,  Arethusa,  st.  3:  , 

The  loud  Ocean  heard, 

To  its  blue  depths  stirred, 
And  divided  at  her  prayer; 

And  under  the  water 

The  Earth's  white  daughter 
Fled  like  a  sunny  beam  ; 

Behind  her  descended 

Her  billows,  unblended 
With  the  brackish  Dorian  stream. 


94  Notes.  [BucoL. 

5.  Doris  =  the  sea.     She  was  the  wife  of  Nereus  and  mother  of  the 
Nereids  (cf.  FLn.  i.  144,  note).  —  amara  :   translate  as  if  agreeing  with 
undam,  so  as  not  to  interfere  with  the  personification  of  the  sea  (Doris). 

6.  sollicitos,  unhappy. 

7.  dum,  i.e.  while  we  watch  the  goats  browsing. 

8.  respondent :  cf.  i.  5,  and  note.  —  omnia,  cogn.  ace. 

9-10.  quae  nemora,  etc.:  Virgil  here  adapts  Theocritus  to  the  cir- 
cumstances of  the  occasion.  In  Theocr.  (viii.  92)  Daphnis,  the  ideal 
shepherd  (see  Introd.,  p.  xxi),  wins  a  sea-nymph  for  his  bride  ;  and 
hence  (in  i.  66)  the  nymphs  are  bidden  to  mourn  for  his  death.  In  this 
eclogue  Gallus,  as  a  writer  of  elegiac  poetry,  is  assumed  to  be  a  favorite 
of  the  Naiads  (likewise  nymphs),  who,  being  dwellers  in  the  woods  (as 
were  the  Muses  originally)  feel  an  interest  in  the  lighter  kind  of  verse 
(such  as  the  pastoral).  Hence  Virgil  asks  how  the  Naiads  could  neglect 
the  sufferings  of  Gallus,  who  was  consuming  (peribat)  with  an  unrequited 
love  (indigno,  i.e.  from  which  he  did  not  deserve  to  suffer). 

1 1.  nam  neque  Parnasi,  etc.  :  haunts  of  the  Muses  (with  whom  the 
nymphs  are  here  in  a  manner  identified).     These  places  cannot  have 
detained  the  Naiads ;   for  all  nature  everywhere  (lauri,  myricae)  was 
moved  by  the  woe  of  Gallus,  and  hence   Parnassus,  etc.,  would  have 
wished  them  to  hasten  to  his  aid.  — With  vv.  gff.  cf.  Lycidas,  vv.  49  ff.: 

Where  were  ye,  Nymphs,  when  the  remorseless  deep 
Clos'd  o'er  the  head  of  your  lov'd  Lycidas? 
For  neither  were  ye  playing  on  the  steep, 
Where  your  old  bards,  the  famous  Druids  lie, 
Nor  on  the  shaggy  top  of  Mona  high, 
Nor  yet  where  Deva  spreads  her  wisard  stream  : 
Ay  me,  I  fondly  dream  ! 

Had  ye  been  there  .  .  .  for  what  could  that  have  done? 
What  could  the  Muse  herself  that  Orpheus  bore, 
The  Muse  herself,  for  her  enchanting  son 
Whom  universal  Nature  did  lament ; 
When  by  the  rout  that  made  the  hideous  roar, 
His  gory  visage  down  the  stream  was  sent, 
.          Down  the  swift  Hebrus  to  the  Lesbian  shore? 

1 2.  Aganippe  :  for  scansion  cf.  ii.  24. 

13.  lauri :  observe  the  hiatus  at  the  pause  in  the  sense. 

15.  Maenalus,  Lycaei :  mountains  in  Arcadia;  cf.  viii.  22. 

16.  slant  et  (=even)  oves,  etc. :  the  flock  do  not  disdain  to  share 
our  sorrow,  so  do  you  not  disdain  (poeniteat)  to  receive  their  sympathy 
Cf.  Spenser,  Shepherds'  Calendar,  August: 


ECL.  X.]  Pastoral  Poems.  95 

Witnesse,  shee  slewe  me  with  her  eye  : 

(Let  thy  follye  be  the  priefe). 
And  you,  that  sawe  it,  simple  shepe, 

(Hey  ho,  the  fay  re  flocke  !) 
For  priefe  thereof  my  death  shall  weepe 

(And  mane  with  many  a  mocke). 

19.  venit  et,  etc.,  i.e.  in  sympathy  with  the  suffering  Callus.     With 
-7'.  19-30,  cf.  Lycidas,  11:  90-109.  —  upilio:  the  first  i  is  probably  long, 
and  io  may  be  scanned  as  one  syllable.  —  tardi :   perhaps  because  the 
business  of  tending  swine  was  a  weary  one  (cf.  Od.  xiv.  415,  416). 

20.  glande:  acorns,  soaked  in  water,  were  much  used  as  winter  food 
for  hogs  and  cattle:  the  husbandman   Menalcas  is  wet  through  in  the 
task  of  gathering  and  soaking  them. 

22.  tua  cura,  she  for  whom  you  pine ;  cf.  ^In.  i.  678. 

23.  per  nives,  i.e.  over  the  Alps  into  Gaul.  —  horrida,  contrasted 
with  the  softness  of  rural  scenes. 

24.  Silvanus  (sometimes  confounded  with  Pan):  originally  a  forest 
deity  (silva),  but  afterwards  regarded  as  a  god  of  gardens  and  planta- 
tions, and  the  special  guardian  of  the  boundaries  of  peasants'  properties, 
a  function  indicated  by  the  fennel  and  lilies.     Cf.  Counts,  vv.  267  ff. : 

Unless  the  goddess  that  in  rural  shrine 

Dwell'st  here  with  Pan  or  Sylvan,  by  bless'd  song 

Forbidding  ever)-  bleak  unkindly  fog 

To  touch  the  prosperous  growth  of  this  tall  wood. 

—  agresti  honore :  cf.  Spenser,  Prothalamion,  v.  74 :  "  Great  store  of 
flowers,  the  honor  of  the  field." 

25.  quassans,  merely  shaking  as  he  moved. 

26.  quern   vidimus :    as  a  nature  divinity    Pan   represents   bucolic 
poetry;    hence   this   vision   of    him   was   a   special    boon    vouchsafed 
the  poet. 

27.  rubentem:  images  of  the  gods  (especially  the  rustic  deities)  were 
often  painted  red. 

28.  ecquis  erit  modus :  cf.  flLn.  iv.  98. 

29.  nee  latfimis,  i.e.  Love  is  no  more  satiated  with  lovers'  tears 
than  grass  with  irrigating  streams  (iii.  in,  etc.).  —  crudelis  Amor:  cf. 
viii.  44. 

31.  tristis  at  ille,  i.e.  Gallus,  who  is  inconsolable.  —  tamen,  "you 
will  sing  for  me,  though,  when  T  am  gone" ;  i.e.  I  must  perish,  yet  the 
thought  of  your  songs  will  be  a  comfort. 

32.  cantare:  see  §  273,  d\  G.  421,  N.1;  H.  533,  N.2. 


96  Notes.  [BUCOL. 

35.  utinam :  a  regret  that  he  had  not  shared  the  humble  life  of 
shepherds. 

38.  fuscus,  sc.  est. 

39.  nigrae :  cf.  ii.  18. 

40.  salices,   willows,  on  which  vines  were  sometimes,  but  rarely, 
trained. 

42.  hie   gelidi   fontes :   in  this  calm  sweet  place,  why  might  not 
Lycoris  herself  be  content  to  abide  with  me  ?    But  my  mad  passion  for 
war  (amor  duri  Martis)  keeps  me  in  arms,  while  she  —  let  me  not 
believe  it,  etc.     The  shepherd-lover,  the  poet,  and  the  man-at-arms  are 
as  much  confused  here  as  the  two  characters  of  Tityrus  in  the  First 
Eclogue.     Some  of  these  verses  are  said  to  be  taken  from  Callus's  own 
compositions. 

43.  consumerer :  the  protasis  is  implied  in  what  precedes  (if  I  were 
a  shepherd  and  you  were  with  me). 

46.  sit,  equal  to  liceat :  let  me  not  believe  so  cruel  a  thought. 

47.  Alpinas   nives :    mere  images  of  horror  to  the  Roman  mind. 
The  romantic  appreciation  of  wild  nature  is  a  very  modern  sentiment. 
—  dura,  cruel  (with  a  suggestion  that  only  a  hard  nature  could  brave 
the  Alpine  snows). 

48.  me  sine  sola,  alone  without  me,  like  Chaucer's  "alone,  withouten 
any  companie." — ne  . . .  laedant:  this  caution  is  a  subtle  suggestion  of 
his  continued  love  for  her. 

50.  Chalcidioo  versu :  certain  elegies  (probably)  imitated  by  Callus 
from  Euphorion,  a  poet  of  Chalcis  (see  Cic.  Tusc.  iii.  19).  These  were 
to  be  adapted  to  the  pastoral  verse  (pastoris  avena),  and  carved  on  the 
bark  of  trees. 

Run,  run,  Orlando  !  carve  on  every  tree 
The  fair,  the  chaste,  and  unexpressive  she. 

SHAKSPBRB,  As  You  Like  It,  iii.  2. 

Walk  in  the  groves  and  thou  shall  find 

The  name  of  Phyllis  in  the  rind 

Of  even'  straight  and  smooth-skinn'd  tree. 

HERRICK,  To  Phyllis. 

53.  malle  pati,  to  choose  to  bear  my  lot  (in  the  woods  rather  than 
among  mankind). 

54.  crescent :  as  the  trees  grow,  so  his  love  shall  increase,  —  a  pretty 
image,  often  illustrated  in  the  unshapely  letters  cut  in  green  bark. 

55.  lustrabo,  will  range,  as  a  hunter  over  Maenalus,   attended  by 
nymphs  (see  Georg.  iii.  40). 


ECL.  X.]  Pastoral  Poems.  97 

57.  circumdare :  the  regular  way  of  hunting  was  to  surround  the 
wood  and  so  catch  the  game  (cf.  ^En.  iv.  121). 

58.  iam,  even  now.  —  sonantis,  echoing. 

59.  Cydonia :  Cretan  bowmen  had  the  same  fame  among  the  Greeks 
that  the  Parthians  had  among  barbarians  ;   cf.   ./En.  v.  306.  —  torquere  : 
for  development  of  meaning  see  Vocab. 

60.  tamquam  sit:  see  §  312;  G.  602;  H.  513,  ii,  and  N.1  —  haec, 
agreeing  with  medicina  (for  gender  see  /En.  vi.  129,  note).     The  lover 
here  has  a  lucid  interval  and  sees  the  uselessness  of  his  acts  ;  hence  he 
bids  farewell  to  the   woods  again. 

61.  deus  ille,  that  merciless  deity  (Love). 

62.  hamadryades  :  see  ^En.  iii.  32,  note,  and  cf.  Eel.  v.  59.  —  rursus  : 
implying  not  a  second  time,  but  merely  a  reversal  of  his  feeling;   our 
again  frequently  has  the  same  force. 

63.  concedite :  cf.  viii.  58. 

6-1-    non  ilium  (i.e.  love),  etc.,  he  is  not  one  whom  our  hardships  can 
change  (vary  the  constr.  in  English  to  keep  the  emphasis). 

65.  nee  si  ...  nee  si  (v.  67),  referring  to  the  miseries  of  extreme 
heat  and  cold  (cf.  Theocr.  vii.  in).  —  frigoribus,  loc.  abl.  —  Hebrum, 
Sithonias  nives :  the  severity  of  the  Thracian  winters  was  proverbial 
with  the  Romans  (cf.  our  "cold  as  Greenland"). 

66.  aquosae,   rainy,   a  general  epithet  for  winter,   appropriate  for 
Italy,  but  not  for  Thrace. 

67.  liber,  bark.     The  slight  emendation  aret  Liber  (vine)  perhaps 
gives  a  more  satisfactory  sense  (cf.  vii.  58). 

68.  versemus,  tend,  drive  hither  and  thither,  wandering  wearily  in 
the  waste.  —  sub  sidere,  etc.,  i.e.  at  the  time  of  the  summer  solstice, 
when  it  would  be  hottest. 

69.  omnia,  etc.,  indicating  that  the  lover  gives  up  the  contest.  — 
Amor :   the  5  is  due  to  the  retention  (at  the  caesura)  of  an  original 
quantity. 

70.  divae :  see  note,  v.  9.    With  this  and  the  following  verses  cf.  the 
close  of  Milton's  Lycidas : 

Thus  sang  the  uncouth  swain  to  th'  oaks  and  rills, 
While  the  still  morn  went  out  with  sandals  gray  ; 
He  touch'd  the  tender  stops  of  various  quills, 
With  eager  thought  warbling  his  Doric  lay  : 
And  now  the  sun  had  stretch'd  out  all  the  hills, 
And  now  was  dropt  into  the  western  bay ; 
At  last  he  rose,  and  twitch'd  his  mantle  blue  : 
To-morrow  to  fresh  woods,  and  pastures  new. 


98  Notes. 

71.  hibisco  :  for  this  occupation  of  spare  hours,  see  ii.  72. 

72.  maxima,  of  greatest  worth  (i.e.  highly  prized  by  him). 

74.  se  subicit,  shoots  up :  notice  the  double  force  of  sub  in  composi- 
tion (see  JEn.  i.  424,  note).     For  the  quantity  of  the  first  syllable,  see 
§  347,  d,  N.2  ;  G.  703,  2,  N.;  H.  36,  4,  and  footnote1;  cf.  y£n.  iv.  549, 
vi-  835. 

75.  gravis,  oppressive,  causing  headache,  says  Lucretius  (vi.  785). 

76.  iuniper:  the  juniper  (which  he  is  sitting  under)  has  a  wholesome 
aromatic  odor,  but  its  shade  is  thick  and  dark,  and  so  is  dangerous  at 
nightfall.  —  frugibus :  as  if  the  crops  suffered  only  from  the  shade  of 
the  tree,  and  not,  also,  from  being  starved  out  in  the  "  struggle  for 
existence." 

77.  ite  domum:  cf.  i.  75,  vi.  86,  vii.  44. 


A  SPECIAL 


VOCABULARY  TO  VIRGIL, 


COVERING  HIS  COMPLETE   WORKS 


BY  J.  B.  GREENOUGH. 


BOSTON,  U.S.A.: 

GINN  &  COMPANY,   PUBLISHERS. 
1900 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1882,  by 

JAMES   B.   GREENOUGH, 
in  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


PBESSWORK  BY  GINN  k  Co.,  BOSTON,  U.S.A. 


PREFACE. 


T^HE  author,  in  preparing  this  Vocabulary  to  accompany  his 
Virgil,  or  for  use  with  other  editions,  has  had  two  things  in 
view :  first,  to  supply  as  much  information  as  was  possible  in 
regard  to  the  history  and  uses  of  the  Latin  words,  so  that  the  book 
should  not  be  a  mere  key  to  translate  by,  but  should  also  furnish 
means  for  the  study  of  the  language  itself;  and,  secondly,  at  the 
same  time  to  give  or  suggest  a  suitable  English  expression  for 
every  passage. 

In  every  language  which  is  to  be  rendered  into  another,  there 
may  be  said  to  be  three  classes  of  meanings  to  the  words  :  first,  the 
etymological  meaning.  i.e.,  the  idea  that  a  word  presented  when  it 
was  first  formed  or  used  ;  second,  the  literal  meanings,  i.e.,  the  ideas 
which  a  word  came  to  have  to  those  who  used  it  in  its  later  develop- 
ment ;  and,  third,  the  foreign  meaning  or  translation,  i.e.,  the  word 
expressing  the  nearest  equivalent  idea  in  the  language  into  which  one 
wishes  to  translate.  Of  course  these  three  classes  of  meanings  may 
happen  to  coincide ;  a  word  may  not  have  deviated  essentially  from 
its  primitive  force,  and  this  same  force  may  happen  to  belong  to  some 
similar  word  in  the  other  language.  It  is,  however,  oftener  other- 
wise ;  words  have  often  diverged  very  far  and  in  many  directions 
from  the  primitive  conception  underlying  them,  and  it  is  rare  that 
a  word  in  one  language  exactly  covers  the  group  of  ideas  which 
belongs  to  the  nearest  corresponding  word  in  another ;  and  this  is 
especially  true  in  poetry.  The  author  has  aimed  to  keep  these 
classes  of  meanings  separate  so  far  as  space  would  permit.  For 


4  Preface. 

this  purpose  the  etymological  meaning,  where  it  may  not  be  directly 
deduced  from  the  etymology,  has  been  given  first  in  a  parenthesis. 
Then  follow  the  literal  meanings,  as  nearly  as  possible  in  the  sup- 
posed order  of  development,  with  such  hints  as  could  be  given  of 
the  connection  of  ideas.  Such  renderings  as  seemed  to  be  neces- 
sary in  English,  but  which  did  not  accord  with  the  Latin  concep- 
tion, have  been  given  in  their  connection  as  examples.  In  this 
way  it  is  hoped  the  pupil  or  teacher  may  find  a  good  English 
expression  without  losing  sight  of  the  Latin  conception,  which  is, 
after  all,  the  most  important  of  the  three  classes  of  meanings. 

Further,  an  expression  rendered  by  a  bare  representation  of  its 
ultimate  mechanical  equivalent,  often  loses  not  only  all  its  poetry, 
but  also  the  whole  conception  as  it  presented  itself  to  the  mind  of 
the  original  speaker. 

Take  such  a  case  i&fors  dicta  refutet]  the  poet  undoubtedly  means 
"  may  fate  avert  the  calamity  I  suppose,"  but  he  is  far  from  saying 
so,  nor  could  refuto  to  a  Roman  convey  any  such  idea.  What  he 
does  say  is,  "  May  fate  annul  (make  void)  my  words,"  i.e.,  contra- 
dict, or  prove  false,  the  supposition  which  I  make.  For,  in  ancient 
times,  it  must  be  remembered  any  supposition  or  suggestion  of 
calamity  was  regarded  as  ominous,  and  as  tending  to  bring  about 
the  calamity  supposed  ;  a  force  which  vaguely  underlies  the  expres- 
sion in  English,  "  Oh,  don't  speak  of  it."  It  can  hardly  be  hoped 
that  the  desired  result  has  been  attained  in  all  cases,  but  the  idea 
has  been  constantly  kept  in  view.  Nor  is  it  supposed  that  the 
expressions  given  are  the  only  suitable  ones,  but  it  is  hoped  that 
they  will  be  found  suggestive. 

In  regard  to  the  etymology,  which  occupies  more  space  than  is 
usual  in  such  books,  the  author  has  wished  to  show  not  merely 
the  kinship  of  words  loosely,  but,  if  possible,  the  precise  manner 
in  which  one  word  has  been  formed  from  another.  The  fact  is 
often  overlooked  that  the  Latin  language,  as  we  have  it,  is  the  growth 
of  many  centuries,  during  which  forms  have  grown  up  and  given 


Preface.  5 

rise  to  new  formations,  while  they  themselves  have  disappeared. 
The  new  formations  have  given  rise  by  analogy  to  others  seeming 
to  be  formed  like  them  from  lost  stems,  which,  however,  perhaps 
never  existed  at  all.  For  instance,  the  forms  in  -bundus  and 
-cundus  are  unquestionably  originally  formations  from  stems  in 
-ban  and  -con,  which  are  themselves  formations  from  stems  in  -bo 
and  -co,  and  these  in  turn  have  been  formed  by  adding  -bus  and  -ens 
{bo  and  co)  to  simpler  stems  or  roots.  It  has  been  attempted  by 
hints  and  cross  references  to  indicate  these  gradual  developments, 
and  it  is  hoped  that  the  treatment  will  present  to  many  persons 
new  views  of  Latin  stem-formation.  It  is  not  desired  that  all  pupils 
should  learn  this  etymological  matter ;  but  the  author  has  been  led 
to  insert  it  on  account  of  the  want  of  any  such  means  of  information 
in  an  accessible  form. 

The  actual  quantity  of  vowels,  where  known,  has  been  indicated, 
irrespective  of  syllabic  quantity,  in  order  to  aid  the  proper  pronun- 
ciation of  Latin  words. 

J.  B.  GREENOUGH. 

CAMBRIDGE,  NOVEMBER  i,  iPSa. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


a..  —  Actually  long  vowels  are  marked  without  reference  to  syllabic  quantity, 
and  all  vowels  (in  the  words  when  first  presented)  not  marked  long  are 
supposed  to  be  naturally  short,  although  the  syllable  may  be  long  by 
position.  The  pronunciation  will  of  course  depend  on  the  rules  learned 
from  the  grammar. 

[  ].  —  All  matter  in  square  brackets  is  etymological. 

[Gr.  AtoXosj.  —  A  Greek  word  in  brackets  preceded  by  Gr.  indicates  that  the 
Latin  word  is  borrowed  from  the  Greek  one  given. 

[?] .  —  The  interrogation  in  brackets  marks  a  doubtful  etymology ;  after  a  word 
or  suggestion  it  indicates,  as  usual,  a  doubt,  or  a  suggestion  not  yet  gen- 
erally received. 

fservo.  —  A  dagger  marks  a  stem,  or,  in  some  cases,  a  -word  not  found  in  Latin, 
but  which  must  once  have  existed.  Such  stems  and  words  are  printed 
in  different  type. 

DHA.  —  Capitals  indicate  Indo-European  words  or  roots. 

•\Xfer.  —  The  radical  sign  is  used  for  convenience  to  indicate  a  root.  By  this 
is  meant  the  simplest  Latin  form  attainable  by  analysis;  though,  strictly 
speaking,  a  root  is  impossible  in  Latin,  as  roots  had  ceased  to  exist,  as 
such,  ages  before  Latin  was  a  separate  language. 

as  If.  —  The  words  as  //"indicate  that  a  word  is  formed  according  to  such  an 
analogy,  though  the  actual  growth  of  the  word  may  have  been  different. 

wh.  —  whence  is  derived. 

Cf .  —  Compare,  either  for  resemblance,  contrast,  or  etymological  kinship. 

poss.  —  possibly. 

prob.  —  probably. 

unc.  —  uncertain. 

(-) .  —  A  hyphen  indicates  composition. 

(-J-).  —  The  plus  sign  indicates  derivation  by  addition  of  a  termination;  the 
process  originally,  of  course,  was  one  of  composition. 

reduced.  —  The  word  reduced  indicates  the  loss  of  a  stem  vowel  either  in 
composition,  derivation,  or  inflection. 

strengthened.  — The  word  strengthened  indicates  a  vowel  change  by  which 
the  length  of  a  root  vowel  is  increased ;  as  <\Aiiv.,  fDyau,  */snu,  fnau. 

weakened.  —  The  word  -weakened  means  that  a  vowel  has  descended  the 
vowel  scale ;  as  from  a  to  o  or  e,  o  to  e  or  i,  etc. 

p.  —  present  participle. 

p.p.  —  past  participle. 

p.f .  —  future  participle. 

p.  ger.  —  gerundive. 

abl.  —  ablative. 

dat.  —  dative. 

ace.  —  accusative. 

compar.  —  comparative. 

euperl.  —  superlative. 

Italics.  —  Matter  in  Italics  is  for  translation ;  in  Roman,  is  explanatory  only. 


VOCABULARY. 


VOCABULARY. 


a  ;  see  ab. 

ab  (a,  abs),  [reduced  case  form  of 
unc.  stem:  cf.  Gr.  avb;  Eng.  off, 
of~\,  prep,  with  &\A.,away  from  (cf. 
ex,  out  of}.  —  Used  of  place,  time, 
and  abstract  ideas,  with  words  of 
motion,  separation,  and  the  like, 
from,  off  from  :  ducite  ab  urbe  ; 
a  me  abducere ;  defendo  a  fri- 
gore.  —  With  words  not  implying 
motion,  on  the  side  of,  on.  —  Of 
succession,  front,  after,  beginning 
with,  since :  omnes  a  Belo ;  nascor 
ab ;  a  primis  mensibus.  —  Irregu- 
larly, from  (oul  of}  :  agnae  ab 
ovilibus. —  With  passives,  by,  on 
the  part  of. —  Fig.,  from,  in  rela- 
tion to,  in  accordance  with  (cf.  ex, 
de)  :  spectare  ab  annis.  —  Ad- 
verbial phrase  :  ab  integro,  afresh, 
anew.  —  With  usque,  all  the  way 
from  ;  see  usque. 

abactus,  -a,  -uiu,  p.p.  of  abigo. 

Abaris,  -is,  [Gr  ~*Aj3a/>*s],  m.,  a  war- 
rior in  Turnus'  army. 

Abas,  -antis,  [Gr.  "A#os],  m. :  I.  A 
mythic  king  of  Argos,  grandson 
of  Danaus,  possessor  of  a  famous 
shield  which  was  sacred  to  Juno, 
whence  the  use  of  his  name  in 
JEn.  iii.  286  ;  2.  A  companion  of 
tineas  ;  3.  An  Etrurian  hero. 

abditus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  abdo. 

abdo  [ab-do  (/«/)],  -didi,  -ditum, 
-dere,  3.  v.  s..,put  away,  remove.  — 
With  reflexive,  go  away,  take  one's 
self  off,  withdraw,  retire.  —  Also, 
hide,  conceal:  (with  dat.)  later! 
abdidit  ensem.  i.e.,  plunged  the 
sword  deeply  into  his  side.  —  With 
reflexive,  conceal  or  hide  one's  self 


by  withdrawing,  withdraw  and 
hide,  hide  away. 

abduco,  -xi,  -ctuin,  -cere,  [ab- 
duco] ,  3.  v.  a.,  leadot  conduct  away 
or  from  ;  take  or  bring  with  one  : 
colon!  abducti.  —  draw  back  or 
away :  capita  ab  ictu.  —  carry 
off  or  away,  get  away. 

abductus,  -a,  -uin,  p.p.  of  abdaco. 

Abella  (Av-),  -ae,  f.,  Abella  or 
Avella  ;  a  town  of  Campania  (now 
Amelia  Vecchia}  famous  for  its  fruit. 

abeo,  ivi  or  ii,  ituin,  ire,  [ab-eo], 
v.  n.,  go  from  a  place,  &c.,  go 
away,  depart,  withdraw, pass  away, 
disappear,  vanish,  go  down. 

abfore;  see  absuin. 

abi,  etc. ;  see  abeo. 

abicio,  -ieei,  -iectum,  -icere,  [ab- 
iacio],  3.  v.  a.,  throw  from  or  away, 
thrcnv  down. 

abiectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  abicio. 

abies,  -ietis,  [?],  i.,fir  or  spruce,  a 
coniferous  tree.  Also  the  wood,  a 
favorite  material  for  shipbuilding 
and  the  like. — a  ship  (made  of  the 
wood),  a  spear-handle,  a  spear. 

abigo,  -egi,  -actuin,  -ere,  [ab- 
agoj,  3.  v.  a.,  drive  away,  dispel, 
remove  :  nox  abacta. 

abitus,  -as,  [ab-itus],  m.  (abstr.  of 
abeo),  a  going  away,  departure, 
retirement. — Concretely,  an  outlet, 
place  of  egress,  way  ofescape,escape. 

abiungo,  -xi,  -ctum,  -gere,  [ab- 
iungo],  3.  v.  a.,  unyoke,  unhar- 
ness :  luvencum. 

a  hi  n  rat  us,  a,  -um,  p.p.  of  abluro. 

abiaro,  -avi,  -atuin,  -are,  [ab- 
iuro],  I.  v.  a.,  swear  off,  abjure,  — 
deny  on  oath  :  abiuratae  rapinae. 


Vocabulary. 


ablatus,  -a,  -inn,  p.p.  of  aufero. 
abluo,  -ui,  -iitiuii,  -uere,  [abluoj, 

3.  v.  a.,  w ask  off,  out,  or  away :  cae- 
dem. —  remove  filth  from  any  thing 
by  washing,  cleanse,  purify,  wash. 

abliitus,  -a,  -am,  p.p.  of  abluo. 

abnego,  -avi,  -at  inn,  -are,  [ab- 
nego],  I.  v.  a.,  deny  (with  accessory 
notion  of  refusal),  refuse,  deny  : 
medicas  adhibere  manus. 

abnuo,  -ui,  -uitum  or  -utum, 
-uere  (-uiturus),  [ab-nuo],  3.  v. 
a.  and  n.,  make  a  sign  with  the  head 
in  token  of  refusal,  refuse,  deny, 
decline,  forbid  :  omen. 

aboleo,  -evi  or  -ui,  -Hum,  -ere, 
[ab-oleo],  2.  v.  a.  (properly,  out- 
grow, but  only  used  in  the  causative 
sense),  to  destroy,  cause  to  perish  : 
monumenta.  —  Pass.,  die. — Fig., 
take  away,  extirpate,  blot  out,  re- 
move, &c. :  Sychaeum  (from  Dido's 
mind) . 

abolesco,  -evi,  no  sup.,  -escere, 
[ab-olesco],  3.  v.  n.  (outgrow}, 
be  destroyed,  decay,  waste,  vanish, 

abreptus,  -a,  -uin,  p.p.  of  abripio. 

abripio,  -ripui,  -reptum,  -ere, 
[ab-rapio],  3.  v.  a.,  snatch  from 
or  away,  drag  off,  carry  off,  tear 
away  or  from. 

abrumpo,  -rupi,  -ruptum,  -rum- 
pere,  [ab-rampo],  3-v.a.  (in  cau- 
sative sense),  break  off  or  away 
from,  tear  away,  rend  asunder, 
break  away  (clouds). —  Of  dis- 
course, &c.,  break  off :  sermonem. 
—  Of  law,  &c.,  violate,  trample  on  : 
fas.  —  Of  life,  &c.,  tear  or  rend 
away,  destroy,  put  an  end  to  :  vi- 
tam ;  invisam  lucem  (abandon) ; 
somnos  cura  (banish) .  —  abr u p- 
tus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  steep,  precipi- 
tous, violent:  procellae;  abrupto 
sidere. — in  abruptum,  precipi- 
tously. 

abruptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  ab- 
rumpo. 

abs,  fuller  form  of  ab  (cf.  ex,  uls) . 

abscessus,  -as,  [abs-fcessus, 
-^/ced  -f  tus],  m.,  a  going  away, 
departure. 


abscidc,  -cidi,  -cisum,  -cidere, 

[abs-caedo],  3.  v.  a.,  cut  off  or 
away,  destroy. 

abscindo,  -scidi,  -scissum,  -sciii- 
dere,  [ab-scindo],  3.  v.  a.,  cut  or 
tear  off  or  away,  tear  apart,  sever, 
rend  asunder :  arva  et  urbes ; 
tear:  flaventes  abscissa  comas ; 
tear  or  rend  away  from  one  ;  de- 
prive one  of:  umeris  vestem. 

abscissus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  ab- 
scindo^ 

abscondo,  -dt  and  -didi,  -ditum 
and  -sum,  -dere,  [abs-condo], 
3.  v.  a.,  put  away,  put  out  of  sight, 
secrete,  conceal.  —  Pass,  in  reflex- 
ive force,  of  the  heavenly  bodies : 
hide,  disappear,  vanish,  set:  Allan- 
tides  abscondantur.  —  Of  places 
as  objects,  lose  sight  of,  lose  (below 
the  horizon),  leave  behind.  — 
Fig.,  conceal,  £*<&:'furto  fugam. 

absens,  -cut  is,  p.  of  absum. 

absilio,  -li  or  -ui,  no  sup.,  -ire, 
[ab-salio],  4.  v.  n.  and  a.,  leap  or 
spring  away,  fly  off ':  scintillae 

absisto,  -stiti,  no  sup.,  -sistere, 
[ab-sisto],  3.  v.  n.,  stand  away  or 
apart  from  ;  withdraw,  depart  or 
go  away,  fly  from.  —  Fig.,  desist 
or  cease  from,  leave  off,  forbear, 
refrain  (abs.  or  with  inft) :  moveri. 

abstineOj-tinuij-tentunij-tinerc, 
[abs-teneo],  2.  v.  a.  and  n.,  hold 
or  keep  away  from  ;  hold  or  keep 
off.  — With  reflexive,  restrain  one's 
self,  refrain,  keep  off  or  away.  — 
Without  reflexive,  refrain,  abstain 
(abs.  or  with  abl.)  :  tactu  (refuse 
to  touch). 

abstractus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  abs- 
traho.^ 

abstraho,  -xi,  -ctum,  -here,  [abs- 
trahoj,  3.  v.  a.,  draw  or  drag 
away,  carry  off. 

abstrudo,  -asi,  -iisum,  -adere, 
[abs-trudo],  3.  v.  a.,  thrust  away, 
hide,  conceal.  —  With  reflexive  01 
in  passive,  hide  or  conceal  one's  self. 

abstrfisus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  abs° 
trudo. 

abstuli ;  see  aufero. 


Vocabulary. 


absum,  -fui,  -esse,  [ab-sum],  (in- 
stead of  abfui,  abforem,  etc., 
afui,  aforem,  etc.,  are  also 
found),  v.  n.,  be  away  from,  be 
absent  or  distant  (in  place  or 
time):  hinc  aberat.  —  absens, 
-ntis,  p.  as  adj.,  absent,  away; 
with  adv.  force,  in  one's  absence. 

absumu,  -mpsi,  -mptuin  (better 
than  -msl,  -mtum),  -mere,  [ab- 
sumo],  3.  v.  a.,  take  away  (to 
spend,  or  by  spending,  cf.  sump- 
tus) ;  devour,  consume  :  mensas, 
—  Of  persons,  kill,  destroy,  &c. : 
me  ferro.  —  Of  property,  &c.,  de- 
vour, consume :  salus  absumpta 
(gone} ;  absumptae  vires  (ex- 
hausted, all  used}. 

absumptus,  -a,  -um  (less  correctly 
-mt us,  etc.),  p.p.  of  absumtK 

abundans,  -ntis,  p.  of  abundo. 

ab  u  rule  [tabundo-(ab-unda+us)], 
adv.,  copiously,  abundantly,  in  pro- 
fusion ;  in  a  very  great  or  high 
degree,  amply,  in  plenty,  &c.  — 
With  gen.  =  noun  or  adj.,  plenty 
of,  sufficient :  fraudis. 

abundo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [tab- 
undo- ],  I.  v.  -a.., flow  off,  away,  over- 
flow, i.e.,  be  very  abundant  or  nu- 
merous; to  be  in  abundance  ;  over- 
floiv  with  ;  to  have  an  abundance 
or  superabundance. —  abundans, 
-ntis,  p.  as  adj.,  abundana  lactis. 

ab  usque;  see  ab. 

Abydus  (-dos),  -I,  [Gr.  "AjSuSos], 
f.  and  m.,  a  town  in  Asia,  opposite 
Sestos  (now  Avido),  famous  for 
its  oysters. 

ac,  reduced  form  of  atque,  wh.  see. 

acalanthis,  -idis,[Gr.  &Ka\at>6ts'],  f., 
the  acalanthis  (perhaps  the  thistle- 
finch  or  gold-finch),  a  small  bird 
(fabled  to  have  been  changed  from 
a  girl  of  that  name  by  the  Muses, 
with  whom  she  contended  in  song) . 

Acamas,  -antis,  [Gr.  'A/ca/uas],  in., 
a  son  of  Theseus  and  Phaedra,  a 
hero  in  the  Trojan  war. 

acanthus,  -i,  [Gr.  &cai/0oj],  m.  and 
f.  Masc.,  the  plant  beards-breech, 
beards-foot,  or  brank'ursine,  of 


which  the  leaf  conventionalized 
appears  on  Corinthian  capitals.  — 
Fern.,  the  acanthus,  a  thorny  evet- 
green  tree  in  Egypt. 

Acarnan,  -anis,[Gr.'Aicapj'o»'],adj., 
of  Acarnania. — Masc.,  a  native  of 
that  country.  —  Plur.,  the  inhabi- 
tants, Acarnanians. 

Acarnania,  -ae,  [f.  of  adj.  Acar- 
nanius],  f.,  a  province  of  central 
Greece  (now  Carnia}. 

Acca,  jae,  f.,  a  friend  of  Camilla. 

accedo  (ad-),  -cessi,  -cessum, 
-cedere,  (perf.  ind.  accestis  for 
accessistis),  [ad-cedo],  3.  v.  n., 
go  towards,  draw  near,  approach, 
come  to,  visit  (persons  or  things). 

—  With  ace. :  seopulos. 
accelero  (ad-),  -avi,  -atum,  -are, 

[ad-celero],  I.  v.  a.  and  n.  Act., 
hasten,  accelerate.  —  Neut.,  haste, 
hasten,  make  haste. 

accendo  (ad-),  -di,  -sum,  -dere, 
[ad-fcando  (cf.  incendo  and 
candeo)],  3.  v.  a.,  set  on  fire,  kin- 
dle :  tantum  ignem.  —  Fig.,  in- 
flame a  person  or  thing,  set  on  fire, 
kindle,  excite,  fire,  rouse :  quos 
merita  accendit  Mezentius  ira. 

accensus  (ad-),  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of 
accendo. 

acceptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  accipio. 

accerso,  see  arcesso. 

accessus  (ad-),  -us,  [ad-fcessus, 
cf.  abscessus],m.  Abstr.,  agoing 
to  or  near,  an  approach,  entrance, 
access  :  ventorum.  —  Concr.,  an 
approach,  an  entrance. 

accido  (ad-),  -cidi,  no  sup.,  -ci- 
dere,  [ad-caedo],  3.  v.  a.,  cut  into. 

—  Of  food,  consume.  —  Of  trees, 
hew,  cut,  felt :  ornas. 

acclnctus  (ad-),  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
of  accingo. 

accing5  (ad-),  -xl,  -ctum,  -gere, 
(inf.  pass,  acclngler),  [ad-cin- 
go],  3.  v.  a.,  gird  on,  gird  around 
or  about :  later!  ensem.  —  Pass., 
gird  one's  self  about  with,  gird  on, 
arm  one's  self  with  :  accingitur 
ense ;  accingier  artes  (have  re- 
course to,  as  arms).  —  With  abL 


Vocabulary. 


of  means,  arm,  equip,  furnish, 
provide,  &c. :  paribus  annis, — 
gird,  i.e.  prepare,  make  ready.  — 
With  reflexive  or  in  passive,  pre- 
pare one's  self,  get  ready,  make 
one's  self  ready,  &c. :  se  praedae 
accingunt. 

acciS  (ad-),  -Ivi,  -itum,  -ire,  [ad- 
do,  cf.  cleo],  4.  v.  a.,  cause  to 
come  or  go  to  a  person  or  place ; 
summon,  call. 

accipio  (ad-),  -cepi,  -ceptum, 
-clpere,  [ad-capio],  3.  v.  a.,  take 
a  person  or  thing  to  one's  self,  &c.; 
take,  receive :  te  gremio.  —  re- 
ceive or  entertain  as  a  guest,  &c. : 
Aenean.  —  Gen.,  take,  get,  receive, 
attain,  take  in,  take  up  :  vulnera 
tergo ;  vitam  deorum ;  aequora 
(of  ships) ;  me  annus  (/  enter 
upon);  animum  quietum;  ac- 
cipe  daque  fidem.  —  Mentally, 
perceive,  hear,  observe,  learn,  re- 
ceive intelligence  of  anything :  so- 
nitum.  —  take  or  regard  a  thing 
in  any  way;  consider,  interpret, 
explain.  —  accipere  omen;  also, 
without  omen :  regard  a  thing  as 
a  (favorable)  omen,  take  as  an 
omen.  —  acceptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p., 
acceptable,  welcome. 

acclpiter,  -tris,  [stem  akin  to  ocior- 
stem  akin  to  peto],  m.,  a  hawk. 

accisus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  accido. 

accitus  (ad-),  -us,  [ad-citus],  m. 
(only  in  abl.  sing.),  a  summoning^ 
summons,  call. 

accitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  accio. 

acclinis  (ad-),  -e,  [ad-fclinus 
(weakened),  cf.  clino],  adj.,  lean- 
ing against  or  towards,  leaning 
on  :  arbor  is  trunco. 

acclivis,  -e,  (-us,  -a,  -um),  [ad  + 
clivus  (weakened)],  adj., slanting 
upwards  (opp.  to  de-clivis) ;  in- 
cliningupwards,ascending,  up  hill. 

accola  (ad-),  -ae,  [ad-fcola  (cf. 
Incola)],  comm.,  a  dweller  by  or 
near  a  place;  a  neighbor,  dwelling 
near  by. 

accolo  (ad-),  -colui,  -cultuin, 
-colere,  [ad-colo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 


dwell  by  or  near  a  place,  &c.,  with 
or  without  ace. 

accommodo  (ad-),  -avi,  -a turn, 
-are,  [ad-commodo],  i.  v.  a.,  fil 
or  adapt ;  adjust :  later!  accom- 
modat  ensem. 

accommodus  (ad-),  -a,  -um,  [ad  - 
commodus],  adj.,  suitable,  Jit  • 
fraudi. 

accubS  (ad-),  -ui,  -itum,  -are, 
[ad-cubo],  I.  v.  n.,  lie,  lie  down 
or  recline,  at,  by  or  near.'  iuxta 
accubat.  —  Of  shade,  fall. 

accumbo  (ad-),  -cubul,  -cubi- 
tum,  -cumbere,  [ad-cumbo], 
3.  v.  n.,  lay  one's  self  down  upon, 
lie  on  ;  recline  (at  table)  :  epulis 
"divum.  _ 

accumulo  (ad-),  -avi,  -atum, 
-are,  [ad-cumulo],  i.  v.  a.,  heap 
upon,  heap  up,  accumulate,  load: 
aniraam  donis. 

accurro  (ad-),  -cucurri  and  -cur- 
rl,  -cursum,  -currere,  [ad-cur- 
ro],  3.  v.  n.,  run  to,  come  to  by  run- 
ning, hasten  to. 

acer,  -eris,  n.,  the  maple. 

acer,  -cris,  -ere,  [  Y/ac  +  ris],  adj., 
(sharp,  pointed,  edged),  sharp  : 
sonitus. — Fig.,  violent,  vehement, 
strong,  passionate,  lively,  bitter, 
consuming:  dolor;  metus.  —  Of 
intellectual  qualities,  subtle,  acute, 
penetrating,  sagacious,  shrewd.  — 
Of  moral  qualities,  in  a  good  sense, 
active,  ardent,  spirited,  zealous : 
Orontes ;  acrior  successu  (in- 
spired) ;  —  in  a  bad  sense,  violent, 
hasty,  hot,  fierce,  severe,  jiery ; 
equus. — Of  things:  areas  (pow 
erful). 

acerbo,  no  perf.,  -atum,  -are, 
[facerbo-],  I-  v.  a.,  to  make  harsh 
or  bitter,  to  embitter,  augment  or 
aggravate  anything  disagreeable, 
&c. :  crimen. 

acerb  us,  -a,  -um,  [acer  +  bus], 
adj.,  (pointed,  sharp). — To  the 
taste,  or  to  the  feelings,  harsh, 
biting,  salt,  bitter.  —  Of  persons, 
rough,  repulsive,  morose,  violent, 
karsk,  rigorous,  hostile,  severe.— 


Vocabulary. 


Neut.  plur.  as  adv.,  harshly,  sourly,  I 
morosely,  grimly,  violently  :  tuens 
(furiously,  bitterly). —  Of  things, 
harsh,  heavy,  disagreeable,  bitter, 
troublesome,  rigorous,  grievous, 
sad. — Neut.,  calamity,  misfortune. 
—  Poetic,  painful,  violent,  sad ; 
causing  pain  (to  others),  afflictive, 
distressing. 

acernus,  -a,-um,  [acer+nus],  adj., 
made  of  maple,  maple-  :  trabes. 

acerra,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  an  incense-box. 

Acerrae,  -arum,  f.,  a  town  of  Cam- 
pania, near  Naples  (now  Acerra). 

acervus,  -I,  [acer  +  vus],  m.,  (a 
pointed  mound),  a  heap. 

Acesta,  -ae,  (-e,  -es),  f.,  a  town  of 
Sicily,  named  after  King  Acestes 
(earlier  Egesla,  later  Segesta). 

Acestes,  -ae,  [Gr.  'AK«OTTJS],  m.,  a 
son  of  the  river-god  Crimisus  by  a 
Trojan  woman  Egesta,  or  Segesta. 
He  received  yEneas  as  a  kinsman. 

Achaemenides,  -ae,  [Gr.  "Axoj/xe- 
w8i;y],m.,a  supposed  companion  of 
Ulysses,  left  on  the  island  of  Sicily. 

Achal'cus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'AXOHKO'S], 
adj.,  Achtean,  Grecian. 

Ac  ha!  us,  -a,  -um,  [Gr . '  Axaifos] ,  adj ., 
Achtzan,  Grecian. — Fern,  as  subst., 
Achaia,  a  country  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  Peloponnesus,  on  the 
Gulf  of  Corinth.  —  Less  exactly, 
Greece. 

Achates,  -ae,  [Gr.  'AXCITTJS],  m.,  the 
trusty  squire  of  Alneas. 

Acheloiius,-a,-um,[Gr  'AxeAouoj], 
adj.,  belonging  to  the  river  Acheloiis 
in  Greece. 

Ac  hoi  o  us,  -if  [Gr.  *AX«A«OJ],  m., 
Acheloiis,  a  river  of  central  Greece 
(now  the  Aspropotamo~). 

Acheron,  -ntls,  [Gr.  'Ax*'pa"']»  m-t 
a  river  in  Epirus,  which  flows 
through  the  Lake  Acherusia  into 
the  Ambracian  Gulf  (now  the  Ver- 
lichi  or  Delika).  —  Hence,  a  river 
in  the  infernal  regions.  —  Also,  the 
infernal  region?,  the  world  Mow. 

Ac  hern  us,  -untis,  in.,  the  infernal 
regions,  the  world  below. 

Achilles,  -Is,  (-i  or  -ei),  [Dor.  Gr. 


*  m-»  tne  famous  hero  of 
the  Iliad,  son  of  Peleus  and  Thetis. 

Achilleus,-a,-um,[Gr.'Axto.A.€u>s], 
adj.,  belonging  or  pertaining  t& 
Achilles,  of  Achilles,  Achilles'. 

Achi  vus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'AXCUFOS  (not 
found)],  adj.,  Ach&an,  Grecian, 
Greek.  —  Plur.,  Achivi,  -oruin, 
m.,  the  Greeks. 

Acidalia,  -ae,  [f.  of  adj.  Acida- 
liiis  i,  f.,  a  name  of  Venus  from  a 
fountain  (Acidalius)  in  Boeotia. 

acidus,  -a,  -um,  [lost  stem  faci- 
or  faco-  (cf.  aciculus,  aceo)  4- 
dus],  adj.,  (pointed,  sharp).  —  Ot 
taste,  sour,  hard,  acid :  sorba. 

acies,  -ei,  [^0+  ies],  f.,  (point), 
edge,  sharp  edge  of  a  sword,  sickle, 
&c. :  acies  ferri ;  falcis. — Of  sight, 
keen  look  or  glance,  power  of  vision, 
the  sight,  the  eye  :  geminas  flecte 
acies; — brightness  of  the  heavenly 
bodies:  stellis  acies  obtusa  vi- 
detur.  —  line  or  order  of  battle, 
battle-array  of  land  or  sea  forces ; 
a  similar  line  of  boys ;  an  army 
drawn  up  in  order  of  battle  ;  (he 
action  of  troops  drawn  up  in  bat- 
tle-array;  a  battle:  aciecertare; 
an  army :  eoas  acies. 

aclis,  -idis,  [Gr.  eryicuAf  j],  f.,  a  small 
javelin. 

Acmon,  -onls,  [Gr.  "A.KHUV'],  m.,  a 
companion  of  Aneas. 

Acoet^s,  -is,  [Gr.  'AKO/TTJS],  m.,  an 
armor-bearer  of  Evander. 

aconitum,  -I,  [Gr.  OKOVITOV],  n., 
aconite,  ivolf  s-bane  or  monk's-hood 
(a  poisonous  herb). 

Aconteus,  -el,  [Gr.  'A/coi/reus],  m., 
a  Latin  warrior. 

acquire,  see  adquiro. 

Acragas,  -ant is,  [Gr.  'Aicptiyas],  m., 
a  mountain  and  town  in  Sicily, 
called  also  Agrigentum  (now  Gir- 

_  genti)_. 

Acrisione,  -es,  [Gr.  'AAcp«<r<c5^7j],  f., 
the  daughterof  Acrisius.i.e.Ztom*?. 

Acrisioneus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,/^r/rt//i- 
ing  to  Acrisione  :  coloni. 

Acrisius,  -I,  [Gr.  '\Kplaios],  m., 
Acrisius.  fourth  king  of  Argos 


Vocabulary. 


father  of  Danae,  unintentionally 
killed  by  his  grandson  Perseus. 

Acron,  -onis,  m.,  an  Etruscan  war- 
rior slain  by  Mezentius. 

acta,  -ae,  [Gr.  d/cr^J,  f.,  the  sea-shore. 

Actaeus,  -a,  -11111,  [Gr.  'A/cratos], 
adj.,  of  Attica,  Attic.  —  Masc.  pi., 
Actaei,  the  Athenians, 

Act  ias,  -atlis,  [Gr.  'A/crfos],  adj.  f., 
Attic,  Athenian. 

Actiuin,  -I,  (n.  of  Actlus),  [Gr. 
&KTWV,  sea-coast],  n.,  a  promontory 
and  town  of  Greece  on  the  Ambra- 
cian  Gulf,  off  which  the  great  vic- 
tory of  Octavius  over  Antony  was 
gained. 

Actius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  &KTIOS],  adj., 
of  Actium  (prop,  same  word  as 
Actiuin,  but  used  as  adj.  from  it). 

Actor,  -oris,  [Gr.  "A/crcop],  m.,  a 
Trojan. 

art  us,  -a,  -mil,  p.p.  of  ago. 

actus,  -us,  [-^/ag+tus],  m.,  a  driv- 
ing, impulse  :  fertur  mons  mag- 
no  acta. 

actutum  [n.  ace.  of  factutus  (cf. 
cornutus)],  adv.,  -with  speed, 
hastily,  immediately,  speedily,  in- 
stantly. 

acuo,  -ul,  -n tarn,  -ere,  [facu-], 
3.  v.  a.,  make  sharp,  sharpen  :  fer- 
rum.  —  Fig.,  spur  on,  incite,  drive 
on,  rouse,  disquiet :  lupos ;  curis 
mortalia  corda.  —  Of  passions, 
rouse,  excite  :  iras.  —  acutus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  sharpened,  sharp 
(in  all  senses) :  saxum ;  hinni- 
tua  (shrill). 

aeus,  -us,  [  -y/ac  +  us],  f.,  (a pointed 
thing},  a  needle:  acu  pingere 
(embroider). 

acutus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  acuo. 

ad  [unc.  case-form],  prep,  with  ace., 
to,  toward,  against  (cf.  in).  —  Of 
motion,  direction,  and  tendency 
in  all  senses :  tendens  ad  sidera 
palmas ;  respice  ad  haec ;  canit 
ad  auras  (on  the  air);  ad  unum  (to 
a  man).  —  Of  rest,  near  by,  near 
to,  at,  by:  ad  flumina;  adTroiam; 
ad  lunam  (=in  the  moonlight); 
ad  superos  (in  the  world  above).  — 


Mere  end,  purpose,  or  reference, 
to,  for,  in  respect  to,  according  to, 
on :  ad  frena  leones  (broken  to 
the  bit).  —  Of  time,  at. 

adactus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  adigo. 

adamas,  -antis,  [Gr.  aSd/j.as,  un- 
yielding'}, m.,  adamant,\he  hardest 
of  metals,  supposed  to  be  steel, 
used  loosely  for  a  hard  material : 
solido  adamante  columnae. 

Adamastus,  -I,  [Gr.  'ASoyuao-Tos], 
m.,  father  of  Achsemenides,  and 
Ithacan. 

adc-,  see  ace-. 

adcedo,  see  accedo. 

adcerso,  see  arcesso. 

addenseo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -ero, 
[ad-denseo],  2.  v.  a.,  thicken,  clo>c 
up:  acies.  Others  read  addeii- 
sant. 

addico,  -xl,  -ctum,  -ere,  [ad- 
dico],  3.  v.  a.,  (speak  in  favor  of), 
award,  adjudge,  —  deliver,  make 
over,  yield:  me  huic  class!  (sur- 
render) . 

add  if  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  addo. 

add<3,-didi,-ditum,  -ere,  [ad-do], 
3.  v.  a.,  put  near,  by,  or  to,  add, 
attach,  join  :  cognomen  (give) ; 
se  sociam ;  noctem  addens  operi 
(employ  in) ;  addere  gradum 
(press  the  pace) .  —  So :  quadri- 
gae addunt  se  in  spatia  (consume, 
cover  Jhe  space). 

adduce,  -xl,  -ctum,  -ere,  [ad- 
duco],  3.  v.  a.,  lead  to,  bring. — 
To  one's  self,  draw  back  :  arcus 
(draw) ;  &rius(drawup,contract). 

add  actus, -a, -um,  p.p.  of  adduco. 

adedo,  -edl,  -esum,  -edere,  [ad- 
edo],  3.  v.  a.,  eat  into,  gnaw,  eat 
up  :  favos  stellio.  —  Of  fire,  con- 
sume, burn  up. 

ademptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  adimo. 

ademtus,  see  ademptus. 

adeo,  -ii  (-ivi),  -itum,  -Ire,  [ad- 
eo],  v.  n.  and  a.,  go  to  or  towards, 
approach,  accost.  —  With  hostile 
intent,  go  against,  attack,  set  upon. 
—  Of  things  immaterial,  enter  on, 
arrive  at,  attain,  incur  :  labor es  5 
sales;  astra. 


Vocabulary. 


adeo  [ad-eo],  adv.,  to  that  point,  to 
that  degree,  so  (in  space,  time,  or 
degree):  usque  adco  turbatur; 
non  obtusa  adeo  gestamus  pec- 
tora  (to  such  a  degree  as  is 
indicated  by  the  context) ;  nee 
sum  adeo  informis  (so  very} ; 
adeo  consuescere  multum  est 
( such  power  has  habit} .  —  With 
weakened  force,  in  fact,  just,  pre- 
cisely, really,  indeed,  full  (with 
numbers) :  haec  adeo  ex  illo 
speranda  fuerunt  {just  this}; 
nee  me  adeo  fallit  (at  all} ;  iam 
adeo  (just  now};  vix  adeo 
adgnovit  (really  he  could  scarce- 
ly, &c.)  ;  nunc  adeo  (but  just  at 
this  moment};  teque  adeo  con- 
sule  (and  precisely  in  your  con- 
sulship}; totae  adeo  acies  (ab- 
solutely entire};  haec  adeo  (this 
is  just  what}. 

adesus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  adedo. 

adfalrilis  (aff-),  -e,  [adfa-  (stem 
of  adfor)  +  bills],  adj.,  to  bespoken 
to,  courteous :  dictu  (in  speech}. 

adfatus  (aff-),  -us,  [ad-fatus],  m., 
an  address,  accosting.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, mode  of  address. 

adfatus  (aff-),  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of 
adfor. 

adfecto  (aff-),  -avi,  at  n in,  -are, 
[ad-facto,  or  fadfecto],  i.  v.  a., 
(make  for},  strive  for,  aim  at,  grasp 
at,  catch,  seize :  viam  Olympo. 

adfero  (aff-),  -tuli  (att-),  -latum 
(all-),  ferre,  bring  to,  bring: 
honorem. —  In  pass.,  or  with  re- 
flexive, come,  arrive. 

adficio  (aff-),  -feci,  -fectum, 
-ere,  [ad-facio],  3.  v.  a.,  do  to 
some  one,  affect,  treat.  —  With  abl., 
treat  with  something,  give  some- 
thing to  :  pretio  (to  reward}. 

adf  Igo  (aff-),  -f  ixi,  -f  ixum,  -ere, 
[ad-flgo],  3.  v.  a..,  fasten  to,  fix  to 
or  in,  fasten :  radicem  terrae ; 
flammam  lateri. 

adfixns,  (aff-),  -a,  -oni,  p.p.  of 
adfigo. 

adflatus  (aff-),  -a,  -uin,  p.p.  of 
adflo. 


adflictus  (aff-),  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of 

adfligo. 
;  adfligo    (aff),    -flixi,    -flictum, 

-ere,  [ad-fligo],  3.  v.  a.,  (dash 
against},  dash  down,  overthrow.  — 
adflictus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
ruined,  ovenuhelmed,  wretched, 
miserable:  vita;  res. 

adflo  (af-),  -avi,  -atiim,  -are,  [ad- 
flo] ,  I .  v.  a.  and  n.,  blow  on,  breathe 
on :  me  ventis.  —  inspire:  adflata 
est  numine  dei. — breathe  some- 
thing on  one,  bestow,  impart  : 
oculis  adflarat  honores. 

adfluo  (aff-),-fluxi,-fluxum,-ere, 
[ad-fluo] ,  3.  v.  n.,flow  to,  towards, 
or  into.  —  Less  exactly,  pour  in, 
flock  to,  throng  to. 

adfor  (aff-),  -atus,-ari,  [ad-for], 
speak  to,  address,  accost. 

adf  ore  (aff-)  ;  see  adsum. 

adf  ui ;  see  adsum. 

adgero(agg-),essi,  -estum,  -erere, 
[ad-gerol,  3.  v.  a.,  bear  to,  heap 
upon  :  adgeritur  tumulo  tellus. 

adglomero  (ag-),  -avi,  atum, 
are  [ad-glomero],  v.  a.  and  n., 
roll  together,  gather  together,  heap 
up.  —  Of  a  band  of  men,  join,  at- 
tach themselves  to  :  lateri  adglo- 
merant  nostro. — gather,  crowd  to- 
gether, close  up :  cuneis  se  coactis. 

adgnosco  (ag-),  -novi,  -nltum, 
-ere,  [ad-(g)nosco],  3.  v.  a.,  rec- 
ognize :  matrem. 

adgredlor  (agg-),  -gressus,  -gre- 
di,  [ad-gradior],  v.  dep.,^  to,  ap- 
proach.—  attack,  assault:  turrim. 
—  accost :  aliquem  dictis.  —  Seize 
upon,  lay  hold  of  (cf.  "go  at  ")  : 
hastilia.  —  Fig.,  undertake  (with 
inf.). 

adgressus  (agg-),  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of 
adgredlor. 

adhaereo,  -haesi,  -haesum,  -ere, 
[ad-haereo],  2.  v.  n.,  stick  to, 
cleave  to,  hang  on,  adhere  :  sudor. 

adhlbeo,  -bui,  -bitum,  -ere,  [ad- 
habeo] ,  I .  v.  a.,  have  by  or  near, 
apply,  turn,  employ,  adopt:  manus 
medicaa  ad  vulnera ;  animos ; 
hos  castris  socios  (secure). — 


8 


Vocabulary. 


Esp.,  invite  to  a  banquet,  invite  : 
Penates. 

adhuc  [ad-huc,  cf.  ad-eo],  adv., 
to  this  point.  —  Of  place,  time,  or 
degree,  neque  adhuc  (never  thus 
far,  never  yef).  — still,  yet,  longer  : 
quis  adhuc  precibus  locus  ? 

adicio  (adj-),  -led, -iectum, -ere, 
[ad-iacio],  3.  v.  a.,  throw  to  or  at. 
—  Fig.,  add. 

adigo,  -egi,  -actum,  -ere,  [ad- 
ago],  3.  v.  a.,  drive  to,  force,  send, 
hurl, plunge :  me  fulmine  ad  um- 
bras ;  alte  volnus  adactum(«V<?//j' 
planted}. —  Fig.,  force,  impel,  com- 
pel, bring  (force),  drive.  —  With 
inf.,  oblige:  vertere  morsus  in 
exiguam  Cererem. 

adi mo,  mi i,  -emptum, -ere,  [ad- 
emo  (/nir)3i  (take  at  or  by),  take 
from  or  away ;  lumen  ademp- 
tum  (put  out}. — Fig.,  somnos 
(deprive  of}. 

aditus,  -us,  [ad-itus],  m.  Abstr., 
a  going  in,  approach,  access.  — 
Concr.,  an  entrance,  approach, 
means  of  access,  way  of  approach. 

adiunctus,  -a,  -inn,  p.p.  of  ad- 
iungo. 

adiungo,  -unxl,  -unctum,  -ere, 
[ad-iungo],  3.  v.  a.,  join  to,  fas- 
ten, yoke,  harness,  attach :  ulmis 
vites.  —  Fig.,  place  beside,  attach  : 
later!  castrorum  adiuncta  clas- 
sis.  —  Less  exactly,  add,  state 
furtlier. 

adiuro,  -avi,  alum,  -are,  [ad- 
iuro],  I.  v.  a.,  swear  to,  swear. — 
With_acc.,  swear  by:  caput  fontis. 

adiuvo,  -luvi,  iutum,  -are,  [ad- 
iuvo],  I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  give  help  to, 
aid,  assist,  help. 

adlabor  (all-),  -lapsus,  -labi, 
[ad-labor],  s.v.dep.,  fait  to  or 
towards,  glide  to  or  towards,  ap- 
proach or  reach  (with  smooth  or 
sliding  motion) :  viro  adlapsa 
sagitta.^ 

adlacrimo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ad- 
lacrimo],  i.  v.  n.,  weep. 

adlapsus  (all-),  -a,  -uin,  p.p.  of 
adlabor. 


adligo  (all-),  -avi,  -atum,  -are, 

[ad-ligo],  i.  v.  a.,  bind  or  tie  to, 
bind,  fasten,  moor:  ancora  naves. 

—  Fig.,  detain,  confine. 
adloquor  (all-),  locntus,  -loqui, 

[ad-loquor],  v.  dep.,  speak  to,  ad- 
dress, accost,  pray  to :  deos. 

adludo  (all-),  -lusi,  -lusum,  -ere, 
[ad-ludo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  play 
with,  or  at ;  refer  in  jest,  jest. 

adluo  (all-),  -lui,  -ere,  [ad-luo], 
3.  v.  a.,  wash  against,  wash  (of  a 
river  or  sea). 

a;l  m  i  rand  us,  -a,  -um,  part,  of  ad- 
miror,  used  as  adj. 

admiror,  -atus,  -ari,  [ad-miror], 
I .  v.  dep.,  wonder  at,  be  surprised, 
admire,  marvel  at,  gaze  with  sur- 

•  prise  or  admiration.  —  adniiran- 
dus,  -a,  -um,  ger.  as  adj.,  ad- 
mirable, marvellous,  wonderful. 

—  admirans,  p.  as  adj.,  admir- 
ing, with  surprise,  with  admira- 
tion. 

adinisceo,-iscui,-ixtum(-istum), 
ere,  [ad-misceo],  2.  v.  a.,  mix 
with,  intermingle,  unite  with: 
stirpem  Phrygian!.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, of  persons,  add  to,  unite, 
intermingle,  join. 

admisti,  contr.  perf.  of  admiito. 

admissus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  admitto. 

admitto,  -misi,  -missum,  -ere, 
[ad-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  let  go  to,  ad- 
mit, allow  to  approach,  let  in. 

admoneo,  -nui,  -nltum,  ere,  [ad- 
moneo],  2.  v.  &.,give  warning  to, 
admonish,  warn,  remind,  suggest. 

—  With  inf.,decedere  campis. — 
Less  exactly,  urge  on :  telo  ad- 
monuit  Jriiugos. 

admordeo,  -momordi,  -morsum, 
-ere,  [ad-mordeo],  2.  v.  a.,  bite 
into,  gnaw  :  admorsa  stirpe. 

admorsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  ad- 
mordeo. 

admoveo,  -movi,  -motum,  -ere, 
[ad-moveo],  3.  v.  a.,  move  to,  con- 
duct, apply,  bring  to  :  te  ventus 
(waff) ;  admorunt  ubera  tigrea 
(offer,  give  suck} . 

admoram,  etc. ;   see  admoveo. 


Vocabulary. 


adnisus     aim    ,  -a,  -nni,  p.p.  of 

adnitor. 
adnitor    aim     ,  -nisus  (-nixus), 

-ti,  [ad-nitor],  3.  v.  a.,  struggle  to, 
towards,  or  against,  lean  against, 
support  one's  self  by,  lean  on  :  cu- 
bito. —  Fig.,  struggle  for,  strive, 
exert  one's  self. 

acini x us  aim-),  -a,  -uin,  p.p.  of 
adnitor. 

adno  (ann-),  -avi-,  -at  nm,  -are, 
[ad-no],  I .  v.  a.,  swim  to,  float  to  : 
terrae. 

adnuo,  -ui,  -iitum,  -uere,  [ad- 
nuo],  3.  v.  n.  and  a.,  nod  to,  nod. 
— Act.,  indicate  by  a  nod,  nod  (with 
inf.). — Neut.,  nod  assent,  assent, 
agree:  petenti. — With  inf., grant, 
permit,  vellere  signa.  —  So  of  ap- 
proval, approve,  favor:  audacibus 
coeptis. — promise  (by  a  nod). 

adoleo,  -ui,  -ultuin,  -ere,  [ad- 
oleo],  2.  v.  a.  (add  by  growth  ;  cf. 
adolesco). —  Fig.,  magnify  (in 
religious  language),  sacrifice  to: 
flammis  adolere  Penatis.  — 
Transferred,  burn,  kindle,  light, 
sacrifice  :  verbenas  pinguis  ; 
honores ;  altaria  taedis. 

adolesco  (adul-),  -evi,  (-ui), 
-ultum,  -ere,[ad-olesco],3.v.  n., 
grow  up,  mature :  prima  aetas. 
—  Fig.  (relig.  term),  be  kindled, 
burn,  flame :  ignibus  arae.  — 
adultus,  p.p.,  grown  up,  mature, 
full  grown,  adult :  fetus. 

Adonis,  -is,  (-Idls),  [Gr.  *A5a»/, 
'ASwm],  m.,  a  youth  beloved  by 
Venus.  He  was  changed  by  her 
into  a  flower,  and  supposed  to  be 
mourned  by  her  at  a  yearly  sacred 
day  in  spring. 

adoperio,  -erui,  -ertum,  -ire,  [ad- 
operio],  4.  v.  a.,  cover  over,  cover. 

adopertus,  -a,  -uin,  p.p.  of  ado- 
perio. 

adoreus  (-ius),  -a,  -um,  [ador  + 
eus],  adj.,  of  spelt  (a  peculiar  ce- 
real used  by  the  Romans  as  food, 
Triticum  spelta}  :  liba. 

adorior,  -ortus,  -iri,  (cf.  orior), 
[ad-orior],  4.  v.  dep.,  rise  up 


against  (perhaps  from  ambush), 
attack.  —  Less  exactly,  accost.  — 
Fig.,  enter  upon,  take  up,  under- 
take, attempt,  essay  (with  inf.). 

,ul  oro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ad-oro], 
I.  v.  a.,  pray  to,  worship,  adore. 
—  Less  exactly,  beg,  intreat,  im- 
plore :  vos  adoro. 

adortus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  adorior. 

adpareo  (app-),  -ui,  -itum,  -ere, 
[ad-pareo],  2.  v.  n.,  appear  at 
some  place,  appear.  —  Fig.,  be  visi- 
ble, manifest,  evident,  apparent. 

adparo  (app-),  -avi,  -atum,  -are, 
[ad-paro],  I.  v.  a.,  prepare  for, 
make  ready  for,  put  in  order,  pro- 
vide. —  Fig.,  prepare,  be  ready, 
make  ready,  be  about  (with  inf.). 

1.  adpello(app-),-puli,  -pulsum, 
-pellere,  [ad-pello] ,  3.  v.  a.,  drive, 
move,  bring  to  or  toivards.  —  With 
navem  (or  alone),  bring  to  land, 
land. 

2.  adpello    (app-),  -avi,    -atum, 
-are,  [akin  to  I.  adpello,  but  diff. 
formation],  i.  v.  a.,  address,  speak 
to,  a^tfs/^cf.adgredior). —  name, 
call,  hail:  Acesten  victorem. 

ad  pet  i.  (app-),  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itum, 
-ere,  [ad-peto],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,fall 
upon,  attack,  assail:  ferro  cae- 
lestia  corpora. 

adplico  (app-), -avi  or  -ui,  -atum 
or  -itum,  -are,  [ad-plico],  i.  v.  a. 
and  n.  (fold  upon),  join,  fix,  fas- 
ten, attach,  gird  on  :  ensem.  — 
Fig.,  drive,  force,  bring  to  (nauti- 
cal term). 

adpono  (app-),  -posui,  -positum, 
-ponere,  [ad-pono],  3.  v.  a..,  put, 
place  at,  beside,  or  near,  serve  up, 
serve,  supply  (of  food)  :  pabula 
(for  bees). 

adquiro  (ac-),  sivi,  situm,  rere, 
[ad-quaero],  3.  v.  a.,  get  or  pro- 
cure in  addition,  add  to,  acquire  : 
viresque  adquirit  eundo. 

Adrastus,  -i,  [Gr.  'ASpocrror],  m.,  a 
king  of  Argos,  father-in-law  of 
Tydeus. 

adrectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  adrigo. 

aclreptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  adripio. 


10 


Vocabulary. 


Adriacus,  -a,-um ;  see  Hadrlac  us . 

adrlgo  (arr-),  -rexi,  -rectum, 
-rigere,  [ad-rego],  3.  v.  a.,  set  up, 
raise,  erect :  leo  comas ;  adrectus 
in  digitos  (rising  on);  currus 
(tipped  up,  with  the  poles  in  the 
air);  aures(/rzV/fc  up) ;  adrectis 
auribus  (listening) ;  adrecti  oculi 
(staring) .  —  Fig.,  rouse,  excite  : 
animum  (encourage). 

adripio  (arr-),  -ripui,  -reptum, 
-ripere,  [ad-rapio],  3.  v.  a.,  snatch, 
catch,  seize,  grasp :  hanc  terram 
veils  (make  for). 

adscendo  (asc-),  -scendi,  -scen- 
s ii in,  -scendere,  [ad-scando], 
3.  v.  n.  and  a.,  ascend,  mount  up, 
climb:  collem. 

1.  adscensus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  ad- 
scendo. 

2.  adscensus,  -us,  [ad-fscansus], 
m.  ascending,  ascent. 

adscio  (asc-),  no  perf.,  no  sup., 
-scire,  [ad-scio],  4.  v.  a.,  take  to 
one's  self,  receive,  admit. 

adsclsc§  (asc-),  adscivi,  adsci- 
t  u in,  adsclscere,  [ad-fscisco], 
3.  v.  a.  inch.,  receive,  admit,  adopt. 
—  Fig.,  take  or  draw  to  one's  self, 
receive,  take,  adopt,  appropriate. 

1.  adsensus  (ass-),  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
of  assentio  and  assentlor. 

2.  adsensus  (ass-),   -us,  [ad-sen- 
sus],   m.,    an    assenting,    assent, 
agreement,  approval,  assent  to  or 
belief  in  any  thing.  —  Esp.  (with 
expression),    assent,    approbation, 
sign   of  assent.  —  Fig.,    echo    (as 
answering  in  accord). 

adsentio  (ass-),  -sensi,  -sensum, 
sen  tire,  [ad-seratio] ,  4.  v.  n.  (think 
in  accordance  with),  assent,  give 
assent,  approve.  Also  deponent. 

adservo  (ass-),  -avi,  -atiim,  -are, 
[ad-servo],  i.  v.  a.  (watch  over), 
guard  with  care,  preserve,  protect, 
defend.  —  In  hostile  sense,  guard, 
watch  over,  keep  in  custody. 

adsideo  (ass-),  -sedi,  -sessum, 
-ere,  [ad-sedeo],  2.  v.  a.  and  n.,  sit 
by  or  near.  —  Act.,  besiege,  belea- 
guer :  muros  hostis. 


adsidue  (ass-),  adv.  [abl.  of  art- 
slduus],  continually,  constantly, 
incessantly,  persistently, 

adsiduus,  -a,  -um,  [ad-fsiduus 
(  y'sed  +  uus)],  adj.  (silting  by). 
Yig.,  permanent,  constant,  increas- 
ing, perpetual,  incessant:  sal  (of 
the  waves)  ;  voces ;  fuligo. 

adsimilis  (ass-),  -e,  [ad-similis], 
adj.,  like,  resembling,  similar. 

adsimulo  (ass-),  -avi,  -atum,  -are, 
[ad-simulo],  I.  v.  a.  (make  like), 
compare,  liken. —  copy,  imitate. — 
counterfeit:  clipeum  divini  capi- 
tis ;  formam  adsimulata  Camerti 
(assuming  the  form). 

adsisto  (as-),  -titi,  no  sup.,  -sis- 
tere,  [ad-sisto],  3-v.  n.,  stand  at, 
by,  or  near:  super  (stand over) . 

adspecto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ad- 
specto],  i.  v.  a.  intens.,  gaze  at 
(with  some  emotion).  —  Fig.,  of  a 
place,  look  towards,  look  out  on,  lie 
towards,  lie  opposite. 

1.  adspectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  ad- 
spicio. 

2.  adspectus  (asp-), -us,  [ad-spec- 
tus],  in.     Act.,  a  seeing,  looking 
at;  a  glance,  look  ;  the  faculty  or 
sense  of  seeing,  sight.  —  Pass.,  visi- 
bility,   appearance.  —  Of    things, 
appearance,  look. 

adspergo  (asp-),  -ersi,  -ersum, 
-ergere,[ad-spargo],  3.  v.  a.,scat- 
ter,  cast,  strew,  spread:  pecori 
virus.  —  Less  exactly,  strew,  sprin- 
kle about :  sapores. — Transferred, 
bestre'iv,  streiv  (with  something), 
sprinkle^,  bedew. 

adspergo  (aspargo),  -inis,  [ad- 
fspargo-  (-v/sparg  +  o)],  f.,  a 
sprinkling,  besprinkling. — Concr., 
drops,  spray. 

adspernor,-atus,-ari,[ad-(orab-) 
spernor],  i.  v.  dep.  (spurn  from 
one's  self) .  —  Fig.,  disdain,  reject, 
despise  :  naud  adspernanda  (not 
to  be  despised,  not  despicable). 

adspersus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  ad- 
spergo. 

adspicio  (asp-),  -exi,  -ectum, 
-icere,  [ad-specio],  3.  v.  a.  and 


Vocabulary. 


n.,  look  upon  or  at,  behold,  see.  — 
Esp.,  look  with  respect,  admiration, 
or  regard ' :  aspice  nos  (regard}. 
—  Neut.,  look,  glance  :  aspice  ! 
(see  /) .  —  Act.,  catch  sight  of,  espy. 

adspiro  (asp-),  -avi,  -atum,  -are, 
[ad-spiro],  I.  v.  n.  and  a.  Neut., 
breathe  or  blow  to  or  upon :  Auster 
in  altum.  —  Fig.,  be  favorable, 
assist,  smile  on  :  labori.  —  Of 
winds,  blow :  aurae  in  noctem 
(blow  on  into  the  night).  —  aspire 
to:  equis  Achillis  (poet.  dat.  for 
ad).  —  Act.,  breathe  something  up- 
on :  ventos  eunti  (of  Juno). — 
Fig.,  canenti  (inspire) .  —  infuse, 
instil,  impart :  dictis  amorem.  — 
Of  odors:  amaracus  (breathe  its 
fragrance). 

adsto  (ast-),  —tin,  -stitum, -are, 
[ad-sto],  I.  v.  n.,  stand  at,  by,  or 
near:  adstitit  oris  (reached); 
stand  ready,  stand  up,  stand  out. 

adstringo  (ast-),  -inxi,  -ictum, 
-ingere,  [ad-stringo],  3.  v.  a., 
bind,  tie,  or  fasten,  to,  bind. 

adsuesco  (ass-),  -evi,  -etum, 
-escere,  [ad-suesco],  3.  v.  a.  and 
n.,  accustom  to  :  ne  tanta  animis 
adsuescite  bella  (become  accus- 
tomed in  your  thoughts) .  —  Neut., 
become  accustomed,  be  wont  (with 
inf.). —  Pass.,  be  accustomed  or 
habituated:  silvis. 

adsuetus  (ass-),  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of 
adsuesco. 

adsultus,  -us,  [ad-saltus],  m.,  a 
bounding  towards.  —  an  attack, 
assault. 

adsum(ass-),  -fui  (aff-),  -futurus 
(aff-),  -esse,  [ad-sum],  be  at, 
near,  or  by,  be  here,  be  there,  be  in, 
be  present :  coram  adest  (is  here 
before  you). —  Esp.,  with  idea  of 
assisting  (cf.  "stand  by"),  aid, 
assist,  defend,  favor.  —  In  special 
sense,  come  (and  be  present),  ap- 
proach: hue  ades  (come  hither}. 

adsurgo  (ass-),  -rexi,  -rectum, 
-gere,  [ad-surgo],  3.  v.  n.,  rise 
up,  lift  one's  self  up.  —  Esp.,  rise 
up  out  of  respect,  pay  respect, 


(fig.) ,  yield  the  palm  to. — Of  things, 
mount  or  rise  in  height,  increase 
in  size,  stand  (of  high  objects)  : 
turres.  —  rise  (in  the  heavens): 
Orion.  —  rise  up  in  or  for  some- 
thing :  querelis  (break  out  in) .  — 
Of  degree,  increase,  rise  :  irae. 

adulter,  -era,  -erum,  [ad-ulter ; 
cf.  ultra,  etc.],  a.Q.(going  beyond, 
abroad,  with  special  sense  of  il- 
licit love).  —  Masc.,  a  paramour. 

adulterium,  -I,  [adulter  +  ium, 
n.  of  -ius],  n.,  adultery. 

adultus,  -a,  -urn,  pai  t .  of  adolesco . 

aduncus,  -a,  -um,  [ad-uncus], 
adj.,  hooked  towards  one,  curved 
inward:  rostrum. — Less  exactly, 
curved  upwards. 

ad  M  i-d.  -ussi,  n -tu  in,  -ere,  [ad- 
uro],  3.  v.  a.,  burn  into,  scorch, 
singe,  parch,  dry  up.  —  From  simi- 
lar effect,  nip,  freeze,  bite  (with 
frost). 

ad  usque ;  see  ad  and  usqne. 

advectus,  -a,  -am,  p.p.  of  adveho. 

u  <  1  v  <  •  1 1  o ,  -vexi,  -vectum,  -ere,  [ad- 
veho], 3.  v.  a.,  carry  to,  convey, 
bear :  advecta  classis  (by  the 
winds).  —  Pass. ,go  by  any  convey- 
ance, ride,  sail,  arrive,  reach.  — 
With  reflexive  (rarely  alone),  go 
to,  arrive,  reach. 

adve!5,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ad- 
velo],  I.  v.  a.,  cover  over,  wrap, 
encircle,  surround,  deck  :  tempora 
lauro. 

advena,  -ae,  [ad-fvena ;  cf.  ad- 
venlo],  m.,  one  who  arrives,  a 
stranger,  foreigner,  new-comer, 
chance-comer.  —  In  adj.  sense,/or- 
eign  :  exercitus. 

advenlo,  -veni,-ventum,-Ire,  [ad- 
venio],  4.  v.  n.,  come  to,  arrive  at, 
arrive,  reach  :  Tyriam  urbem. 

advento,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ad- 
vento],  I.  v.  n.,  come  to  often,  fre- 
quent.— Less  exactly,  come,  arrive. 

adventus,  -us,  [ad-fventus;  cf. 
eventus],  m.,  a  coming  to,  arri- 
val, approach,  coming. 

adversatus,  -u,  -urn,  p.p.  of  ad- 
versor. 


12 


Vocabulary. 


advcrsor, -atus, -ari,  [ad-versor], 
I .  v.  dep.,  turn  or  act  against,  op- 
pose, resist,  withstand :  non  ad- 
versata  petenti  (not  refusing). 

adversus,  -a,  -uin,  p.p.  of  adverto. 

adversus,  prep. ;  see  adverto. 

adverto,  -verti,  -versuna,  -ere, 
[ad-verto],  3.  v.  a. —  Act.,  turn 
towards  or  against :  pedem  ripae. 
—  Pass.,  or  with  reflexive,  turn,  di- 
rect one's  course.  —  Less  exactly, 
direct,  steer,  sail :  classem  in  por- 
tum.  —  Fig.,  turn,  direct :  numen 
mails.  —  With  aniraum  or  animo 
(turn  the  mind  or  turn  with  the 
mind},  notice,  recognize,  attend  to, 
give  heed,  heed,  give  ear  (with  or 
without  object) :  animis  advertite 
vestris.  —  adversus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.,  turned  towards,  facing,  in 
front,  over  against :  obluctus  ad- 
versae  arenae  (against  the  sand) ; 
sol  adversus  (opposite);  flumine 
(up  a  river).  —  Also,  opposing,  un- 
favorable, hostile,  adverse:  venti 
adversi.  —  in  adversum,  adv., 
against.  —  adversus,  as  prep, 
with  a.cc.,_against. 

advoco,  -avi,  -Stum,  -are,  [ad- 
voco], I.  v.  a.,  call  to  one,  sum- 
mon. —  Less  exactly,  call  to  one's 
aid,  call  for  :  anna. 

advolo,  -avi,  -atuin,  -are,  [  ad- 
volo], y?y  to,  come  flying  :  fama. 

advolvo,  -volvi,  -volutus,  -ere, 
[ad-volvo],  3.  v.  a.,  roll  to  or 
towards,  roll  up  :  ulmos. 

adytum,  -i,  [Gr.  &&UTOV  (unap- 
proachable)'], n.,  the  sanctuary  of  a 
temple,  inner  shrine.  —  Less  exact- 
ly, a  shrine,  also  of  a  tomb  as  a 
temple  of  the  Manes  :  ex  imis 
adytis  (recesses). 

Aeacides,  -ae,  [Gr.  patronymic], 
m.,  son  of  jJLacus  (Achilles  and  his 
son  Pyrrhus,  and  Perseus). 

Aeaeus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of^Ea,  an 
island  of  the  river  Phasis,  in 
Colchis. 

aedes,  -is,  f.  [cf.  aestas,  and  aiOos, 
fire],  (lit.,  fireplace},  temple.  — 
Plur.,  apartments,  house.-  cavae 


aedes  (the  interior  rooms).  So 
of  bees,  hive,  home. 

aedifico, -Svi, -Stum, -are,  [faedi- 
fic-,  cf.  opifex],  i.  v.  a.,  be  a 
house-builder,  build.  —  Less  exact- 
ly, of  other  things,  construct: 
equum. 

Aegaeon,  -onis,  [Gr.  AfyoiW],  m. 
a  giant,  called  also  Briareus,  who 
attempted  to  scale  the  heavens. 

Aegaeus  (-eus),  -a,  -um,  adj.  [Gr. 
Aryeuoj],  Aegean  (i.e.  of  the  /tge- 
an  Sea,  between  Greece  and  Asia 
Minor)  :  Neptunus.  —  Neut.with 
or  without  mare,  the  sEgean  Sea. 

aeger,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.,  (-rior, 
-rimus),  [unc.  root  +  rus],  sick, 
weak,  ill,  suffering,  weary,  -worn, 
feeble.  —  Fig.,  sick  at  heart,  troub- 
led, sad,  dispirited,  dejected :  mor- 
tales.  —  Transferred,  feeble,  sad, 
sorrowful,  unfortunate :  anheli- 
tus ;  amor.  _ 

Aegeria,  see  Egeria. 

aegis,  -idis,  [Gr.  aty/s],  f.,  the  tzgis 
(shield  or  breastplate)  of  Zeus, 
worn  also  by  Pallas. 

Aegle,  -es,  [Gr.  AfyA.??] ,  f.,  a  Naiad. 

Aegon,  -onis,  [Gr.  A.lyuv'],  m.,  a 
shepherd. 

aegre  [abl.  of  aeger],  adv.,  weakly, 
with  difficulty,  hardly,  scarcely. 

aegresco,  -ere,  [faegre-  (stem  of 
aegreo)  +  sco] ,  3.  v.  a..,  grow  sick, 
sicken.  —  Fig.,  grow  worse,  in- 
crease :  violentia  Turni. 

Aegyptius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Aiyvir- 
TIOS],  adj.,  of  Egypt,  Egyptian  : 
coniunx  (Cleopatra,  called  wife 
of  Antony). 

Aegyptus,  -i,  [Gr.  Afyinrroj] ,  f., 
Egypt. 

Aemonides,  see  Haemonides. 

aemulus,  -a,  -um,  [faemo  +  lus, 
cf.  imitor"1,  adj.  In  good  sense, 
vying  with,  emulating,  rivalling: 
patriae  laudis.  —  In  bad  sense, 
envious,  jealous,  grudging  :  Tri- 
ton.—  Transf.,  of  things,  grudg- 
ing: senectus. 

Aeneades,  -ae,  [Gr.  patronymic 
from  Aeneas],  m.,  descendant  of 


Vocabulary. 


s.  —  Plur.,  the  Trojans,  his 
companions. 
Aeneas,  -ae,  [Gr.  A<Was],  m.,  the 
hero  of  the  y£neid.     See  Silvius. 
Aeneis,  -idls,  [adj.  of  Gr.  form],  f., 

the  AZneiJ,  Virgil's  great  epic. 
Arm-ins,   -a,   -nm,    [borrowed  or 
imitated  form  from  Gr.  adj.],  adj., 
belonging  to  ^Eneas,  of  ALneas. 
Aenides,  -ae,  m.,  son  of  ALneas. 
aenus  (ahe-),  -a,  -urn,  [aes+nus], 
adj.,  of  copper  or  bronze,  copper, 
bronze :     falces ;     lux    (such    as 
bronze  gives). — Neut.,  copper  or 
bronze  kettle,  kettle:  litore  aena 
locant. 

Aeolides,  -ae,  [Gr.  patronymic 
from  Aeolus],  m.,  son  ofALolus. — 
Esp.,  Sisyphus,  Ulysses  (as  the  son 
of  Sisyphus).  —  Surname  of  Cly- 
tius,  a  warrior  under  Turnus. — Sur- 
name of  Misenus  (perhaps  as  son 
of  2.  ^olus). 

Aeolius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Al6\tos,  from 
A^Aos],  adj.,  belonging  to  sEolus. 
—  Fern.,  JEolia,  the  country  of 
the  winds,  a  group  of  islands  off 
the  Italian  coast  (now  Lipari 
Islands). 

Aeolus,  -i,  [Gr.  AfoAoj],  m. :  I. The 
god  of  the  winds ;  2.  A  companion 
of  .tineas. 

aequaevus  (-os),  -a,  -um  (-om), 
[faequo-aevo  (stem  of  aevum)], 
adj.,  of  equal  age. 

uequalis,  -e,  [faequo  ( reduced) + 
alls],  adj.,  even,  equal,  of  like  size  : 
corpus.  —  Of  degree  of  amount, 
&c.,  like,  equal :  aevum. —  In  age, 
coeval,  of  same  age  :  catervae.  — 
Masc.,  comrade,  crony. 

aequatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  aequo. 

aeque  (-lus,  -issime),  [abl.  of 
aequus],  adv.,  evenly,  equally, 
justly. 

Aequi,  see  Faliscue. 

Aequfculus,  -a,  -um,  [fAequico+ 
lus],  adj.,  SEquian,  belonging  to 
the  &qtn  (aj>eople  of  Italy). 

aequiparo,  -avi,  -atum,  -Sre, 
[faequo-par(asif  tpard)],  l.v.a., 
make  equal.  —  equal,  match. 


aequo,  -avi,  -atum,  -Sre,  [fae- 
quo-],  I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  make  equal, 
equalize:  laborem  partibus  iustis 
(divide);  caeloaequatamachina 
(raised  to) ;  nocti  ludum  (pro- 
long through);  aequare  caelo 
(extol  to) .  —  equal :  ducem  va- 
dentem  (keep  pace  with)  see  also 
iii.  671,  N.;  lacrimis  labores  (do 
justice  to).  —  acquit tus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.,  level,  uniform,  even,  regular: 
aurae ;  aequatis  veils  (before  the 
wind). 

aequor,  -oris,  [unc.  root  (in  ae- 
quus) +  or],  n.,  (the  level),  the 
smooth  sea.  —  Less  exactly,  the  sea, 
the  waves  :  pascentur  in  aequore 
cervi; — thesurfaceoi other  waters; 

—  also,  a  level  plain,  afield. 
aequoreus,   -a,   -um,    [aequor  + 

eus],  adj.,  of  the  sea,  sea-,  watery  : 
genus  (tribes  of  the  sea). 
aequus(-os),  -a,  -um  (-om),(-Ior, 
-issimus),  [?],  adj.,  even,  equal, 
level.  —  Neut.,  a  plain,  a  level.  — 
Fig.,  fair,  equitable,  just,  impar- 
tial, kindly,  favorable  :  oculi ;  ae- 
quo foedere  amantes  (with  re- 
quited love) ;  aequius  fuerat ; 
aequo  Marte  (on  equal  terms,  in 
a  drawn  battle) ;  aer  (wholesome). 

—  Neut.,y«j/zV<r,  equity.  — Of  feel- 
ings,   calm,    unmoved,    tranquil, 
resigned:  sorti.  —  With  reference 
to  something  else  implied,  equal. 

aer,  -erls,  [Gr.  a?jp],  m.,  the  air 
(nearer  the  earth  than  aether). 

—  Less    exactly,   cloud,    mist.  — 
Poet. :  summus  .  .  .  arboris  (top). 

aeratus,  -a,  -um,  [aes  (as  if  faera-) 
-)-  tus,  cf.  armatus],  adj.,  pro- 
vided with  bronze,  bronze  -  clad, 
bronze  -plated  :  postes  ;  navis  ; 
acies  (mail-clad). 

aereus,  -a,  -um,  [aes-  (r  for  s)  -f 
eus] ,  adj.,  brazen,  of  bronze,  bronze, 
copper  :  cornua.  —  Less  exactly, 
bronze-  or  copper-clad,  armed  with 
brass:  clipeus. 

aeripes,  -edis,  [aes  (as  if  faeri) 
-pes],  adj.,  bronze-footed. 

aerius,  -a,  -um,  [aer  +  ius],  adj. 


Vocabulary. 


belonging  to  the  air,  aerial :  mel 
(from  heaven) ;  palumbes  (of  the 
air};  cloudy,  aerial,  lofty,  cloud- 
capped:  ulmus;  arces. 

aes,  aeris,  [?],  n.,  copper ;  bronze 
(an  alloy  of  copper  and  tin). — 
Things  made  of  bronze,  trumpet, 
beak,  cymbals,  statues,  arms,  &c. 
—  Esp.,  money. 

aesculus  (esc-),  -i,  [faesco  (per- 
haps v/ed  +  cus)  +  lus],  {.,  oak 
(of  a  particular  kind),  Quercus 
esculus. 

aestas,  -atis,  [stem  akin  to  aedes 
-f  tas] ,  f.,  (heat),  summer,  sum- 
mer air. 

aestifer,  -era,  -erum,  [faestu 
(weakened)  -fer  (^fer  +  us)], 
adj.,  heat-bringing,  burning,  hot. 

aestivus,  -a,  -um,  [faestu  (re- 
duced) +  ivus],  adj.,  belonging  to 
heat  or  summer,  summer,  hot.  — 
N.  plur.  (sc.  castra),  a  summer 
camp.  —  Less  exactly,  a  summer 
pasture,  cattle  (in  pasture). 

aestuo,  -avi,  -atuin,  -are,  [faes- 
tu-j,  I.  v.  n.,  be  hot,  boil,  be  aglow: 
ager. — be  heated,  heat,  be  fired  : 
umor.  —  From  similarity,  seethe, 
roll  in  waves,  ebb  and  jftow  (cf. 
aestus,  tide},  fluctuate  :  nebula 
specus  (be  filled  with  clouds  of 
smoke);  gorges;  incorde  pudor. 

aestus,  -us,  [root  akin  to  aedes  + 
tus  (cf.  aestas)],  m.,  heat,  boil- 
ing, the  sun.  —  From  similarity, 
tide,  sea,  waves,  roll  (of  fire),  surge. 

aetas,  -atis,  [faevo  +  tas],  f.,  age 
(young  or  old)  :  ambo  florentes 
aetatibus  ;  firmata  (mature). — 
Esp.,  old  age,  age.  —  Less  exactly, 
time,  lapse  of  time.  —  Fig.,  an  age, 
a  generation. 

aeternus,  -a,  -um,  [faevo  +  ter- 
nus,  cf.  hesternus],  adj.,  everlast- 
ing, eternal,  enduring,  immortal, 
undying:  ignes ;  vulnus ;  im- 
peria.  —  Adv.  phr.,  in  aeternum, 
aeternum,  for  ever,  eternally, 
unceasingly. 

aether,  -eris,  [Gr.  al&rip ;  same 
root  as  aestas],  m.,  the  upper  air 


(conceived  as  a  fiery  element), 
the  ether.  —  the  sky,  the  heavens, 
heaven.  —  the  atmosphere,  the  air, 
the  open  air  (opp.  to  the  lower 
world) .  —  Personified,  the  Sky  (Ju- 
piter). 

aetherius,  -a,  -um,  [faether-f  ius] , 
adj.,  belonging  to  the  ether  or  i4pper 
air,  heavenly,  celestial. — of  the  air, 
of  the  sky  :  plaga  ;  aura  (of  the 
air,  opp.  to  the  world  below). 

Aethiops,  -opis,[Gr.  AiQioty'],  m.,  an 
Ethiopian  (inhabitant  of  Africa). 

Aethon,  -onis,  [Gr.  Aidiav,  burn- 
ing}, m.,  (originally,  no  doubt,  a 
name  of  one  of  the  horses  of  the 
sun),  a  horse  of  Pallas. 

act  lira,  -ae,  [Gr.  AWpa,  cf.  aether], 
f.,  clear  weather,  clear  sky. 

Aetna,  -ae,[Gr.  AJrnf],  f.,  Mt.  Etna, 
the  famous  volcano  in  Sicily  (now 
Monte  Gibello). 

Aetnaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  AI'TVCUOS], 
adj.,  belonging  to  Mt.  Etna,  of  Etna: 
fratres  (the  Cyclops) .  —  Less  ex- 
actly, Etnaean,  Etna-like,  fire- 
belching :  ignes;  antra. 

Aetolia,  -ae,  (f.  of  adj.),  a  district 
of  Central  Greece  ;  see  Aetolus. 

Aetolus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  ArrwAo's], 
adj.,  Aetolian,  of  Aetolia :  urbs 
(Arpi,  built  by  Diomedes). — Masc. 
plur.,  the  inhabitants  of  ALtolia, 
jEtolians. 

aevum,  -I,  [^/i  (increased)  +  vum 
(n.  of  -VTIS)],  n.,  age  (young  or 
old),  life:  integer  aevi  sanguis 
(fresh  blood  of  youth)  ;  aequura 
(the  same  age).  —  Esp.,  old  age, 
age.  —  Less  exactly,  any  season  or 
period  of  life.  —  an  age,  a  genera- 

_  tion  (in  both  senses  as  in  Eng.). 

Afer,  -fra,  -frum,  [?],  adj.,  Afri- 
can. —  Masc.  plur.,  the  Africans, 
inhabitants  of  Africa. 

aff-,  see  adf-. 

affbre,  see  adsum. 

affui,  etc.,  see  adsum. 

Africus,  -a,  -um,  [fafro  +  cus], 
adj.,  African.  —  Masc.,  the  S.  W. 
wind  (blowing  from  that  region). 
—  Fern.,  the  country  Africa. 


Vocabulary. 


Agamemnonius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr. 
'Aya.fj.ffjii'ot'tos'],  adj.,  of  Agamem- 
non :  phalanges  (the  forces  under 
him  at  Troy) . 

Aganippe,  -es,  [Gr.  'AyaviWTj] ,  f., 
a  fountain  in  Boeotia,  a  favorite 
resort  of  the  Muses. 

Agathyrsus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  "A7a- 
6vp<Tos],  adj.  Only  in  plur.,  a  peo- 
ple in  Scythia. 

age,  see  ago. 

agellus,  -i,  [dim.  fagro  +  lus],  m., 
a  little  field  QI  farm. 

Agenor,  -oris,  [Gr.  'Ay^caip],  m.,  a 
king  of  Phoenicia,  father  of  Cad- 
mus and  ancestor  of  Dido. 

ager,  -rl,  [y'ag  +  rus,  cf.  acre}, 
m.,  afield.  —  Plur.,totisturbatur 
agris.  —  Collectively,  land,  soil. 

agger,  -eris,[cf.  adgero],  m.,(what 
is  heaped  up),  a  mound,  heap, 
levee,  dyke,  rampart,  wall:  Alpini 
(the  Alps) ;  viae  (the  bed) ;  tumu- 
li. — ^Less  exactly,  a  drift  of  snow. 

aggero,  3.  v.  a.,  see  adgero. 

aggero,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [t*g- 
ger],  I.  v.  a.,  heap  up,  pile  up: 
cadavera. — Yig.,gather,  increase  : 
iras. 

agglomero,  see  adglomero. 

aggredior,  see  adgredior. 

Agis,  -idis,  [Gr.  "A-yis],  m.,  a  Lycian 
warrior. 

agito,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fagito, 
as  if  p.  of  ago],  I.  v.  a.  Freq. 
of  ago,  drive  violently  or  fre- 
quently. —  hunt,  pursue.  —  drive, 
tend.  —  Fig.,  rouse,  move,  drive  : 
gentes.  —  trouble,  vex,  pursue, 
drive  mad  (esp.  of  the  Furies), 
persecute.  —  Of  abstract  things, 
engage  in,  pursue,  press  on  in  : 
fugam.  — pass,  spend  :  aevum.  — 
consider,  revolve,  meditate,  be 
moved:  meus  agitat  (with  inf., 
w  moved  to), 

agitator,  -or is,  [fagita-f  tor],  m., 
a  driver,  charioteer. 

agitatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  agito. 

agmcn,  -inls,  [-^/ag  +  men],  n., 
a  driving,  a  march,  line  of  march, 
course, flow  (of  a  stream),  falling, 


fall  (of  rain),  movement  (of  oars). 
—  The  thing  which  moves,  band, 
army,  throng,  flock  :  turba  agnii- 
nis  aligeri.  —  Phrase,  agmine 
facto,  in  column  (of  attack). 

agna,  -ae,  [cf.  agnus,  m.],  f.,  a  ewe- 
lamb. 

agnosco,  see  adgnosco. 

agnus,  -I,  [cf.  agna,  f.],  m.,  a  lamb. 

ago,  egi,  actum,  -ere,  [Vag]» 
3.  v.  a.,  drive,  lead,  drive  away. 

—  Of  living  beings:  capellas;  ali- 
quem  pelago  (force  upon)  ;  acti 
fatis  ;  metus  agit  (inspires).— 
pursue,  chase :  apros.  —  With  re- 
flexive (or  without)  :  proceed,  move, 
go.  — Imp.,  age,  agite,  come,  come 
on  .  —  Fig. :    Lucifer   diem   age 
(brin%  in)  ;  ratem  (steer)  •  nox 
acta  horis.  —  Of  things :  tempes- 
tates    actae    (driving)  ;     venis 
acta    sitis    (coursing    through) ; 
pinus  ad  sidera  acta  (towering 
up) ;  sepalmes  &g\i(bursts  forth); 
undam  (roll) ;   vias  (traverse)  ; 
testudo  acta  (worked,  formed). 

—  With   inf.,   urge,    impel.  —  Of 
acts,   do,   act,  perform :    id   ago 
(aim  at);    gemitum   (raise). — 
Of  time,  pass,  spend.  —  nullo  dis- 
crimine  agetur  (shall be  treated). 

agrestis,  -e,  [unc.  stem  (prob.  in  t, 
cf.  eques)  +  tis  (cf.  Carmen- 
tis)],  adj.,  (of  the  field),  belonging 
to  the  country  (as  opposed  to  the 
town),  country,  rustic,  woodland: 
calamus.  —  Masc.  and  fern.,  a  rus- 
tic, a  countryman.  —  Less  exactly, 
rough,  rude,  wild:  poma. 

agricola,  -ae,  [fagro-fcola,  cf.  in- 
cola],  m.,  cultivator  of  the  land, 
hitsbandman,  farmer. 

Agrippa,  -ae,  [  ?],  m.,  M.  Vipsanius 
Agrippa,  son-in-law  of  Augustus, 
and  his  most  distinguished  general 
and  supporter. 

Agyllinua,  -a,  -um,  [Agylla  (re- 
duced) +  Inus],  adj.,  of  Agylla  (a 
town  in  Etruna,  more  commonly 
known  by  its  later  name  Caere, 
now  Cervetri).  —  Masc.  plur.,  i/f 
inhabitants,  people  of  Agylla. 


i6 


Vocabulary. 


fib  (a),  interj.  (chiefly  of  surprise, 
but  used  also  in  many  other  states 
of  mind),  ah,  oh. 

ahemis,  see  aenus. 

Aiax,  -acts,  [dialectic  or  corrupted 
form  of  AJfas,  -J/TOS],  m.,  Ajax, 
name  of  two  heroes  of  the  Trojan 
war:  I.  Telambnius,  son  of  Tela- 
mon  and  brother  of  Teucer,  who 
contended  with  Ulysses  for  the  arms 
of  Achilles  ;  2.  Oileus,  a  less  dis- 
tinguished warrior,  son  of  Oileus. 
He  offered  violence  to  Cassandra, 
and  was  punished  by  Pallas. 

aio  [perhaps  Vag>  c^-  neS°]>  v- 
defect.,  only  pres.  stem,  say,  speak. 

—  Esp.,  say  yes,  affirm  (opp.  to 
nego) .  —  aiiint,  they  say. 

ala,  -ae,  [perhaps  for  faxla,  cf. 
axilla],  f.,  a  wing.  —  the  wing  of 
an  army,  cavalry  (as  the  cavalry 
originally  formed  the  wings) .  — 
riders  in  a  hunt,  huntsmen. 

alacer  (-cris),  -cris,  -ere,  [?], 
(-crior,  -cerrimus),  adj.,  active, 
lively,  quick.  —  eager.  — joyous, 
happy,  cheerful.  —  Transf.,  lively, 
eager  :  voluptas. 

ulatus,  -a,  -um,  [tala  +  tus  (cf. 
armatus,  armo)],  adj.,  winged. 

Alba,  -ae,  [f.  of  albus,  the  white 
town},  f.,  Alba  Longa  (the  sup- 
posed mother  city  of  Rome). 

Albauus,  -a,  -um,  [alba  +  nus], 
adj.,  Alban,  belonging  to  Alba. — 
Masc.,  Mt.  Albanus. 

albeo,  -ere,  no  perf.  nor  sup., 
[falbo-],  2.  v.  n.,  be  white  :  campi 
ossibus. 

albesco,  -ere,  no  perf.  nor  sup., 
[falbe  -(stem  of  albeo)  +  sco], 
3.  v.  n.,  grow  white,  whiten,  gleam  : 
fluctus;  lux  (dawn). 

Alb ul us,  -a,  -um,  [falb5  +  lus], 
adj.,  dim.,  while.  —  Albula,  f., 
ancient  name  of  the  Tiber,  from 
the  yellow  paleness  of  its  water. 

Albunea,  -ae,  [f.  of  falbuno-  (fr. 
albus)  +  eus],  f.,  a  fountain  at 
Tibur  (  Tivoli)  in  a  sacred  grove. 

—  Also,  the  grove  itself  (?). 
Alb  urn  us,  -i,  [  ?],  m.,  a  mountain 


in  Lucania  (now  Monte  di  Posti- 

glione) . 
albus,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  fiA^os],  adj.,  (no 

comparison),  pale  white  (opp.  to 

ater,  dull  black,  cf.   candidus, 

shining  white):  ligustra;  scopuli 

ossibus. —  Neut.  (as  subst.) ,  white. 
Alcander,  -dri,  m.,  a   companion 

of  ^Eneas. 
Alcanor,  -oris,  m. :    I.    a  Trojan, 

father  of  Pandarus ;   2.   a  Latin. 
Alcathous,  -ol,  [Gr. '  AA(ca0ooy] ,  m., 

a  companion  of  ^Eneas. 
Alcldes,  -ae,  [Gr.  'AA/cei'STjs],  m., 

descendant  of  Alcseus.  —  Esp.,  a 

name  of  Hercules,  his  grandson. 
Alcimedon,  -ontls,  [Gr.  'AA/a/ie- 

Scoi/],  m.,  a  famous   wood-carver, 

mentioned  only  by  Virgil. 
Alcinous,  -01,  [Gr.  'AAKiVoos],  m., 

king  of  the    Phseacians   (Corfu), 

whose  gardens  became  proverbial. 
Alcippe,  -es,  [Gr.  'AA«/n-n-7j] ,  f.,  a 

female  slave. 
Alcon,  -onls,  [Gr.  "AA/cwj/],  m.,  a 

Cretan  bowman. 
alcyon,  -onis,  [Gr.  dA/cucov],  f.,  the 

kingfisher,  halcyon. 
Alcyone,  -es,  [Gr.  'AA/cuJj/rj],  f.,  a 

woman  who  with  her  husband  Ceyx 

was  changed  by  Thetis  into  a  king- 
fisher. 

Alecto,  see  Allecto. 
ales,  -itis,  [ala  (weakened)  +  tus 

(reduced)],  adj.,  winged.  —  Subst., 
a    bird:    Jovis    (the    eagle). — 

Transf.,  swift,  winged :  Auster. 
Alesus,  see  Halaesus. 
Aletes,  -Is,    [Gr.   'AA^TTJS],  m.,   a 

companion  of  ^Eneas. 
Alexis,  -Is,  [Gr.  'AA«'{«],m.,  abeau- 

tiful  slave,  loved  by  the  shepherd 

Corydon. 

alga,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  seaweed. 
alias  [unc.  case-form  of  alius],  adv., 

elsewhere.  —  Of  time,  at  another 

time  :  non  alias  (never  before,  or 

again). 
alibi  [dat.  or  loc.  of  alius,  cf.  ibl], 

adv.,  in  another  place,  elsewhere. 
alienus,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  stem  (akin 

to  alius)  +  nus],  adj.,  belonging  to 


Vocabulary. 


another,  of  another,  another's  : 
volnus  (meant  for  another). — 
strange,  foreign  :  custos ;  arva ; 
menses  (unusuaJ). —  Masc.,  a 
stranger. 

aliger,  -era,  -erum,  [fala  (weak- 
ened) +  ger  (-v/£er  +  us)],  adj., 
wing-bearing,  winged. 

alio  [old  dat.  of  alius,  cf.  eo],  adv., 
elsewhither,  to  another  place,  in 
another  direction. 

alipes,  -edls,  [ala  (weakened)  + 
pes],  adj.,  with  winged  feet,  wing- 
footed.  —  Masc.,  a  horse  (as  swift 
of  foot). 

aliqua  [abl.  f.  of  aliquis,  cf.  qua], 
adv.,  by  some  way,  in  some  way, 
somehow. 

aliqui,  see  aliquis. 

aliquando  [fali-quando,  cf.  ali- 
quis and  quando],  adv.,  at  some 
time  (indef.  affirmative),  some  time, 
ever,  once,  formerly,  hereafter.  — 
Emphatically,  at  last,  at  length. 

aliquis(qui),  -qua,  -quid(quod), 
indef.  adj.  (and  subst.)  [taLL- 
quis],  some,  some  one  (indef.  affir- 
mative, cf.  quisquam  with  neg.). 
—  Neut.,  something.  —  With  si 
and  relative  words,  any,  any  one, 
anything. 

aliquot  [fali-quot],  indec.  adj., 
several,  a  number,  a  few  (affir- 
matively, cf.  pauci,  only  a  few). 

aliter  [fali+ter,  cf.  forti-ter], 
adv.,  otherwise  :  baud  aliter  (just 
so). 

alitus,  -a,  -HIII,  p.p.  of  alo. 

ulituum,  irr.  gen.  plu.  of  ales,  from 
another  stem  alitu- ;  see  ales. 

alius,  -a,  -ud,  -lus,  (stem  alio, 
often  ali),  [y'al  +  ius,  cf.  oAAos 
for  oAyoy] ,  other(no\.  all,  cf.  ceteri, 
the  rest),  another,  some  other  (of 
many,  cf.  alter,  of  two)  :  haec 
inter  alias  urbes.  —  Esp.,  alias 
.  .  .  alias  (one  .  .  .  another) ;  alii 
pars  (some  .  .  .  another  part ) .  — 
Usually  agreeing  with  its  noun, 
rarely  with  partitive  or  equivalent 
construction :  aliud  mercedis  (a 
different  reward). 


allabor,  see  adlabor. 

Allecto,  -us,  [Gr.  'AATJKTWJ,  f.,  a 
Fury. 

Allia,  -ae,  f.,  a  river  near  Rome, 
famous  for  a  defeat  of  the  Romans 
by  the  Gauls. 

alligo,  see  adligo. 

allium  (al-),  -i  (-U),  [?],  n.,  gar- 
lic. —  Also  plur.,  same  sense. 

alloquor,  see  adloquor. 

alludo,  see  adludo. 

alluo,  see  adluo. 

Altno,  -onis,  m.,  a  Latin,  son  of 
Tyrrhus. 

almus,  -a,  -um,  [  ^/al  +  mus],  adj., 
nourishing,  fostering,  bountiful: 
Ceres ;  ager ;  vitis.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, propitious,  kind,  kindly,  re- 
freshing. 

alnus,  -I,  [cf.  al-der\,  f.,  alder. — 
a  vessel  or  boat  (made  of  the  wood). 

alo,  alui,  alitum  (altuin),  -ere, 
[  ^/al,  cf.  adoleo,  almus],  3.  v.  a., 
nourish,  feed. —  Less  exactly,  sus- 
tain, support,  feed,  bring  up  :  Af- 
rica dactores  (produce) ;  volnas 
venia  (of  Dido,  feeds,  i.e.,  is  con- 
sumed by) . 

Aloides,  -ae,  [Gr.  'AAa>e£87js,  patr. 
of  "AAwevs],  m.,  descendant  ofAlo- 
eus.  —  Plur.,  Otus  and  Ephialtes, 
giants. 

Alpes,  -ium,  [a  foreign  word  akin 
to  albus],  ro.  plur.,  the  Alps. 

Alphesiboeus,  -I,  [Gr.],  m.,  a 
herdsman. 

Alpheus,  -el,  [Gr.  'A\<f>fi6s,  cf.  al- 
bula],  m.,  a  river  of  Elis  which 
disappears  under  ground,  and  was 
fabled  to  reappear  again  in  Sicily. 

Alpheus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'AA^elosj, 
adj.,  of  the  river  Alpheus,  Alphean  • 
Pisa  (founded  by  a  colony  from 
Elis). 

Alpinus,  -a,  -um,  [falpi  (length- 
ened) +  nos],  adj.,  of  the  Alps, 
Alpine  :  Boreae. 

Alsus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a  Latin. 

alt  arc,  -is,  [n.  of  adj.,  falto-  (re- 
duced) +  aria],  n.,  an  altar  (high- 
er than  ara). 

alte  [old  abl.  of  altus],  (-ius,  -is- 


i8 


Vocabulary. 


sinie),  adv.,  highly,  on  high,  high, 

—  deeply,  deep. 

alter,  -era,  -erum,  -ius,  [  -y/al  (cf. 
alius)  +  ter  (cf.  uter)],  pron. 
adj.,  other  (of  two,  cf.  alius, 
other  of  many),  the  other.  —  Alter 
. . .  alter,  one  ...the  other.  —  alter 
.  .  .  alterius,  one  of  another  (re- 
ciprocally), of  one  another.  —  In 
order,  the  second,  a  second:  pri- 
mus .  .  .  alter.  —  Opposed  to  both, 
one  or  the  other.  —  Fig.,  the  sec- 
ond, next .'  alter  ab  illo.  —  With 
negative :  nee  alter  {another,  any 
other).  —  Plur.,  of  a  number  or  set, 
&c. :  alterae  decem  (ten  more, 
another  ten). 

alter  no,  -avi,  -atinii,  -are,  [fal- 
terno-j,  I.  v.  n.,  do  by  turns,  alter- 
nate. —  alternantes,  p.,  by  turns, 
alternately.  —  waver,  vacillate. 

alter  n  us,  -a, -urn,  [alter  +  nus], 
adj.,  belonging  to  the  other,  alter- 
nate, by  turns,  responsive,  recip- 
rocal.— Neut.  pi.,  alternate  strains, 
alternate  acts,  alternation  :  alter- 
nis.  —  Masc.  pi.,  matched  man  for 
man. 

altrix,  -ids,  [yal  +  trix],  f.,  a 
nurse.  —  As  adj.,  nourishing,  fos- 
tering :  terra. 

altus,  -a,  -um,[p.p.  of  &\o\,(grown 
up),  adj.,  high,  lofty,  great  (in  all 
senses)  :  montes ;  rex  lupiter.  — 
Neut.,  the  heavens,  heaven,  t  the 
sky  :  in  altum  (on  high) .  —  Also, 
deep  :  gurges ;  quiea.  —  Neut.,  the 
deep,  the  sea,  the  high  sea,  the  main. 

—  ex  alto  (from  far,  far). 
alumnus,  -I,  m.,  -a,  -ae,  f.,  [falo- 

(stem  of  alo)  +  mnus  (cf.  -yuei/os, 

,  Gr.  p.)],  (fostered,  nursed),  foster 
child,  nursling. 

alvearium,  -i,  [falveS  (reduced) 
+  arium,  n.  of  -arius],  n.,  a  bee- 
hive. 

alveus,  -I,[falv5  (reduced)  +  eus], 
m.,  a  hollow,  cavity,  channel.  —  a 
boat,  skiff.  —  bed  of  a  river,  channel 
=  (current). 

ml  v  us,  -i,  [ -y/al  +  vus],  f.,  the  belly, 
the  body  (inner  or  lower  part). 


aiuans,  -antis,  p.  of  amo. 

amaracus,  -i,  [Gr.  d/xcipa/cos],  m. 
and  f.,  marjoram. 

amarantus,  -f,  [Gr.  i^uipavros,  un- 
fading}, m.,  amaranth,2J!\  unfading 
flower,  prob.  coxcomb. 

amare  [old  abl.  of  amarus],  adv., 
bitterly. 

amaror,  -oris,  [unc.  stem  (cf. 
amarns)  +  or],  m.,  bitterness. 

amarus,  -a,  -uni,  [?],  (-ior,  -Issi- 
mus),  adj.,  bitter:  salicea.  —  Of 
smell,  harsh,  ill-smelling,  pungent. 

—  Fig.,  sad,  melancholy,  unfortu- 
nate, unhappy :  amores  ;  rumor. 

—  bitter,  implacable  :  hostis.  —  Of 
words,  bitter,  severe,  harsh  :  dicta. 

Amaryllis,  -idis,  [Gr.  'AyuapyAAi's], 
f.,  a  rustic  maid. 

Ama sen  as,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a  river  in 
Latium. 

Amaster,  -trl,  [?],  m.,  a  Trojan. 

Amata,  -ae,  [f.  of  amat  us  ] ,  f.,  wife 
of  King  Latinus. 

Aiiiathus,  -u iit  is,  [Gr. ' A./j.aBovs'] ,  f., 
a  town  of  Cyprus  (now  Limisso) . 

amatus,  p.p.  of  amo. 

Amazon,  -onis,  [Gr.  'A^a£ci«>,  an- 
ciently supposed  to  mean  bosom- 
less'},  f.,  an  Amazon,  one  of  a 
fabled  nation  of  Scythia,  composed 
only  of  women.  —  Plur.,  the  Ama- 
zons. 

Amazonicus,  -a,  -um,  [t Amazon 
+  icus],  adj.,  of  the  Amazons, 
Amazonian. 

Am  a /.o  ni  us,  -a,  -um,  [f  Amazon 
+  ius],  adj.,  Amazonian,  of  the 
Amazons. 

Amazonis,  -Idis,  [Gr.  'A/xofoi/fs], 
adj.,  Amazonian,  an  Amazon. 

amb-  (am-,  an-),  [fambi,  cf.  am- 
bo,  Gr.  ajjupl,  Germ,  urn],  insep. 
prep.  Only  in  composition,  around, 
on  both  sides,  double. 

ambages,-is,  [amb-ages  ( Vag  ?» 
cf.  ambigo)],  f.,  a  circuit,  wind- 
ing, circuitous  -way.  —  Of  speech, 
circumlocution,  a  long  story,  long 
details.  —  Less  exactly,  obscurity, 
anything  perplexing,  mystery,  mys 
terious  expression,  obscure  oracle. 


Vocabulary. 


ambedo,     -edi,    -esum,    -edere, 

[amb-edo],  3.  v.  a.,  eat  around, 
gnaw,  nibble,  eat.  —  Fig.,  consume, 
devour. 

ambesus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  amb- 
edo. 

anibiguus,  -a,  -um,  [fambigo  (cf. 
prodigus)  +  vus],  adj.,  uncer- 
tain, doubtful,  dark,  mysterious, 
dubious,  perplexing,  ambiguous  : 
domus;  proles;  voces  (dark 
hints) . 

mi  hi..,  -ii  (-IvI),  -Itum  (cf.  amb- 
itus), -Ire,  [amb-eo],  4.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  go  around.  —  Less  exactly, 
encircle,  surround :  aliquid  auro 
(rim,  edge) .  —  For  a  special  pur- 
pose, entreat,  solicit :  reginam  ; 
conubiisLatinum  (gain  Latinus 's 
consent  to).  ^ 

ambo,  -ae,  o,  [cf.  amb-],  pron. 
adj.,  both  (of  two  together,  cf. 
uterque,  both  separately} .  —  Less 
exactly,  two. 

ambrosius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  apPpo- 
<rios,  immortal~\,  adj.,  divine,  di- 
vinely beautiful.  —  Fern.,  the  food 
of  the  gods,  ambrosia. 

ambaro,  -ussi,  -fistum,  -firere, 
[amb-uro],  3.  v.  a.,  burn  around, 
scorch,  burn. 

ambustus,  p.p.  of  amburo. 

amellus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  starwort. 

amens,  -entis,  [ab-mens,  having 
the  mind  away~\,  adj.,  senseless, 
distracted,  frenzied,  frantic,  mad- 
dened, bewildered. 

amentum,  -1,  [unc.  root  +  men- 
turn],  n.,  thong  (attached  to  a  spear 
and  unwinding,  so  as  to  give  a  rifle- 
ball  motion  to  it). 

Amerinus,  -a,  -um,  [simpler  stem 
akin  to  Amelia  +  inus] ,  adj.,  of 
Ameria  (a  town  of  Umbria;  now 
Amelia),  Amerian. 

amice  [old  abl.  of  amicus],  adv., 
in  a  friendly  manner,  as  a  friend, 
kindly. 

amicio,  -icui  •  i.\i  ,  -ictum,  -ire, 
[amb-iacio] ,  4.  v.  a.,  throw  around, 
wrap  around. — Transferred,  wrap, 
cover,  conceal :  nube  cava. 


amicitia,  -ae,  [famico  +  tia],  f., 
friendship. 

amlctus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  amicio. 

amictus,  -us,  [as  if  amic  (cf.  ami- 
cio) +  tus],  m.,  an  outer  garment, 
wrap,  robe,  covering.-  nebulae. 

amicus,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  stem  from 
-y/am  +  cus],  adj.,  loving,  friendly. 

—  Of  things,  friendly,  favoring, 
favorable.  —  Masc.,  a  friend. 

Aminaeus, -a, -um,  [Gr. 'A/xtvoIo?], 
adj.,  of  Amin&a  (a  district  of  Pi- 
cenum,  famous  for  its  vineyards)  v 
Aminaean. 

amissus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  amitto. 

Amiternus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  of 
Amiternum  (a  Sabine  town,  now 
San  Vittorino),  Amiternian. 

amittO,  -misi,  -missum,  -ere, 
[ab-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  let  go, send  off 
or  away,  abandon,  lose :  anna ; 
Anchisen  (by  death). 

A  in  MIOII.  see  Hammon. 

amnis,  -is,  [?],  m.  and  f.,  a  river, 
a  stream,  body  (of  water)  :  aquae 
(of  water  in  a  kettle).  —  Gen., 
water. 

.HUM,  -avl,  -ittuiii,  -are,  [-^/am, 
but  prob.  fr.  a  noun-stem,  cf.  ami- 
cus], I .  v.  a.,  love,  be  fond  of,  cher- 
ish, regard.  —  Of  things,  delight 
in,  love.  —  Fig.,  keep  close  to  :  litus 
(hug).  —  amans,  -ntis,  m.  or  f., 
a  lover,  loving  man  or  woman. 

amoenus,  -a,  -um,  [lost  noun-stem, 
akin  to  amo  +  nus,  cf.  amicus], 
adj.  Of  objects  of  sight,  pictu- 
resque, lovely,  pleasant,  charming: 
piorum  concilia. 

amomum  (-on),  -i,  [Gr.  Hfua/jiov'], 
n.,  amomum,  an  aromatic  shrub. 

amor,  -oris,  [  -^/am  -f  or] ,  m.,  love, 
desire,  longing;  casiis  cognoscere 
nostros;  edendi  (appetite,  crav- 
ing for  food). —  Transferred,  an 
object  producing  love,  a  love-charm. 

—  Concretely,  an  object  of  love.  — 
Personified,  the  god  of  love,  Cupid, 
Love. 

amoveo,  -movi,  -mdtum,  -ere, 
[ab-moveo],  2.  v.  a.,  move  away, 
remove,  take  away. 


20 


Vocabulary. 


Amphion,  -onis,  [Gr.  'A/u^iW],  m., 
Amphion,  a  king  of  Thebes,  hus- 
band of  Niobe,  famous  for  his  per- 
formances on  the  lyre. 

Amphitryoniades,  -ae,  m.,  a  de- 
scendant of  Amphitryo  (king  of 
Thebes,  husband  of  Alcmene),  son 
of  Ampliitryo  (Hercules). 

Amphrysius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  belong- 
ing to  Amphrysus,  Amphrysian, 
of  Apollo:  vates  (i.e.  the  Sibyl}. 

Amphrysus  (-os),  -I,  [Gr.  'A^pu- 
eros],  m.,  Amphrysus  or  Amphry- 
sos,  a  small  river  of  Phthiotis,  near 
which  Apollo  fed  the  flocks  of  King 
Admetus. 

ample  [abl.  of  amplus],adv.,42w//)'. 

—  Comp.,  amplius,  more,  longer, 
again  :  non  amplius  unam  (only 
one). 

amplector,  -exus,  -ecti,  [amb- 
plecto] ,  3.  v.  dep.,  wind  or  twine 
around,  surround,  encompass,  en- 
circle, embrace  :  limina ;  tumu- 
lum  (of  a  snake)  ;  ansas  acantho 
(wreathe,  in  carving). — In  speech, 
comprehend,  —  discuss  particular- 
ly, handle,  treat :  non  ego  cuncta 
meis  amplecti  yersibus  opto. 

amplexus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  am- 
plector. 

amplexus,  -us,  [amb-plexus],  m., 
an  encircling.  —  Esp.,  an  embrace, 
caress. 

amplus,  -a,  -um,  (-lor,  -Issimus) , 
[?],  adj.,  of  large  extent,  great, 
ample,  spacious,  roomy  :  Elysium. 

—  Fig.,  magnificent,  splendid,  glo- 
rious, superb.  —  In  fame,  illustri- 
ous,noble,  renowned,  distinguished. 

Amsanctus,  -i,  [amb-sanctus] ,  m., 
a  lake  in  Italy,  fabled  as  an  en- 
trance to  the  world  below  (now 
Lago  d'Ansante). 

am  urea,  -ae,  [Gr.  i/t^/yyTj],  f.,  the 
scum  of  oil. 

Amyclae,  arum,  [Gr.  'A/UUKA.OI], 
plur.  f. :  I.  A  town  in  Latium  ;  2.  A 
town  of  Laconia.  See  Amyclaeus. 

Amyclaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'A/uv- 
KAalos],  adj.,  of  Amy  c la  (in  Laco- 
nia), Amycltean :  canis. 


Amycus,  -I,  [Gr. "A,uu« os] ,  m. :  I.  A 
Trojan,  father  of  Mimas ;  2.  The 
name  of  two  followers  of  /Eneas, 
killed  by  Turnus. 

Amyntfis,  -ae,  [Gr.  'A/j.vvras'],  m., 
a  shepherd. 

Amythaonius,  -a,  -um,  [Amy- 
thaon  +  ius],  adj.,  of  Amythaon 
(the  father  of  Melampus),  Amy- 
thaonian. 

an  [?],  conj.  In  disjunctive  inter- 
rogations introducing  the  second 
part,  or,  or  rather,  or  on  the  other 
hand,  or  in  fact.  — Often  with  the 
first  part  suppressed,  or,  or  indeed, 
or  can  it  be  that,  why  !  tell  me  ! 

—  annon,   or    not.  —  anne   (an 
ne),  same  as  an  alone. 

Anagnla,  -ae,  f.,  a  town  of  Latium, 
the  chief  seat  of  the  Hernici  (now 
Anagni). 

anceps,  -itls,  [amb-caput],  {with 
head  on  both  sides},  adj.,  with  two 
heads,  double-headed.  —  Of  weap- 
ons, two-edged  :  ferrum.  —  Fig., 
double,  two-fold:  formido. — doubt- 
ful, uncertain,  undecided,  dubious, 
baffling:  fortuna;  dolus  (treach- 
erous uncertainty} .  —  Of  persons, 
wavering,  doubtful.  —  Of  an  ora- 
cle, ambiguous. 

Anchemolus,  -1,  [?],  m.,  son  of 
Rhoetus,  king  of  the  Marsians.  He 
fled  to  Turnus'  father  on  account 
of  an  incestuous  crime. 

Anchises,  -ae,  [Gr.  'A-yx1'0'7?*]'  m-> 
a  son  of  Capys,  father  of  /Eneas. 

Anchiseus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  belonging 
to  Anchises,  Anchisean. 

Anchisiades,  -ae,  m.,  the  son  of 
Anchises,  i.e.  ^neas. 

anchora,  see  ancora. 

ancile  (-ule),  -is,  [fanco  +  ilis,  cf. 
d-wci>A.dj],  n.,  a  small  oval  shield. 

—  Esp.,  the  shield  which  was  said 
to  have  fallen  from  heaven  in  the 
reign  of  Numa,  and  on  the  contin- 
ued preservation  of  which  the  pros- 
perity of  Rome  was  declared  to  de- 
pend.—  Also  the  others  made  like 
it,  which  were  carried  in  procession 
at  Rome  in  a  religious  ceremony. 


Vocabulary. 


21 


aurora  (anch-),  -ae,  [Gr.  &yKvpa], 
f.,  an  anchor. 

Ancus,  -i,  [=  ancus,  bent,  said  to 
refer  to  crooked  arms,  cf.  ancu- 
lus],  m.,  Ancus  Martius,  fourth 
king  of  Rome. 

Androgeos  (-eus),  -I,  [Gr.  'AvSpo- 
7eo>s] ,  m. :  I .  A  son  of  Minos,  king 
of  Crete,  killed  by  the  Athenians 
and  Megarians ;  2.  A  Greek  at 
the  sack  of  Troy. 

Andromache,  -es,  (-a,  -ae),  [Gr. 
'Ai'Spoyuax'?] ,  f.,  a  daughter  of  King 
Eetion,  and  wife  of  Hector. 

a  net  hum,  -i,  [Gr.  &pi)0oi/],  n.,  dill, 
anise,  a  sweet- smelling  herb. 

; infract  us  (am-),  us,  [amb-frac- 
tus] ,  m.,  a  bending,  turning,  wind- 
ing. 

Angitia  (Angui-),  -ae,  [prob.  akin 
to  ango],  f.,  a  sorceress,  sister  of 
Medea  and  Circe,  worshipped  by 
the  Marsi. 

angd,  -xi,  -ctum  (-xum),  -gere, 
[  -y/ang],  3.  v.  a.,  squeeze,  compress  : 
guttura.  —  Of  living  creatures, 
choke,  strangle. 

anguis,  -is,  [  v/ang  +  is,  with  para- 
sitic u],  m.  and  f.,  a  snake  or  ser- 
pent. —  Esp.,  as  constellations,  the 
Dragon,  the  Hydra,  the  Serpent. 

Anguitia,  see  Angitia. 

angustus,  -a,  -um,  [fangus  (noun- 
stem  akin  to  angor)  +  tus,  cf. 
barbatus],  adj.,  close,  narrow, 
strait,  contracted.  —  Neut.  with 
gen. :  angusta  viartun  (narrow 
ways'}.  —  Fig.,  narrow,  slight, 
scanty  :  apes.  —  Less  exactly,  nar- 
row, trivial :  res. 

anhelltus,  -us,  [fanheli-  (weaker 
stem  of  anhe!5)  +  tus],  m.,  pant- 
ing, quick  or  difficult  breathing. 

anhelo,  -avi,  -at  um,  -are,  [fan 
(unc.  prep.)  -halo"  (cf.  exhalo)], 
i.  v.  n.  and  a.  Neut.,  breathe  with 
difficulty,  breathe  heavily,  gasp, 
pant.  —  Of  flame,  roar  :  fornaci- 
DUS  ignis. 

a  u  In- 1  n-,  -a,  u  m,  [an  (?)  -halus 
(cf.  halo)],  adj., panting, puffing, 
gasping:  equi ;  pectus  (heaving) ; 


Mars  (breathless) ;  senes  (short- 
breathed);  tussis  (hacking). 

Anien,  see  Anio. 

Anienus,  -a,  -um,  [  f  Anien  +  us], 
&&}.,  pertaining  to  the  Anio,  of  the 
Anio. 

uiiilis,  -e,  [fanu  +  His],  adj.,  of  an 
old  woman,  anile,  an  old  woman's. 

iitiiina,  -ae,  [fani  (treated  as  root?) 
+  ma,  f.  of  -mus ;  cf.  animus  and 
&vf^os,  -y/an,  blow],  f.,  a  breeze, 
breath,  blast  (in  Vulcan's  bellows). 

—  As  inhaled  or  exhaled,  breath  : 
viperea.  —  Fig.,  breath  (as   vital 
principle),  life  :  effundere;  proi- 
cere  (throw  away  life) ;  purpurea 
(crimson  stream  of  life) . — Of  living 
persons,  soul  (cf.  Eng.  "souls"). 

—  Of  the   departed,   shade,  soul, 
spirit. 

animadversus,  see  animadverto. 

animadverto  (vort-),  -tl,  -sum, 
-tere,  [animum,  adverto],  3.  v  a., 
turn  the  mind  or  attention  to,  at- 
tend to,  consider,  regard.  —  More 
simply,  notice,  perceive,  see. 

animal,  -fills,  [n.  of  adj.  anlmalis 
(with  loss  of  e)],  n.,  living  crea- 
ture (incl.  man  and  beast),  animal. 

anlmalis,  -e,  [fanima-f  lis],  adj., 
pertaining  to  life,  animate,  living. 

ammo,  -avi,  -at  um,  -are,  i  ani- 
ma],  i.  v.  a.,  animate,  quicken, 
give  life  to. 

animdsus,  -a,  -um,  [fanimo  (re- 
duced) +  osus],  adj.,  courageous, 
bold,  spirited :  Eurus  (wild,  vio- 
lent). 

animus,  -i,  [fani-  (as  root)  +  mus ; 
cf.  anlma,  &vtfj.os,  y'an,  blow'],  m., 
breath,  life,  soul  (cf.  Eng.  spirit), 
mind  (including  all  the  powers; 
cf.  mens,  intellect).  —  Esp.  of 
thought  or  feeling,  intention,  pur- 
pose, will,  desire,  inclination, 
mind,  impulse :  omnibus  idem 
animus  eat  (cf.  "have  a  mind"). 

—  Also  esp.  in  plur.,  feeling,  senti- 
ment, courage,  heart,  spirit  :  suc- 
cessu    animisque   (the  spirit  of 
success).  —  Instead  of  ntens,  the 
mind,  the  intelltct.  —  Less  exactly. 


22 


Vocabulary. 


nature,  character.  —  Of  the  winds 
(personified),  wrath.  —  In  bad 
sense,  arrogance,  pride,  passion, 
wrath  (esp.  in  plur.). 

Anio  (Anien),  -enis  or  -onis,  also 
Anienus,  -i,  m.,  a  tributary  stream 
of  the  Tiber,  which,  taking  its  rise 
in  the  Apennines,  passes  along  the 
southern  Sabine  country,  separat- 
ing it  from  Latium  (now  Teverone) . 

Anius,  -I  (-11),  m.,  a  king  and  priest 
of  Delos,  who  hospitably  enter- 
tained ^neas. 

Anna,  -ae,  [a  Phoenician  word],  f., 
Anna,  the  sister  of  Dido,  honored 
as  a  goddess  after  her  death,  under 
the  name  Anna  Perenna. 

annalis,  -e,  [fanno-  (reduced)  + 
alls],  adj.,  belonging  to  a  year, 
yearly,  annual.  —  Masc.  (sc.  li- 
ber), a  record  (by  years),  a  chron- 
icle, a  report:  laborum  {details). 

anne,  see  an. 

annisus,  see  adnisus. 

annitor,  see  adnitor. 

anno,  see  adno. 

annosus,  -a,  -um,  [fanno-  (re- 
duced) +  osus],  ad].,  full  of  years, 
aged,  old :  bracchia  {aged limbs). 

annuo,  see  adnuo. 

annus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a  year.  —  Less 
exactly,  season :  nunc  formosis- 
simus  annas.  — Adv.,  quot  annis 
(as  many  years  as  there  are), 
yearly,  every  year. 

annuus,  -a,  -um,  [fanno  +  us], 
adj.,  pertaining  to  a  year,  that 
lasts  a  year,  of  a  year's  duration. 
—  that  returns,  recurs,  or  happens 
every  year,  yearly,  annual :  sacra. 

ansa,  -ae,[?],  f.,  a  handle:  mollicir- 
cum  est  ansasamplexusacantho. 

anser,  -eris,  [cf.  Gr.  j(i\v,  Eng. 
goose},  m.,  a  goose. 

Antaeus,  -I,  [Gr.  'AITCUOS] ,  m. :  I.  A 
Libyan  giant  slain  by  Hercules  ; 
2.  A  Rutulian. 

Antandros  (-us),  -I,  [Gr.  'Ainav- 
Spoy] ,  f .,  a  maritime  town  of  Mysia, 
at  the  foot  of  Ida. 

ante  (old  form  antld),  [abl.  of 
fanti  (cf.  antes,  Gr.  iin-f)],  adv. 


and  prep.  Adv.,  of  place,  before, 
in  front,  forward.  —  Of  time,  be- 
fore, sooner,  first:  ut  ante  (as 
hitherto');  ante  .  .  .  quam  (see 
antequam) .  —  With  abl.  of  diff. : 
multo,  etc.  {long before). — As  adj., 
like  Greek  :  ante  malorum  (of  for- 
mer trials).  —  Prep.,  of  place,  be- 
fore, in  front  of:  focum.  —  Of 
estimation  or  rank,  before,  in  pref- 
erence to,  above :  ante  alios ; 
ante  omnia  {more  than  all  else, 
above  all) .  —  Of  time,  before,  ere. 

anteeo,  -ivi  (-11),  no  sup.,  -ire, 
[ante-eo],  4.  v.  r\..,go  before,  pre- 
cede.— Of  time,  anticipate,  precede. 
Of  degree,  excel,  svrpass,  outdo, 
outstrip  :  candore  nives ;  cursi- 
bus  auras. 

antefero,  -tuli,  -latum,  -ferre, 
[ante-fero],  3.  v.  a.,  bear  or  carry 
before  one,  &c.  —  Of  estimation, 
place  before,  prefer  :  quae  quibus 
anteferam. 

Antemnae,  -arum,  [?],  f.,  a  town 
of  the  Sabines,  perhaps  so  called 
from  its  situation  on  the  river  Anio, 
where  it  falls  into  the  Tiber. 

antenna  (-mna),  -ae,  [probably 
borrowed  from  Greek],  f.,  a  sail- 
yard. 

Antenor,  -orls,  [Gr.  'Avrfivvp],  m., 
a  noble  Trojan  who  was  in  favor 
of  restoring  Helen  and  making 
peace  with  the  Greeks ;  after  the 
fall  of  Troy  he  went  to  Italy  and 
founded  Patavium  {Padua). 

Antenorldes,  -ae,  [Gr.  patrony- 
mic], m.,  a  son  or  descendant  of 
Antenor. 

anteqnam  [ante,  quam],  rel.  adv., 
sooner  than,  before,  first  before,  ere. 

antes,  -ium,  [Van  +  tis,  cf.  ante], 
m.,  rows^  or  ranks  of  vines,  &c. 

antevenlo,  -veni,  -ventum,  -ve- 
nire, [ante-venio] ,  4.  v.  n.  and  a., 
come  or  arrive  before. — get  the 
start  of,  anticipate.  —  Absolutely, 
come  betimes,  anticipate  (a  dan- 
ger)- ^ 

antevolo,  are,  [ante-volo],  i.  v.  a., 
fly  before. 


Vocabulary. 


Antheus,  -I,  (ace.,  Anthea),  [Gr. 
'Av&fvs], m.,a  companion  of  /Eneas 

Antigenes,  -is,  [Gr.  'Avnyfvr)<,], 
m.,  a  shepherd 

Antiphates,  -ae,  [Gr.  '  AVT  i<pdri]s'], 
m.,  a  son  of  Sarpedon,  slain  by 
Turnus. 

antiquus  (-os),  -a,  -um  (-om), 
[fanti  (with  unc.  lengthening)  + 
cus,  cf.  posticus],  adj.,  belonging 
to  former  times,  former,  old,  an- 
cient. —  Not  contrasted  with  later 
times,  but  simply  of  long  standing, 
old,  ancient.  —  Of  persons,  aged. 

Antonius,  -I  (-11),  m.,  the  name  of 
a  Roman  gens.  —  Esp.,  M.  Anto- 
nius, the  distinguished  triumvir, 
conquered  by  Octavius  at  Actium. 

An  tores,  -ae,  m.,  a  warrior  of  Evan- 
der,  slain  by  Mezentius. 

aiitrum,  -I,  [Gr.  ij/rpoi/],  n.,  a  cave, 
cavern,  grotto  :  viride.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, hollow :  exesae  arboris. 

Anubis,  is  and  idis,  [Gr.  'Avou&ls, 
an  Egyptian  word] ,  m.,  an  Egyptian 
deity,  with  the  head  of  a  dog,  the 
tutelary  deity  of  the  chase. 

anus,  -us,  [?],  f.,  an  old  woman. 

auxins,  -a,  -urn,  [unc.  stem  from 
^/ang  +  ius],  adj.,  anxious,  troub- 
led, tormented.  —  Transferred  to 
the  cause,  distressing,  anxious  : 
timor. 

Anxur,  -uris,  [?],  n. :  I.  A  town 
of  the  Volsci,  later  Terracina  ; 
2.  Masc.,  an  Italian  killed  by 
./Eneas. 

An x urns,  -a,  -um,  [  Anxur  +  us], 
adj.,  of  Anxur :  lupiter  (wor- 

_  shipped  at  Anxur). 

Aones,  -nirf,  [Gr.  "Acres],  adj.,  m. 
plur.,  Aonian,  cf.  Aonins. 

Aonius,  -a  (-e  Gr.  form),  um, 
[fAon  (cf.  Aones)  +  ius],  adj., 
Aonian,  Boeotian.  —  Fern.,  the 
country  Aonia,  a  part  of  Boeotia 
in  which  are  the  Aonian  moun- 
tains, Mt.  Helicon,  and  the  foun- 
tain Aganippe. 

Aornos,  -1,  [Gr.  "Aopvos],  m.,  the 
Lake  Avernus  (now  Logo  d^ Aver- 
no). 


Apenninicola,  -ae,  [tApenninS- 
fcola  (cf.  Incola)],  comm.,  a 

dweller  in  the  Apennines. 

Apenninus  (App-),  -i,  [Gallic  pen, 
"  mountain-summit  "],  m.,  the  Ap- 
ennines, the  lofty  mountain-chain 
that  runs  diagonally  across  Italy : 
pater  (the  mount  personiried). 

aper,  apri,  [?],  m.,  a  -wild  boar: 
setosi  caput  apri. 

aperio,  -ul,  -turn,  -Ire,  [ab  (or  ad) 
-pario(cf.  reperio),  but  connection 
unc.],  4.  v.  a.,  uncover,  lay  bare, 
open,  unclose :  antrum  apertum. 

—  Less  exactly,  discover,  display, 
show,  reveal :  his  unda  dehiscens 
terram  aperit ;  templum. — Pass., 
or  with  reflexive,  show  itself,  ap- 
pear :  sidus  (rise) ;  Apollo  (i.e. 
his  temple  rising  above  the  horizon) . 

—  Neut.,  without  se,  appear:  mon- 
tes.  —  f  ig.,  disclose,  unveil,  reveal, 
make  known,  unfold:  futura. — 
As  in  Eng.,  open,  begin:  annum. 

—  apertus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
open,  uncovered,  clear  (of  the  sky). 

apertus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  aperio. 

apex,  -icis,  [  ?]  m.,  a  tip,  point,  a 
tongue  (of  flame). —  From  the 
shape,  a  cap  (of  peculiar  form  worn 
by  several  religious  functionaries  at 
Rome,  see  note  iv.  682). 

Aphidnus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a  Trojan. 

apis  (-es),  -is,  [?],  f.,  a  bee. 

apium, -i  (-ii),  [?],  n., parsley,  cel- 
ery. The  leaves  of  one  kind  were 
usedjbr  garlands. 

Apollo,  -inis,  [Gr.  '  A.it6\K<av],  m., 
the  son  of  Jupiter  and  Latona,  and 
twin  brother  of  Diana  ;  god  of  the 
sun,  of  divination,  of  poetry  and 
music,  and  president  of  the  Muses. 
He  was  also  god  of  archery,  of 
pestilence,  and,  on  the  other  hand, 
of  medicine.  —  Also,  his  temple 
(identified  with  the  god  himself). 

appareo,  see  adpareo. 

apparo,  see  adparo. 

Appenninus,  see  ApenninoB. 

appeto,  see  adpeto. 

applico,  see  adplico. 

appono,  see  adpono. 


Vocabulary. 


apricus,  -a,  -urn,  [perhaps  faperi- 
(stem  of  aperio)  -f  eus,  cf.  Apri- 
lis],  adj.,  tmcovered,  lying  open, 
exposed  to  the  sun,  sunny  :  terrae. 
—  Transferred,  fond  of  sunshine, 
sunloving. 

apto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fapto-], 
I .  v.  a.,  fit,  adapt,  adjust,  apply.  — 
Fig.,  accommodate,  adapt.  —  As 
making  fit,  get  ready,  prepare, 
equip :  classem  veils.  —  Abs., 
without  means  expressed :  classem 
{fit  out). 

aptus,  -a,  -urn,  [-y/aP>  ^ras^  (m 
apiscor)  +  tus,  p.p.  of  lost  verb], 
{fitted  to),  adj.,  joined,  fastened, 
attached.  — Transferred,  endowed, 
ornamented  with  :  caelum  stellis 
aptum  (studded}.  —  Fig.,  suited, 
fitted,  fit,  suitable,  fitting. 

apud  [?],  prep.  w.  ace.  Of  per- 
sons, with,  by,  near.  —  Esp.,  at 
one's  house,  or  in  one's  possession  : 
apud  me.  —  Of  place,  at,  near, 
in. 

aqua,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  water:  dulces 
{fresh  water} .  —  a  stream,  a  river. 

aquarius,  -a,  -um,  [faqua  (re- 
duced) +  arias],  adj.,  of  or  relat- 
ing to  water.  —  Masc.,  the  water- 
bearer,  one  of  the  signs  of  the 
Zodiac. 

Aquicolus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a  Rutulian. 

aquila,  -ae,  [perhaps  f.  of  aquilus, 
dark  gray,  on  account  of  its  color], 
f.,  the  eagle. 

aquilo,  -onis,  [faquilo-  (reduced) 
+  6  (on),  from  its  darkness,  cf. 
aquila],  m.,  the  North  wind. — 
Less  exactly,  the  North. 

aquosus,  -a,  -uin,  [aqua  (reduced) 
+  osus],  adj.,  abounding  in  water, 
rainy,  watery,  moist,  humid,  full 
of  water:  hiems;  Orion. 

ara,  -ae,  (old  form  asa),  [?],  f.,  an 
elevation  or  structure  (of  wood, 
stone,  earth,  &c.)  :  ara  sepulchri 
(a  funeral  pile) .  —  Esp.,  an  altar: 
illius  aram  imbuet  agnus.  — 
From  similarity,  the  Altars,  rocks 
in  the  Mediterranean,  between 
Sicily  and  Africa. 


Arabs,  -abis,  [Gr.  vApai/>],  m.,  an 
Arabian,  an  Arab. 

Arabus,  -a,  -um,  [fArab+us], 
adj.,  Arabian,  Arab. —  Masc.  plur., 
the  Arabs. 

Aracynthus,  -1,  [Gr.  'ApzKwOos), 
m.,  a  mountain  between  Boeotia 
and  Attica. 

aranea,  -ae,  [f.  of  adj.,  from  Gr. 
dpax"T;],  f.,  a  spider. 

Arar  (Araris),  -is,  [?],  m.,  a  river 
of  Gaul  (now  the  Saone) . 

arator,  -oris,  [ara  (stem  of  aro)  + 
tor],  m.,  one  -who ploughs,  a  plough- 
man, a  husbandman,  farmer. 

aratrum,  -i,  [ara  (stem  of  aro)  -f 
trum],  n.,  a  plough. 

Araxes,  -is,  [Gr.  'Apo{7?s],  m.,  a 
river  of  Armenia  Major. 

arbor,  -oris,  (old  form  arbos), 
[?],  f.,  a  tree.  —  Of  many  things 
made  of  wood,  a  mast,  an  oar. 

arboreus,  -a,  -um,  [farbor +  eus], 
adj.,  of  a  tree:  fetus  {fruit). — 
Less  exactly,  tree-like .  cornua 
(branching). 

arbos,  see  arbor. 

arbustus,  -a,  -um,  [farbos  +  tus], 
adj.,  provided  with  a  tree  or  with 
trees.  —  Neut.,  a  plantation  of  trees 
with  vines  trained  on  them. — 
Neut.  plur.,  trees,  shrubs. 

arbustum,  see  arbustus. 

arbuteus,  -a,  -um,  [farbuto  (re- 
duced) +  eus],  adj.,  of  (or  pertain- 
ing to)  the  straivberry-  or  arbute- 
tree :  crates  (of  arbute  twigs') . 

arbutum,  -i,  [(?)  n.  of  arbutus], 
n.,  the  strawberry-  or  arbute-tree  : 
iubeo  frondentia  capris  arbuta 
sufficere.  —  the  fruit-  of  the  straw- 
berry- or  arbute-tree,  the  wild 
strawberry:  glandes  atque  ar- 
buta. 

arbutus,  -i,  [cf.  arbor],  f.,  the  wild 
strawberry-  or  arbute-tree  :  dulce 
satis  humor,  depulsis  arbutus 
haedis. 

Arcadia,  -ae,  [Gr.  'Ap/caSfo,  f.  of 
adj.,  sc.  terra],  f.,  a  mountainous 
district  in  the  interior  of  Pelopon- 
nesus, which,  from  its  position. 


Vocabulary. 


long  retained  its  primitive  sim- 
plicity and  sylvan  wildness. 

Arcadius,  -a,  -um,  [as  if  'ApxciStos, 
adj.  from  "Ap/cas],  adj.,  Arcadian. 

art-amis,  -a,  -um,  [farca+nus], 
adj.,  (secreted),  secret,  private. — 
Neut.,  a  secret. 

Areas,  -adis,  [Gr.  'Ap«as],  m.,  son 
of  Jupiter  and  Callisto,  supposed 
ancestor  of  the  Arcadians.  —  Plur., 
the  Arcadians.  —  As  adj.  (ace. 
Arcada),  Arcadian  :  rex  (Evan- 
der)  :  eques  (of  Pallanteum). 

Arcens,  -entis,  m.,  a  Sicilian. 

arceS,  -cul,  f-citum,  -ere,  [noun- 
stem  akin  to  area],  2.  v.  a,  shut 
up,  enclose,  keep  fast.  —  From  an- 
other point  of  view,  shut  off,  keep 
off,  keep  at  a  distance :  periclis 
(protect  front}.  — With  inf.  or  abs., 
hinder,  prevent:  manus  (bind, 
prevent  from  raising) . 

arcesso  (accerso),  -sivl,  -situm, 
-sere,  [ar-  (=  ad)  -cesso?],  (as 
causative,  cause  to  come),  call,  sum- 
mon, bring.  —  Less  exactly,  draw, 
take  in,  absorb :  tenues  vitas 
(acquire  etherial  souls,  of  crea- 
tures at  birth). 

Archetius,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a  Rutulian. 

Art -hip  pus,  -i,  [Gr.  yApx«nros],m., 
an  Umbrian. 

Arcitenens,  -entis,  [farcu-  (weak- 
ened) -tenens],  adj.,  holding  a  bow, 
bow-bearing.  —  Masc.,  the  bow- 
holder  (Apollo). 

arctos  (-us),  -i  (ace.  sing,  arcton], 
[Gr.  &PKTOS],  f.,  the  Great  and  Lit- 
tle Bear  (Ursa  major  et  minor),  a 
double  constellation  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  north  pole :  gelidae  arcti. 
—  the  north  pole,  the  north. 

Arcturus,  -I,  [Gr.  koKTovpos],  m., 
the  brightest  star  in  Bootes,  the 
rising  and  setting  of  which  brings 
bad  weather.  —  the  (whole)  con- 
stellation Bootes.  —  the  rising  of 
Arcturus :  sub  ipsum  Arcturum. 

arctus,  -a,  -uin,  see  artus. 

arc  us  (old  form,  -quus,  -os),  -us, 
["  ?  akin  to  area],  m.,  a  bow.  —  Esp., 
uu  rainbow :  ceu  nubibus  areas 


mille  trahit  varies  adverse  sole 
colores.  —  Of  anything  shaped  like 
a  bow,  a  curve,  arch,  bend,  arc, 
loop :  portus  curvatus  in  arcum. 

i.ardea,  -ae,  [Gr.  tywSids],  f.,  a 
heron. 

2.  Ardea,  -ae,  [fardea],  f.,  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Rutuli,  six  leagues  south 
of  Rome  ;  it  was  burned  by  /Eneas, 
and  from  its  ashes  the  heron  was 
said  to  have  been  produced. 

ardeo,  arsi,  arsum,  ardere, 
[Pfardo-  (contr.  stem  of  ari- 
dus)],  be  on  fire,  burn,  blaze. — 
Fig.,  flash,  glow,  sparkle,  shine  : 
oculi ;  clipeus.  —  Of  color,  glisten, 
glitter,  blaze  :  Tyrio  ardebat  mu- 
rice  laena.  —  Of  emotion,  burn, 
glow:  Penthesilea  (rages);  spe 
(be  fired  with) ;  quibus  arserit 
armis  (be  ablaze).  —  Esp.  (abs.  or 
with  ace.),  love,  burn,  be  fired : 
Alexin. — ardens,  -entis,  as  adj., 
glowing,  fiery,  hot,  blazing,  spark- 
ling, in  fiery  haste :  Tyrii  (eager); 
virtus  (glowing). 

ardesco,  arsi,  ardescere,  [farde 
(stem  of  ardeo)  +  sco],  3.  v.  n. 
inch.),  take  fire,  kindle,  become  in- 
flamed. —  Fig.,  gleam,  glitter.  — • 
Of  the  passions,  burn,  be  inflamed, 
become  more  intense,  increase 
in  violence  :  tuendo.  —  Of  other 
things,  become  violent  or  furious, 
rage,  increase:  fremitusque  ar- 
descit  equorum. 

ardor,  -oris,  [fard  (as  if  root  of 
ardeo)  +  or],  m.,  burning,  flame, 
fire,  heat.  —  Of  the  passions,  &c. 
(cf.  ardeo),  heat,  ardor,  eager- 
ness, enthusiasm,  fire. 

arduus,  -a,  -um  [?],  adj.,  steep. — 
high,  lofty,  tall :  campo  sese  ar- 
duus infert  (towering  high) : 
cornua;  lupiter  (on  high). 

area,  -ae,  [prob.far6(stem  of  farus, 
cf.  aridus)  +  ea  (f.  of  -eus),  dry 
courtyard],  f.,  court,yard.  —  Esp., 
a  threshing  floor. 

arena  (hare-),  -ae,  [fare  (stem 
of  areo)  -f  na  (f.  of -nus)],  (dry 
earth  f)t  f.,  sand.  —  Less  exactly. 


26 


Vocabulary, 


earth:  nigra  {loam,  mud). — 
Esp.,  the  seashore,  seabeach,  beach, 
strand. 

arenosus,  -a,  -11111,  [arena  (re- 
duced) +  osus],  adj .,/«//  of  sand, 
sandy  :  litus. 

arens,  -entis,  p.  of  areo. 

areo,  -ui,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [Pfaro- 
(cf.  aridus)],  be  dry,  be  parched, 
dry  up:  ager.  —  arens,  -entis, 
p. as  z.^}., dry, arid,  parched:  arva. 

Arethnsa,  -ae,  [Gr.  ' ApeQovaa] ,  f., 
a  fountain  near  Syracuse.  —  Per- 
sonified, the  nymph  of  the  fountain 
addressed  as  a  muse. 

argenteus,  -a,  -inn,  [targento- 
(  reduced)  +  eus],  adj.,  of  silver, 
silver.  —  Fig.,  silvery  -white,  white  : 
anser. 

argentum,  -I,  [-v/arS  (cf-  arguo) 
+  entum,  orig.  p.,  or  developed 
from  one],  n.,  silver  (from  its 
brightness) .  —  Esp.  :  argentum 
lentum,  an  alloy  of  silver.  —  Of 
things  made  of  silver,  plate,  silver. 

—  money. 
Argi,  see  Argos. 
Argiletum,  -i,  [argilla  (reduced) 

+  etum,  clay-pits~\,  (wrongly  sup- 
posed to  be  from  Argi-letum) ,  n., 
a  part  of  Rome. 

argilla,  -ae,  [Gr.  &pyi\\os,  cf.  ar- 
gentum], f.,  -white  clay,  potters 
earth,  marl. 

argitis,  -idis,  [akin  to  argentum, 
etc.],  m.,  a  vine  bearing  white 
grapes. 

Argivus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  (not  found) 
'Apyeifos,  from  'Apyos  (Argos),  cf. 
Achivus],  adj.,  of  Argos,  Argive. 

—  Masc.  plur.,  the  Greeks. 
Argo,  -fis,  [Gr.  'Apyia],  f.,  the  ship 

in  which  Jason  sailed  to  Colchis 
for  the  golden  fleece. 

Argolicus,  -a,  -um,[Gr.  'Aoyo\iK6s, 
fr.  'Apyo\is,  A.rgo\\s\,3.&}.,of  Argos, 
Argolic.  —  Grecian. 

Argos  (only  nom.  and  acc.),[Gr.'Ap- 
705],  n.,  more  freq.  plur.  Argi, 
-orum,  m.,  the  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince Argolis  in  the  Peloponnesus, 
sacred  to  Juno. 


argumentum,  -I,  [fargu-  (as  if 
stem  of  arguo,  cf.  argfitus)  + 
mentum],  n.,  an  argument,  proof, 
a  representation  or  statement  of 
any  kind.  —  Of  a  play,  poem,  &c., 
subject,  story,  argument  (of  the 
story  of  lo  on  a  shield) . 

arguo,  -ui,  -utum,  -uere,  [fargu- 
(  T/SiTg,  cf.  argeutum),  cf.  facu-, 
acuo],  (make  clear  or  bright}, 
3.  v.  a.,  show,  prove,  make  known, 
indicate :  degeneres  animos  ti- 
mor  arguit  (ignoble  souls  are 
known  by  fear).  —  Esp.,  accuse, 
charge.  — argutus,  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
as  adj.,  (made  bright),  active, 
lively  :  caput  equi  (graceful).  — 
Often  of  sound,  piercing  (cf. 
clarus,  bright  and  loud),  sharp, 
shrill,  rustling,  noisy,  whirring: 
ilex  (singing,  with  the  wind)  ;  ser- 
ra  (squeaking) ;  pecten  ( ringing) . 

Argus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Argive. — 
Masc.  plur.,  the  Greeks. 

Argus,  -i,  [Gr.  *Apyos~\,  m. :  I.  The 
hundred-eyed  keeper  of  To  after 
she  was  changed  into  a  heifer  by 
Jupiter ;  slain  by  Mercury  at  the 
command  of  Jupiter.  His  hundred 
eyes  were  placed  by  Juno  in  the 
tail  of  the  peacock ;  2.  A  fabled 
guest  of  Evander,  whose  death  was 
supposed  to  have  given  the  name 
to  Argiletum  (but  see  that  word). 

argntus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  arguo. 

Argyripa  (-ippa),  -ae,  [Gr.  'Apyv- 
ptinra] ,  f .,  a  town  of  Apulia,  founded 
by  Diomedes  of  Argos  (afterwards 
called  Arpf). 

Aricia,  -ae,  f.,  a  town  of  Latium 
on  the  Appian  way  (now  Riccio). 
From  this  place  came  Virbius  (a 
supposed  son  of  Hippolytus),  who 
fought  in  the  ranks  of  Turnus. 
His  mother  is  by  some  supposed  to 
have  the  same  name,  Aricia. 

aridus,  -a,  -um,  [faro-  (cf.  areo) 
-f  dus],  adj.,  dry,  arid,  parched: 
ora.  —  Transferred,  making  dry, 
drying  up,  dry:  febris.  —  Also, 
cracking,  snapping,  as  when  dry 
wood  is  broken :  fragor. 


Vocabulary. 


aries,  -letls,  [?],  m.,  a  ram  :  can- 
didus.  —  From  its  form  and  use,  a 
battering-ram,  an  engine,  with  a 
head  like  a  ram's,  for  battering 
walls:  crebro  ariete  (with  fre- 
quent strokes  of,  &c.). 

arieto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [  fariet-] , 
I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  strike  violently, 
dash  violently  (like  a  ram)  :  arie- 
tat  in  portas. 

Arion,  -on  is,  [Gr.  'Apiuv'],  m.,  a 
celebrated  player  on  the  cithara, 
of  Methymna  in  Lesbos,  rescued 
from  drowning  by  a  dolphin  which 
was  charmed  by  his  music. 

Arisba,  -ae,  f.,  Arisba,  a  town  of 
Troas. 

arista,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  the  top  of  an  ear 
of  grain,  head  or  ear  of  grain. — 
Fig.,  summer,  harvest:  aliquot 
aristas  (many years). 

Aristaeus,  -i,  [Gr.  ' Apio-raios^,  m., 
a  son  of  Apollo  and  Cyrene,  who 
is  said  to  have  taught  men  the 
management  of  bees  and  the  treat- 
ment of  milk,  and  to  have  been 
the  first  who  planted  olive-trees. 
He  was  the  husband  of  Autonoe 
and  father  of  Actaeon. 

Arinsius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'Aptovvios], 
adj.,  of  or  belonging  to  Ariusia,  a 
district  in  Chios  famous  for  its 
wine:  vina  (Chian). 

ar  ma,  -or  n  m,  [  -y/ar  (Jit)  -f  mum 
(cf.  armus)],  n.  plur.,  equipments 
(of  every  kind),  arms,  weapons, 
armor.  —  Fig.,  war,  battle,  contest, 
arms  :  potens  armis.  —  Also, 
armed  men,  warriors,  forces.  — 
Less  exactly,  means  of  defence  or 
attack  :  quaerere  conscius  arma. 
—  For  labor,  implements,  tools,  in- 
struments :  Cerealia  arma;  di- 
cendum  et  quae  sint  duris  agres- 
tibus  arma.  —  Of  a  ship,  equip- 
ments, tackle.  (See  moveo.) 

armatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  armo. 

Armenius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr'Apjucyios], 
adj.,  Armenian,  of  Armenia,  a 
country  of  Asia  (now  Kurdistan 
and  Anatolia). —  Armenia  (sc. 
terra),  f.,  the  country  itself. 


ar  men  tails,  -e,  [farmento-  (re- 
duced) -falls],  adj., perta ining to 
a  herd,  of  the  herd. 

armentarius,  -ii,  [farmento  (re- 
duced) +  arius] ,  (^belonging  to  the 
herd~\,  m.,  a  herdsman,  neatherd. 

armentum,  -i,  [prob.  -y/ar-f  men- 
turn],  n.,  cattle  for  ploughing. — 
Less  exactly,  a  drove,  herd,  &c.,  of 
horses,  deer,  or  other  large  ani- 
mals. 

armiger,  -era,  -erum,  [farmo-ger 
(  \/Ses  +  us)]>  a4)->  bearing  arms, 
armed,  warlike,  an  armor-bearer: 
lovis  (the  eagle,  bearing  the  thun- 
derbolt). 

armipotens,  -entis,  [farmS-po- 
tens],  adj., powerful  in  arms,  war- 
like, Lord  of  arms. 

armisonus,  -a,  -um,  [farmo- 
sonus,  having  the  sound  of  'arms'], 
adj.,  resounding  with  arms,  clad 
in  ringing  arms. 

armo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [armo-], 
I.  v.  a.,  furnish  with  weapons, 
arm :  armare  in  proelia  fra- 
tres ;  agmina.—  Fig.,  arm,  excite, 
rouse,  stir  up.  —  With  other  equip- 
ments, arm,  jit  out,  equip,  fur- 
nish :  bello  armantur  equi ;  fer- 
rum  veneno ;  classem.  —  arma- 
tus, -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  armed, 
equipped:  classes.  —  Masc.  plur., 
armed  men,  warriors. 

armus,  -i,  [-v/ar  (JU)  +  mus,  cf. 
arma],  m.,  the  shoulder,  the  upper 
arm. —  Less  exactly,  the  whole  arm. 
—  Of  animals,  the  shoulders,  flanks. 

aro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [  -y/ar,  prob. 
through  a  noun-stem],  I.  v.  a., 
plough.  —  Of  a  ship,  plough  :  ae- 
quor.  —  Of  age,  furrow  :  frontem 
rugis.  —  Less  exactly,  cultivate, 
inhabit. 

Arpi,  -drum,  m.,  a  town  of  Apulia, 
at  first  called  Argos  Hippium,  af- 
terwards Argyripa  (now  Foggia). 

arr-,  see  adr-. 

.Vrrims,  -untis,  [Etruscan  word], 
m.,  an  Etruscan  name  (properly  a 
title,  younger  son). 

are,   irtis,  [  y'ar  (cf.  arma)  -f  tis 


28 


Vocabulary. 


(reduced)],  f.,  (a  fitting),  skill, 
art,  knowledge,  wor  kmanship,  prac- 
tice :  magicae  (arts  of  sorcery). 
—  Concretely,  a  -work  of  art.  —  Of 
character  and  conduct,  habit,  prac- 
tice. —  Transferred,  cunning,  arti- 
fice, stratagem,  art.  —  Of  plants, 
habit,  artificial  form. 

artifex,  -icis,  [farti-  (ars)  -fex 
(  -y/fac  as  stem),  -comm.,  generally 
in  the  higher  sense  ef  ars],  one 
•who  practises  an  art,  an  artist  (cf. 
opifex,  artisan,  mechanic),  work- 
man (of  skill)  .  —  Esp.,  one  who 
practises  arts,  a  trickster,  contriver. 

i.artus  (arc-),  -a,  -um,  [proh. 
-y/arc  (arx,  arceo)  +  tua,  p.p.  of 
arceo],  adj.,  confined  (cf.  area), 
narrow,  close,  strait:  compages 
(close-fitting)  ;  vincla.  —  Fig., 
straitened,  scanty,  small. 

2.  artus,  -us,  [Var  (°f-  arma)  + 
tua],  m.,  (a  fitting).  Conor.,  a 
joint.  —  Less  exactly,  parts  (of 
the  world)  .  —  Extended,  the  body, 
frame. 

arundineus  (bar-),  -a,  -inn, 
(farundin  (stem  of  arundo)  + 
eua],  adj.,  of  or  pertaining  to  reeds, 
reedy,  reed-  :  ailva. 

arundo  (bar-),  -inis,  [?],  f.,  a 
reed,  cane.  —  Sing.,  collectively, 
reeds.  —  Fig.,  things  made  of  reed, 
a  fishing-rod,  an  arrcnv  shaft,  an 
arrow,  a  reed  pipe,  syrinx  (of  sev- 
eral reeds). 

aruspex,  see  haruspex. 

arvina,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  grease,  fat,  suet, 
lard  :  pinguia. 

arvum,  see  arvus. 

arvus,  -a,  -urn,  [-y/ar  (aro)+  vus], 
adj.,  ploughed.  —  Neut,  land  (cul- 
tivated), a  field.  —  Transferred  : 
arva  Neptunia  (the  sea}.  —  a 
shore,  a  coast.  —  the  female  organs 
of  generation. 

arx,  arcis,  [  -y/arc  (in  arceo,  area) 
as  stem]  ,  f.,  a  castle,  citadel,  strong- 
hold. —  Less  exactly,  a  height  :  co- 
eli.  —  Of  mountains,  peak,  summit. 


Asbytes,  - 
Ascanius 


-ae,  [?],  m., 
,  -li,  [Gr.  "A 


a  Trojan. 


I.   A  son  of  yEneas  and  Creusa, 

called  also  lulus ;  2.  A  river  and 

lake  in  Bithynia. 
ascendo,  see  adscendo. 
ascensus,  see  adscensus. 
ascisco,  see  adscisco. 
Ascraeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'Aovcpcuos], 

adj.,  of  Ascra,  a  town  in  Boeotia ; 

A scraan :   senex    (i.e.,   Hesiod). 

—  Less  exactly,  ofllesiod:  carmen 
(i.e.,  rural). 

asellus,  -I,  [tasino  +  lua],  m.  dim., 

_  a  little  ass,  an  ass's  colt. 

Asia,  see  Asius. 

Asilas,  -ae,   [?],  m.,  an  Etruscan 

warrior, 
asilus,  I,  [?],  m.,  a  gadfiy,  horsefly. 

Asius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.'Ao-wJ,  adj.,  of 
or  pertaining  to  Asia,  a  town  of 
Lydia,  Asian  :  palus  (the  marsh 
of  the  Cayster,  near  that  town) .  — 
Fern.,  the  province  of  Asia,  Asia. 

Asius,  -I,  m.,  a  Lycian  with  ^Lneas. 

aspargo,  see  adspergo. 

aspecto,  see  adspecto. 

aspeetus,  see  adspectus. 

asper,  -era,  -erum,  [unc.  root  + 
rus],  (-ior,  -errimus),  adj., 
rough,  uneven  :  rubua  ( prickly}  ; 
aignis  pocula  ;  aentea.  —  Of  taste 
and  smell,  harsh,  sour,  bitter,  acrid, 
pungent.  —  Fig.,  rough,  harsh, 
hard,  bitter,  violent,  cruel,  fierce  : 
non  asper  egenia  (unfeeling) ; 
studiis  aaperrima  belli  ;  odia. 

—  Of  animals,  wild,  savage.  —  Of 
circumstances,  cruel,  adverse,  dis- 
tressing. 

aspergo,  see  adspergo. 

asper§,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fas- 
pero-],  l.v.  a.,  make  rough  or  un- 
even, roughen  :  glacialis  hiems 
aquilonibua  asperat  undaa. 

aspersus,  see  adspersus. 

aspicio,  see  adspicio. 

aspiro,  see  adspiro. 

asporto  (abs-),  -avi,  -atum,  -arc, 
[abs-porto],  I.  v.  a.,  carry  or  bear 
away,  carry  off,  take  away  (of  per- 
sons or  things)  :  comitem  aspor- 
tare  Creuaam. 


Vocabulary. 


29 


Assaracus,  -I,  [Gr.  'Atro-cEpeucos],  m., 
Assaracus,  a  king  of  Phrygia,  son 
of  Tros,  brother  of  Ganymede  and 
Ilus,  father  of  Capys,  and  grand- 
father of  Anchises. 

assensus,  see  adsensus. 

assentip,  see  adsentio. 

asservo,  see  adservo. 

assideo,  see  adskleo. 

assidue,  see  adsidue. 

assiduus,  see  adsiduus. 

assimilis,  see  adsimilis. 

assimulatus,  see  ads-. 

assimulo,  see  adsimulo. 

assisto,  see  adsisto. 

assuesco,  see  adsuesco. 

assuetus,  see  adsuetus. 

assultus,  see  adsultus. 

assuin,  see  adsuiu. 

assurgo,  see  adsurgo. 

Assyrius,  -a,  -um,  (Gr.  'A<T<rvpios], 
adj.,  of  Assyria  (a  vaguely-bound- 
ed country  of  Asia),  Assyrian. — 
Masc.  plur.,  the  Assyrians.  —  Less 
exactly,  of  all  people  of  that  region, 
Median,  Phoenician,  &c. 

ast,  older  form  of  at. 

as  to,  see  adsto. 

astringu,  see  adstringo. 

astruni,  -i,  [Gr.  forpov],  n.,  a  star, 
a  constellation,  a  luminous  celes- 
tial body.  —  As  divinities :  astra 
vocat.  —  Less  exactly  (in  plur.), 
heaven,  the  skies,  on  high :  sub 
astra  (up  to  the  sky} ;  sic  itur  ad 
astra  (to  the  gods) . 

Astur,  -uris,  m.,  an  Etruscan. 

astus,  -us,  [?],  m.,  craft.  —  In  abl. 
(of  manner),  craftily,  cunningly, 
with  craft. 

Astyanax,  -actis,  (ace.  Asty- 
anacta),  [Gr.  ' Aarvdva^],  m., 
son  of  Hector  and  Andromache ; 
at  the  destruction  of  Troy  cast 
down  by  Ulysses  from  a  tower. 

asylum,  -I,  [Gr.  &crv\ov  (unspoiled, 
i.e.,  a  place  safe  from  violence)], 
n.,  a  place  of  refuge,  a  sanctu- 
ary, asylum.  —  Esp.,  the  asylum 
(opened  by  Romulus  on  the  Ca- 
pitoline  hill). 

at  (ast),  [?  cf.  ad],  conj.,  adding 


a  contrasted  but  not  opposite  idea, 
but  yet,  and  again,  on  the  other 
hand,  still.  —  Of  mere  transition, 
but,  now.  —  Adding  a,  contrary  or 
opposite  idea,  but,  bttt  on  the  other 
hand,  on  the  contrary.  —  After  a 
negative  idea,  but  at  least,  but,  yet 
still :  si  genus  humanum  .  .  . 
temnitis  (=  not  regard);  at  spe- 
rate  deos,  etc. 

atavus,  -I,  [ad-avus],  m.,  a  great- 
great-great-grandfather.  —  Less 
exactly,  an  ancestor,  a  forefather. 

ater,  -tra,  -trum,  [?],  (-trior), 
adj.,  black,  dark,  opp.  "to  albus 
(dead  white),  cf.  niger  (jet  black). 
—  Fig.,  black,  dark,  gloomy,  dis- 
mal, sad,  melancholy,  foreboding  : 
timor ;  ignes  ;  cupressus  (fune- 
real); venenum  (deadly). 

Athesis,  -Is,  [?],  m.,  a  river  in 
Upper  Italy  (now  the  Adige  or 
Elsch). 

Athos  (gen.  not  found ;  abl. 
Athene ;  dat.  and  abl.  Atho ; 
ace.  Atho,  Athon,  Athonem, 
and  Athona),  [Gr.  "ABois,  later 
"AOuv,  -coj/os],  m.,  Athos,  a  high 
mountain  on  the  Strymonian  Gulf, 
in  Macedonia  (now  Monte  Santo). 

Atina,  -ae,  [Gr.  "ATJJ/O],  f.,  a  town 
of  Latium. 

Atinas,  -atis,  m.,  a  Latin. 

Atius  (Att-),  -I,  f  ?],  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name :  Atii  genus. 

Atlas,  -antls,  [Gr/ArAas],  m.,  king 
of  Mauritania,  son  of  lapetus  and 
Clymene,  a  lover  of  astronomy; 
changed  by  Perseus,  with  the  aid 
of  Medusa's  head,  into  Mount  At- 
las, because  he  refused  him  a  hos- 
pitable reception.  — The  mountain 
itself  in  Northern  Africa. 

Atlantis,  -id is,  [Gr.  patronymic], 
f.,  a  female  descendant  of  Atlas, 
daughter  of  Atlas.  •—  Plur.,  the  Plei- 
adA,  his  daughters  (as  a  constel- 
lation) . 

atque,  9c,  [ad-que],  conj.,  adding 
with  emphasis,  stronger  than  et, 
and  also,  and  besides,  and  even, 
and  in  fact,  and.  — Adding  some- 


Vocabulary. 


thing  unexpected  or  particularly 
important,  and  lo,  and  then.  —  In 
comparisons  (=  quam),  than,  as  : 
baud  secus  ac  (just  as);  baud 
minus  ac  (not  less  than). 

atqui  [at-qui],  conj.,  adversative, 
(but  in  some  way),  and  yet,  but 
now,  yet  still. 

Atrides,  -ae,  [Gr.  patronymic],  m., 
son  of  Atreus.  —  Plur.,  the  sons  of 
Atreus  (Agamemnon  and  Mene- 
laus,  the  leaders  of  the  Greeks  at 
Troy). 

atrium,  -i,  (-ii),  [perhaps  fatro  + 
ium,  from  the  blackening  of  the 
household  smoke],  n.,  the  main 
court,  the  hall,  of  a  Roman  house. 

—  Plur.,  halls,  rooms  (generally) . 
atrox,  -ocis,  [fatro-  (with  length- 
ened o,  cf.  aegrotus)  +  cus  (re- 
duced), cf.  verbals  in  ax],  (terri- 
ble, dire),  adj.,  savage,  fierce,  wild, 
cruel,  harsh. 

attactus  (adt-), -us,  [ad-tactus], 
m.,  a  touching,  touch,  contact  (only 
in  abl.  sing.). 

attero  (adt-),  -trivi,  -tritum, 
-terere,  [ad-tero],  3.  v.  a.,  rub 
against,  rub :  vomer  sulco  (pol- 
ish) .  —  From  the  effect,  rub  off, 
•wear  away.  —  Fig.,  destroy,  injure. 

attingo  (ad-),  -tigi,  -tactum, 
-tingere,  [ad-tango],  3.  v.  a.  and 
n.,  touch  against,  come  in  contact 
with,  touch  :  ore ;  dextras (reach). 

—  Of  local   relations,  come   to   a 
place,  approach,  reach,  arrive  at, 
or  attain   to   a   place :    proram 
(gain);     te    Aurora    (overtake, 

find). 

attollo  (adt-),  no  perf.,  no  sup., 
-ere,  [ad-tollo],  3.  v.  a.,  lift  up, 
raise  up.  —  Pass,  or  with  reflexive, 
lift  one's  self  up,  rise  up,  rise,  ap- 
pear :  se  in  femur.  —  Of  building, 
erect,  construct,  raise  :  immensam 
molem.  —  Fig.,  raise,  rouse,  lift 
•up  :  iras  (of  a  snake) .  —  Pass,  or 
with  reflexive,  rise,  grow  :  Punica 
se  gloria. 

attendee  (adt-),  -tondi,  -ton- 
sum,  -tondere,  [ad-tondeo], 


2.  v.  a.,  shave,  trim,  clip  :  vitem. 

—  With    the    teeth,    crop,  gnaw, 
browse,  graze  on :   virgulta  ca- 
pellae. 

attonitus  (adt-),  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of 
attono. 

attono  (ad-),  -nl,  -itum,  -are, 
[ad-tono],  (thunder  at),  i.  v.  a. 
Fig.,  seize  with  divine  furor,  render 
frantic,  infuriate,  frenzy.  —  at- 
tonitus, -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
frenzied,  frantic,  amazed,  confoun- 
ded: matres;  inspired  (domus). 

attorqueo  (adt-),  no  perf.,  no  sup., 
-ere,  [ad-torqueo] ,  2.  v.  a.,  hurl 
(to  or  towards)  :  iaculum. 

attractus,-a,-um,  p.p.  of  attraho. 

attraho  (ad-),  -xi,  -ctum,  -ere, 
[ad-traho],  3.  v.  a.,  draw  to  or 
towards  one's  self.  —  Fig.,  draw, 
attract,  allure. 

attrecto  (adt-),  -avi,  -a  turn,  -are, 
[ad-tracto] ,  I .  v.  a.,  handle,  touch. 

attritus  (adt-),  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of 
attero. 

Atys,  -yos,  [Gr.'Arws],  m.,  a  young 
Trojan. 

auctor,  -oris,  [Vaug  +  tor],  m., 
(agent  of  growth),  father,  founder 
(of  a  family),  progenitor,  sire  (of 
animals) .  —  Of  b\ii\dings,/otinJer, 
builder,  artist.  —  Fig.,  promoter, 
adviser,  contriver  :  fatis  auctori- 
bus  (by  order  of).  —  Of  cause, 
originator,  source,  author:  teli. 

—  Of  information,  author,  infor- 
mant,   narrator,   authority.  —  Of 
responsibility,    security,    voucher, 
surety, guarantee,  authority  :  cer- 
tior  (more  trustworthy  authority)  : 
si  lupiter  auctor  spondeat  (as 
a  voucher). 

audax,  -acis,  [lost  or  supposed 
verb-stem  (cf.  audeo)  +  cus  (re- 
duced)], adj.,  daring  (in  good  and 
bad  sense),  bold,  courageous, fear- 
less, undaunted :  populus. — More 
commonly  in  bad  sense,  bold,  au- 
dacious, rash,  presumptuous,  fool- 
hardy, reckless  :  coepta ;  audax 
viribus  (presuming  on). 

audens,  -entis,  p.  of  audeo. 


Vocabulary. 


and co,  ausus  sum,  -ere,  (subj. 
perf.  ausim),  [noun-stem  in  6, 
perhaps  favido-,  cf.  ardeo], 
2.  semi-dep.,  venture,  dare  :  talia ; 
sperare.  —  audens,  -cntis,  p.  as 
adj.,  daring,  bold,  intrepid,  fear- 
less.^ 

audio,  -ivi  (-ii),  -itum,-Ire,  [akin 
to  auris,  ausculto],  4.  v.  a.,  hear, 
hear  of,  listen,  learn.  —  Esp.,  hear 
(as  a  judge),  examine  into,  in- 
quire into  :  dolos.  —  obey,  heed  : 
neque  audit  currus  habenas. 

auditus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  audio. 

aufero,  abstuli,  ablatum,  au- 
ferre,  [ab  (abs)-fero],  v.  a.  irreg., 
take  or  bear  away,  carry  off,  re- 
move, shut  out  (of  the  sky,  cf.  eri- 
pio) .  —  With  reflexive,  remove, 
withdraw,  retire,  depart.  —  With 
idea  of  violence  or  stealth,  snatch 
away,  rob,  steal,  wrest  from  :  ani- 
mam  (rob  of  life} .  —  Esp.,  sweep 
off  at  away,  kill,  slay. 

Aufidus,  i,  [?j,  m.,  a  river  of  Apu- 
lia (now  Ofanto). 

augeo,  -xl,  -ctum,  -gere,  [  -y/aug, 
causative  or  fr.  noun-stem],  2.  v.a., 
(cause  to  grow),  produce,  increase, 
augment,  add  to,  enlarge  :  nume- 
rum  (by joining);  Italos (through 
one's  self,  and  one's  descendants)  : 
si  qua  dona  ipse  auxi  (add 
more) .  —  Esp.,  load  or  pile  up  with 
something,  heap  upon. 

augur,  -uris,  [favi  +  unknown 
root],  comm.,  an  augur,  diviner, 
soothsayer  (who  foretold  the  future 
by  observing  the  notes  or  flight  of 
birds,  the  feeding  of  the  sacred 
fowls,  certain  appearances  of  quad- 
rupeds, and  other  unusual  occur- 
rences).—  Less  exactly,  one  who 
foretells  futurity  by  any  means,  a 
soothsayer,  diviner,  seer  ;  prophetic 
(in  app.  as  adj.). 

augurium,  -i  (-ii),  [augur  +  ium 
(n.  of  -ius)],  n.,  the  observance 
and  interpretation  of  omens,  au- 
gury. —  Less  exactly,  divination, 
prophecy,  soothsaying,  interpreta- 
tion. —  a  presentiment,  foreboding 


(of  the  future)  :  triste  per  augu- 
rium. —  a  sign,  omen,  token.  — 
augury  (as  an  art). 

auguro,  -sivi,  -a turn,  -are,  [au- 
gur], I.  v.  a.,  act  as  an  augur, 
take  auguries.  —  Fig.,  surmise, 
conjecture,  forebode,  presage :  si 
quid  vera  mens  augurat. 

augustus,  -a,  -um,  [faugus-  (cf. 
angor,  angustus)  +  tus],  adj., 
magnified '(cf.  adoleoand  augeo, 
honor),  sacred,  honorable,  august. 
—  Fig.,  venerable,  magnificent, 
noble.  —  Masc.,  Augustus,  title 
(used  as  name)  of  Octavius  Coesar 
as  emperor. 

Augustus,  -i,  m.  ;  see  augus- 
tus. 

aula,  -ae,  (gen.  aulai),  [Gr.  auA.?';], 
f.,  a  court,  yard,  court-yard,  court 
(of  a  house),  hall.  —  Less  exactly, 
a  palace,  royal  court.  —  Poetically, 
of  the  queen  bee,  royal  cell. 

aulaeum,  -I,  [Gr.  ovAou'a],  n.,  a 
splendidly  wrought  or  embroidered 
stuff,  tapestry,  arras,  a  covering, 
curtain,  canopy,  hangings.  —  Esp., 
the  curtain  of  a  theatre  (which, 
with  the  ancients,  was  fastened 
below;  hence,  at  the  beginning  of 
a  piece  or  an  act,  it  was  let  down ; 
at  the  end  drawn  up.  —  Also,  a 
covering  for  beds  and  sofas,  tapes- 
try. 

Aulestes,  -ae,  m.,  an  Etruscan. 
(Others  read  Auletes). 

Auletes,  see  Aulestes. 

Aulis,  -idis,  [Gr.  AuAis],  f.,  a  sea- 
port of  Boaotia,  from  which  the 
Greek  fleet  set  sail  for  Troy. 

AUIUIS,  -1,  m.,  a  Ligurian. 

aura,  -ae,  (gen.  sing.,  aural), 
[•v/va  +  ra],  f.,  air  (in  motion), 
a  breeze,  a  breath  of  air.  —  In 
more  violent  morion,  wind,  a  breeze, 
a  blast.  —  Fig.,  breath,  breeze  : 
famae.  —  More  gen.,  the  air,  the 
atmosphere  :  simplex  {ether  — 
aether) .  —  As  inhaled,  air,  vital 
air.  —  Opposed  to  the  earth  or  to 
the  world  below,  the  heavens,  the 
upper  air,  the  upper  world :  ad 


Vocabulary. 


auras  (to  the  open  air  out  of  con- 
cealment), on  the  breeze ;  sub  au- 
ras (to  light,  into  the  air).  —  By 
an  unc.  connection  of  ideas,  a 
gleam,  glittering:  auri. —  From 
association,  an  odor,  exhalation. 

auratns,  -a,  -uin,  [as  if  p.p.  of 
auro  (which  was  perhaps  in  use, 
cf.  inauro)],  adj.,  (set  with  gold}, 
overlaid,  ornamented,  or  plated 
with  gold,  gilt,  gilded :  trabes  ; 
tempora  (adorned  with  gold,  i.e., 
with  a  helmet). 

aureus,  -a,  -urn,  [fauro  (reduced) 
+  eus],  adj.,  golden,  of  gold :  coro- 
na. —  Like  auratus,  adorned,  set, 
or  wrought  with  gold,  gilded :  tec- 
ta ;  cingula.  —  Fig.,  of  color  or 
appearance,  gleaming,  glittering, 
golden,  yellow  :  sidera  ;  mala  ; 
caesaries.  —  Less  exactly,  beauti- 
ful, magnificent,  superb  :  Venus ; 
gens  ;  saecula  (the  golden  age*) . 

auricomus,  -a,  -uin,  [faurd-coma 
(declined  as  adj.)],  adj.,  with  gold- 
en hair.  —  Fig.,  with  golden  leaves 
or  foliage. 

auriga,  -ae,  [possibly  akin  to  auris 
and  ago,  cf.  aurea,  headstall'], 
comm.,  driver,  charioteer.  —  Less 
exactly,  groom. 

auris,  -is,  [fausi-  (cf.  ovs,  cbrJs)], 
l.,  the  ear :  vellere  (as  an  admo- 
nition, the  ear  being  the  seat  of 
memory).  —  Fig.,  the  ear  of  the 
plough,  the  mould-  or  earth-board 
by  which  the  furrow  is  widened 
and  the  earth  turned  back. 

auritus,  -a,  -urn,  [as  if  p.p.  of 
faurio,  from  auri(s),  cf.  aura- 
tus], adj.,  having  large  ears,  long- 
eared :  lepores. 

aurora,  -ae,  [Vus  (see  uro)»  f°r 
ausosa],  f.,  the  morning,  dawn, 
daybreak :  rubescebat  Aurora  ; 
nona.  —  Personified,  Aurora,  the 
goddess  of  the  morning,  daughter 
of  Hyperion,  wife  of  Tithonus,  and 
mother  of  Memnon. — The  eastern 
country,  the  East. 

uuriuii,  -I,  [  .y/us  (cf.  aurora,  uro) 
+  urn  (n.  of  -us)],  (the  shining 


metal*),  n.,  gold.  —  Of  things  of 
gold,  a  goblet,  a  bit,  a  hair-band, 
gold  coin,  money. 

Auruncus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  oj 'or  per- 
taining to  Aurunca  (an  old  town 
in  Campania),  Auruncan  :  senes. 
—  AuruncI,  -orum,  masc.  plur.. 
the  Aurunci. 

. m- i  MI,  see  audeo. 

Ausones,  -um,  [Gr.  A&roi/es],  m., 
a  very  ancient  name  of  the  people 
of  Southern  Italy. 

Ausonidae,  -arum,  [Greek  patro- 
nymic of  Auson,  supposed  progen- 
itor of  the  Ausones,  see  Ausones], 
m.,  the  Italians. 

Ausonius,  -a,  -um,  [Auson  +  ius], 
adj.,  Ausonian,  Italian,  Latin, — 
Ausonia,  f.  (sc.  terra),  Italy. — 
Masc.  plur.,  the  Italians. 

auspex,  -icis,  [favi-fspex,  ^/spec 
as  stem],  comm.,  an  augur,  divi- 
ner, soothsayer. — Fig.,  directorate 
auspicium),  guide,  leader,  pro- 
tector:  dis  auspicibus  (under  the 
guidance  of  the  gods'). 

auspicium,  -I  (-ii),  [fauspic-  + 
ium  (n.  of  -ius)],  n.,  augury  (from 
birds),  auspices.  —  Less  exactly, 
sign,  omen,  divine  premonition  : 
melioribus  auspiciis.  —  Because 
only  a  commander  could  take  the 
auspices,  command,  guidance,  au- 
thority, right,  power,  inclination, 
-will:  meis  auspiciis ;  infaustum 
Turni  auspicium  (ill-omened 
rule.) 

auster,  -tri,  [  -y/us  +  ter  (f-tro,  cf. 
-trum)],  m.,  a  south  wind  (dry 
and  hot). — As  an  agreeable  wind : 
sibilus  iuvat.  —  As  disagreeable : 
floribus  immisi.  —  For  winds  in 
general:  furentes. 

aust  rimis,  -a,  -um,  [faustro  (re- 
duced) +  Inus],  adj.,  pertaining 
to  the  south,  southern. 

ausum,  -i,  [n.  of  ausus,  p.p.  of 
audeo  in  pass,  sense],  n.,  an  at- 
tempt, enterprise,  daring  deed. 

ausus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  audeo. 

aut  [unc.,  but  cf.  autem  and  Gr.  aS], 
conj.,  introducing  an  alternative 


Vocabulary. 


33 


—  Regularly  exclusive,  or,  of  else  : 
quae   nemora   aut   qui   saltus; 
haedos  depone  aut  si  ...  vere- 
mur  licet  eamus  (or  in  case,  &c.) ; 
quid  furis,  aut  qtionam  nostri 
tibi  cura  recessit  ?  (or  if  you  are 
sane).  —  Repeated,  either  .  .  .  or  : 
aut  Turnus  aut  Rhodope  pu- 
erum    edunt.  —  After    negatives 
(expressed  or  implied)  ;  not  exclu- 
sive, but  distributing  the  negation  : 
quis  aut  Eurysthea  aut  nescit 
Busiridis  iras ;   quid  labor  aut 
benefacta  iuvant.  —  nee  . . .  aut, 
neither  . . .  nor  ;  nee  Austros  aut 
imbrem.  —  Without  exclusion  or 
negation :  Anthea  3iquem  videat 
aut  Capyn ;    aut  Ararim  Par- 
thus  bibet  aut  Germania  Ty- 
grim. 

autem  [cf.  aut],  conj.  Introducing 
a  more  or  less  strong  antithesis, 
or  even  a  mere  transition,  but 
always  with  some  contrast,  but,  on 
the  contrary,  on  the  other  hand.  — 
also,  too,  again,  now,  but  then,  how- 
ever, furthermore,  then  again. 

Automedon,  -ontis,  [Gr.  Auro/te- 
$wv~\,  m.,  a  son  of  Diores  and  char- 
ioteer of  Achilles. 

autor,  -oris,  etc.,  see  auctor. 

autumnus(auct-),  -i,  [for  aucto- 
minus,  f^cto  (cf.  augeo)  + 
minus,  cf.  Gr.  p.  -juevos],  m.,  au- 
tumn (the  season  of  increase). 

auxiliuin,  -i,  [akin  to  augeo,  lost 
noun-stem  +  ium] ,  n.  Abstr.,  kelp, 
aid,  support,  assistance,  succor . 
viae  auxilio  (aid  for  their  jour- 
ney') .  —  Concrete,  usually  plural, 
instruments,  means,  or  sources  of 
aid,  means  of  assistance,  resources. 

—  Esp.,     military      auxiliaries, 
forces,  allies.  —  Also,  fig.,  remedy, 
help,  relief. 

;i\  arus,  -a,  -uin,  [lost  noun-stem 
(cf.  aveo  and  avidus)  +  rus] , 
adj.,  eager,  eagerly  desirous :  agri- 
cola.  —  Esp.,  avaricious,  covetous, 
greedy  of  money,  &c.  —  Of  persons 
or  things :  lit  us. 

avert  us,  p.p.  of  aveho. 


aveho,  -xi,  -ctum,  -ere,[ab-veho], 

3.  v.  a.,  bear,  carry,  convey  rnvay, 
bring.  —  Pass.,  be  carried  away, 
ride  or  sail away :  avecti  (having 
sailed  away). 

avello,  -velli  or  -vulsi,  -vulsum 
(volsum),  vellere,  [ab-vello], 
3.  v.  a.,  tear  or  pull  away  or  off, 
pluck  out,  separate  from  an  object 
by  pulling,  part  or  remove  forcibly: 
Palladium. 

avena,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  oats:  steriles 
avenae.  —  fig.,  a  stem  or  stalk, 
a  straw,  reed.  —  Poet.,  an  oaten 
pipe,  pastoral  or  shepherd 's  pipe. 

i.Aventinus,  -I,  m. ;  inn,  -i,  n. 
(prop,  adj.),  [?],  the  Aventine, 
one  of  the  seven  hills  of  Rome, 
extending  from  the  Palatine  to  the 
Coelian  Hill ;  until  the  reign  of 
Ancus  Martins,  without  the  city 
proper. 

2.  Aventinus,  -I,  m.,  a  supposed 
son  of  Hercules. 

Avernus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  o/or  belong- 
ing to  lake  Avernus,  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Cumas,  Puteoli,  and 
Baiae,  almost  entirely  enclosed  by 
steep  and  wooded  hills  (now  Lago 
d'Averno) .  Its  deadly  exhalations 
killed  the  birds  flying  over  it ; 
hence  in  fable  it  was  placed  near 
the  entrance  to  the  lower  world. 

—  Neut.  plur.,  Averna,  -drum, 
the  neighborhood  of  Avernus,  places 
near  or  about  Avernus,  the  lower 
world. 

a  versus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  averto. 

averto  (avor-,  abv-),  -ti,  -sum, 
-tere,  [ab-verto],  3.  v.  a.,  turn 
away,  avert,  turn  off,  turn  aside, 
keep  off  (\>y  turning  aside)  :  regem 
Italia.  —  Pass,  or  with  reflexive 
(sometimes  without),  turn  away, 
depart,  retire,  withdraw.  —  From 
driving  away  booty,  carry  off,  steal. 

—  Fig.,   turn   away,  divert,  keep 
off.  —  avert,  ward  off :  omen ;  ca- 
sum ;    pestem  (remove} ;    curaa 
(end).  —  a  versus,  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
as  adj.,  turned  or  turning  away, 
withdrawn,  retiring,  looking  as- 


34 


Vocabulary. 


kance.  —  Fig.,  averse,  unfriendly, 
hostile,  estranged. 

aviarius,  -a,  -um,  [tavi  +  arms], 
adj.,  pertaining  to  birds,  of  birds, 
bird-  :  rete  (bird-net).  —  Neut.,  a 
placewhere  birds  are  kept,a  poultry- 
yard,  an  aviary.  —  Less  exactly, 
the  resort  of  wild  birds  in  a  forest. 

avidus,  -a,  -um,  [favo-  (whence 
aveo)  +  dus],  adj.,  longing,  desir- 
ous, eager :  medullae  (burning 
•with  passion). 

avis,  -Is,  [?],  f.,  a  bird. 

avitus,  -a,  -um,  [noun-stem  akin  to 
avus  +  tus,  cf.  anritas],  adj.,  of 
or  belonging  to  a  grandfather,  de- 
rived from  a  grandfather.  —  Less 
exactly,  of  or  belonging  to  an  an- 
cestor, ancestral :  solium. 

avius,  -a,  -um,  [ab-via  (inflected 
as  adj.)],  adj.,  that  is  at  a  distance 
from  the  way,  that  goes  out  of  or  is 


remote  from  the  way  :  hence,  also, 
untrodden,  unfrequented:  vir- 
gulta.  —  Neut.,  a  pathless  or  out- 
of-the-way  place.  — Transferred,  of 
persons,  wandering  straying. 

avolo,  -avT,  -atum,  -are,  [ab- 
volo],  I.  v.  ri.,fly  away. 

avolsus  (avulsus),  p.p.  of  avellOc 

a  vu  unit  us,  -1,  |lost  stem  favSn  + 
culus,  cf.  avus],  m.  dim.,  a  moth- 
er's brother,  maternal  uncle  (cf. 
patruus,  paternal  uncle). 

avus,  -I,  [  ?],  m.,  a  grandfather,  an 
ancestor,  a  grandsire. 

axis,  -is,  [perhaps  akin  to  ago], 
m.,  an  axle-tree :  faginus  axis. 
—  Fig.,  the  axis  of  the  heavens 
(supposed  to  turn  as  spheres) ; 
the  pole,  the  north  pole.  —  Less 
exactly  the  heavens,  the  canopy : 
Atlas  axem  umero  torquet ;  ae- 
theris  axis  (the  ethereal  heaven). 


B. 


baca  (bacc-),  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  berry 
(either  edible  or  not),  small  fruit 
(cf.  pomum,  larger  fruit). — 
Esp.,  of  the  olive. 

bacatus  (bacc-),  -a,  -um,  [baca 
+  tus.(cf.  barbatus)],  adj.,  set 
or  adorned  with  pearls.  —  In  later 
poets  baca  is  used  for  pearls: 
monile  (pearl  necklace). 

bacca,  see  baca. 

baccar  (-char),  -aris,  [Gr.  £<£«:- 
X&pis],  n.,  the  baccar,  bacchar,  or 
baccharis  ;  a  plant  with  a  fragrant 
root,  which  yielded  a  kind  of  oil, 
ace.  to  some,  purple  foxglove.  It 
was  supposed  to  possess  magic 
powers. 

bacchatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of 
bacchor. 

Bacchicus  (-ius,  -eus,  -eius),  -a, 
-um,  [Gr.  adjs.  /3a/cx"fJ>s,  etc.], 
adj.,  of  or  pertaining  to  Bacchus, 
Bacchic. 

bacchor,  -atus  sum,  -ari,  [fBac- 
cho-],  I.  v.  dep.,  celebrate  the  festi- 
val of  Bacchus.  —  Less  exactly, 
revel,  rave,  rage,  or  rant  in  any 


way ;  go  or  run  about  in  a  wanton, 
wild,  raving,  or  furious  manner: 
per  urbem.  —  Fig.,  fly  or  run 
wildly:  fama. — bacchatus,  a, 
-um,  p.p.  in  pass,  sense,  sought  in 
revels  (of  a  place  where  the  orgies 
were  celebrated)  :  virginibus  bac- 
chata  Lacaenis  Taygeta  (where 
the  maidens  revel). 

Bacchus,  -I,  [Gr.  Bcfox°*]»  m-> 
Bacchus,  a  son  of  Jupiter  and  of 
Semele,  the  god  of  wine  and  of 
poets.  —  Fig.,  the  vine:  Bacchus 
amat  colles.  —  wine  :  hilarans 
convivia  Baccho. 

Bactra,  -oruni,  [Gr.  BaxTpa],  n., 
Bactra,  the  chief  city  of  Bactria  or 
Bactriana  (now  Balkh). 

Baiae,  -arum,  [Gr.  Bofa],  f.,  a 
small  town  in  Campania,  on  the 
coast  between  Cumre  and  Puteoli, 
a  favorite  resort  of  the  Romans  on 
account  of  its  warm  baths  and 
pleasant  situation. 

balatus,  -us,  [fbala  (stem  of  balo) 
+  tus],  m.,  a  bleating:  agnibala- 
tum  exercent. 


Vocabulary. 


35 


Bal Paris,  -e,  [cf.  Gr.  $a\iapt?s'],  adj., 
Balearic,  of  the  Baleares,  or  Bale- 
aric Islands,  Majorca  and  Minorca, 
in  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  Their 
inhabitants  were  famed  for  the 
use  of  the  sling.  —  As  subst., 
Baleares,  -ium,  (sc.  incolae), 
m.,  the  inhabitants  of  the  Balearic 
Islands. 

halo,  -avi,  -attiiu,  -are,  [prob.  fr. 
the  sound],  I.  v.  n.,  bleat. 

balsam  11  m,  -I,  [Gr.  fra.\aa,^ov\,  n., 
a  fragrant  gum  of  the  balsam-tree, 
balsam. 

balteus,  -i,  (plur.  baltea),  [?],  m., 
a  baldric  or  shoulder-belt  for  carry- 
ing a  sword,  a  belt  or  band  for 
carrying  a  quiver. 

barathrum,  -I,  [Gr.  fra.pa.Qpov},  n., 
an  abyss,  chasm,  gulf,  deep  pit. 

barba,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  the  beard,  of 
men  or  animals :  barba  cadebat. 

barbaricus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Pap&a- 
PIKOS,  adj.  from  /3ap£apos],  adj.,  of 
or  pertaining  to  a  barbarian, 
foreign,  strange,  barbaric,  bar- 
barous. 

barbarus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  0dp0apos'], 
adj.,  foreign,  strange,  barbarous: 
barbara  tegmina  crunun. 

Barcaei,  -orum,  [masc.  plur.  of 
Barcaeus,  Gr.  Bapica.?os~] ,  m.,  Bar- 
cceans,  inhabitants  of  Barce,  a  town 
in  Libya. 

Barce,  -es,  [Gr.  Betp/oj],  f.,  the 
nurse  of  Sichaeus. 

Hat  ilium,  -i,  n.,  a  town  built  by 
the  Samnites  in  Campania. 

Bavius,  -I  (-ii),  m.,  Bavius,  a  bad 
poet,  contemporary  with  Virgil  and 
Horace,  and  obnoxious  to  both. 

beat  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  beo  as  adj., 
happy,  prosperous,  blessed,  fbrtu- 
nate :  Eurotas  ;  sedes  (Elysium). 

Bebryclus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  or  be- 
longing to  Bebrycia  (a  province  of 
Asia  Minor,  afterwards  called  Bi- 
thynia,  the  country  of  Amycus,  a 
famous  boxer),  Bebrycian. 

Belgicus,  -a,  -um,  [fBelga-  (or 
Belgo-)  +  CUB],  adj.,  Belgic,  of  the 
Be!~a  or  Belgians,  a  warlike  peo- 


ple of  German  and  Celtic  origin 
dwelling  in  the  north  of  Gaul. 

Belides,  -ae,  [Gr.  patronymic],  m., 
a  descendant  of  Belus  (see  Belus). 

bellator,  -oris,  [fbella-  (stem  of 
bello)  +  tor],  m.,  a  warrior,  sol- 
dier, fighting-man. —  As  adj.,  that 
wages  or  carries  on  war,  warlike, 
war-,  ready  to  fight,  martial,  val- 
orous :  deus  (the  warrior-god, 
Mars);  equus  (war-horse}. 

bellatrix,  -Icis,  [fbella,  (stem  of 
bello)  +  trix],  fern,  adj.,  that 
wages  or  carries  on  war,  warlike  ; 
warrior  (female). 

bellipotens,  -entis,  [fbello-po- 
tens],  adj.,  powerful  or  valiant 
in  war.  —  Masc.,  the  god  powerful 
in  war,  i.e.,  Mars. 

bello,  -avi,  -atum,  are,  [fbello-], 
i .  v.  n. ;  and  bellor,  perhaps  no 
perf.,  -ari,  I.  v.  dep.,  wage  or  car- 
ry on  war,  to  war  :  pictis  bellan- 
tur  Amazones  armis. 

Belloua,  -ae,  [unc.  form  (cf.  pa- 
tronus)  from  stem  of  bellum], 
f.,  the  goddess  of  war,  and  sister 
of  Mars. 

bellua,  see  belua. 

bellum,  -i,  [unc.  form  akin  to  duo 
and  perhaps  dis-],  n.,  war,  war- 
fare. —  Personified,  War. 

belua  (bell-),  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  beast 
(large  or  ferocious),  a  monster  (as 
an  elephant,  lion,  wild  boar,  whale, 
dolphin);  Lernae  (the  Hydra). 

Belus,  -i,  [Gr.  BT}AOI,  same  word  as 
Bel  at  Baal~\,  m.,  a  mythic  name 
of  several  Eastern  kings,  among 
others,  of  several  ancestors  of  Dido. 

Benacus,  -i,  m.,  a  deep  and  rough 
lake  in  Gallia  Transpadana,  near 
Verona,  through  which  the  Min- 
cius  (Afincio)  flows  (now  Lago  di 
Gar  da). 

bone  [abl.  of  bonus],  (meHus, 
uptime),  adv.  Of  every  kind  of 
excellence,  well,  beautifully,  ably, 
rightly,  honorably,  favorably,  pros- 
perously,  fully,  completely  :  olentes 
(sweet) . 

benefactum,    -i,    [p.p.    neut.    of 


Vocabulary. 


benefacioj,  n.,  {a  thing  well  done, 
absolutely),  a  good,  honorable, 
praiseworthy  act;  good,  honorable 
action ;  heroic  deed.  —  (a  thing 
well  done  to  or  for  some  one),  a 
benefit,  kindness,  service. 

benignus,  -a,  -um,  [fbonS-genus 
( -v/gen  +  us)>  of  good  birth~\,  adj., 
Of  persons  as  to  feelings  or  beha- 
vior, good,  kind,  friendly,  pleasing, 
favorable,  mild,  benignant,  kindly. 
—  Transferred,  kindly,  friendly  : 
mens. 

Berecyntius,  -a,  -um,  (-cynthi- 
us),  [Gr.  BepeKiWtos],  adj.,  of  <yc 
pertaining  to  Berecyntus,  a  moun- 
tain in  Phrygia,  sacred  to  Cybele, 
on  the  river  Sangarius,  Berecyn- 
tian.  —  Fern.,  the  Berecyntian  god- 
dess or  mother  (Cybele). 

Beroe,  -es,  [Gr.  Btpori],  f. :  I.  One 
of  the  Oceanidae,  or  ocean  nymphs  ; 
2.  The  wife  of  Doryclus  of  Epirus, 
in  the  Trojan  company. 

Bianor,  -oris,  [Gr.  &ia,  av^p],  m., 
an  ancient  hero,  the  founder  of 
Mantua. 

bib6,  blbi,  bibitum(?),  bibere, 
[redup.  v/pa  (in  pot  us)],  3.  v.  a., 
drink:  Ararim  Parthus  bibat 
(drink  of) ;  ut  gemma  bibat.  — 
Of  things,  imbibe,  drink,  drink  in  : 
sat  prata  bibemnt ;  bibit  ingens 
arcus  (draw  water,  of  the  rain- 
bow) .  —  Fig. :  longum  amorem 
(drink  in  long  draughts  of  love, 
of  Dido).  —  Transferred,  bring 
forth  or  draw  forth,  drink  (cf. 
haurio) :  hasta  bibit  cruorem. 

bibulus,  -a,  -um,  [lost  stem  fbibo 
•f  lus],  adj.,  drinking  readily  or 
freely.  — Fig.,  of  things,  that  draws, 
sucks  in,  or  absorbs  moisture,  bibu- 
lous, absorbent,  thirsty  :  arena. 

bicolor,  -oris,  [bi  (for  dvi,  cf.  bis) 
-color],  adj.,  of  two  colors,  two-col- 
ored:  equus  (dappled). 

bicornis,  -e,  [bi  (for  dvi,  cf.  bis) 
-cornu  (weakened )  ],  adj.,  with  two 
horns,  two-horned.  —  Fig.,  with  two 
points,  two-horned,  two-pronged  : 
furcae. 


bidens,  -entis,  [bi  (for  dvi,  cf.  bis) 
-dens] ,  adj.,  with  two  teeth. — Fern., 
a  sheep  for  sacrifice,  victim.  — 
Fig.,  with  two  points,  two-pronged: 
forfex.  —  Masc.,  a  hoe  with  two 
iron  teeth. 

bifer,  -fera,  -ferum,  [bi  (for  dvi, 
cf.  bis)  -fer  (-v/fer+ us)],  adj., 
bearing  twice  a  year,  twice-bear- 
ing:  biferi  rosaria  Paesti. 

biforis,  -e,  [bi  (for  dvi,  cf.  bis) 
-foris],  adj.,  with  two  doors  :  bifo- 
res  valvae  (double  doors).  —  Fig., 
two-fold,  double:  biforem  dat  ti- 
bia can  turn  (because  two  pipes 
were  used,  giving  a  double  open- 
ing)- 

biformis,  -e,  [bi  (for  dvi,  cf.  bis) 
-forma  (weakened)],  adj.,  two- 
formed,  two-shaped :  Minotaurus 
(part  man  and  part  bull). 

bifrons,  -ontis,  [bi  (for  dvi,  cf. 
bis)  -frons],  adj.,  with  two  fore- 
heads ;  or,  in  a  wider  sense,  with 
two  faces,  double-faced  (an  epithet 
of  Janus) . 

bigae,  -arum;  also  -a,  -ae,  [bi 
(for  dvi,  cf.  bis)  -fagus  (lost  adj., 
akin  to  ago,  cf.  agilis,  auriga)  ] , 
f.,  a  pair  of  horses,  a  span,  double 
team.  —  Fig.,  a  car  or  chariot 
drawn  by  two  horses. 

biiugis,  -e,  [bi  (for  dvi,  cf.  bis) 
-iugum  (weakened)],  adj.,  yoked 
two  together  :  equi  (  pair  of  horses) . 

biiugus,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  preceding], 
adj.,  yoked  tivo  together .  leones 
(yoked  in  pairs');  certamen  (the 
contest  with  the  bigse,  two-horse 
race,  chariot  race).  —  Masc.  plur. 
(sc.  equi),  two  horses  yoked  abreast, 
a  pair,  span. 

bilinguis,  -e,  [bi  (for  dvi,  cf.  bis) 
-lingua  (weakened,  cf.  bilingu- 
us)],  adj.,  with  two  tongues. — 
Fig.,  double-tongued,  false,  treach- 
erous :  Tyrii. 

liilix,  -Ic is,  [bi  (for  dvi,  cf.  bis) 
+  stem  akin  to  licium],  adj.,  with 
a  double  thread,  two-threaded,  two- 
ply,  double  :  loricam. 

bimembris,  -e,  [bi  (for  dvi,   cf. 


Vocabulary. 


37 


bls)-membram(weakened)  ],  adj., 
having  double  members. —  Masc. 
plur.,  two-formed  monsters  (the 
Centaurs) . 

Inmiis,  -a,  -11111,  [bi  (for  dvi,  cf. 
bis)-  thinus  (lost  stem  akin  to 
hieins),  of  two  winters],  adj.,  two 
years  old,  of  two  years,  continu- 
ing tiuo  years,  two-year-old. 

bini,  -ae,  -a,  [bi  (for  dvi,  cf.  bis) 
+  nus],  distrib.  adj.,  tivo  (distribu- 
tively),  two  apiece  or  for  each. — 
Less  exactly,  tivo,  with  substantives 
plural  only.  —  Of  things  that  are  in 
pairs  or  double :  scyphos  (a  pair 
of  goblets)  ;  bina  hastilia. 

bipatens,  -entis,  [bi  (for  dvi,  cf. 
bis)  -patens],  adj.,  opening  in  tivo 
•ways,  open  in  two  directions,  swing- 
ing:  portae. 

bipennis,  -e,  [bi  (for  dvi,  cf.  bis) 
-penna  (weakened)],  adj.,  having 
two  edges,  two-edged :  ferrum.  — 
Fern.  (sc.  securis),  an  axe  with 
two  edges,  double-axe,  battle-axe. 

bipes,  -edis,  [bi  (for  dvi,  cf.  bis) 
-f-  pes],  adj.,  two-footed :  equi  {sea- 
horses) ;  mensa. 

biremis,  -e,  [bi  (for  dvi,  cf.  bis) 
-remus  (weakened)],  adj.,  two- 
oared,  having  two  oars. — As  subst., 
biremis,  -is,  (sc.  navis),  f.,  a 
small  vessel  with  two  oars,  a  vessel 
with  two  rmvs  of  benches  or  two 
banks  of  oars,  ships  (generally). 

bis  [for  dvis,  case-form  of  duo  as 
adv.  (cf.  cis,  uls)],  adv.  num., 
tiuice,  in  two  -ways,  in  a  two-fold 
manner:  bis  in  liora  (twice  an 
hour).  —  With  numerals,  twice  a 
certain  number :  bis  senos.  —  bis 
tanto  or  tantum  (twice  as  great 
or  as  much). 

Bisaltae,  -arum,  m.,  a  Thracian 
people  on  the  Strymon. 

bisseni,  see  bis  and  seni. 

bissextus,  see  bis  and  sextus. 

I  Jit  ias,  -ae,  m. :  I.  A  Trojan,  son  of 
Alcanor ;  2.  A  Carthaginian  no- 
bleman. 

bitumen,  -inis,  [?],  n.,  bitumen, 

bivlus,  -a,  -urn,  [bi  (for  dvi,  cf. 


bis)  -via,  declined  as  adj.],  adj., 
having  two  ways  or  passages  : 
fauces  (double*) .  —  Neut.,  a  place 
where  two  roads  meet,  cross  roads, 
corner. 

blundus,  -a,  -um,  [perhaps  for 
mlandus,  akin  to  mollis],  adj., 
of  smooth  tongue,  flattering,  fon- 
dling, caressing  :  canes  (affection- 
ate).—  Fig.,  flattering,  friendly, 
kind,  pleasant,  agreeable,  enticing, 
alluring,  charming :  laudes  ;  So- 
res; gaudia  (alluring). 

blatta,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  the  blatta,  a 
night  insect,  moth,  bee  moth. 

IJohi,  -ae,  (-ae,  -arum),  f.,  a 
very  ancient  town  of  the  /fcqui,  in 
Latiuui. 

bonus,  -a,  -um,  (melior,  opt  i- 
mus),  adj.  Of  every  .kind  of  ex- 
cellence :  physical,  good,  beautiful, 
pleasant,  fit,  suitable,  fair.  — 
Neut.  plur.,£7/?.y  of  fortune,  ^vealth, 
riches,  property,  goods,  fortune.  — 
Mental  and  moral,  good,  fit,  able, 
excellent,  skilful,  noble,  virtuous, 
upright,  honest,  &c.  (with  inf.,  skil- 
ful).— favorable,  propitious  :  bo- 
num  sit  (a  good  omen);  bona 
bello  cornus  (iveltfi tted). — Neut. 
sing,  and  plur.,  advantage,  weal: 
bonis  communibus  obsto. 

Bootes,  -ae,  [Gr.  j8oo>T7js,  plough- 
mart],  m.,  the  constellation  Bootes. 

Boreas,  -ae,  [Gr.  Bopc'as],  in.,  Bo- 
reas, the  mountain  or  north  wind 
(pureLat.aquilo)  :  Boreaepene- 
trabile  frigus.  —  Personified,  Bo- 
reas, the  son  of  the  river-god  Stry- 
mon, and  father  of  Calais  and 
Zetes  by  Orithyia,  daughter  of 
Erechtheus,  king  of  Attica. 

bos,  bovis,  (gen.  plur.,  bourn), 
[cf.  Gr.  /3oCs],  comm.  gen.,  one  of 
the  ox  tribe,  an  ox,  a  cow :  pascite 
boves  (cattle). 

bracchium  (brach-),  -I,  [?],  n., 
an  arm  ;  the  whole  arm,  from  the 
shoulder  to  the  fingers.  —  From 
similarity,  a  branch.  —  Plur.,  the 
sail-yards.  —  a  (natural  or  arti- 
ficial) outwork;  an  arm  for  con- 


Vocabulary. 


necting  hvo  points  in  fortifications 
or  preparations  for  besieging.  —  a 
side-work,  mole,  dike,  in  the  for- 
tification of  a  harbor. 

bractea,  see  brattea. 

brattea  (bract-),  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a 
thin  plate,  leaf  (of  metal). 

brevls,  -e,  [for  fbregvis,  y'bragh 
+  us,  with  accidental  i  as  in  levls, 
gravis,  cf.  Qpa.xvs~\,  adj.  In  dis- 
tance, extent,  little,  small,  short, 
narrow:  brevis  est  via. —  In 
depth,  small,  little,  shallow  :  vada. 
—  Neut.  plur.,  brevia,  -iuin,  shal- 
lows, shoals. 

breviter  [brevi  +  ter  (probably 
neuter  of  -terus  reduced)],  adv. 
Of  space,  shortly,  in  a  small  space, 
at  a  short  distance.  —  In  expres- 
sion, briefly,  in  brief,  with  few 
words,  concisely,  summarily.  — 
Of  time,  shortly,  in  no  long  time. 

Brian-iis,  -ei,  [Gr.  Bpjapew],  m., 
a  hundred-armed  giant  (also  called 
ALgczori) . 

Brit  ami  us,  -a,  -uin,  [?],  adj.,  of 
Britain,  British.  —  Masc.  plur., 
Britons.  —  Also  their  country, 
Britain. 

Brontes,  -ae,  [Gr.  Bp<W?;s  (Thun- 
derer)], m.,  a  Cyclops  in  the  work- 
shop of  Vulcan. 

hriinia,  -ae,  [for  brevima  (old  su- 
perlative of  brevis,  cf.  infimus), 
sc.  dies],  f.,  the  shortest  day  in  the 
year,  the  winter  solstice.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, the  winter  time,  winter. 

brumalis,  -e,  [fbruma  (reduced) 
+  alls],  adj.,  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  winter  solstice.  —  wintry,  of 
winter:  frigus. 

Brutus,  -i,  [brutus,  heavy,  dull], 
m.,  a  Roman  family  name.  —  Esp., 
L.  Junius  Brutus,  who  expelled 
Tarquinius  Superbus.  He  was  saved 
by  his  feigned  stupidity  (hence  the 
name). 

bubo,  -onis,  m.  (f.  only  once),  an 
owl,  the  horned  cnvl,  the  cry  of 
which  was  considered  as  ill-boding. 

bubulcus,  -I,  [fbubulo  +  cusj,  m., 


an  ox-driver  or  wagoner,  one  who 
ploughs  with  oxen,  a  ploughman. 

buccina,  -ae ;  see  bucina. 

bin- iiia  (bucc-),  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a 
shepherd's  horn.  —  a  trumpet  : 
bello  dat  signum  rauca  cruen- 
tum  bucina. 

bueolicus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  &OVKO\I- 
KOS],  adj.,  relating  to  herdsmen.  — 
Only  neut.  plur.,  bucolica,  name 
of  the  Eclogues,  as  the  songs  of 
herdsmen. 

bucula,  -ae,  [fbov-  (bos)  +  cula], 
f.  dim.,  a  lieifer. 

bufo,  -onis,  [?],  m.,  a  toad. 

I  nil  la,  -ae,  [cf.  bullo,  bullio],  f., 
a  water-bubble,  bubble. —  Fig.,  a 
boss,  stud. 

b u  must  us,  -i,  [Gr.  jSou/xoo-Tos],  f., 
the  bumastus,  a  species  of  grape 
with  large  clusters. 

buris,  -is,  [?],  m.,  hinder  part  of  a 
plough,  plough-tail. 

Busiris,  -idis,  [Gr.  Bownpts],  m., 
Busiris,  a  king  of  Egypt,  who 
sacrificed  strangers,  and  was  him- 
self slain  by  Hercules. 

bust  um,  -I,  [n.  p.p.  of  unc.  verb, 
but  cf.  comburo],  n.,  the  burned 
pyre, pyre  (after  burning),  funeral 
pile  :  semusta.  —  the  hillock  raised 
over  the  ashes  of  a  burned  corpse, 
a  tomb.  —  Plur.,  same  meaning. 

Butes,  -ae,  [Gr.  BOUTTJS],  m. :  I.  Son 
of  Amycus,  king  of  the  Bebry- 
cians,  slain  by  Dares  at  the  tomb 
of  Hector  ;  2.  An  armor-bearer  of 
Anchises  and  guardian  of  Asca- 
nius ;  3.  A  Trojan,  perhaps  the 
same  as  2. 

Buthrotum,  -I,  [Gr.  Bouflpon-oV], 
n.,  a  maritime  town  of  Epirus  (now 
Butrinto~) . 

buxus,  -i,  (sometimes  -uni,  -i,  n.), 
[Gr.  iru£os],  f.,  the  box-tree,  box- 
wood.—  Of  things  made  of  box- 
wood, a  pipe  or  flute. 

Byrsa,  -ae,  [prob.  a  Phoenician 
word  (=  Basra),  confounded  with 
Bvpiro  (a  hide)],  f.,  the  citadel  of 
Carthage. 


Vocabulary. 


39 


c. 


(•acumen,  -Inis,  [unc.  stem  (cf.  Sk. 
kakud,  mountain)  +  men],  n.,  the 
extreme  end,  extremity,  or  point  of 
a  thing  ;  the  peak,  top,  utmost  point 
(whether  horizontal  or  perpendic- 
ular). 

Cue  us,  -i,  [  ?,  cf.  Caca],  m.,  a  mythi- 
cal monster  of  Italy  who  robbed 
Hercules  of  Geryon's  cattle,  and 
was  on  that  account  slain  by  him. 

cadaver,  -eris,  [akin  to  cado],  n., 
a  dead  body,  a  corpse.  —  Of  beasts, 
a  carcass. 

cadens,  p.  of  cado. 

cado,  cecidi,  casum,  cadere, 
[  Y/cad],  3.  v.  n.,fall  down,  be  pre- 
cipitated, sink  down,  fall :  barba 
(under  the  shears)  ;  vela  (are  low- 
ered}; de  montibus  umbrae  (are 
thrown  by)  ;  imbres  (drop) .  —  Of 
stars,  &c.,  decline,  set:  sidera. — 
In  death,  fall,  perish,  be  slain.  — 
Fig.,  happen,  come  to  pass,  befall 
one,  occur  to  one  :  cadit  in  quen- 
quam  tantum  scelus  (be  con- 
ceived); quocunque  res  cadent. 

—  decrease,  diminish,  perish,  de- 
cay, cease,  subside,  abate :  fragor ; 
animi  (sink).  —  p.p.  as  adj.:  pa- 
tria   cadens    (failing,  going   to 
ruin). 

cadOcus,  -a,  -um,  [lost  stem  in  u 
(from  ^/cad  in  cado)  +  cus], 
adj.,  that  falls  or  has  fallen,  fall- 
ing:  frondes  volitare  caducas. 

—  Esp.,  of  those  who  fall  in  battle, 
&c.,  falling  or  having  fallen  dead  : 
bello  cadnci  Dardanidae.  —  Less 
exactly,  devoted  to  death,  destined 
to  die  :  iuvenis. 

cadus,  -i,  [Gr.  Kc£5os],  m.,  a  large 
earthen  vessel  for  containing  li- 
quids (esp.  wine),  a  bottle,  flask, 
jar,  vase.  —  a  funeral  urn. 

Caea,  see  Cea. 

Caeculus,  -i,  [dim.  of  caecus, 
tcaeco  -f  lus],  m.,a  son  of  Vulcan, 
founder  of  Pneneste. 

caecus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  blind. — 


Transferred,  dark,  invisible,  con- 
cealed, secret,  hidden  :  caligo ; 
fores;  Mars  (blind  warfare). — 
Fig.,  uncertain,  dubious,  blind: 
fata ;  undae  (unknown)  ;  pari- 
etes  (deceptive) ;  ignes  (mean- 
ingless, acting  blindly) ;  murmur 
(undistinguishable~) .  —  blind,  heed- 
less, reckless :  auri  amor. 

caedes,  -Is,  [ -^/cad  +  -es  (-is),  two 
stems],  f.,  a  cutting  or  lopping  off. 
—  Of  persons,  a  cutting  down, 
slaughter,  murder.  —  Concretely, 
a  person  slain  or  murdered ;  tht 
slain.  —  blood  shed  in  slaughter, 
gore. 

Caedicus,  -I,  [?,  cf.  caedes],  m.,  a 
Rutulian  warrior,  perh.  two. 

caedo,  cecidi,  caesnm,  caedere, 
[•y/cad  (increased,  as  causative)], 
3.  v.  a.,  (cause  to  fall),  cut,  fell, 
lop,  cut  down,  hew,  throw  down, 
cut  off,  cut  to  pieces.  —  Fig., 
slaughter,  slay,  sacrifice. — Trans- 
ferred, shed  (of  blood). 

caelatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  caelo. 

caelestis, -e  (sometimes  gen.  plur., 
caelestum),  [fcaelit-  (stem  of 
caeles,  heavenly)  +  tis(cf.  agres- 
tis  and  adjs.  in  -ticus)],  adj.,  (of 
or  pertaining  to  the  heavenly),  of 
heaven,  heavenly,  celestial :  animi 
(souls  of  the  gods). —  Plur.,  comm. 
gen.,  the  inhabitants  of  heaven,  the 
gods. 

caelicola,  -ae,  [ -y/caeli-fcola  (cf. 
Incola)],  comm.  gen.,  inhabitant 
of  heaven,  deity,  god. 

caelicolum,  gen.  plur.;  see  caeli- 
cola. 

caelifer,  -fera,  -ferum,  [fcaeli- 
fer  ( -v/fer  -f  us)  ] ,  adj .,  supporting 
the  heavens,  heaven-supporting : 
Atlas. 

caelo,  -a  vi,  -Stum, -are,  [fcaelo-], 
i.  v.  a.,  emboss,  carve  in  relief, 
engrave,  carve:  bipennis ;  Ma- 
vors  caelatus  ferro  (embossed  on 
steel). 


4o 


Vocabulary, 


caelum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  the  sky  (cf. 
caelo),  the  heavens,  Heaven  :  ru- 
ina  caeli  (deluge  of  the  sky,  the 
whole  heavens  falling) ;  quarta 
caeli  hora  {fourth  hour,  as  indi- 
cated by  the  sky)  ;  de  caelo  tac- 
tae  quercus  (struck  by  lightning) . 
—  the  air,  atmosphere,  tempera- 
ture, weather  :  mores  caeli  (course 
of  the  -weather} .  —  Poetically,  day. 

Caeneus,  -ei,  [Gr.  Kou/fus],  m., 
Caneus :  I .  A  girl  originally 
named  Caenis,  daughter  of  Elatus, 
changed  by  Neptune  into  a  boy. 
Ace.  to  Virgil,  he  again  became  a 
female  ;  2.  A  Trojan  warrior. 

caenum,  -I,  [?],  n.,  dirt,  filth,  mud, 
mire  (always  with  the  access,  idea 
of  loathsomeness). 

Caere,  n.  indecl.,  (gen.  Caeritis, 
abl.  Caerete,  f.),  Care,  a  very 
ancient  city  of  Etruria,  previously 
called  Agylla  (now  Cervetere). 

caeruleus,  -a,  -urn,  [?],  adj.,  dark 
blue,  cerulean,  sea-green,  green  : 
angues;  colla  ;  glacies.  —  Neut. 
plur.,  the  sea.  —  From  similarity, 
of  things  connected  with  water, 
blue:  Thybris. — Opposed  to  bright 
colors,  dark, gloomy,  black  :  vittae. 

Caesar,  -aris,  [?],  m.,  a  family 
name  in  the  gens  Julia.  —  Esp.  : 
I.  C.  Julius  Casar,  the  conqueror 
of  Gaul,  and  the  opponent  of  Pom- 

Eey  in  the  civil  war,  assassinated 
y  Brutus  and  Cassius  ;  2.  C.  Oc- 
tavius  Ccesar,  called  Augustus,  the 
Roman  emperor,  the  friend  and 
patron  of  Virgil. 

caesaries,  ei-,  [?],  f.,  the  hair  of 
the  head,  the  locks. 

caespes  (ces-),  -pitis,  [?],  m., 
turf,  sod,  the  turf  (grassy  plain)  : 
congestum  caespite  cu.lm.en. 

caestus  (ces-),  -us,  [perh.  y'caed 
+  tus],  m.,  a  cestus  (a  kind  of 
glove  for  boxing,  made  of  a  thong 
loaded  with  lead  and  worn  round 
the  hand). 

caesus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  caedo. 

caeterus,  -a,  -um,  caetra,  -ae; 
incorrect  for  ceterus. 


caetra  (ce-),  -ae,  [borrowed  word 
from  native  Spanish],  f.,  a  cetra 
(a  short  Spanish  buckler),  a  buck- 
ler. 

CaIcus(Cay-),-i,  [Gr.  Kcu«:os],m. : 
I.  A  river  of  Greater  Mysia,  which 
takes  its  rise  on  Mount  Teuthras, 
passes  near  Pergamus,  and  falls 
into  the  sea  at  Lesbos  (now  the 
Mandragora};  2.  One  of  the  com- 
panions of  /Eneas. 
Caieta,  -ae  (-e,  -es),  f . :  i.  The 
nurse  of  /Eneas  ;  2.  A  town  and 
harbor  in  Latium  (novfGaeta},  sup- 
posed to  have  been  named  for  her. 
Calaber,  -bra,  -um,  [perhaps  akin 
to  caleo],  adj.,  of  Calabria,  the 
country  in  Lower  Italy  from  Taren- 
tum  to  the  promontory  lapygium 
(now  Terra  d'Otranto),  Cala- 
brian. 

Calabria,  -ae,  f.,  Calabria. 
calamus,  -i,  [Gr.  KoAa/uos],  m.,  a 
reed,  cane.  —  Fig.,  of  things  made 
of  reeds,  a  reed-pipe,  an  arrow.  — 
Less  exactly,  a  straw  of  grain,  a 
stalk,  stem,  blade. 

calathus,  -i,  [Gr.  /ca\oflos],  m.,  a 
wicker-basket,  a  hand-basket  (wi- 
dening towards  the  top). —  From 
similarity,  a  milk-bowl,  milk-pail ; 
a  wine-cup. 

calcar,  -aris,  [for  calcare,  neut. 
of  calcaris  (fcalc  +  aris)],  n., 
(a  thing  belonging  to  the  heel~),  a 
spur. 

Galenas,  -antis,  (ace.  Gr.  Cal- 
chanta),  [Gr.  KoAxas],  m.,  a  son 
of  Thestor,  the  most  distinguished 
seer  among  the  Greeks  at  Troy. 
calcO,  -avi,  -Stum,  -are,  [fcalc- 
(keeiy^  i.  v.  a.,  tread  something 
or  upon  something,  tread  under 
foot:  mixtaque  cruor  calcatur 
arena  (is  trampled  in  the  sand~) . — 
From  the  result,  trample  in,  tread 
down,  press,  crowd,  press  together 
close  or  firm,  press  in  :  hue  ager 
ille  malus  dulcesque  a  fontibus 
undae  ad  plenum  calcentur  (into 
this  let  this  poor  soil  and  fresh  water 
be  trodden  down). 


Vocabulary. 


calculus,  -i,  [fcalc-  (stone)  +  ulus, 
as  if  calco  +  lus],  m.  dim.,  a  small 
stone,  a  pebble.  —  Collectively,  in 
sing.,  gravel. 

calefacio  (calf-),  -feci,  -factum, 
-facere,  3.  v.  a. ;  pass.,  calef  io 
(calfio),  -factus  sum,  -fieri, 
[unc.  form  (akin  to  caleo)  -facio] , 
make  warm  or  hot,  warm,  heat.  — 
Fig.,  rouse  or  excite,  fire,  heat : 
calefactaque  corda  tumultu.  — 
flush,  cause  to  glcnu  (of  blushing)  : 
ora  calefacta  (blushed). 

calefactus  (calf-),  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
of  calefacio. 

calef  io,  -ieri ;  see  calefacio. 

caleo,  -ui,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [lost  stem 
fcalo-  (cf.  calidos),]  2.  v.  n.,  be 
warm  or  hot,  glow :  ture  (of  an 
altar).  —  Pres.  p.  as  adj.,  warm: 
membra  (still  unchilled,  in  death ) . 

Cales,  -iiim,  f.,  Cales,  a  town  in 
southern  Campania,  celebrated  for 
its  wine  (now  Calvi). 

calldus  (caldus),  -a,  -um,  [lost 
stem  fcalo-  (cf.  caleo)  +  dus] . 
adj.,  warm,  hot.  —  Fig.,  fiery, 
spirited,  fierce. 

1.  caligo,  -inis,  [lost  stem  caligo 
-f  o(n),  root  in  clam,  celo],  f., 
a  thick  atmosphere,  a  mist,  -vapor, 
fog,  darkness. 

2.  caligo,    no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -are, 
[lost  stem  caligo  (whence  caligo, 
-inis),  same  root  as  clam,  celo], 
I.  v.  n.  and  a.     Neut.,  be  involved 
in    darkness,    be    dark,   gloomy  : 
caligans   lucus.  —  Act.,    veil    in 
darkness,  darken,  obscure :   mor- 
tales  visas. 

Calliope,  -es,  (-ea,  -ae),  [Gr.  KoA- 
AIOITTJ,  KaAAj'oireta  (having  a  beau- 
tiful voice)'],  {.,  the  chief  of  the 
Muses,  goddess  of  epic  poetry,  and, 
in  the  poets,  sometimes  of  every 
other  kind  of  poetry ;  the  mother 
of  Orpheus  and  of  the  Sirens. 

Calliopea,  see  Calliope. 

callis,  -is,  [  ?],  m.,  a  stony,  uneven,  ; 
narrow  foot-way  ;    a  foot-path,  a 
mountain-path,  &c. ;   a  path  (of 
cattle). 


calor,  -oris,  [-y/cal  (in  caleo)  + 
or],  m.,  warmth,  heat,  glow  (of 
any  kind,  as  in  Eng.). 

calta  (caltha),  -ae,  f.,  a  strong- 
smelling  flower  of  a  yellow  color, 
perhaps  marigold. 

caltha,  see  calta. 

calx,  calcis,  [?],  f.,  the  heel. — 
Less  exactly,  the  foot :  calcemque 
terit  iam  calce. 

Calybe,  -es,  f.,  priestess  of  Juno 
among  the  Rutuli. 

Calydon,  -onis,  (Gr.  ace.  Caly- 
dona),[Gr.  KoAuSwy],  f.,  Calydon, 
a  very  ancient  town  of  ^Etolia,  on 
the  river  Evenus.  It  was  the 
abode  of  QEneus,  father  of  Melea- 
ger  and  Deianira,  and  grandfather 
of  Diomedes. 

Camaena,  see  Camena. 

Camarina,  see  Camerina. 

Camena  (-aena,  -oena),  -ae, 
[tcasmen  (later  carmen)  +  a, 
same  root  as  cano],  f.,  (goddess 
of  song,  cf.  Pomona),  a  muse  (the 
proper  Latin  name,  cf.  musa  bor- 
rowed from  Greek). 

Camerina  (Camar-),  -ae,  [Gr.  Ko- 
pdpiya],  f.,  a  town  of  Sicily,  by  a 
marsh  of  the  same  name. 

Gamers,  -ertis,  [lost  stem  fcamer 
(whence  also  Camerinus)  +  tis 
(reduced)],  adj.,  of  Camerinum 
(a  town  in  Umbria,  now  Cameri- 
no).  —  Name  of  an  Italian  warrior. 

Camilla,  -ae,  [cf.  next  word],  f.,  a 
Volscian  heroine,  killed  in  the  war 
between  /Eneas  and  Turnus. 

Camillus,  -i,  [camillus,  a  young 
religious  servant,  probably  akin  to 
cano,  carmen,  Camena],  m., 
a  name  of  several  persons  of  the 
gens  Furia,  the  most  distinguished 
of  whom  was  M.  Furius  Camillus, 
who  conquered  Veii,  and  delivered 
Rome  from  the  Gauls. 

caminus,  -i,  [Gr.  KO./JUVOS'],  m.,  a 
smelting  furnace,  a  forge  or  smithy. 
—  Plur.,  chimneys,  the  crater  of 
j^Etna,  where  were  supposed  to  be 
the  forges  of  the  Cyclops. 

Campanus,  -a,  -urn,  [fcampo  (re- 


Vocabulary. 


duced)  +  anus] ,  adj.,  Campanian, 
of  Campania  (a  district  of  south- 
ern Italy)  :  urbs  (Capua). 
campus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  an  even,  flat 
place ;  a  plain,  field :  Mavortis 
(the  Campus  Martius,  a  plain  at 
Rome  outside  the  walls,  once  be- 
longing to  the  Tarquins.  After- 
wards it  was  dedicated  to  Mars, 
and  became  the  meeting-place  of 
the  Roman  people.  In  it  was  the 
tomb  of  Augustus  and  his  family) . 

—  Coll.,    land.  —  a   level  surface 
(of  the  sea  or  a  rock)  :  campi  sa- 
Us ;    immota    attollitur    unda 
campus.  —  Fig.,  a  free,  open  space: 
liquentes  (the  fields  of  air). 

camurus  (-erus),  -a,  -um,  [akin 
to  camera],  adj.,  crooked,  turned 
inwards  :  camuris  sub  cornibus 
aures. 

canalis,  -is,  [?],  m.,  a  channel, 
canal ;  a  pipe,  a  trough,  a  conduit: 
ilignis  potare  canalibus  undam. 

cancer,  -cri,  [?],  m.,  a  crab,  sea- 
crab. —  the  Crab  (the  sign  of  the 
Zodiac). 

can  dens,  -ntis,  p.  of  candeo. 

candeo,  -ui,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [lost 
stem  fcando-  (-y/can  in  can  us, 
caneo),  cf.  candor,  candidus], 
2.  v.  n.,  be  of  brilliant  or  glittering 
•whiteness,  shine,  glitter,  glisten.  — 
Y\g.,glow  (with  a  glistening  color), 
be  glowing  hot :  fa  villa.  —  can- 
dens,  -ntis,  p.,  glistening,  shin- 
ing, white  :  vacca. 

candidus,  -a,  -um,  [fcando  (noun- 
stem,  whence  candeo)  +  dus], 
z.Q.,glistening,dazzling  white, pure 
white,  white,  clear,  bright:  Can- 
dida luna ;  Dido  (fair) ;  barba. 

—  Of  the  face  of  a  divinity,  di- 
vinely fair. —  populus  (the  white 
or  silver  poplar). 

candor,  -oris,  [stem  of  candeo, 
treated  as  root,  +  or],  m.,  a  daz- 
zling, glossy  whiteness ;  a  clear 
lustre,  clearness,  radiance,  bright- 
ness, brilliancy,  splendor. 

canens,  -ntis,  p.  of  caneo. 

caneo,  -ui,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [tcan6-], 


2.  v.  n.,  be  white,  gray,  or  hoary. 

—  canens,    -ntis,    p.,    white.  — 
aged:  lumina. 

canis,  -is,  [?],  comm.  gen.,  a  dog. 

—  the   Dog    (the    constellation)  : 
major  or  Icarius,  whose  brightest 
star  is  the  Dog-star  (canicula)  : 
and  minor,  minusculus,  or  Eri- 
goneius   (commonly  called  ante- 
canis).  —  the  sea-dog;    plur.,  and 
mythically,  of  the  dogs  of  Scylla. 

canistra,  -orum,  [Gr.  ndva.o-Tpa~\ , 
n.  plur.,  baskets  woven  from  reeds, 
bread-,  fruit-,  flower-,  &c.,  baskets 
(esp.  for  religious  use  in  sacrifices). 

canities,  -em,  -e,  [canus,  through 
some  intermediate  stem],  f.,  a  gray 
or  grayish-white  color,  hoariness. 
— _Fig.,  gray  hair. 

cano,  cecini,  no  sup.,  canere, 
[yean,  orig.  cas],  3.  v.  a.  and  n. 
Neut.,  of  voice  or  instrument,  sing, 
sound,  play :  frondator  ad  auras. 

—  With  cog.  ace.,  sing,  recite,  com- 
pose .'  carmina ;  signum  (sound) . 

—  Of  subject  of  song,  sing  of,  cele- 
brate: reges  et  proelia;  bella  ex- 
hausta  (tell  of) . — Of  any  religious 
or  inspired  utterance,  repeat,  recite, 

prophesy,  foretell,  interpret :  vota 
lunoni.  —  Of  things,  forebode. 

Canopus,  -i,  [Gr.  Kdvta&os,  Kdv<a- 
iros],  m.,  an  island-town  in  Lower 
Egypt,  on  the  western  mouth  of 
the  Nile. 

canor,  -oris,  [^/can  +  or],  m.,  mel- 
ody, tone,  sotind,  song. 

canorus,  -a,  -um,  [perhaps  canor 
+  us,  but  cf.  decorus],  adj.,  o/or 
pertaining  to  melody,  melodious, 
harmonious,  sounding  :  aves  (tune- 
ful}; Threicia  fretus  cithara 
fidibusque  canoris. 

cant  hams,  -i,  [Gr.  K<ivBa.poi\,  m., 
a  cantharus  (a  large,  wide-bellied 
drinking-vessel  with  handles),  a 
tankard, pot  (esp.,  used  by  Bacchus 
and  his  followers). 

canto,  -tavi,  -tatum,  -tare,  [fcan- 
to],  i.  v.  n.  and  a.  intens.,  produce 
(with  energy)  melodious  sounds, 
sound,  sing,  play.  —  Neut. :  Area- 


Vocabulary. 


43 


des  ambo,  et  cantare  pares,  etc. 

—  Act.  with  cog.  ace.,  sing,  play, 
recite.  —  With  ace.  of  the  subject 
of  song,  sing,  celebrate  or  praise  in 
song,  sing  of:  dignus  cantari.  — 
Esp.,    use    enchantments  ;     utter 
spells,   charms,   or    incantations  : 
frigidus  in  pratis  cantando  rum- 
pitur  anguia  (by  spells}. 

cantus,  -us,  [^/can  +  tus],  m., 
tone,  sound,  melody,  singing,  song. 

—  Of  instruments,  blast. 
canus,    -a,    -uin,    [?],   adj.,  gray, 

ash-colored,  hoary,  white  :  fluctus ; 
fides  (clothed  in  white)  ;  mala 
(downy,  quinces). 

capella,  -ae,  [fcapro-  (cf.  ager) 
+  la],  f.  dim.,  a  she-goat. 

Capenus,  -a,  -uin,  adj.,  of  Capena 
(a  Tuscan  town  founded  by  the 
Veientes). 

caper,  ;pri,  [?],  m.,  a  he-goat. 

capesso  (-isso),  -essivi  or  -essii, 
-essitum,  -essere,  [akin  to  capio 
through  a  noun-stem],  3.  v.  a.  de- 
sider.,  seize,  take,  or  catch  at  eager- 
ly ;  lay  hold  of.  —  Of  place,  strive 
after,  make  for,  betake  one's  self  to, 
endeavor  to  arrive  at,  go  to,  repair 
or  resort  to  :  tuta  (seek) ;  Italas 
oras.  —  Fig.,  take  hold  of  any  thing 
with  zeal,  take  upon  one's  self,  take 
charge  of,  undertake,  enter  upon, 
engage  in :  iussa ;  arma  (take 
up) ;  regna  (take  the  throne). 

Caphareus,  -el,  [Gr.  K.a<(>apevs],m., 
a  rocky  promontory  on  the  south- 
ern coast  of  Euboea  ( Capo  del  Or o). 

capillus,  -i,  [?akin  to  caput],  m., 
hair  (usually  plur.). 

capio,  cepi,  captum,  capere, 
[Y/cap],  3.  v.  a.  In  the  widest 
sense,  take,  lay  hold  of,  seize  :  saxa 
manu.  —  Of  a  position,  take  pos- 
session of,  seize,  hold,  occupy  :  tu- 
mulum.  —  With  ante,  anticipate. 

—  Also,  receive,  hold,  contain.  — 
Fig.,  comprise,   contain,  include, 
have  space  for :   unda   se  capit 
(keep  within  its  bounds) .  —  Fig., 
take,  lay  hold  of,  seize,  resort  to  : 
orgia  (begin). —  Of  physical  pow- 


ers (so  only  pass.),  be  injured, 
impaired,  weakened :  oculis  cap- 
tus  (blinded). —  Of  the  mind,  win 
or  gain  by  fair  or  foul  means, 
captivate,  ensnare,  enchain:  mis- 
lead, seduce,  delude,  deceive  :  ima- 
gine (deceive) ;  capta,  of  Dido 
(betrayed). —  With  the  passions, 
&c.,  as  subjects,  seize,  lay  hold  of, 
affect:  captus  amore;  te  demen- 
tia cepit.  —  captus,  -a,  -uni,  p.p. 
as  adj.,  captured,  captive,  capti- 
vated.—  Masc.,  a  prisoner,  captive. 

capistruni,  -i,  [fcapid-  (akin  to 
capio)  +  trum],  n.,  (a  means  of 
holding),  a  halter,  head- stall  for 
animals.  —  Esp.,  a  nose-piece  or 
muzzle,  with  spikes  to  prevent 
young  animals  from,  sucking  after 
they  have  been  weaned. 

Capitoliuin,  -i,  [developed  from 
fcapit-],  n.,  the  Capitol  at  Rome. 
—  Also  plural. 

capra,  -ae,  [f.  of  same  stem  as 
caper],  f.,  a  she-goat  (either  tame 
or  wild). 

caprea,  -ae,  [fcapro  (reduced)  + 
ea],  f.,  a  species  of  wild  goat,  a  roe, 
roebuck. 

Capreae,  -arum,  [fcapro-  (re- 
duced) +  ea,  cf.  caprea],  f.,  an 
island  in  the  Tuscan  Sea,  off  the 
Bay  of  Naples  (now  Capri). 

capreolus,  -i,  [fcapreo-  (cf.  ca- 
prea) +  lus],  m.,  a  species  of  wild 
goat,  chamois,  roebuck. 

caprigenus,  -a,  -uin,  [fcapro- 
genus  (•s/gen  + us)],  adj.,  goat- 
begotten,  goat-born,  of  the  goat 
kind:  pecus. 

captivus,  -a,  -uin,  [stem  akin  to 
captus  +  vus],  adj.,  taken  priso- 
ner, captive.  —  Masc.,  a  prisoner, 
captive.  —  Fern.,  a  female  prisoner 
or  captive.  —  Of  animals,  caught  or 
taken. —  Of  things,  captured,  plun- 
dered, taken  as  booty,  spoiled,  taken 
by  force :  vestis.  —  Less  exactly, 
that  pertains  or  belongs  to  captives, 
captives' :  sanguis. 

capto, -avi,  a t  u in.  -are,[tcapto-], 
i.  v.  a.  in  tens.,  strive  to  seize,  lay 


44 


Vocabulary. 


hold  of  a  thins;  with  zeal,  &c.  ; 
catch  or  snatch  at.  —  Fig.,  strive 
after,  desire  earnestly,  seek,  ex- 
plore, search :  frigus  ;  auribus 
aera  (listen  to  catch). 

captus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  capio. 

Capua,  -ae,  f.,  the  chief  city  of 
Campania  (now  the  village  of  Sta. 
Maria). 

capulus,  -I,  [fcapo-  (y'cap,  cf. 
capistriim)  +  lus],  m.,  (holder}, 
the  hilt  of  a  sword,  the  handle  of 
any  thing. 

caput,  -itis,  [akin  to  Eng.  head],  I 
n.,  the  head  (in  all  senses).  —  Of  j 
living  creatures  (cf.  corpus),  head, 
creature,  life:  triginta  capitum 
fetus;    huic   capiti   (to  me). — 
chief,  principal,  ruler,  head,  au- 
thor, cause:  urbibus  (of  Rome). 

—  Of  things,  head,  top,  summit, 
end.  —  Of  rivers,  source.  —  Of  a 
city:  alias  inter  caput  extulit 
urbes  (of  Rome). 

Capys,  -yos,  [Gr.  Kairus],  m. :  I.  A 
companion  of  /Eneas,  said  to  have 
founded  Capua ;  2.  The  eighth 
king  of  Alba  in  Latium. 

Car,  -aris,(aec.  plur.  Gr.  Caras),m., 
a  Carian  (of  Caria,  in  Asia  Minor) . 

carbaseus  (-inus),  -a,  -um,  [fcar- 
baso-  (reduced;  +  eus],  adj.,  ofo\ 
made  of  flax  or  linen  :  sinus  (of 
the  sails) . 

carbasus,  -I,  (plur.  -a,  -orum,  n.), 
[Gr.  Ka.pirao-vs'],  f.,  Spanish  flax. 

—  a  linen  garment.  —  a  sail. 
career,  -eris,  [Gr.  Kapxapov],  m.,  a 

prison,  jail.  —  From  similarity,  of 
a  race-course,  the  barrier  or  start- 
ing-place. 

carchesium,  -I  (-li),  [Gr.  Kapx'n- 
<rioi>],  n.,  a  cup  (that  is  contracted 
in  the  middle),  goblet. 

cardo,  -inis,  [?],  m.,  the  pivot  and 
socket  (by  which  the  doors  of  the 
ancients  were  fixed,  and  made  to 
open  and  shut),  hinge  (but  not  of 
the  same  kind  as  ours) .  —  Fig.,  that 
about  which  everything  else  revolves 
or  on  which  it  depends,  turning 
point,  crisis  :  rerum. 


carduus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  thistle. 
carectum,   -I,  [fcarec-  (later  -ic) 
-f-  turn  (n.  of  tus,  cf.  robustus)], 

n.,  a  place  covered  with  sedge. 

careo,  -ul,  -itum,  -ere,  [  ?],  2.  v.  n., 
be  without,  be  free  from,  not  have  : 
dolis.  —  deprive  one's  self  of,  do 
without,  resign  :  Latio.  —  be  de- 
prived of:  matre  (of  a  staff  cut 
from  its  tree).  —  carens,  -ntis, 
p.  as  adj.,  deprived  of,  -without: 
luce  (of  the  dead) . 

carex,  -icis,  [?],  f.,  reed-grass, 
sedge. 

carina,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  the  bottom  of  a 
ship,  the  keel.  —  Fig.,  a  vessel,  boat, 
ship.  —  Plur.,  the  Keels,  a  place  in 
Rome  between  the  Caelian  and  Es- 
quiline  hills. 

carmen  (old  form  casmen),  -inis, 
[•y/cas  (in  cano)  +  men],  n.,  c 
poem, poetry,  song,  lay,  verses,  lines. 
—  a  response  of  an  oracle ;  a 
prophecy,  prediction,  as  being  usu- 
ally given  in  verse.  —  a  magic  for- 
mula, an  incantation.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, a  tune,  song,  air,  strain 
(vocal,  instrumental,  or  of  birds). 

Carmentalis,  -e,  [tCarmenti-  (re- 
duced) +  alls,  or  Carmentii  +  lis] , 
adj.,  of  or  pertaining  to  Car  men- 
tis :  porta  (a  gate  of  Rome,  named 
from  Carmentis). 

Carmentis,  -is,  (elsewhere  Car- 
menta),  [fcarmen  +  tis  (or  ta), 
cf.  sementis,  agrestis],  f.,  (the 
prophetic  or  predicting  one,  cf.  car- 
men), the  mother  of  Evander,  who 
went  with  him  from  Arcadia  to  La- 
tium, and  uttered  oracles  on  the 
Capitoline  Hill ;  afterwards  hon- 
ored as  a  goddess. 

Carpathius  (Carphatius),  -a, 
-um,  [fCarpatho-  (reduced)  + 
ius],  adj.,  Carpathian,  of  Carpa- 
thus  (an  island  in  the  yEgean, 
now  Scar  panto). 

carpo,  -si,  -turn,  -ere,  [akin  to 
Gr.  xxprAs,  Eng.  harv°st~\,  3.  v.  a., 
pick,  pluck,  pluck  off,  crop,  gather, 
cull  (plants,  flowers,  fruits,  &c.) : 
primus  v«jre  rosa,m  atque  au- 


Vocabulary. 


45 


turano  carpere  poma.  —  Also  of 
animals,  crop,  pluck  off,  graze  on, 
eat  (plants,  &c.)  :  videbat  car- 
pere gramen  equos.  —  Fig.,  with 
the  idea  of  plucking,  taking,  and 
enjoying  extended  in  various  ways  : 
pensa  {spin};  somnos  {enjoy); 
vitales  auras  {breathe) ;  viam, 
etc.  {tread,  pursue,  cleave,  cf. 
"  pick  one's  way  ") .  —  Of  the  effect 
of  plucking,  wear  away,  consume, 
waste:  regina  caeco  carpitur 
igni  {is  wasted}. 

Carthago  (Kar-),  -inis,  [prob. 
borrowed  from  Gr.  'K.apx^taf,  but 
orig.  Phoenician,  meaning  New 
Town],  {.,  Carthage,  the  famous 
city  in  North  Africa  (near  modern 
Tunis),  once  the  rival  of  Rome. 

earns,  -a,  -urn,  [perhaps  akin  to 
careo],  adj.,  dear,  precious,  val- 
ued, esteemed,  loved. 

casa,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  simple  or  poorly 
built  house,  a  hut,  cottage,  cabin, 
shed,  &c. :  humiles  habitare  casas. 

caseus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  cheese. 

casia,  -ae,  [Gr.  Kaffia],  f . :  I.  A  tree 
with  an  aromatic  bark,  like  cinna- 
mon, prob.  the  wild  cinnamon  ; 
2.  A  fragrant  shrub-like  plant, 
mezereon. 

Casiniiin,  -1,  [?],  n.,  a  Roman  col- 
ony in  Latium  (now  Monte  Casino). 

Casmilla,  -ae,  [cf.  CamillusJ,  f., 
the  mother  of  Camilla. 

Casperia,  -ae,  [?],f.,  a  town  of  the 
Sabines. 

Caspius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  or  belong- 
ing to  the  Caspii.  (a  nation  of  Me- 
dia) \  Caspian  :  regna. 

Cassandra,  -ae,  [Gr.  Kaaa-dvSpa], 
f.,  a  daughter  of  Priam  and  He- 
cuba, priestess  of  Apollo.  Endowed 
by  him  with  prophetic  powers,  she 
continually  proclaimed  the  destruc- 
tion of  Troy,  but,  according  to  the 
terms  of  the  gift,  was  believed  by 
no  one. 

casses,  -him,  [?],  m.  plur.,  hunting- 
net,  snare.  —  From  similarity,  a 
spider's  web. 

cassida,  -ae;  see  cassis. 


cassis,  -idis,  (-Ida,  -ae),  [?],  f.,  a 

helmet. 
cassus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  quatio?], 

adj.,  empty,  void,  hollow.  —  Fig., 
wanting,  devoid  of,  deprived  of, 
without :  (with  abl.)  lumine  cas- 
sus. —  vain,  empty,  useless,  futile, 
fruitless.  —  Neut.  ace.,  in  cassum, 
incassum,  in  vain,  vainly,  idly : 
studio  incassum  gestiri  {with  an 
idle  desire,  &c.). 

Castalia,  -ae,  [Gr.  KCKTT a.\id],  f.,  a 
fountain  of  Parnassus,  sacred  to 
Apollo  and  the  Muses. 

castanea,  -ae,  [Gr.  Kao-rai/fa,  f.  adj. 
from  KtiffTa.vov~\,  f.,  chestnut-tree. 

—  Also,  a  chestnut :  nuces  (in  adj. 
sense). 

castellum,  -I,  [fcastro  +  lum,  cf. 
ager,  from  fagro],  n.  dim.,<2  cas- 
tle, fort,  citadel,  fortress,  strong- 
hold.—  Fig.,  shelter,  defence,  refuge. 

—  a  residence  situated  on  an  emi- 
nence. 

castigo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [lost 
noun-stem  fcastigS  (fcasto-ago-, 
cf.  prodigus)],  I.  v.  a.,  {purify), 
set  right,  correct,  chastise,  punish  ; 
reprove,  chide,  censure,  find  fault 
with  :  moras  {chide  the  stragglers); 
castigat  auditque  dolos  (of  a  pre- 
liminary examination  of  criminals). 

Castor,  -oris,  [Gr.  Ka<TTo>p],  m.,  a 
companion  of  ^Eneas. 

castorea,  -orum,  [castor  -f  eus], 
n.  plur.,  the  glands  of  the  beaver, 
castor,  musk. 

castrum,  -1,  [unc.  root  +  trum]. 
n.  Sing.,  a  castle,  fort,  fortress  : 
Castrum  Inui  (a  city  of  Latium). 

—  PJur.,  (several  works  together), 
a  fortified  military  camp,  an  en* 
campment :  castra  movere  {break 
up,  decamp}.  —  Of  bees:    cerea 
{hive) . 

castus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  unc.  root], 
adj.,  morally  pure,  unpolluted, 
spotless,  guiltless  (of  persons  or 
things) :  nulli  fas  casto  scelera- 
tum  insist  en-  limen. — Esp.,/«/v, 
chaste,  continent :  matres. — pious, 
religious,  holy,  sacred  (of  persons 


46 


Vocabulary. 


or  things)  :  hac  casti  maneant 
in  religions  nepotes. 

casus,  »-Qs,  [  -y/cad  +  tus],  m.,  a 
falling  down,  a  fall,  &c.  —  Esp.,  a 
fall,  overthrow.  —  Fig.,  of  time,  the 
end:  hiemis.  —  Generally,  (what 
befalls),  an  occurrence,  event,  ac- 
cident, chance  :  sub  hoc  ca.su  (at 
this  crisis} ;  casus  (fate,  collec- 
tively) ;  marini  (dangers  of  the 
sea).  —  Esp.,  an  adverse  event,  a 
bad  condition,  a  misfortune,  mis- 
hap, calamity. 

cateia,  -ae,  [a  Celtic  word],  f.,  a 
kind  of  missile  weapon. 

catena,  -ae,  [  ?] ,  f .,  a  chain,  a  fetter. 

cater va,  -ae,  [?,  cf.  catena],  f.,  a 
crowd,  troop,  bandoi  men. — Esp., 
a  body  of  soldiers,  a  troop,  com- 
pany, band. — Of  animals,  a  flock: 
avium. 

catervatim  [fcaterva  +  tis,  ace.], 
adv.,  in  companies,  in  troops,  in 
or  by  flocks:  catervatim  dat 
stragem. 

Catilina,  -ae,  [fCatilo  (reduced) 
+  inus,  f.  of  adj.],  m.,  L.  Sergius 
Catiline,  the  conspirator  driven 
from  Rome  by  Cicero. 

Catillus  (-ilus),  -1,  m.,  a  brother 
of  Tiburtus  and  Coras,  with  whom 
he^built  Tibur. 

Cato,  -onis,  [tcatd-+ o],  m.,  (the 
Shrewd) ,  a  family  name  in  several 
Roman  gentes. — Esp.,  M.  Porcius 
Cato,  the  Censor,  a  rigid  moralist 
and  puritan. — Also,  Uticensis,  who 
killed  himself  at  Utica. 

catulus,  -i,  [lost  stem  fcato--f 
lus],  m.  dim.,  a  young  dog,  a 
whelp,  puppy  :  sic  canibus  catu- 
los  similes  .  .  .  noram.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, a  cub,  the  young  of  animals 
in  general  (of  the  lion,  of  the  ser- 
pent). 

Caucusing,  -a,  -am,  [fCaucaso  + 
ius],  &&)., pertaining  to  Caucasus, 
Caucasian,  of  Caucasus. 

Caucasus,  -i,  [Gr.  Kawcao-o  j] ,  m.,  a 
chain  of  rough  mountains,  inhab- 
ited by  wild  tribes,  in  Asia,  be- 
tween the  Black  and  Caspian  Seas. 


cauda  (cod-),  -ae,  [?],  f.,  the  tail 
of  animals :  delphinum. 

caudex  (cod-),  -ids,  [?],  m.,  the 
trunk  of  a  tree,  stock,  stem :  cau- 
dicibus  sectis. 

caulae, -arum,  [tcavb  +  la,  dim.], 
f.,  openings,  holes, passages. —  Fig., 
sheep/olds,  sheepcotes :  fremit  lu- 
pus ad  caulas. 

caulis  (col-),  -is,  [Gr.  *aiA6s],  m., 
a  stalk,  stem,  or  shoot  of  a  plant, &c. 

< 'a n Ionia,  -ae,  f.;  -on,  -onis,  [Gr. 
KavXwp/a],  m.,  a  town  founded  by 
the  Achaeans  on  the  east  coast  of 
Bruttium  (in  the  vicinity  of  the 
present  Castel  Vetere). 

Caurus  (Cor-),  -i,  m.,  the  north- 
west wind  (violent  and  dry). 

causa  (-ssa),  -ae,  [akin  to  caveo  ?], 
f.,  a  cause,  reason,  efficient  cause, 
motive,  inducement,  an  occasion, 
opportunity:  Romam  causa  vi- 
dendi;  malorum;  ad  culpam. — 
Also,  a  feigned  cause,  a  pretext, 
pretence,  excuse:  morandi. 

causor,  -atus  sum,  -ari,  [tcausa], 
i.  v.  dep.,  assign  or  give  as  a  rea- 
son (whether  real  or  feigned), 
plead  as  an  excuse, pretend,  allege, 
&c.:  causando  nostros  in  longum 
ducis  amores  (making  excuses). 

cautes,  see  cotes. 

cautus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  caveo. 

cavatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  cavo. 

cavea,  -ae,  (gen.  cavern),  [tcavo 
(reduced)  +  ea,  cf.  caulae],  f., 
a  hollow  place,  a  cavity. —  Of  bees, 
a  hive. —  Of  a  theatre,  the  theatre 
(the  circular  part  in  which  the 
spectators  sat),  spectators'  seats  or 
benches:  consessu  caveae. 

caved,  cavi,  cautum,  cavere, 
[?],  2.  v.  n.  and  a.,  be  on  one's 
guard,  take  care,  take  heed,  beware, 
guard  against,  avoid. — With  inf., 
take  care  not  to,  beware  of:  occur- 
sare  capro.  —  cautus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  careful,  wary. 

caverna,  -ae,  [lost  stem  tcavus 
(-eris)  +  na  (cf.  caves)],  f.,  a 
hollow,  cavity,  cave,  cavern,  grotto, 
hole :  cavernae  curvae. 


Vocabulary. 


47 


cavo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [tcavo-], 
I.  v.  a.,  make  hollow,  hollow  out, 
excavate.  —  cavatus,  -a,  -um, 

p.p.  as  adj.,  hollow. 

cavus,-a,  -uin,  [?],adj.,(prob..rm>/- 
len),  concave,  excavated,  hollowed 
out,  hollow,  cavernous  :  concha ; 
flumina  {deep). —  Of  a  vision, 
without  substance,  empty,  hollow. 

Caystros(-us),  [Gr.  Kauo-rpos],  m., 
a  river  of  Ionia,  celebrated  for  its 
swans  (now  Little  Meander}. 

Cea,  -ae,  [Gr.  Kc'ws],  f.,  an  island 
of  the  /Egean,  birthplace  of  Simon- 
ides,  famous  for  its  female  gar- 
ments and  the  fertility  of  its  soil. 

Cecropides,  -ae,  [Gr.  patronymic], 
m.,  a  male  descendant  of  Cecrops. 

—  Masc.  plur.,  the  Athenians,  as 
descendants  of  their  ancient  king. 

Cecroplus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  KfKp6- 
irios],  adj.,  of  Cecrops,  Cecropian. 

—  Less  exactly,  of  Athens  or  Atti- 
ca, Athenian,  Attic. 

Cecrops,  -opis,  [Gr.  Ke/rpoifr],  m., 
the  most  ancient  king  of  Attica, 
who  went  thither  from  the  Egyp- 
tian Sais,  and  founded  the  citadel 
of  Athens :  ace.  to  the  fable,  half 
man  and  half  serpent  (or  half  man 
and  half  woman). 

cedo,  cessi,  cessum,  cedere, 
[•y/ced,  simplest  known  form], 
3-v.  n.,go,  be  in  motion,  move,  make 
way  (cf.  compounds).  — With  dat. 
or  in,  come  to,  fall  to,  accrue  :  vic- 
toria Turno.  —  Esp.,  retire,  make 
way,  depart,  withdraw :  litora  ce- 
dentia  retro  (receding  in  the  dis- 
tance') ;  ab  ordine.  —  In  military 
sense,  withdraw,  leave  one's  posi- 
tion. —  ne  lama  cedat  loco  (fig., 
lose  its  prestige) .  —  Fig.,  pass,  pass 
away,  vanish,  depart,  forsake  one  / 
yield,  give  place,  submit  (of  a  ship 
in  a  race) ;  salix  olivae  (be  infe- 
rior) ;  nee  cedit  honore  (be  be- 
hind). — yield,  comply. — prosper, 
succeed :  res  Latio  (success  is 
granted). 

cedrus,  -i,  [Gr.  Kc'SposJ,  f.,  the  ce- 
dar, juniper-tree. 


Celaeno,  -as,  [Gr.  KsAaivai],  f.,  one 
of  the  Harpies. 

eelebratus,  p.p.  of  celebro. 

celebro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [  fce- 
lebro-,  orig.  stem  of  celeber], 
I.  v.  a.,  resort  or  go  to  in  great 
numbers  or  often,  frequent  :  CO6- 
tum  ;  litoi'a  ludis.  — go  in  great 
numbers  to  a  celebration,  celebrate, 
solemnize,  keep  a  festival  sacred, 
&c. :  honorem. — honor,  praise, 
celebrate  a  person  or  thing,  cele- 
brate in  song,  render  famous,  sig- 
nalize :  talia  carminibus. 

Celenna  (Celem-),  ae,  f.,  a  town 
of  Campania. 

celer,  -eris,  -e,  [y'cel  +  rus  (re- 
duced)], adj.,  (urged  on),  swift, 
quick,  fleet,  speedy :  sagittae ; 
iaculo  celer  (throwing  siviftly) . 

celero,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fcele- 
ro-,  orig.  stem  of  celer],  i.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  quicken,  hasten,  hasten  on. 

Celeus,  -el,  [Gr.  fKfAeus],  m.,  a 
king  of  Eleusis,  father  of  Triptole- 
mus.  Cf.  Gr.  /ceAeuw. 

cella,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  storehouse. — 
Transferred,  a  cell  (of  bees). 

celo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [akin  to 
clam],  i.  v.  a.,  hide,  conceal,  keep 
secret  something  from  one,  cover. 

celsus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  cello  as 
adj.],  adj.,  raised  high,  extending 
upwards,  high,  lofty  :  naves. 

centaureum(-ion),  -1,  [Gr.  xtvrav- 
p«ioi/and  K tvravpiov~\ ,  n.,  centaury, 
a  kind  of  gentian,  a  plant  with  a 
fragrant  root. 

Centaurus,  -i,  [Gr.  Kevravpos~\,  m., 
a  Centaur.  The  Centaurs  were 
wild  people  in  the  mountains  of 
Thessaly,  who  fought  on  horse- 
back ;  ace.  to  fable,  monsters  of 
a  double  form  (the  upper  parts 
human,  the  Icwer  those  of  a 
horse),  sons  of  Ixion  and  of  a 
cloud  in  the  form  of  Juno.  —  Also, 
the  name  of  a  ship  (hence  fern.), 
the  Centaur  :  magna. 

centeni,  -ae,  -a,  (poet.,  -us,  -a, 
-uin  i,  [stem  of  centum  (length- 
ened) +  lias],  distrib.  num.  adj., 


48 


Vocabulary. 


a  hundred  each,  a  hundred.  — 
Collectively :  centena  arbore. 

centum,  [?],  indecl.  num.  adj.,  a 
hundred,  indef,  as  Eng. 

centumgeminus,  -a,  -inn,  [cen- 
tum-geminus],  adj.,  a  hundred- 
fold:  Briareus  (having  a  hundred 
arms). 

cera,  -ae,  [akin  to  tempos,  perhaps 
borrowed],  f.,  wax. 

cerasus,  -I,  [Gr.  K/pao-os],  f.,  the 
fherry-tree  (brought  from  Cerasus, 
in  Pontus). 

ceraunius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  ntpavvtos] , 
adj.,  of  thunder  and  lightning.  — 
Esp.  masc.  plur.,  Ceraunii  mon- 
ies, the  Ceraunian  mountains  in 
Epirus  (now  Monti  della  Chima- 
ra).  —  Neut.  plur.,  the  Ceraunian 
mountains. 

Cerberus,  -I,  [Gr.  Kt'pjEfcpos],  m., 
the  three-headed  dog  that  guarded 
the  entrance  to  the  Lower  World. 

Cerealis,  -e,  [stem  akin  to  Ceres 
-falls],  adj.,  of  Ceres,  wheat  en : 
solum  (of  a  cake  used  as  a  plate 
or  trencher).  —  More  generally, 
pertaining  to  grain,  agricultural  : 
arma  (tools  of  the  husbandman). 

cerebrum,  -i,  [unc.  stem  (cf.  cer- 
nuus)  +  bruin],  n.,  the  brain. 

Ceres,  -eris,  [-^cer  (root  of  cres- 
co)  +  es,  cf.  pubes].  f.,  the  god- 
dess of  grain,  daughter  of  Saturn 
and  mother  of  Proserpine.  —  In 
prob.  earlier  mea.ning,grain,faur, 
bread. 

cereus,  -a,  -um,  [cera  (reduced) 
+  eus],  adj.,  of  wax,  waxen, 
waxy :  castra  (of  bees,  waxy 
fortress) .  —  Of  color  and  appear- 
ance :  pruna. 

cerintha,  -ae,  [Gr.  Kj]piv9i\],  f.,  a 
plant  furnishing  food  for  bees. 

cerno,  crevi,  cretum,  cernere, 
[-v/cer  (ere),  suffix  tna],  3.  v.  a., 
sift,  separate  (cf.  cribrum,  sieve) . 
—  Fig.  (with  obj.  or  without),  dis- 
tinguish, see,  discern:  ut  cernis.  — 
Decide  by  contest,  contend,  fight . • 
ferro.  —  certus,  -a,  -um,  p.p., 
dc tided,  fixed,  certain,  prescribed: 


foedus.  —  Esp. :   certum  est,  it 

is  determined,  one  is  resolved.  — 
Personally,  determined,  resolved 
to  :  eundi;  mori.  —  From  another 
point  of  view,  fixed,  established, 
undisturbed,  sure :  domus  ;  re- 
quies ;  certissima  proles  (««- 
doubled}.  —  So  also  of  persons, 
certain,  sure,  unswerving,  steady, 
trustworthy,  unerring,  faithful.  — 
Of  a  mentai  state,  certain,  sure  : 
certum  (certiorem)  facere  (in- 
form, make  known  to  one) . 

cernuus,  -a,  -um,  [akin  to  cere- 
brum], adj.,  head-downwards: 
incumbit  cernuus. 

certamen,  -inis,  [certa-  (stem  of 
certo)  +  men],  n.,  (act  or  means 
of  contending) ,  contest  (either  hos- 
tile or  friendly),  struggle,  battle, 
fight ;  match,  rivalry. 

certatim  [fcerta-f  tis,  ace.,  cf.  par- 
tim],  adv.,  earnestly,  eagerly,  in 
eager  rivalry  (often  translated  by 
a  verb,  vie  with  each  other  in,  &c.). 

certe  [abl.  of  certus],  adv.  In 
affirmation,  certainly,  surely,  as- 
suredly. —  Opposed  to  a  conces- 
sion, yet  surely,  at  least,  at  any 
rate,  still  at  any  rate. 

certo,  avi,  -at um,  -are,  [fcerto-], 
I.  v.  n.  and  a.  intens.,  {decide  by 
contest,  cf.  cerno),  contend  (with 
hostility  or  otherwise),  fight,  strive, 
struggle,  emulate,  vie  with,  rival  : 
remi ;  muneribus ;  solus  tibi 
certat  Amyntas.  —  With  innn., 
strive,  endeavor  :  Phoebum  supe- 
rare  canendo. 

certus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  cerno. 

cerva,  -ae,  [?,  akin  to  cornu  and 
cerebrum],  f.,  a  hind. 

cervix,  -Icis,  [akin  to  cerebrum], 
f.,  the  neck,  the  back  of  the  neck 
(for  carrying  burdens),  back  or 
shoulders. 

cervus,  -i,  [root  of  cornu  +  vus], 
m.,  a  slag,  a  deer :  levis. 

cespes,  -itis,  see  caespes. 

cesso,  -avi,  -at um,  -are,  [fcesso- 
(p.p.  of  cedo)],  i.  v.  a.  intens., 
(give  way,  cf.  cedo),  hang  back, 


Vocabulary. 


49 


delay,  cease,  stop,  abate,  hesitate,  go 
by  a  roundabout  way,  loiter  :  ge- 
nus telorum.  —  Esp.,  be  idle,  idle  : 
siquid  cessare  potes ;  quidquid 
cessatum  est  (whatever  idleness 
has  been  indulged}.  —  Also  of 
things,  lie  idle,  be  inactive  :  nova- 
les  ;  furor  (abate) . 

cestus  (caes-),  -us,  [Gr.  KeorJs], 
m.,  a  cestus,  a  thong  wound  round 
the  hand  loaded  with  lead  or  iron, 
a  weapon  of  pugilists. 

cete,  see  cetus. 

tceterus  (not  found,  cf.  alter,  etc.], 
-a,  -um,  [fee  (cf.  hie)  +  terus, 
comp.  of  ce],  adj.,  the  other  (im- 
plying only  two,  cf.  alter),  the 
rest,  the  remaining,  the  rest  of: 
rura.  —  Neut.  plur.  as  adv.,  in 
other  respects,  for  the  rest,  for  the 
future,  otherwise, 

Cethegus,  -I,  m.,  a  Trojan. 

cetra,  see  caetra. 

cetus,  -1,  [plur.  n.  cete,  as  if  fr. 
KTJTOS],  m.,  a  sea-monster,  whale, 
shark,  &c. 

ceu  [fee  (cf.  hlc)  -ve  (cf.  neu), 
or  thus\,  adv.  With  single  words, 
as,  like,  as  if.  —  With  clauses,  as 
if,  as  when,  just  as. 

Chalcidicus,  -a,  -um,  [GrT  XoA*n- 
SIKO'S],  adj.,  of  Chalcis  (the  chief 
city  of  Euboea),  Chalcidian:  ver- 
sus (of  Euphorion,  a  native  of 
Chalcis).  —  Less  exactly,  of  Cunue 
(a  colony  of  Chalcis),  Cumcean  : 
arx  (heights  of  Cumd). 

Chalybe,  see  Calybe. 

Chalybes,  -um,  [Gr.  XoAi//3«],  m., 
the  Chalybes,  a  people  of  Pontus, 
noted  for  their  preparation  of  steel. 

chalybs,  -ybis,  [Gr.  x«Al"J']»  m-» 
steel:  vulnificus. 

Chaon,  -onis,  m.,  a  Trojan,  the 
brother  of  Helenus,  and  epony- 
mous hero  of  the  Chaonian  nation. 

Chf!5niu8,  -a,  -um,  [fChaon  • 
ius],  adj.  of  Chaonia  (a  region  of 
Epirus),  Chaonian.  —  Chaonia, 
f.,  (sc.  terra),  the  country. — Less 
exactly,  of  Doaona  (a  city  of  Epi- 
rus, which  whole  country  was  for- 


merly occupied  by  the  Chaonians), 
Dodonian. 

Chaos,  abl.  Chao,  [Gr.  x^°*]'  n., 
(a  yawning  gulf  ),  the  boundless, 
empty  space,  as  the  kingdom  of 
darkness  ;  the  Lower  World.  — 
Personified,  Chaos  (or  Infinite 
Space  and  Darkness). 

Charon,  -ontis,  [Gr.  Xdpuv'],  m., 
the'ferryman  of  the  Styx,  a  person- 
age probably  borrowed  from  Egypt. 

Charybdis,  -is,  [Gr.  Xdpu&Sis],  f., 
a  dangerous  whirlpool  in  the  Strait 
of  Messina,  between  Sicily  and 
Italy. 

Chelae,  -arum,  [Gr.  x*?Aa']'  f-> 
(the  arms  of  Scorpio).  —  Less  ex- 
actly, the  constellation  Libra  (into 
which  the  arms  extended). 

chelydrus,  -i,  [Gr.  xeAufyw],  m., 
a  water-snake. 

Chimaera,  -ae,  [Gr.  X^atpa  (a 
goaf)'},  f. :  I.  A  fabulous  monster 
in  Lycia,  which  vomited  forth  fire 
(in  front  a  lion,  in  the  hinder  part 
a  dragon,  and  in  the  middle  a 
goat),  slain  by  Bellerophon;  2.  The 
name  ot  one  of  the  ships  of  /Eneas. 

Chiron,  -onis,  [Gr.  Xeipw  (the  one 
with  a  large  hand}~\,  m.,  Chiron, 
a  Centaur  distinguished  by  his 
knowledge  of  plants,  medicine,  and 
divination ;  son  of  Saturn  and 
Phillyra;  the  tutor  of  /Esculapius, 
Hercules,  and  Achilles ;  placed 
among  the  constellations. 

chlamys,  -ydis,  [Gr.  x\a/ifo],  f-» 
a  woollen  upper  garment  or  cape 
(sometimes  purple  and  inwrought 
with  gold),  fastened  by  a  clasp 
over  the  shoulder ;  a  chlamys, 
cloak,  military  cloak  (esp.  Greek), 
state  mantle. 

Chloreus,  -ei,  m.,  a  Phrygian. 

chorea,  -ae,  [Gr.  \optia.  (pertain- 
ing to  a  x°P ®0  >  f •»  a  dance  in  a 
ring,  a  dance. 

chorus,  -I,  [Gr.  x°^s]»  m-»  a  ch°' 
ral  dance,  a  dance.  —  Of  the  per- 
formers, a  chorus,  dancing  band, 
choir.  —  Less  exactly,  a  multitude, 
band,  troop. 


Vocabulary. 


Chromis,  -Is,  [Gr.  Xprf/tus],  m. :  A 
young  satyr  ;  2.  A  Trojan. 

cibus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  food  (of  man  or 
beast). 

cicada,  -ae,  f.,  the  cicada  or  tree 
cricket. 

cicatrix,  -icis,  [?],  f.,  a  scar. — 
Less  exactly,  of  a  plant,  mark,  scar, 
•wound. 

Cicones,  -urn,  [Gr.  KiVoces],  m.,  a 
Thracian  people,  whose  women 
were  fabled  to  have  torn  Orpheus 
in  pieces. 

cicuta,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  the  poison  hem- 
lock, cicuta  virosa.  —  Less  exactly, 
a  hemlock  stalk,  or  stem  of  some 
other  similar  herb  used  for  pipes. 

cieo,  civi,  citum,  ciere,  (rarely 
cio,  cire,  cf.  compounds),  [\/ci, 
of  unc.  meaning],  2.  v.  a.  (causa- 
tive), set  in  motion,  move,  stir,  agi- 
tate :  aequora;  equos  (urge  on); 
tonitru  caelum  (disturb);  aere 
viros  (rouse,  stimulate"). —  Less  ex- 
actly, produce,  call  forth,  cause:  ge- 
mitus;  lacrimas  (.!•/£,?</);  simula- 
cra pugnae  (counterfeit};  stragem 
(make  havoc). —  Fig.,  call  upon  : 
aiumam  (cf.  vocare)  ;  nocturnes 
manes  (invoke). — citus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  hurried,  swift,  quick. 

Ciminus,  -i,  m.,  a  lake  of  Etruria, 
near  Sutrium  (now  Lago  di  Ron- 
ciglione),  with  a  mountain-forest 
near  it. 

1.  cinctus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  cingo. 

2.  cinctus,  -us,  [y'cing  +  tus],  m., 
a  girding.  —  Esp.,  cinctus  Ga- 
binus,  the  Gabine girding,  a  man- 
ner of  girding  up  the  toga;  its  cor- 
ner,  being  thrown  over  the   left 
shoulder,  was  brought  under  the 
right  arm  round  to    the    breast. 
(This  manner  was  customarily  em- 
ployed in  religious  festivals.) 

Cingo,  -xi,  -ct  inn,  -gere,  [as  if 
Y/cing,  perhaps  u  inserted],  3.  v. 
a.,  surround  (in  all  senses).  —  Of 
persons,  gird  on,  gird  with,  gird, 
gird  up;  inutile  ferrum  cingi- 
tur.  —  Of  parts  of  the  body,  sur~ 
round,  bind  on,  bind,  encircle.  — 


Of  things,  surround,  encircle,  en 
close,  invest :  oppida  muris ;  nr- 
bem  obsidione  (beset);  flamma 
(encompass) . 

cingulum,  -i,  [lost  noun-stem 
f  cingo-  (  v/cing  +  us)  +  him],  n., 
a  girdle,  belt,  sword-belt. 

cinis,  -eris,  [cf .  Gr.  K&VU],  m.,  ashes, 
embers.  —  Esp.  of  the  dead,  ashes, 
tomb.  —  Fig.,  death,  the  spirit  or 
shade  (of  the  departed). 

Cinna,  -ae,  [cf.  cicinnus,  Cin- 
cinnatus],  m.,  C.  Helvius  Cinna, 
a  Roman  poet,  friend  of  Catullus. 

cinnamum  (-amomum),  -i,  [Gr. 
Kivvafjiov,  tcivvd/j.u/j.oi/],  n.,  cinna- 
mon. 

Cinyphius,  -a,  -um,  [fCinyph  + 
ius],  adj.,  of  the  Cinyps  (a  river 
of  Libya),  Cinyphian.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, Libyan,  African. 

Cinyras,  -ae,  [Gr.  Kiwpas],  m.,  a 
hero  of  the  Ligurians.  Others  read 
Cinyre  as  from  Cinyrus. 

Cinyre,  see  Cinyras. 

circa  [abl.  fern,  or  instr.  (cf.  ea, 
qua),  same  stem  as  circum,  cf. 
circulus],  adv.  and  prep.,  around, 
about.  —  With  ace. :  lucos.  —  Of 
number,  about,  not  far  from. 

CircaeHS,  -a,  -um,  [as  if  from  Gr. 
KipKatos,  which  was  perhaps  used], 
adj .,  of  Circe. 

Circe,  -es  (-ae),  [Gr.  Kfp/oj],  f.,  a 
daughter  of  the  sun,  said  to  have 
fled  from  Colchis  to  Circeii  in  Italy. 
She  was  famous  for  her  sorceries, 
by  which  she  changed  her  guests 
into  beasts. 

Circei  (-ii),  -iorum,  [Gr.  Kipxriov'], 
m.,  a  town  (and  promontory)  in 
Latium,  famous  for  its  oysters,  the 
supposed  abode  of  Circe. 

Circensis,  -e,  [fcirco  (reduced)  + 
ensis],  adj.,  of  the  Circus.  —  Masc. 
plur.  (sc.  ludi),  the  great  games  of 
the  Circus  :  magnis  Circensibus. 

circlus,  see  circulus. 

circueo,  -Ire ;  see  circumeo. 

circuitus,  -us,  [circum-itus],  m., 
a  going  around,  a  circuit,  revolu- 
tion. 


Vocabulary. 


circulus  (clrelus),  -I,  [fcirc6  + 
lus],  m.,  a  circle,  a  ring,  band 
(round  the  neck,  hair  or  the  like), 
chain  :  flexilis. 

Clrcum  [ace.  of  circus],  adv.  and 
prep.  Adv.,  around,  round,  about. 

—  Prep,  with  ace.,  around,  about, 
near  by. 

circumamplector,  see  amplec- 
tor. 

circumdatus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of 
circuindo. 

circumdo,  -dedl,  -datura,  -dare, 
[circum-do,  puf],    i .  v.   a.,  put  \ 
around,  place  around :    loricam  , 
umeris    (buckle  on};    licia    tibi 
(twine  around}.  —  From  another) 
point  of  view,  surround  with,  gird,  \ 
encircle,   enclose ;    muros    igni ; ! 
lapis  circumdatur  auro  (is  over- 
laid);  armis  circumdatus  (ar- 
rayed, begirt)  ;    turbine   corpus 
(envelop). 

circumeo  (clrcu-),  -Ivi  (-11), 
•it  11  in,  -Ire,  [circum-eo],  irr.  v.  n. 
and  a..,  go  around.  —  Act.,  encircle, 
go  round,  runabout:  circuit  Ca- 
millam  (circles  around). 

circumfero,  -tuli,  -latum,  -ferre, 
[circum-fero],  3.  v.  a.  JIT.,  bear 
around,  carry  round :  secum  sil- 
vam;  acies  (turn  the  eyes). — 
From  another  point  of  view  (cf. 
circumdo),  encircle:  socios  pu- 
ra  unda  (lustrate). 

circumflecto,  -xi,  -xum,  -ctere, 
[circum-flecto],  3.  v.  a.,  bend  or 
turn  about,  wind  around:  longos 
circumflectere  cursus. 

circunifluo,  -xi,  no  sup.,  -ere, 
[circum-fluo],  3.  v.  n.  and  a..,Jlma 
round,  flow  about,  surround  (by 
flowing). 

circumfundo,  -fudi,  -fusum, 
-fundere,  (also  separate),  [cir- 
cum-fundo],  3.  v.  a.,  pour  around: 
nubes  circumfusa  (enveloping). 

—  Fig.   in   passive,  rarely   active, 
gather,    crcnvd  around,  flock    to- 
gether circumfuso  milite  (throng- 
ing) ;  iuventus  circura  fusa.  — 
From  different  point  of  view  (cf. 


circumdo),  surround  (by  pour 
ing) :  gradientes  circum  dea 
fudit  amictu  (envelope). 

circumf  usus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  cir- 
cuinfundo. 

circumligo,  -avi,  -atiini,  -are, 
[circum-ligo],  i  .v.  a.,  bind  around, 
bind  to  (by  binding  around). 

circumsisto,  -steti,  no  sup.,  -sis- 
tere,  [circum-sisto],  3.  v.  a.  and 
n.,  act.,  crowd  around,  surround. 

circuinsono,no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -are, 
[circum-sono],  I .  v.  a.  and  n.,  act., 
cause  to  echo,  make  echo,  fill  -with 
sound. 

circumspicio,  -exi,  -ectum,  -ice- 
re,  [circum-specio],  3.  v.  n.  and 
a.  Neut.  absolutely,  look  about, 
look  around.  —  Act.,  look  around 
at :  agmina  ;  —  look  around,  sur- 
vey, espy,  descry  :  saxum. 

circumsto,  -steti,  no  sup.,  -stare, 
[circum-sto],  i .  v.  n.  and  a.  Neut., 
stand  arorind,  be  about,  crowd 
around. —  Fig. :  odia. — Act.,  sur- 
round. —  Fig.,  surround,  encom- 
pass, beset:  horror. 

circumtextus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of 
circuintexo,  woven  round. 

circiimvecto,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -are, 
[circum- vecto],  I.  v.  a.,  carry 
around.  —  Pass,  as  deponent  (cf. 
vehor),  ride  around.  —  Fig.,  go 
over  (in  discourse)  :  singula. 

circumvenio,  -veni,  -ventum, 
venire,  [circum-venio],  4.  v.  a., 
encompass,  encircle,  surround : 
Cocytus.  (Others  read  circum- 
fluit). 

circumvolito,  -avi,  -Stum,  -are, 
[circum- volito],  i .  v.  n.,  fly  about, 
flit  around :  lacus  hirundo. 

circumvolo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are, 
[circum-volo],  i .  v.  z..,fly  around: 
praedam.  —  Fig.,  hover  around, 
hover  over :  nox. 

circumvolvo,  perhaps  no  perf., 
-volutuni,  -volvere,  [circum- 
volvo], 3.  v.  a.,  rollor  turn  round : 
sol  circumvolvitur  annum  (re- 
volves around  the  circle  of  the  year). 

circus,  -i,  [cf.  Gr.  Kipxos,  prob.  for 


Vocabulary. 


tcicrus],  m.,  a  circle,  a  ring ;  a 
circus,  race-course,  a  course.  — 
Poetic,  of  a  body  of  men  gathered 
for  sports,  the  conclave. 

Cisseis, -idos,  [Gr.  patronymic],  f., 
daughter  of  Cisseus  (Hecuba). 

Cisseus,  ei,  [Gr.  Kw<retfs],  m.,  (ivy- 
crowned):  i.  A  king  of  Thrace, 
father  of  Hecuba;  2.  A  Latin 
warrior. 

cit  at  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  cito. 

Cithaeron,  -onis,  [Gr.  Ki0aipo»'], 
a  mountain  in  Boeotia,  a  favorite 
haunt  of  Bacchus. 

cithara,  -ae,  [Gr.  iciOdpa],  f.,  a  lyre, 
a  cithara. 

cito  [abl.  of  citus],  adv.,  quickly : 
citius  dicto  (quicker  than  a 
word). 

cito,  -avi,  a  tun  i.  -are,  [tcito-], 
i .  v.  intens.,  arouse,  excite.  —  ci- 
tatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  hur- 
ried, swift,  quick :  equi  (at  full 
speed,  in  full  career). 

citus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  cieo. 

clvicus,  -a,  -um,  [tcivi- +  cus], 
adj.,  of  a  citizen,  pertaining  to  a 
citizen  (more  literal  than  civilis): 
quercus  (the  civic  garland,  made 
of  oak  leaves,  and  given  to  any 
soldier  who  saved  the  life  of  a 
fellow-citizen  in  war). 

civilis,  -e,  [lengthened  stem  from 
tcivi  +  lis,  cf.  Aprilis],  adj.,  (cf. 
civicus,  which  is  less  general), 
of  a  citizen,  citizens,  or  the  citizens, 
civil,  civic :  quercus  (the  garland 
of  oak  leaves  bestowed  on  a  sol- 
dier who  saved  a  fellow-citizen  in 
war,  cf.  corona  civica,  the  usual 
phrase). 

civis,  -is,  [Vci  (in  quies,  cf.  m- 
/xat)  +  vis  (weakened  from  -vus)], 
comm.,  a  citizen,  a  fellow-citizen, 
fellow-countryman  (-woman). 

clades,  -is,  [?],  f.,  disaster,  mis- 
chief, loss,  calamity. —  Esp.  in  war, 
defeat,  disaster, havoc. (&&.  Avoid 
slaughter)  —  Poetic,  of  persons, 
scourge,  destroyer. 

clam  [unc.  form  (but  see  palam, 
ace.  f.?),  akin  to  celo],  adv.  and  I 


prep.,  secretly,  in  secret,  by  sur- 
prise (=  unawares). 

Ha  mo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [tcla- 
mo-  ( Vela  +  mus,  cf .  nomen- 
clator)],  i.  v.  a.  and  n.  Neut., 
cry  out,  shout,  cry,  clam  or,  exclaim . 
—  With  ace.,  call,  invoke  (with 
loud  cry):  Hylan.  —  With  direct 
or  indirect  discourse,  shout,  cry, 
exclaim :  se  causam. 

clamor,  -oris,  [tclam  (as  if  root 
of  clamo)  +  or],  m.,  a  loud  cry, 
shriek,  outcry,  yell,  shout,  battle- 
cry,  clamor. —  Poetic,  of  animals 
and  things,  noise,  din,  roar,  hum, 
bellowing :  saxa  dedere. 

clangor,  -oris,  [Vclang  (root  of 
clango)  +  or],  m.,  a  sound,  clang, 
clangor,  blare,  noise:  tubarum. 

Clanius,  -I  (  ii) ;  Glanis,  -is,  [?], 
m.,a  river  of  Campania,  frequently 
overflowing  the  country  around, 
where  was  the  town  of  Acerrae 
(now  il  Lagno). 

claresco,  -uT,  no  sup.,  -escere, 
[tclare  +  sco,  cf.  clareo,  cla- 
rus], 3.  v.  n.,  grow  loud,  grow 
bright:  sonitus  armorum  (in- 
crease). 

Clarius,  -a,  -um,  [tClaro-  (cf.  Gr. 
KXdpos)  +  ius],  adj.,  of  Claras  (a 
to  wn  of  Ion  ia,celebrated  for  a  tem- 
ple and  oracle  of  Apollo),  Clarian. 
— Masc.//$*?  Clarian  god  ( Apollo). 

clarus,  -a,  -um,  [Vela  (cf.  no- 
menclator)  +  rus],  adj.,  loud, 
clear,  distinct.  —  From  similarity, 
distinct,  bright,  brilliant,  clear: 
lux ;  Olympo ;  Aquilo  (clear, 
bringing  clear  weather). —  Fig-, 
clear,  distinct,  manifest,  evident, 
plain:  signum. — Also,  renowned, 
famous, glorious,  celebrated:  My- 
cenae. 

Clarus,  -i,  m.,  a  Trojan. 

classicum,  -I,  [tclassi-  +  cum  (n. 
of  -cus)],  n.,  (belonging  to  the 
army,  see  classis),  a  signal  for 
battle  given  with  the  trumpet.  — 
Less  exactly,  a  trumpet. 

classis,  -is,  [Vela  (cf.  clamo) + 
tis  (cf.  K\rjffis)~\,  f.,  a  summoning, 


Vocabulary. 


53 


a  levy},  the  levy,  the  army,  forces, 
an  army,  a  force.  —  Esp.,  of  sea- 
forces,  a  fleet. 

Claudius,  -a,  -um,  [tclaudo- 
(stem  of  claudus  reduced)  +  iusj, 
adj.,  of  Claudus  (the  Lame}. — 
Masc.,  Claudius,  a  Roman  gentile 
name.  —  Claudia  gens,  the  gens 
or  clan  of  that  name  to  which  the 
Marcelli  and  other  great  Romans 
belonged. 

claudo,  -si,  -sum,  -dere,  [akin  to 
clavis],  3.  v.  a.,  shut,  close:  lu- 
mina.  —  Less  exactly,  stop,  stay, 
block  up :  claudite  iam  rivos 
(shut  the  gates  of  irrigating  canals) . 
—  Of  the  things  enclosed,  shut  up, 
confine,  hem  in,  enclose,  house, 
pen  up,  surround,  encompass,  be- 
set, besiege,  shut  off,  cutoff :  agnos  ; 
claudunt  convallibus  umbrae ; 
maris  nos  obice  pontus.  —  clau- 
sus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  enclosed, 
confined,  close  shut,  pent  up  :  la- 
cus ;  career.  —  Neut.,  an  enclo- 
sure. 

claudus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  limp- 
ing, halting,  lame,  crippled  (of  a 
wounded  snake). 

claustrum,  -i,  [Belaud  (as  if  root 
of  claudo)  +  trum],  n.,  fasten- 
ing, lock,  bolt,  bar.  —  Less  exactly, 
of  anything  that  serves  the  same 
purpose,  door,  gate,  barrier  :  Lu- 
crino  addita  (dykes,  levees} ;  Pe- 
lori  (of  the  sides  of  a  strait). 

clausum,  see  claudo. 

Clausus,  -i,  [prob.  akin  to  Clau- 
dius], m.,  a  Sabine,  the  supposed 
founder  of  the  house  of  Claudius. 

clausus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  claudo. 

clava,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  stick,  a  staff, 
cudgel,  club. 

davits,  -i,  [akin  to  clavis,  clau-* 
do],  m.,  a  nail,  a  peg.  —  From 
similarity,  a  tiller.  —  Less  exactly, 
a  rudder,  helm. 

cliens,  -entis,  [p.  of  cluo,  hear, 
obey],  comm.,  a  dependant,  a  client. 

Clio,  -us,  [Gr.  KA«c'o»],  f. :  I.  The 
muse  of  history ;  2.  A  daughter 
of  Oceanus. 


clipeatus,  -a,  -um,  see  cllpeo. 

clipeo  (clup-),  no  perf.,  -atuin, 
-are,  [fclipeo],  i.  v.  a.,  arm  with 
a  shield.  —  clipeatus,  -a,  -uni, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  armed  with  shield : 
agmina. 

clipeus,m.,(-um,  n. ),-!,[?],«  shield 
(round,  of  the  Greek  pattern). 

Clitius  (Cly-),  -i  (-ii),  [akin  to 
inclutus],  m.,  a  Trojan  hero,  per- 
haps more  than  one  of  the  same 
name,  cf.  Clytius. 

Clitumnus,  -i,  m.,  a  river  of  Umbria. 

clivosus,  -a,  -um,  [fclivo-  (re- 
duced) +  osus],  adj.,  hilly.  —  Fig., 
steep,  difficult. 

clivus,  -i,  [  v'cll  (as  root  of  clino) 
-f  vus],  m.,  a  slope,  a  hill,  an  in- 
cline. 

Cloanthus,  -i,  [Gr.  akin  to  Cluen- 
tius],  m.,  a  Trojan  leader. 

Cloelia,  -ae,  [f.  of  Cluilius,  prob. 
for  fClovilius,  and  akin  to 
clueo],  f.,  a  Roman  maiden  who 
escaped  from  Porsenna,  and  swam 
the  Tiber. 

Clonius,  -i  (-ii),  [?],  a  Trojan, 
perhaps  several  of  the  same  name. 

Clonus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a  sculptor  or 
engraver. 

Clotho  (nom.  and  ace.),  [Gr.  KAo>- 
Bti>  (the  spinner  or  spinster}],  one 
of  the  three  Parcae,  or  Fates,  see 
Parcae. 

cluens,  -entis,  see  cliens. 

Cluentius,  -a, -um,  [tcluent-(stem 
of  cliens)  +  ius],  a  Roman  gen- 
tile name,  used  collectively  for  the 
clan. 

clupeus,  see  clipeus. 

Clusinus,  -a,  -um,  [fClusio-  (re- 
duced)  -r-Inus],  adj.,  of  Clusium. 

Clusiiim,  -I  (-ii),  [?,  perhaps  akin 
to  claudo],  n.,  an  Etrurian  town, 
formerly  called  Canters. 

Clymene,  -es,  [Gr.  KAt/jueVij],  f.,  a 
daughter  of  Oceanus. 

clypeus,  etc. ;  see  clipeus. 

Clytius,  -i  (-ii),  [prob.  akin  to 
cluo],  m.,  a  name  of  several  war- 
riors, cf.  Clitius. 

coactus,   a,  -um,  p.p.  of  cogo. 


54 


Vocabulary. 


Codes,  -Itls,  [codes,  one-eyed~\, 
m.,  the  surname  of  Q.  Horatius, 
who,  in  the  war  with  Porsenna, 
alone  defended  the  bridge  across 
the  Tiber. 

coctus,  -a,  -uni,  p.p.  of  coquo. 

Cocytius,  -a,  -um,  [fCocyto-  [re- 
duced) +  ius],  adj.,  of  Cocytus,  in- 
fernal:  virgo  (Alecto,  one  of  the 
Furies) . 

Cocytus,  -i,  [Gr.  KWKUTO'S,  river  of 
lamentation},  m.,  a  fabled  river  of 
the  world  below. 

Codrus,  -I,  [Gr.  Ko'Spos],  m.,  a  shep- 
herd, perhaps  representing  under 
a  disguised  name  some  contempo- 
rary poet,  an  enemy  of  Virgil. 

coeluin  and  kindred  words,  see  cae- 
ln in,  etc. 

coenum,  see  caenum. 

coco,  -ivi,  -it  11  in,  -Ire,  [con-eo], 
irr.  v.  n.,  come  together,  unite,  as- 
semble, meet,  gather. — With  im- 
plied intent,  either  hostile  or  friend- 
ly (cf.  congredior),  join,  join  in 
alliance,  unite,  meet,  encounter, 
join  battle:  infoederadextrae(7^ 
joined  in) ;  gener  atque  socer 
(be  united}.  —  Fig.,  curdle,  congeal 
(cf.  _cogo)  :  sanguis  formidine. 

coepio,-!,  -tum,  -ere  and  -lsse,(rare 
except  in  perf.,  &c.),  [co-apio, 
cf.  apiscor],  v.  act.,  (take  hold}, 
begin,  begin  to  speak.  —  Pass.,  only 
in  p.p.  and  compound  tenses,  usual 
with  pass,  infin.  —  coeptus,  -a, 
•um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  n.,  an  undertak- 
ing, attempt. 

coeptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  coepio. 

coerceo,  -ui,  -itum,  -ere,  [con- 
arceo],  2.  v.  a.,  shut  in  together, 
surround,  restrain,  confine,  hold 
in  check,  restrain.  —  Of  troops : 
postrema  Tyrrhidae  iuvenes 
(bring  up  the  rear,  cf.  cogere 
agmcn). 

coerulus,  etc.,  see  caeruleus. 

coetus  (coi-),  -us,  [con-itus,  cf. 
coeo],  m.,  an  assembling.  — Con- 
cretely, an  assemblage,  an  assem- 
bly, a  crowd,  throng,  company  (at 
a  feast),  flock  (of  birds). 


Coeus,  -I,  [Gr.  Ko7os],  m.,  a  Titan, 
the  father  of  Latona. 

cogito,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [con 
agito],  I.  v.  a.,  weigh  thorouglil) 
in  the  mind,  weigh,  reflect  upon, 
think  (cf.  agito). —  Esp.  of  pur- 
pose, have  in  mind,  intend,  medi- 
tate upon,  think  upon,  design, plan 
purpose  :  quid  Auster  ? 

cognatus,  -a,  -um,  [con-(g)natus], 
adj.,  akin,  kindred,  related  (by 
blood). —  Poetic:  urbes  (whose 
citizens  are  akiii). 

cognitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  cog- 
nosco. 

cognomen,  -inls,[con-(g)nomen], 
n.,  family-name.  —  Less  exactly, 
name. 

cognominis,  -e,  [con-t(g)nomen, 
infl.  as  adj.],  adj.,  of  like  name  : 
terra  (bearing one 's  name). 

cognosce, -gnovi,-gnitum,-gnos- 
cere,  [con-(g)nosco],  3.  v.  a., 
examine,  learn,  inquire  into,  tract 
out,  listen  to,  hear,  flnd  (learn  tc 
know,  with  two  aces.)  :  haec  cog- 
noscite ;  carmina  ;  casiis.  —  In 
perf.,  &c.,  have  learned,  kno'M.  — 
Less  exactly,  recognize,  under- 
stand:  matrem;  quae  sit  virtus. 

—  cognitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
well-known. 

cogo,  coegi,  coactum,  cogere, 
[con-ago],  3.  v.  a.,  drive  together, 
collect,  gather  (of  fruits,  &c.),  as- 
semble (of  men,  forces,  &c.)  :  pe- 
cus  ;  agmina  (keep  in  line,  of  the 
rear  guard,  or  officers).  —  Of  con- 
sistency, condense,  congeal:  aer 
in  nubem  coactus;  mella. —  Fig., 
force,  compel,  oblige  (with  ace.  and 
infin.)  :  quid  (cog.  ace.)  non  mor- 
talia  pectora  cogis  ?  —  coactus, 

•  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  forced  :  lac- 
rimae. 

cohibeo,  -ui,  -Itum,  -ere,  [con- 
habeo],  2.  v.  a.,  hold  together,  con- 
tain, confine  :  spelunca  Scyllam. 

—  Fig.,    restrain,   check,  repress : 
iras. 

cohors,  -ortis,  [?],  f.,  an  enclosure, 

—  Fig.,  a   company  (of  soldiery), 


Vocabulary. 


55 


troop,  squadron.  —  Less  exactly,  of 
other  things,  band,  multitude, 
crowd:  cuncta  cohors  {line,  of 
ships). 

Coitus,  see  coetas. 

collapsus,  see  conlapsus. 

Collatinus,  -a,  -um,  [Collatia  (re- 
duced) 4-Tnus],  adj.,  of  Collatia 
(a  Sabine  town)  :  arces. 

collatus,  see  conlatus. 

collectus,  see  conlectus,  p.p.  of 
conljgo. 

colligo,  see  conligo. 

collis,  -is,  [?],  m.,  a  hill. 

colloco,  see  conloco. 

colloquium,  see  eonloquium. 

collflceo,  see  conluceo. 

colludo,  see  conludo. 

collum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  the  neck.— 
Poetic, _of  a  poppy,  neck. 

collustro,  see  conlustro. 

cold,  colui,  cultum,  colere, 
[?  Y/col],  3_v.  a.  and  n.,  cultivate, 
till,  tend,  take  care  of.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, inhabit,  dwell  in  :  Pallas 
arces.  —  Fig-,  cherish,  care  for, 
regard,  attend  to,  love,  foster  :  tc- 
lorum  amorem;  reliquias  me- 
orum ;  vitam  {lead)  ;  morem 
{observe"). —  Esp.  of  pious  regard, 
worship,  revere,  honor  :  templum. 
—  cult  us,  -a,  -UIM,  p.p.  as  adj., 
cultivated,  tilled,  well  kept. 

colocasia,  -ae,  (-ium,  -i  (-ii),  n.), 
[Gr.  KO\OKa.ffia  or  KO\OKO.O 'iov\,  f., 
a  plant  of  the  lily  kind. 

colonus,  -I,  [unc.  stem  fr.  -./col  -f 
nus,  cf.  patronus],  m..,  a  farmer, 
husbandman  :  veteres  {former 
tillers') .  —  From  the  nature  of  an- 
cient colonies,  a  colonist.  —  Less 
exactly,  an  inhabitant  (cf.  colo) . 

color,  -oris,  [unc.  root  +  or  (os)], 
m.,  color,  a  color,  complexion, 
hue.  —  Esp.,  fair  complexion, 
beauty. 

coloratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  colon  i. 

coloro,  -avi,  -at  u  111 ,  -are,  [fcolor-], 
i.  v.  a.,  color,  dye.  —  coloratus, 
-a,  -um,  as  adj.,  colored.  —  Esp. 
as  opposed  to  light  or  fair,  dusky, 
swarthy:  liidi. 


coluber,  -ubri,  [?],  m.,  a  serpent, 
snake. 

col  u  m,  -i,  [?],  n.,  a  strainer,  col- 
ander. 

columba,  -ae,  [?  f.  of  columbus], 
f.,  a  dove,  pigeon. 

columna,  -ae,  [unc.  root  +  mna, 
cf.  autumn  us],  f.,  a  pillar,  a 
support,  a  column. 

columns,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  stem  (akin 
to  corulus)  +  nus,  possibly  cor- 
rupted from  corulnus],  adj.,  of 
hazel  (cf.  corulus),  hazel :  has- 
tilia. 

coins,  -I  (us),  [?],  f.,  a  distaff. 

coma,  -ae,  [cf.  Gr.  K^UTJ],  f.,  the 
hair  (of  the  head),  the  mane  (of 
animals).  —  From  similarity, leaves, 
foliage,  and  even  flowers  (cf.  co- 
mans).  —  Also  plur.  in  all  senses. 

comans,  -antis,  [p.  of  fromo, 
-are,  from  coma],  p.  as  adj., 
hairy,  shaggy,  leafy  (cf.  coma), 
flowering,  crested:  dictamnus 
flore  purpureo;  cristae  (waving). 

comes,  -itis,  [verb-stem  (cf.  com- 
ineo)  -f  tis  (reduced)],  comm.,  a 
companion,  associate,  follower  (as 
subordinate)  :  senioris  Acestae ; 
docta  comes  {guide,  of  the  Sibyl)  ; 
comes  Ascanio  {attendant,  guar- 
dian). 

cometes,  -ae,  [Gr.  KO^TT;*,  cf. 
coma],  m.,  a  comet,  shooting-star. 

cominus,  see  comminus. 

comitatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  comito 
and  comitor. 

comitatus,  -us,  [fcomita  +  tus], 
m.,  {an  accompanying),  an  escort, 
a  coinpany,  a  retinue. 

comito,  -avi ,  -atum,  -are,  [comes, 
cf.  comitor],  I.  v.  a.,  accompany, 
follow,  attend.  —  comitatus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  accompanied, 
attended. 

comitor,  -Titus,  -ari,  [pass,  of 
comito],  i.  v.  dep.,  accompany, 
follow,  escort,  attend.  —  Esp.  of 
funerals,  escort,  attend.  —  P-P-,  ac- 
companying: films  classe  cater- 
vas. 

commaculo,   -avi,   -atum,  -are, 


Vocabulary. 


[con-maculo],  i.  v.  a.,  stain,  pol- 
lute, imbrue  :  manus  sanguine. 
commemoro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are, 

[con-memoro],  i.  v.  a.,  recall  to 
mind  (of  one's  self).  —  In  refer- 
ence to  another,  remind,  mention, 
recount,  relate  (in  song),  pio- 
claim,  celebrate. 

commendo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are, 
[con-mando],  I.  v.  a.,  commit, 
entrust.  —  Less  exactly,  commend, 
recommend. 

commercium,  -i  (-11),  [con-fmerc 
(stem  of  merx)+ium,  (n.  of  ius), 
cf.  commercor],  n.,  traffic.  — 
Poetic  :  ista  commercia  belli 
{such  bargains  of  war,  ransom  of 
prisoners) . 

comminus  (co-),  [con-manus, 
petrified  as  adv.,  cf.  eminus], 
adv.,  in  close  combat,  hand  to  hand 
(opposed  to  a  contest  with  missile 
weapons).  —  Less  exactly,  without 
actual  contest,  close  by,  standing 
by,  at  close  range  :  cervos  obtrun- 
cant  ferro.  —  Poetic :  arva  in- 
sequitur  {hotly  engages) . 

commisceo,  -miscui,  -mixtum 
or  -mistum,  -miscere,  [con- 
misceo],  2.  v.  a.,  mix  together,  in- 
termingle :  frusta  mero  cruento. 

commissum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  com- 
mitto  as  noun],  n.,  offence,  fault, 
crime. 

commissus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  com- 
mitto;  see  also  commissum. 

commistus,  -a,  -um,  p  p.  of  com- 
misceo^ 

committo,  -misi,  -missum,  -mit- 
tere,  [con-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  (let 
go  together),  combine,  join,  unite  : 
delphinum  caudas  utero  del- 
phinum. —  Esp.  of  hostility,  join 
(battle),  begin  (the  fight,  cf.  con- 
serere)  :  raanum;  proelium;  fu- 
nera  pugnae  (begin  the  havoc  of 
battle).  —  With  idea  of  a  trust, 
entrust,  commit  to,  trust,  consign  : 
sulcis  semina. — Transferred,  al- 
low to  happen,  allow  one's  self  to  do, 
allow,  commit, practise, perpetrate, 
commit  an  offence. 


commixtus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  com- 
misceo. 
commodus,  -a,  -um,[con-modus], 

adj.,  (agreeing  with  the  measure). 
—  Fig., fitting,  jit,  suitable,  proper, 
favor  able,  adapted :  Baccho  (suit- 
ed to  the  vine). 

commotus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  com- 
moveo.  _ 

commoveo,  -movi,  -motum,-mo- 
vere,  [con-moveo],  2.  v.  &.,move 
violently,  agitate  :  alas  ;  commo- 
tis  sacris  (when  the  emblems  are 
revealed).  —  Less  exactly,  stir  up, 
rouse  :  cervum.  —  Fig.,  rouse,  stir, 
excite,  disturb,  agitate,  alarm,  en- 
rage, move  (with  any  emotion). 

communis  (old  form  comoenis), 
-e,  [con-fmunis,  cf.  immunis 
and  in u nia J,  adj.,  (serving  to- 
gether), belonging  to  two  or  more  to- 
gether, common :  periclum  (shared 
alike  by  both) ;  Erinys  (of  both 
sides) ;  bona  (the public  interests). 

como,  compsi,  comptum,  co- 
mere,  [?  con-emo,  take'],  3.  v.  a., 
(1  gather  together),  comb,  arrange, 
braid.  —  Less  exactly,  deck,  adorn, 
array  :  vitta  ramos.  —  comp- 
tus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.:  comae 
(plaited,  in  order);  felici  comptus 
oliva  (wreathed). 

compactus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  com- 
pingo. 

compages,  -Is  (gen.  plur.  com- 
pagum),  [com;  pa(n)g-o],  f., 
a  joining  together,  a  connection, 
joint,  structure. 

1.  compello, -puli,  -pulsum,  -pel- 
lere,  [con-pello],   3.  v.  a.,  drive 
together  or  in  a  body  :  greges  in 
unum.  —  With  weaker  meaning  of 
prep.,  drive,  force  :    gregem  hi- 
bisco ;  noto  eodem  compulsus. 

2.  compello,  -avi,    -atum,   -are, 
[prob.  from  lost  noun-stem  akin 
to  pello,  cf.  adpello],  i.  v.  a., 
accost,  address  :  aliquem  voce. 

compesco,  -scui,  -scitum  (?), 
-scere,  [unc.  verb  with  con], 
restrain,  curb,  check  :  ramos  flu- 
entes  (by  pruning). 


Vocabulary. 


57 


compingo,  -pegi,  '-pactum,  -pin- 
gere,  [con-pango],  3.  v.  a.,  join 
together,  fasten  together,  fasten.  — 
compact  us,  -a,  -uni,  p.p.  as  adj., 
joined, fitted :  trabes  {jointed}. 

coinpitum,  -i,  [com-fpitum  ( ,/pet 
+  urn)  J,  n.,  meeting  of  roads,  cross 
roads,  corners. 

coinplector,  -plexus,  -plecti, 
[con-plecto],  3.  v.  dep.,  clasp 
around,  encircle,  enfold,  embrace  ; 
hold,  grasp  :  corpus ;  terra  gre- 
mio  ossa ;  Cacum  complexus  in 
nodum.  —  Less  exactly,  surround, 
embrace :  Penates  umbra  (of  a 
tree).  —  Fig.,  seize,  come  upon,  en- 
fold:  sopor  artus. 

compleo,  -evi,  -etum,  -ere,  [con- 
pleo],  2.  v.  a.,  fill  up,  fill  full, 
fill:  loca  milites ;  naves  (man)  ; 
litora  (crowd,  throng).  —  Less 
exactly,  fill,  complete  :  tempora 
debita ;  orbis  completur. 

1.  complexus,   -a,   -um,    p.p.   of 
complector. 

2.  complexus,  -us,  [con-plexus], 
m.,  a  surrounding,  encompassing, 
encircling,     embracing,     embrace 
(esp.  of  love). 

compono,  -posui,  -posltum,  -po- 
nere,  [com-pono],  3.  v.  a.,  put 
together,  bring  together,  lay  up,  col- 
lect:  opes  (hoard};  aggerem  tu- 
muli (raise). — With  idea  of  union 
or  arrangement,  found,  build,  dis- 
pose, array,  set  in  order,  arrange, 
settle,  adjust:  compositi  in  tur- 
mas  (of  soldiers,  arrayed  in  squad- 
rons) ;  urbem ;  genus  indocile 
ac  dispersum  (settle  in  law  and 
order);  foedus;  litea  (settle  by 
deciding)  :  pacem.  —  With  idea 
of  rest,  dispose,  lay,  place  :  defessa 
membra  (lay  down  to  rest) ;  tha- 
lamis  se  composuere  (of  bees, 
become  quiet  in  their  cells') ;  se 
(recline)  ;  diem  (close)  ;  fluctus 
(calm);  placida  pace  compostus 
(settled  in  peaceful  repose,  by  some 
thought  to  refer  to  death) ;  curas. 
—  Of  putting  together  for  com- 
parison, compare  ;  parvis  magna. 


—  composltus     (postus),    -a, 
-urn,  p.p.  as  adj.,  fixed,  crderty., 
regular,  quiet:  gradus ;  leges.  — 
Neut.  abl.  as  adv.,  composite),  by 
arrangement,  in  concert. 

compositus  (compostus),  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  of^  compono. 

comprehendo  (-prendo),  -ndi, 
-nsuni,  -ndere,[com-prehendo], 
3.  v.  a.,  take  hold  of,  grasp  :  ima- 
go. —  Less  exactly,  seize,  appre- 
hend. —  Esp.  of  tire  or  of  thing 
fired,  catch.  —  Fig.,  embrace,  com- 
prise, enumerate,  include;  for- 
mas  scelerum. 

comprensus,  -a,  -11111,  see  com- 
prehendo. 

compressus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  com- 
primo. 

comprimo,  -press!,  -pressum, 
-primere,  [con-premo],  3.  v.  a., 
press  together.  —  With  idea  of  re- 
straint, hold  in,  hold  back,  hold, 
restrain,  repress,  check  :  gressum. 

—  Fig.,  curb,  check,  repress,  stay : 
amor  compressus  edendi ;  furo- 
res caeli  marisque ;  impetus. 

comptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  como. 
compulsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  com- 
pello. 

1.  conatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  conor. 

2.  conatus,  -us,  [fcona-  (stem  of 
conorj  -f  tus],   m.,   an   attempt, 
effort,  exertion. 

concavus,  -a,  -um,  [con-cavus], 
adj.,  hollow,  concave,  arch^d,  vault- 
ed, ben£,  curved :  saxa  (of  caves). 

concedo,  -cessi,  -cessum,  -cede- 
re,  [con-cedo],  3.  v.  n.  and  a., 
move  away '(cf.  cedoandadcedo), 
retire,  withdraw,  come  or  go  off : 
hue;  concedite,  silvae  (fare- 
well').—  Fig.,  depart,  cease:  su- 
peris  ab  oris  (by  death)  ;  irae 
defim.  —  Of  superiority,  give  way, 
yield,  give  place,  yield  the  palm.  — 
So  also  (act.)  of  withdrawing  op- 
position, give  up,  grant,  allow, 
permit:  in  iras  Calydona  (sac- 
rifice); concessa  mover!  (al- 
lowed).—  concessus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  permitted,  permissible, 


Vocabulary. 


lawful:  concessa  veto  (things 
not  forbid}. 

concentus,  -us,  [con-cantus],  m., 
harmony,  harmonious  songs,  tune- 
ful melody. 

conceptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 
clpio. 

concessus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 
cedo. 

concha,  -ae,  [Gr.  Koyx^ ,  f.,  a  shell, 
conch  shell.  —  Also  as  an  instru- 
ment, shell,  conch,  horn. 

concido,  -cidl,  no  sup.,  -cidere, 
[con-cado],  3.  v.  n.,  fall  (in  a 
heap),  fall  to  the  ground.  —  Esp., 
of  death  or  fainting,  fall,  sink.  — 
Less  exactly  and  fig.,  fall,  be 
ruined,  perish. 

concido,  -cidl,  -cisum,  -cidere, 
[con-caedo],  3.  v.  a.,  cut  up,  cut 
to  pieces,  cut  down :  scrobibus 
montes  (furrow). 

concieo,  -ivi,  -ituiii,  -iere,  [con- 
cieo],  2.  (also  4.)  v.  a.,  (move  to- 
gether), assemble.  —  With  intensive 
meaning  of  con,  shake,  agitate, 
move  -violently,  urge  on  :  concita 
tormento  saxa  (hurled  violently) . 
—  Fig.,  rouse,  excite,  agitate,  stir 
up,  provoke :  immani  concitus 
ira  {fired  with  mighty  wrath} .  — 
concitus,  -a,  -i'.m,  p.p.  as  adj. 
(cf.  citus),  in  headlong  motion, 
headlong,  violent,  careering  :  mul- 
ta  vi  (with  mighty  effort ) ;  pro- 
cessu  (with  headlong  rush). 

concilio,  -avi,  -a turn,  -are,  [fcon- 
cilio-],  I.  v.  a.,  (assemble),  unite, 
join.  —  Fig.,  gain  over,  win,  con- 
ciliate, gain,  secure,  obtain  :  scep- 
tra  lovemque  (secure  the  sceptre 
and  Jove's  favor};  sibi  arma 
(ally). 

concilium,  -i  (-ii),  [perhaps  con-, 
stem  fr.  ^/cal  (cf.  classls)],  n., 
an  assembly  (generally,  cf.  con- 
siliuin,  a  deliberative  body), gath- 
ering: piorum. — Also  in  sense 
of  consilium,  a  council :  silen- 
tum  (as  a  jury). 

concipio,  -ccpi,  -ceptum,  -cipe- 
re,  [con-capio],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 


take  in,  take,  receive :  pabula 
terrae  (draw  nutriment}. —  Esp. 
of  females,  conceive.  —  With  ab- 
stract objects,  receive,  admit,  har- 
bor, take  on,  give  way  to :  ducis 
curam  (enter  on} ;  furias  (be 
possessed  by) ;  pectore  robur  (pos- 
sess).—  Of  ideas  in  words,  com- 
prise, express,  formulate. —  Of  the 
mind  as  subject,  take  in,  conceive, 
imagine  :  mente  furores.  —  con- 
ceptus, -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.  in 
either  meaning  of  the  verb :  foe- 
dus  (drawn  up,  established}. 
concito,  -avi,  -Stum,  -are,  [fcon- 
cito-  (cf.  concitus),  or  perhaps 
con-cito] ,  I .  v.  a.,  set  in  motion, 
rouse,  excite,  incite  :  equum  (spur 
on} ;  Allecto  se  in  Teucros  (Jly 
fiercely  at). 

1 .  concitns,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  concio. 

2.  concitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 
cieo. 

conclam§,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,[con- 
clamo],  i.  v.  a.,  cry  aloud,  shout, 
cry  aloud  upon,  call  for  aloud, 
summon  with  a  shout.  —  With  di- 
rect or  indirect  discourse  :  Italiam 
(cries  out,  Italy  !) . 

conclude,  -si>  -sum,  -dere,  [con- 
claudo],  3.  v.  a.,  shut  up,  enclose. 
—  Less  exactly,  surround,  include: 
locum  sulco  (mark  out). 

concolor,  -oris,  [con-fcolor,  de- 
clined as  adj .  ],  adj .,  of  the  same  color. 

concors,  -rdis,  [con-fcord-,  de- 
clined as  adj.],  adj.,  united  in  feel- 
ing, friendly,  harmonious  .•  frena 
(peaceful). 

concredo,  -dldi,  -dltum,  -dere, 
[con-credo],  3.  v.  a.,  entrust,  con- 
sign, commit. 

concresco,-crevi, -cretum,-cres- 
cere,  [con-cresco],  3.  v.  n.,  (grow 
together),  harden,  curdle,  congeal, 
condense,  freeze.  —  As  growing  into 
something  else,  grow  into,  become 
attached.  —  concretus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  in  passive  force  (cf.  cretus) 
as  adj.,  condensed,  hardened,  con- 
gealed, curdled,  clotted:  crines 
sanguine  (matted). 


Vocabulary. 


59 


concretus,  -us,  [con-cretus],  m., 

a  growing  together,  an  adhering 
(a  doubtful  reading). 

concubitus,  -us,[con-cubitus],  m., 
a  lying  together,  coition. 

concurro, -curri(-cucurri),-cur- 
suni,  -currere,  [con-curro],  3.  v. 
n.,  run  with  or  together,  flock  to- 
gether, assemble.  —  Less  exactly, 
rush  (to  a  place),  rally,  hasten  (to 
one). — Of  hostile  meeting,  meet, 
fight,  contend :  virisvirgo;  mon- 
tes  (dash  together) 

concursus,  -us,  [con-cursus],  m., 
a  rushing  together.  —  Concretely, 
a  crowd,  an  assembly,  a  concourse. 

concussus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 
cutio.^ 

concutio,  -cussi,  -cussum,  -cu- 
tere,  [con-quatio],  3.  v.  a.,  shake 
violently,  agitate,  thrust  (cf.  ex- 
cutio),  force, throw,  dash  :  frena  ; 
lora;  silicem  dexter  in  adver- 
sum  nitens.  — Of  shaking  out  the 
loose  garments  of  the  ancients, 
shake  <?«/(for  examination),  search: 
fecundum  pectus.  —  Fig.,  of  emo- 
tion, &c.,  agitate,  alarm,  trotible  : 
casu  acerbo  (overwhelmed} ;  urbs 
{panic-stricken} ;  animum  con- 
cussus. —  Also,  excite,  rouse,  urge  : 
equos  {spur  on} . 

concensus,  -a,  -um,  [con-densus] , 
adj.,  very  dense,  close,  crowded  : 
columbae  condensae  .  .  .  sede- 
bant.  ^ 

condicio  (not  -tlo),  -onis,  [con- 
dicio],  f.,  (statement  of  terms'),  a 
stipulation,  condition,  terms,  a 
compact.  —  mortis  (destiny,  law  of 
human^life). 

conditio,  see  condicio,  the  proper 
form. 

conditpr,  -oris,  [con-dator,  as  if 
condi  +  tor,  cf.  condo],  m.,  build- 
er, founder. 

condltus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  condo. 

condo,  -dldi,  -ditum,  -dere,  [con- 
do, /«/],  3.  v.  a.,  {put  together}. 

—  With  reference   to   the    result, 
build,  found,  make,  erect  :  arces. 

—  Fig.,  in  same  sense,  fou'id,  es 


tablish,  sellle  :  Romanam  gentem ; 
aurea  secula  {bring  in) ;  fata 
(ordain).  —  So  also  of  composi- 
tion, write,  compose,  describe,  cele- 
brate :  tristia  bella.  —  With  idea 
of  preservation, /«/•  tip  (cf.  con- 
dio),  store, lay  away,  hoard:  opes  ; 
signa  mente  (treasure  up).— 
So  also  of  concealment,  hide,  se- 
crete, conceal,  suppress,  withdraw 
(one's  self)  :  caput  inter  nubila; 
conditur  in  tenebras  altum  cali- 
gine  caelum  ;  in  mare  Ufens 
(be  lost)  ;  Nilus  se  alveo  {confine 
itself} ;  lumina  {close)  ;  optato 
Thybridis  alveo  (by  others  re- 
ferred to  the  first  meaning). — 
Esp.  of  the  dead,  bury,  lay  to  rest : 
ossa  terra ;  animam  sepulchre ; 
longos  soles  cantando  {sing  the 
sun  to  rest)  —  Of  stars,  set :  Orion. 

conduce,  ilii\i,  -ductitin,  -du- 
cere,  [con-duco],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
lead  together,  assemble,  collect,  hire. 
—  conductus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 
adj.,  rented,  hired. 

conduct  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 
duco* 

conecto  (conn-),  -xui,  -xum, 
-cterc,  [con-necto],  3.  v.  a.,  bind 
together,  fasten,  connect,  entwine. 

conexus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  conecto. 

confectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 
flcio. 

confercio,  -fersi,  -fertum,  -fcr- 
cire,  [con-farcio],  4.  v.  a.,  crowd 
together.  —  confertus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  close,  dense,  serried, 
in  clos^e  array,  close  packed. 

confero,  -tuli,  -latum  (coll-), 
-ferre,  [con-fero],  bring  together, 
bear  together:  gradum  {step  /0- 
gether}.  —  Esp.  of  hostility,  join, 
engage :  manum  (Join  hand  to 
hand};  certamina  belli  {engage 
in  strife  of  battle} ;  se  viro  vir. 

confertus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 
fercio. 

conlVssus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 
fiteor. 

confestim  [con-ffestim,  Vfed  (in 
fendo)  +  tis,  cf.  manlfestus], 


6o 


Vocabulary. 


adv.,  (on  the  stroke  (?),  in  the 
grasp,  cf.  Fr.  maintenant),  in- 
stantly,  forthwith,  at  once. 

confido,  -f  eci,  -fectum,  -ficere, 
(also  confieri  as  pass.),  [con- 
facio],  3.  v.  a.,  (do  up),  finish, 
complete,  accomplish  :  immensum 
aequor. — In  special  sense  (cf.  Eng. 
done  up),  exhaust,  waste,  use  up, 
destroy :  me  volnus  (exhausts  my 
life) . — Less  exactly,  bring  to  pass, 
cause. — confectus,  -a,  -uni,  p.p 
as  adj.,  wasted,  worn  out,  exhaust- 
ed, emaciated :  made  ;  curis  ; 
aetate  (burdened  with  years'). 

conf  idens,  -entls,  p.  of  confido. 

confido,  -fisus,  -dere,  [con-fido], 
3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  trust  in,  rely  on, 
trust  to,  trust :  rebus ;  huic  mon- 
stro.  — confidens,  -entis,  p.  as 
adj.,  bold,  undaunted,  confident, 
shameless,  unblushing. 

configo,  -fixi,  -fixum,  -figere, 
3.  v.  a.,  pierce  through,  transfix, 
strike  down  (with  a  missile  weap- 
on).—  confixus,  -a,  -uni,  p.p. 
as  adj.,  transfixed,  struck  down. 

conf  io,  -fieri,  pass,  of  conficio. 

conf  isus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  confido. 

confiteor,  -fessus  sum,  -fiteri, 
[con-fateor],  2.  v.  dep.,  fully  or 
entirely  acknowledge  (cf.  Eng.  own 
up),  confess,  own,  avow.  —  Less 
exactly,  disclose  a  thing,  reveal, 
manifest,  show:  confessa  deam 
(revealed  a  goddess,  confessing  her- 
self). 

confixus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 
figo. 

confligo,  -flixi,  -dictum,  -fligere, 
[con-fligo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.  Act., 
strike  against  or  on,  strike  or  bring 
together.  —  Neut.,  dash  against 
(each  other),  be  in  conflict,  con- 
tend, fight,  combat:  venti  (war 
with  each  other). 

rondo,  -avi,  -Stum,  -are,  [con- 
flo],  I.  v.  a.  Of  fire,  blow  together, 
blow  up,  stir  up,  kindle.  —  From 
the  use  of  the  bellows  in  the  forge, 
also  of  metals,  &c.,  smelt,  fuse, 
melt  down  :  falces  in  enaem. 


con ll no,  -fluxi,  no  sup.,  -fluere, 
[con-fluo],  3.  v.  n.  Of  fluids, 
flow  or  run  together.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, of  a  great  multitude,  flow, 
flock,  or  crowd  together ;  come  to- 
gether in  multitudes. 

confodio,  -fodi,  -fossum,  -fodere, 
[con-fodio],  3.  v.  a.,  dig  thorough- 
ly, pierce  through,  transfix  :  su- 
per exanimem  sese  proiecit  ami- 
cum  confossus. 

confossus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 
fodio^ 

confugio,  -fugi,  no  sup.,  -fugere, 
[con-fugio],  3.  v.  n.,  flee  for  ref- 
uge or  succor,  take  refuge  (with 
any  one). 

eonfundo,  -fudi,  -fusum,  -fun- 
dere,  [con-fundo],  3.  v.  a.  Of 
liquids,  pour  together.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, with  reflexive  or  in  pass.,  mix 
itself,  mix,  mingle,  blend. —  Fig., 
confound,  confuse,  disturb,  tlirow 
into  disorder,  disconcert:  foedus 
(destroy,  break).  —  confusus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  confounded, per- 
plexed, panic-stricken  :  urbs. 

confusus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 
fundo. 

congemino,  -avi,  -atum,  -are, 
[con-gemino],  i.  v.  a.  and  n., 
double,  redouble,  repeat  again  and 
again:  crebros  ensibus  ictus  con- 
geminant.  —  Poetically,  of  the  in- 
strument,//)' repeatedly:  securim. 

congemo,  -gemui,  no  sup.,  -geme- 
re,  [con-gemo],  3.  v.  n.  and  a., 
sigh  or  groan  deeply,  heave  a  deep 
sigh.  —  Fig.,  of  a  tree  :  congemuit 
supremum  {groaned  its  last). 

congero,  -gessi,  -gestum,  -gerere, 
[con-gero],  3.  v.  a.,  bear,  bring, 
or  carry  together;  heap  up  (cf. 
adgero  and  agger),  gather. — 
With  reference  to  the  result,  build, 
construct,  erect :  manu  oppida  ; 
aram.  —  Poetically,  of  birds,  build 
nests,  nest.  —  Less  exactly,  in  pass., 
be  full,  swarm,  teem:  cubilia 
blattis.  —  congestus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  gathered,  heaped: 
turea  dona ;  culmen  (soMed ) . 


Vocabulary. 


61 


congestus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  con- 
gero. 

congredior,-gressus,  -gredi,  [con- 
gradior],  3.  v.  dep.,  {step  together'), 
go,  come,  or  meet  together  or  with 
one.  —  Esp.,  in  a  hostile  sense, 
fight,  contend,  engage. 

eongressus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 
gredior. 

eongressus,  -us,  [con-gressus], 
m.,  a  meeting  (either  friendly  or 
hostile),  encounter,  interview. 

conicio  (conii-),  -ieci,  -iectum, 
-k-ere,  [con-iacio],  3.  v.  a.,  throw 
together  or  at,  hurl,  cast,  fling, 
shoot :  coniecta  sagitta  ;  con- 
iecta  cuspide ;  saxa ;  velamina. 

—  With  reflexive,  throw  one's  self, 
rush,  speed,  hasten  :  sese  in  late- 
bras  (plunge};  Iris  inter  medi- 
as  sese  (dashes*).  —  Less  exactly, 
of  direction   merely,   cast,   turn  : 
oculos. 

coniectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  eon- 
icio. 

conifer,  -era,  -erum,  [fcono-fer 
( -y/fer  +  us)  ] ,  adj .,  cone-bearing, 
coniferous. 

conisus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  conitor. 

com t  or  (conn-),  -nisus  and  -nix- 
us,  -niti,  [con-nitor],  3.  v.  dep., 
lean  against,  strain,  struggle,  put 
forth  an  effort,  strive :  conixus 
(with  mighty  effort}.  —  Esp.  of 
labor  (cf.  enitor),  be  in  labor, 
yean,  bring  forth  young. 

coniugium,  -i  (-11),  [fconiug--f 
ium,  as  if  con-fiugium],  n.,  a 
joining,  union.  —  Esp.  (perhaps 
originally,  cf.  coniunx),  mar- 
riage :  Veneris  (union  with}. — 
Less  exactly,  of  animals,  coition.  — 
Concretely  (cf.  amor,  beloved  ob- 
ject}, husband,  wife. 

coniunctus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  oon- 
iungo.^ 

contango,  -lunxi,  -iunctum, 
-iungere,  [con-iungo],  3.  v.  a., 
join  together,  unite,  attach,  ally. 

—  Esp.  in  marriage,  unite:  digno 
coniuncta  viro ;  rat  is  coniuncta 
crepidine  saxi  (moored}. 


coniunx     (-lux),     -iugis,     [con- 

-y/iug,  as  stem],  comm.,  (uniting 
together},  a  husband,  a  wife,  a 
consort.  —  Less  exactly,  a  betrothed. 

coniuratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 
iuro. 

coniuro,  -avi,  -atiiiu,  -are,  [con- 
iuro],  I.  v.  n.  and  a.,  swear  to- 
gether, conspire.  —  coniuratus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  in  act.  sense,  having 
sworn,  banded  together,  conspiring : 
rescindere  caelum. 

COIHMIS,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  coni- 
tor. 

conlabor  (coll-),  -lapsus,  -labi, 
[con-labor],  3.  v.  dep.,  fall  to- 
gether, fall  in  ruins,  collapse, 
fall.  —  Esp.,  in  a  swoon  or  in 
death,  fall,  sink,  drop,  faint  : 
membra  collapsa  (fainting} ; 
ferro  conlapsa  (swooning  from 
a  wound}. —  Fig.,  waste  away: 
ossa  morbo.  —  conlapsus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  fainting,  swoon- 
ing, sinking,  lifeless. 

conlapsus  (coll-),  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
of  conlabor. 

conlatus  (coll-),  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of 
confero. 

conligo  (coll-),  -legi,  -Iectum, 
-ligere,  [con-lego],  3.  v.  a.,  col- 
lect together,  bring  together,  assem- 
ble, gat  her,  collect :  ex  alto  nubes ; 
nox  pluviam  (bring  on}  ;  quar- 
ta  bora  sit  im  ;  coniecta  ex  Ion- 
go  rabies  edendi  (ravening  hun- 
ger grown  by  long  privation). — 
Pass.,  or  with  reflexive,  come  to- 
gether, gather,  mass  forces  :  omni- 
bus conlectis.  —  Also  of  strength, 
presence  of  mind,  or  courage,  col- 
lect, gain,  regain  :  robur.  —  Less 
exactly,  contract,  shrink  (pass.)  : 
86  in  arma  (draw  behind  his 
shield};  alitis  in  figuram 
(shrunken);  arma  ("make snug"), 

conloco  (coll-),  -avl,  -atum, 
-are,  [con-loco],  i.  v.  a.,  put, 
place,  set,  arrange,  station. 

conloquium(coll-),  -i  (-ii),  [con- 
floquium,  cf.  eloqulum],  n., 
discourse,  conversation,  talk,  con- 


62 


Vocabulary. 


ference,  converse,  intercourse  :  de- 
orum.  _ 

conluceo  (coll-),  no  perf.,  no  sup., 
-lucere,  [con-luceo],  2.  v.  n., 
shine  brightly,  blaze,  gleam,  glare, 
ignes ;  moenia  flammis  ;  veste 
atque  armis  (glitter}. 

conludo  (coll-),  -Insi,  -lusum, 
-ludere,  [con-ludo],  3.v.  n.,  play 
with,  play  together,  sport,  play.  — 
Poetically,  of  things :  plumae. 

conlustrd  (coll-),  -avi,  -at  HIM, 
-are,  [con-luatro],  i.  v.  a.,  light 
up. —  Perhaps  from  an  entirely 
different  original  meaning  (cf.  lus- 
tro),  examine,  survey  :  omnia. 

connects,  see  conecto. 

connexus,  see  conexus. 

connisus,  see  conisus. 

coniiixus,  see  conlxus. 

rimmi hiiim,  see  conubium. 

Conon,  -onis,  [Gr.  KO'COJI/],  m.,  a 
mathematician  and  astronomer  in 
the  time  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphia. 

Conor,  -at  us  sum,  -ari,  [  ?,  perhaps 
akin  to  onus,  cf.  molior],  I  .v.  dep., 
undertake,  attempt,  try,  venture. 

conr-,  see  corr-. 

cdnsanguineus,  -a,  -inn,  [tcon- 
sanguin  (lost  stem,  con-sanguis, 
cf.  cognominls)  -f  eus],  adj.,  of 
kindred  blood,  akin,  related.  — 
Masc.,  a  kinsman :  Leti  (brother^). 

consanguinitas,  -tatis,  [fconsan- 
guin  (as  if  consanguini-,  cf.  con- 
sanguineus) +  tas],  f.,  kindred, 
relationship  (by  blood),  consan- 
guinity. 

conscendo,  -di,  -sum,  -dere,  [con- 
scando],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  mount, 
ascend :  rogos.  —  Esp.,  go  on  board 
a  ship,  embark,  take  ship :  aequor 
(put  to  sea). 

consclus,  -a,  -inn,  [con-fscius, 
•^801+ us  (cf.  insclus)],  adj., 
conscious,  privy  to,  aware  of:  ag- 
mina  (allied);  fati  (witness}; 
aether  conubiis.  —  Transferred, 
conscious  (with  one's  self),  con- 
scious of  guilt,  self-conscious  :  vir- 
tus ;  i'ama  ;  mens  conscia  recti. 

consequor,  -secutus,  -sequi,  [con- 


sequor],  3.  v.  dep.,  attend,  follow. 

—  Esp.  in  hostile  sense,  pursue.  — 
With  different  sense  of  con,  follow 
up,  overtake,  reach. 

1 .  consero,    -sevi,  -situm  or  -sa- 
tum, -serere,  [con-sero],  3.  v.  a., 
sow  or  plant  with  something:  ar- 
va.  —  Fig.,  cover  or  strew  over  with 
something:    freta  consita  terris 
(dotted). 

2.  conserO,  -serui,  -sertum,  -se- 
rere, [con-sero],  3.  v.  a.,  connect, 
entwine,  tie,  join,  fit,  unite,  bind 
into   a   whole :    lorica    conserta 
hamis  (woven)  ;  tegumen  spinis. 

—  Esp.  of  hostilities,  join(\i\  right). 
engage  in  :  dextram  ;  proelia. 

consertus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  2.  con- 
sero. 

consessus,  -us,  [con-sessus],  m., 
(a  sitting  together,  a  session). — 
Concretely,  an  assembly :  caveae 
(spectators  in  the  theatre). 

consido,  -sedi  (-sidi),  -sessum, 
-sidere,  [con-sido],  3.  v.  n.,  sit 
down,  settle,  seat  one's  self,  light  (of 
birds)  :  molli  in  herba  ;  Ausonio 
pori\l(anc/i(>r).  —  Esp.,  halt,  settle 
dcnvn  (to  dwell) ,  take  up  one's  abode. 

—  Of  inanimate  subjects,  settle,  sink 
dcnvn,  sink  in,  give  way,  subside  : 
in  ignes ;    totam  ur bem  luctu 
(be  plunged). 

cons  ilium,  -i  (-11),  [consul  +  ium, 
cf.  consulo],  n.,  consultation, 
counsel.  —  Of  the  result,  wise  coun- 
sel, resolution, plan,purpose,  course 
of  conduct  (as  resolved  upon), 
course  :  consiliis  non  futilis  auc- 
tor.  —  Of  advice  given  to  another, 
counsel,  advice. — Concretely  (cf. 
concilium),  a  (formal)  council, 
assembly.  —  Adv.,  consllio,  ad- 
visedly, intentionally,  purposely, 
with  design. 

conslsto,  -stlti,  -stitum,  -sistere, 
[con-sisto],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  place 
one's  self,  take  one's  stand,  stand 
still,  remain  :  terra  (set  foot  on). 

—  Esp.,  take  a  stand,  make  a  halt, 
keep  a  position,  stand,  halt,  settle. 

—  Fig.,  rest  •  mens. 


Vocabulary. 


consitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  i.consero. 

consono,  -ni,  no  sup.,  -are,  [con- 
sono],  I.  v.  n.,  sound  together  or 
at  the  same  time,  resound. 

censors,  -sortis,[con-fsorti-  (fuller 
stem  of  sors)],  adj.,  of  equal  share, 
partaking  -with  :  me  consortem 
nati  concede  sepulchre  (in  com- 
mon with)  .  —  Also,  of  equal  lot, 
of  the  same  condition,  common,  in 
common. 

i  .  conspectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of 
conspicio  as  adj.,  conspicuous. 

2.  conspectus,  -us,  [con-spectus], 
m.,  sight,  view,  presence  :  e  con- 
spectu  (out  of  sight}  ;  in  conspec- 
tu;  ire  ad  conspectum  genito- 
ris  (to  meet). 

conspicio,  -spexi,  -spectum,  -pi- 

cere,  [con-specio]  ,  3.  v.  a.,  gaze 

upon,  behold.  —  A\so,get  a  sight  of, 

jspy,descry,Jind._  See  conspectus. 

conspiro,  -avl,  -atum,  -are,  [con- 
spiro],  I  .  v.  n.,  blow  together,  sound 
together  ;  aereaque  assensu  con- 
spirant  jcornua  rauco. 

consterno,  -stravi,  -stratum, 
-sternere,  [con-sterno],  3.  v.  a., 
strew  over,  bestrew,  cover  :  terrain 
tergo  ;  terram  frondes. 

constitud,  -ui,  -atum,  -uere, 
[con-statuo],  3.  v.  a.,  set  up,  place, 
put  :  taurum  ante  aras.  —  aras 
(erect)  ;  moenia  (build  )  ;  metam 
(set).  —  Fig.,  of  things  not  mate- 
rial, establish.  —  Of  purpose,  deter- 
mine^, resolve  :  quaerere. 

•  ••Mi-til,  -stiti,  -t.it  um,  -stare, 
[con-sto],  i.  v.  n.,  stand  with, 
stand  together,  stand  :  cyparissi. 
—  Fig.,  agree  or  accord  with,  be  con- 
sistent with,  correspond  to,  fit.  — 
Also,  stand  firm  or  immovable,  be 
firm,  remain  immovable,  unchang- 
ing, steadfast,  be  settled,  last,  per- 
severe, endure  :  cuncta  caelo  se- 
reno  (be  steady,  as  a  sign  of  settled 
weather);  animo  sententia  (is 
fixed). 

constructus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 


construo,   -uxi,   -uctum,    -uere, 


[con-struo],  3.  v.  a.,  heap  or  pile 
together,  heap  up.  —  Of  the  result, 
build,  erect,  construct,  make.  — 
constructus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 
adj.,  heaped,  gathered,  stored,  built. 

consuesco,  -evi,  -etum,  -escere, 
[con-suesco],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.  inch., 
accustom,  habituate.  —  So  in  pass. 
part.,  accustomed,  inured,  habitu- 
ated: m.em\>ra,(trained). —  Neut., 
accustom  one's  self:  adeo  in  tene- 
ris  consuescere  multum  est  (such 
force  has  habit).  —  consuetus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  accustomed, 
usual,  ordinary. 

consul,  -ulis,  [prob.  con-^/sal  as 
stem  (cf.  praesul,  exsul)  with 
some  lost  connection  of  ideas, 
founded  on  religious  observance, 
cf.  Salii],  m.,  a  consul,  one  of  the 
two  chief  magistrates  of  Rome. 

consulo,  -ui,  -turn,  -ere,  [prob. 
consulo,  akin  to  salio,  cf.  praesul, 
exsul],  3.  v.  n.  and  a.,  consider, 
reflect,  deliberate,  take  cottnsel,  con- 
sult:  consulite  in  medium  (for 
the  common  advantage) .  —  Partic- 
ular phrase :  consulere  alicui  or 
alicui  rei,  take  counsel  for  some 
one  or  some  thing,  care  for,  take 
care  of,  look  to,  have  regard  for, 
consult  for :  custodi  et  consule 
longe  ne,  etc.  (keep  a  look-out).  — 
Act.,  consult  a  person  or  thing,  ask 
the  opinion  or  advice  of,  ask  coun- 
sel of:  vates  consultus.  —  Esp., 
consult  a  deity,  an  oracle,  omens : 
exta ;  lucos. — Transferred,  advise, 
counsel:  rem  nulli  obscuram 
(cog.  ace.). 

consult  uin,  -i,  [n.p.p.  of  consulo], 
n.,  (a  thing  deliberated  or  advised), 
usually  plur.,  resolutions,  plans, 
oracles,  advice. 

consumo,  -sumpsi,  -sumptum, 
-ii  m r n-,  [con-sumo],  3.  v.  a. 
Of  food,  consume,  devour  :  men- 
sas ;  consumptus  aliis.  —  Less 
exactly,  of  other  things,  consume, 
devour,  waste,  squander,  annihi- 
late, destroy,  bring  to  nought,  use 
up,  use,  waste  away :  vaccae  in 


64 


Vocabulary. 


dulcesubera  natos  (waste  upon) ; 
consumerer  aevo ;  nocte  con- 
sumpta  (spent) ;  sagitta  con- 
sumpta  (by  fire). 

consumptus,  -a,  -inn,  p.p.  of  con- 
sumo. 

consurgo,  -rexl,  -rectum,  -gere, 
[con-surgo],  3.  v.  n.,  rise  up, 
rise  (in  various  senses,  as  in  Eng.). 
—  From  bed,  from  table  :  relictis 
mensis ;  in  ensem  (rise  with, &c .) ; 
socii  tonsis  (rise  on  the  oars) .  — 
Less  exactly,  of  order  or  position  : 
remi  ordine  (in  ranks)  ;  mnndus 
ad  Scythiam  (of  the  higher  North) ; 
mare  ad  aethera  {mount  to  the 
skies) .  —  Of  hostility :  in  arma  (in 
arms) .  —  Fig. :  bellum  (arise) ; 
venti. 

contactus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 
tingo. 

contactus,  -us,  [con-tactus],  m., 
a  touching,  contact,  touch. 

coutagium,  -1  (-11),  [con-ftagium, 
-y/tag  +  ium],  n.,  contact.  —  Esp. 
of  the  result,  contagion,  infection  : 
vicini  pecoris  contagia. 

contego,  -texl,  -tectum,  -tegere, 
[con-tego],  3.  v.  a.,  cover  up. 

contcmno  (-pno),  -psi,  -ptum, 
-nere,  [con-temno],  3.  v.  a.,  set  a 
small  value  on,  value  little,  hold  in 
contempt,  despise,  disdain,  scorn  : 
ventos  (defy);  opes;  favos  (of 
bees). 

contemplor,  -atus,  -ari,  [fcon- 
templo  (con-templo-)],  i.  v.  dep., 
survey  (cf.  templum),  observe, 
notice  carefully. 

contemptor,  -oris,  [con-ftemptor 
(  y'tem  +  tor),  as  if  contem  -f  tor, 
cf.  contemno],  m.,  a  scorner,  de- 
spiser. 

contendo,  -di,  -tum,  -dere,  [con- 
tendo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  stretch, 
strain,  draw  (forcibly),  tighten  : 
vincla  ;  tela  .  .  .  et  arcum  (draw 
the  arrow  on  the  bow) ;  nervo 
equino  telum  (cf.  telum  in  au- 
ras).—  From  the  result  (cf.  last 
example),  hurl,  throw,  cast,  fling, 
shoot:  telum  in  auras.  —  Fig.,  of 


straining  the  powers  of  mind  or  body, 
strive,  exert  one's  self,  struggle.  — 
With  idea  of  opposition,  struggle, 
contend,  strive  for  mastery  :  bello ; 
versibus ;  cursu ;  ludo  ;  contra 
Paridem  (in  boxing). —  Fig.,  of 
things  in  rivalry,  vie  with,  compare 
with.  —  Of  aim  or  direction  (cf. 
trado),  direct,  aim,  hold  (a 
course);  cursum  (steer).  —  con- 
tentus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
stretched,  straining:  cervix  (of 
oxen). 

1.  contentus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 
tendo. 

2.  contentus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 
tineo.  ^ 

conterreo,  -ui,  -itum,  -ere,  [con- 
terreo],  2.  v.  a.,  terrify  greatly, 
frighten,  alarm :  conterrita  tellus 
(terror-stricken} . 

conterritus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 
terreo. 

contexo,  -xui,  -xtum,  -xere, 
[con-texo],  3.  v.  a.,  weave  or 
twine  together.  —  Less  exactly, 
prepare  by  joining  together,  com- 
pose, make,  build,  construct,  form, 
put  together;  equum  trabibus 
acernis. 

conticesco,  -ticul,  no  sup.,  -tices- 
cere,  [con-ticesco],  3.  v.  n.  inch., 
become  still,  grow  dumb,  hold  one's 
peace :  conticuere  omnes  (were 
hushed). 

contiguus  (-uos),  -a,  -um,  [con- 
ftaguus,  cf.  nocuus  (V^ag-f- 
uus)],  adj.  Act.,  (touching),  ad- 
joining, near.  —  Pass.  (cf.  per- 
spicuus),  (to  be  touched),  within 
reach,  within  range ,  missae 
hastae. 

contineo,  -tinui,  -tentum,-tinere, 
[con-teneo],  2.  v.  a.  and  n.,  hold 
in,  keep  together,  confine.  —  Less 
exactly  (cf.  cohibeo),  hold  back, 
stay,  detain,  restrain,  check  :  im- 
ber  agricolam  (detain  at  home)  ; 
gradum  (halt) .  —  Fig.,  of  passions 
and  the  like,  restrain,  curb,  sub- 
due, control.  —  contentus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.  (self-contained), 


Vocabulary. 


content,  satisfied :  mens  contenta 
quiete. 

contingo,  -tlgi,  -tactum,  -tingere, 
[con-tango],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  touch, 
take  hold  of :  funemmanu;  avem 
ferro  (hit},  —  Less  exactly,  reach, 
arrive  at,  attain,  gain,  touch  ; 
Italiam.  —  Of  the  effect  of  touch, 
in  p.p.,  taint,  affect  with  contagion 
(cf.  contagium).  —  Fig.  (with 
subject),  fall  to,  fall  to  the  lot  of 
(impersonal),  happen,  be  one's  lot, 
befall,  be  one's  fate :  Turno  con- 
iunx;  ire  ad  conspectum  con- 
tingat  (may  I  be  allo-Med). 

continuo[abl.  of  continuus],  adv., 
immediately,  forthwith,  without 
delay. 

contorqueo,  -torsi,  tortum,  -tor- 
quere,  [con-torqueo],  2.  v.  a., 
twist,  turn,  whirl  •  proram.  — 
From  the  whirling  of  missiles  (cf. 
amentum),  hurl  •  contorta  pha- 
larica  venit  (came  hurtling 
through  the  air) . 

contortus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 
torqueo. 

contra  [abl.  of  fcontro-  (con  -f 
tero-,  cf.  Inter)],  adv.  and  prep. 
Adv.,  opposite,  on  the  other  side,  on 
the  opposite  side.  —  Fig.,  on  the 
other  hand,  on  the  contrary,  in  re- 
turn, in  reply,  in  opposition. — 
Prep.,  over  against,  opposite  :  Ita- 
liam contra.  —  Less  exactly  and 
fig.,  against,  in  reply  to,  in  opposi- 
tion to  :  contra  quern  (answering 
him)  ;  it  contra  dicta  {proceeds 
in  reply  to);  contendere  contra 
Paridem. 

contractus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 
traho._ 

contraho,  -traxi,  -tractum,  -tra- 
here,  [con-traho],  3.  v.  a.,  draw 
together,  gather,  collect,  assemble, 
draw  in  :  Scorpio  bracchia.  — 
Less  exactly  or  fig.,  draw  on,  bring 
on  :  frigos  (cf .  "  catch  ") .  —  con- 
tractus, -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
contracted,  narrow,  confined :  lo- 
cus. 

rontrarlus,    -a,    -um,    [fcontrd- 


(reduced)-f  arius,  cf.  extrarius], 
adj.,  opposite,  lying  over  against.  — 
Fig.,  opposed,  contrary,  opposite  : 
fata.  —  With  idea  of  hostility,  ad- 
verse, unfavorable,  opposed :  fur- 
tis;  litora  litoribua  (of  eternal 
enmity). 

contremisco,  -ui,  no  sup.,  -iscere, 
[con-tremisco],  3.  v.  n.  inch., 
tremble  all  over,  shake,  shudder, 
quake  .^omne  contremuit  nemus. 

contristo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,[con- 
ftristo  (cf.  tristor)],  i.  v.  a., 
sadden,  cast  a  gloom  over  :  caelum. 

contundo,  -tudi,  -tusum,  -tun- 
dere,  [con-tundo],  3.  v.  a.,  beat, 
bruise,  crush,  pound,  bray :  her- 
bas.  —  Fig.,  crush,  quell .  feroces 
populos.  —  contusus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  broken,  crushed,  af- 
flicted:  animi. 

contus,  -I,  [Gr.  /COI/T^S],  m.,  a  punt- 
pole  (with  pointed  iron),  setting- 
pole.  —  Less  exactly,  of  weapons,  a 
pike. 

contusus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 
tundo. 

conubium  (conn-),  -1  (-11),  [con- 
tnubium,  stem  akin  to  nubo  (cf. 
pronuba)  -f-  ium],  n.,  marriage 
as  an  institution  (cf.  nubo),  wed- 
lock :  nostra  conubia  poscunt. 

conns,  -1,  [Gr.  KUVOS,  cf.  cuneus], 
m.,  a  cone.  —  From  its  shape  (cf. 
the  modern  spiked  helmet),  the 
peak  (of  a  helmet),  a  crest  (to 
which  the  flowing  crest  was  fas- 
tened). 

coin  al Us,  -Is,  [con-vallis],  f.,  a 
valley  (enclosed). 

convecto,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -are, 
[con-vecto],  i.  v.  a.,  bring  to- 
gether /  praedam. 

convello,  -velli,  -vulsum,-vellere, 
[con-vello],  3.  v.  a.,  (wrench), 
tear  away,  pluck  up :  viridem 
silvam  ab  humo ;  funem  a  terra 
(fast  off).  —  Less  exactly,  tear 
apart,  rend  asunder. 

con  venlo,- ve  ni,-ventum,  -venire, 
[con-venio],  4.  v.  n.  and  a.,  come 
together,  assemble,  gather  round.  — 


66 


Vocabulary. 


Fig.,  of  things  or  impersonally, 
be  agreed  upon,  be  determined.  — 
Also,  be  Jilting,  be  suitable,  be 
right. 

conventus,  -us,  [con-fventus,  cf. 
adventus],  m.,  a  coming  together. 
—  Concretely,  an  assembly,  con- 
clave. 

conversus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  con- 
verto. 

converto  (-vorto),  -ti,  -sum, 
-tere,  [con-verto],  3.  v.  a.,  turn 
around,  turn,  invert,  reverse,  turn 
backivard:  in  me  ferrum ;  omen 
in  ipsum  (bring  the  disaster). — 
In  pass,  or  with  reflexive,  turn, 
•wheel,  face  about.  —  Fig.,  alter, 
change,  transform :  animi  con- 
versi  ;  classein  in  Nymphas ; 
vias.  —  conversus,  -a,  -um,  as 
adj.,  inverted,  reversed,  trans- 
formed: agmina  (Jlying)  ;  nu- 
mina  (adverse} ;  conversis  fron- 
tibus  (opposing,  of  bulls  fighting) . 

convexus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  con- 
veho),  adj.,  (brought  together), 
vaulted,  arched,  rounded,  bending, 
•winding:  trames  (circuitous). — 
Neut.,  a  vault,  arch,  concavity,  re- 
cess, hollow  (nemorum) ;  caeli 
aupera  convexa  (the  canopy  of 
heaven);  convexa  (the  rounded 
mass,  of  mountains) ;  convexo 
ponuere  (the  mass  of  the  spheres'). 

convivium,  -1  (-ii),  [conviva  (re- 
duced) +  ium  (n.  of  ius)],  n.,  a 
meal  in  company  (cf.  conviva), 
a  feast,  banquet. 

convolsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 
vello. 

convolve, -volvi,  -volutum,  -vol- 
vere,  [con-volvo],  3.  v.  a.,  roll 
together,  roll  up.  —  Pass,  or  with 
reflexive,  roll  together,  roll  up,  roll, 
writhe,  coil. 

convulsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 
vello. 

coorior,  -ortus,  -oriri,  [con-orior] , 
3.  and  4.  v.  dep.,  arise,  rise  up.  — 
Fig.,  of  things,  break  out,  arise  : 
seditio. 

coortus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  coorior. 


copia,  -ae,  [copi-  (con-ops)  -f  ia 
(f.  of  ius),  cf.  inops,  inopia],  f., 

plenty,  multitude,  abundance,  a 
supply. — Transferred,  ability,  pow- 
er,  means,  resources,  opportunity, 
chance  (to  do  anything) :  fandi ; 
pugnae;  adfari  (leave).  —  Con- 
cretely, in  plur.,  troops,  forces. 

coquo,  coxi,  coctum,  coquere, 
[y/coc,  cf.  Gr.  ire'irw],  3.  v.  a.,  cook. 
—  Less  exactly  of  other  things  than 
food,  fire,  roast,  mellow  (of  soil), 
harden  (of  wood) .  —  Of  the  effect 
of  the  sun,  ripen,  mellow  :  coqui- 
tur  vindemia.  —  Fig.  (cf.  uro), 
vex,  worry,  harass.  —  coctus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  hardened. 

cor,  cordis,  [unc.  root,  cf.  Gr.  «:%>, 
Eng.  heart],  n.,  the  heart.  —  Fig., 
heart,  soul  (of  both  moral  and  in- 
tellectual powers).  —  Of  persons, 
as  in  English,  soul,  heart:  iuve- 
nes  fortissima  corda.  —  Phrase : 
cordi  ease  (cf.  "go  to  one's 
heart"),  be  dear,  please,  be  de- 
sired. 

Cora,  -ae,  [Gr.  Kopa],  f.,  a  town  of 
Latium  (now  Core). 

coram  [con-os  (or  stem  akin),  unc. 
case,  cf.  perperam],  adv.  and 
prep.  Adv.,  in  presence,  before 
the  eyes,  in  person  :  coram  adest 
(is  here  before  you).  —  Prep.,  in 
the  presence  of,  before. 

Coras,  -ae,  [?],  m.,  one  of  the 
founders  of  Tibur. 

Corlnthus,  -I,  [Gr.  KdpivOos],  f.,  a 
celebrated  city  of  the  Peloponnesus, 
famous  for  its  bronze-foundries  and 
artistic  skill.  It  was  conquered  by 
L.  Mummius. 

corium,  -I  (-11),  [Gr.  x<fy»OJ']»  n-> 
skin,  hide,  leather. 

i.corneus,  -a,  -um,  [fcornu-  (re- 
duced) +  eus],  adj.,  of  horn,  horny, 
horn. 

2.  corneus,  -a,  -um,  [fcorno-  (re- 
duced) -f-  eus],  adj.,  of  the  cornel 
tree,  of  cornel  wood. 

cornlger,  -era,  -erum,  [fcornu- 
(weakened)  -ger  ( y'ger  +  us)], 
adj.,  bearing  horns,  horned. 


Vocabulary. 


cornlpes,  -edis,  [fcornu-  (weak- 
ened) -pesj,  adj.,  horn-footed, 
horny-hoofed. 

comix,  -icis,  [dim.,  akin  to  Gr. 
KopoJpTj],  f.,  a  crow. 

cornu,  -u,  [unc.  root  (akin  to  Ktpas) 
+  nu],  n.,  a  horn,  horn.  —  Less 
exactly,  a  hoof.  —  From  similarity, 
horn  (of  the  moon),  tip,  yardarm, 
end,  branch  (of  a  river),  peak  (of 
a  helmet,  cf.  conus),  a  bow  (with 
horn  ends),  a  trumpet. 

cornum,  -i,  [perh.  akin  to  cornu, 
from  the  hardness  of  its  wood],  n., 
the  cornel  cherry.  —  Also,  cornel. 

cornus,  -i,  [see  cornum],  f.,  a  cor- 
nel. —  Less  exactly,  cornel  wood, 
a  javelin  (made  of  the  wood) . 

Coroebus,  -i,  [Gr.  Ko'poijSos],  m.,  a 
Phrygian,  an  ally  of  Priam. 

corona,  -ae,  [Gr.  /copaSrr;],  f.,  a  gar- 
land, a  diadem,  a  wreath,  a  crown 
(of  royalty).  —  In  astronomy,  The 
Crown.  —  From  similarity,  a  circle 
of  men,  a  ring,  a  crowd,  a  ring  of 
defenders. 

corono,  -avi,  -Stum,  -are,  [coro- 
na], i.  v.  a.,  furnish  with  a  gar- 
land or  crown,  to  crown :  vina 
(wreathe  the  bowl}.  —  Less  exact- 
ly, surround,  encompass,  enclose, 
wreathe,  beset:  omnem  aditum 
custode. 

corporeus,  -a,  -um,  [fcorpos  + 
eus],  adj.,  corporeal,  of  the  body  : 
pestes. 

corpus,  -oris,  [unc.  root  +  us],  n., 
a  body  (alive),  a  lifeless  body, 
corpse.  —  the  frame,  the  form,  the 
person.  —  As  in  English,  a  person, 
an  animal  (cf. "  head  ") ,  c reature: 
corpora  vixorwm.(  forms  of  heroes}. 
—  More  abstractly,  person,  form, 
figure  :  praestanti  corpore  Nyra- 
phae.  —  Also  of  things,  bulk,  mass, 
body,  trunk  (of  a  tree)  :  toto  cer- 
tatum  est  corpore  regni  (united 
power) .  —  From  association  with 
burial,  the  ghost,  shade,  spirit.  — 
Phrases:  corpore  exire,  elude, 
dodge  ;  toto  corpore,  with  all  one's 
might. 


correptus  (conr-),  -a,  -urn,  p.p. 
of  corripio. 

corripio(conr-),  -ripui,  -reptum, 
-ripere,  [con-ripio],  3.  v.  a.,  seize, 
snatch  up,  catch,  lay  violent  hands 
on,  grasp  quickly  :  hastem  ;  cae- 
sariem ;  scuta  correpta  sub  un- 
dis  (borne  away)  ;  monies  unda ; 
Marte  secundo  omnia  (gain).  — 
With  corpus  or  a  reflexive,  rise 
quickly,  start  up,  tear  one's  self 
away,hurryoff:  e  sir&i\s(spring)  ; 
e  somno.  —  Fig.,  of  intangible  sub- 
jects, seize  upon,  catch,  attack,  car- 
ry away  (with  any  passion)  :  flam- 
ma  tabulas ;  cinis  altaria  flam- 
mis  (break  out  in  flames  on) ; 
mediis  silvis  correptis ;  Camilla 
correpta  tali  militia  (carried 
away  by)  ;  hunc  plausus  (capti- 
vate) .  —  Of  sudden  motion,  occupy, 
hurry  over :  campum  (scour) ; 
viam  (speed  on)  ;  spatia ;  spati- 
um  medium. 

corrumpo,  -rupi,  -ruptum,  -rum- 
pere,  [con-rumpo],  3.  v.  a.,  (break 
up),  spoil,  destroy,  ruin,  damage, 
adulterate.  —  Less  exactly,  infect, 
poison,  taint.  —  corruptus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.as  &di).,tainted,  infectious, 
pestilent,  infected:  tractus  caeli. 

corruo  (con-),  -ui,  no  sup.,  -ere, 
[con-ruo],  3.  v.  n.  and  a.,  fall  to- 
gether, fall  down,  fall,  sink  to  the 
ground. 

corruptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  cor- 
rumpo. 

cortex,  -icis,  [?],  m.  and  f.,  bark. 

cortina,  -ae,  [?,  perh.  akin  to  Gr. 
xdpros],  {.,  a  kettle,  a  caldron. — 
From  the  use  of  the  utensil  at  Del- 
phi, the  tripod  (at  Delphi),  the 
oracle  (see  note  iii.  92). 

corulus,  -i,  see  corylus. 

Corus  (Cau-),  -i,  [?,  prob.  Greek], 
m.,  the  North-west  wind. 

corusco,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -are, 
[tcorusc6-],  I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  agi- 
tate, move  to  and  fro,  shake,  brand- 
ish, wave  :  gaesa  manu.  —  Neut., 
quiver,  wave,  shake  :  apes  pennia 
(agitate  their  -wings).  —  From  sim- 


68 


Vocabulary. 


ilarity,  of  light,  &c.,  quiver,  shim- 
mer, flash,  glitter,  sparkle. 

coruscus,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  stem  (akin 
to  Kopvffau)  +  cus],  adj.,  waving, 
quivering,  tremulous :  silvae.  — 
From  similarity  (cf.  corusco), 
flashing,  gleaming,  coruscating: 
fulmina ;  sol  (blazing)  ;  iuvenes 
auro. 

corvus,  -i,  [  ?].,  m.,  a  raven. 

Corybantius,  -a,  -um,  [Or.  Kopv- 
jBacreios],  adj.,  of  the  Corybantes 
(priests  of  Cybele  who  celebrated 
her  worship  with  clanging  cym- 
bals), Corybantian. 

Corycius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  K&>pu/ccuos], 
adj.,  of  Cory  cus  (a  place  in  Cilicia 
famous  for  its  saffron),  Corycian. 

Corydon,  -onis,  [Gr.  K.opvSuv~],  m., 
a  shepherd. 

corylus  (-ulus),  -I,  [Gr.  «opu\os], 
f.,  a  hazel-tree,  a  hazel. 

corymbus,  -I,  [Gr.  Kopuyu$oy],  m., 
a  cluster  (of  fruit,  &c.),  a  bunch. 

Corynaeus,  -i,  [?],  m. :  I.  A  priest 
of  the  Trojans;  2.  A  Rutulian. 

Corythus,  -I,  [  ?],  m. :  i .  A  town  of 
Etruria,  Cortona ;  2.  Its  mythical 
founder. 

cos,  cot  is,  [Vco  (cf.  sharpen,  co- 
n  us)  +tis],  f .,  a  hone,  a  whetstone. — 
Less  exactly, flint,stone(ci.  cautes). 

Cosa,  -ae,  (-ae,  -arum),  f.,  a  town 
of  Etruria  (now  Ansedonia). 

Cossus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a  Roman  family 
name  in  the  Cornelian  gens. — 
Esp.,  A.  Cornelius  Cossus,  consul 
B.C.  428. 

costa,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  rib.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, a  side. 

cotes  (cau-),  -is,  [?],  f.,  a  rough 
pointed  rock,  a  crag. 

cothurnus  (cotu-),  -I,  [Gr.  KoQ 
vos],  m.,  a  hunting-boot  (covering 
the  foot  and  lower  part  of  the  leg, 
and  laced  in  front),  a  buskin. — 
From  its  use  by  tragic  actors,  of  a 
lofty  tragic  style  in  poetry,  the  bus- 
kin, tragedy. 

crabro,  -onis,  [?],  m.,  a  hornet. 

eras  [cf.  Sk.  (vas],  adv.,  to-morrow. 

crassus,  -a,  -um,   [?,  p.p.  of  lost 


verb,  perh.  -y/cart  (cf.  Sk.  krit, 
twist,  spin)  -f  tus],  adj.,  thickened 
up,  thick,  coarse  :  cruor  (clotted) ; 
paludes  (miry) ;  terga  (rough 
ridges) ;  farrago ;  ignis  caligine 
(dark  with  thick  smoke). 

crastinus,  -a,  -um,  [eras  +  tinus, 
cf.  (I  hit  inns],  adj.,  of  the  morrow, 
to-morrow's :  ortus  (next,  next 
Jay's) . 

cratera,  -ae,  f.;  -er,  -eris,  m., 
(ace.  Gr.  sing,  cratera,  plur. 
crateras),  [Gr.  /cpor^p],  a  mix- 
ing' vessel,  a  bowl,  a  jar,  of  large 
size  in  which  the  whole  store  of 
wine  was  mixed  for  the  company. 
—  Also  the  same  vessel  used  for 
other  purposes,  oil-jar  :  fuso  cra- 
teres  olivo. 

crates,  see  cratis. 

cratis,  -is,  [perh.  akin  to  crassus], 
f.,  wicker-work,  a  hurdle  (used  for 
many  farming  purposes  by  the 
ancients).  —  Esp.,  a  drag  (for  har- 
rowing). —  From  similarity  of  tex- 
ture, a  net-work,  a  cell  (of  a  hive), 
the  breast:  pectoris  (framework). 

creatrix,  -Icis,[crea(stem  of  creo) 
+  trix],  f.,  a  producer  (female), 
a  mother. 

creatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  creo. 

creber,  -bra,  -brum,  (-brior, 
-berrimus),  [?,  unc.  root  +  rus], 
adj.,  thick,  close  :  Africus  creber 
procellis  (full  of) .  —  Of  closeness 
in  time,  repeated,  frequent,  numer- 
ous, constant :  sonitus  pedum  (of 
many  feet )  ;  crebro  ariete  (with 
frequent  strokes  of);  anhelitus 
(quick,  hurried)  ;  turbo  (quick)  ; 
heros  creber  (as  adv.,  again  and 
again) ;  tela  (showers  of)  ;  Aus- 
ter  (full  and  strong,  with  inces- 
sant blasts).  —  Neut.  plur.  as  adv., 
frequently,  repeatedly. 

crebresco  (-besco), -brui  (-bui), 
no  sup.,  -brescere  (-bescere), 
[fcrebre  (stem  of  lost  crebreo, 
fr.  crebro-)],  3.  v.  n.  inch.,  become 
frequent,  increase,  freshen  (of 
winds,  cf.  creber),  become  rife  (of 
rumors)  :  aurae. 


Vocabulary. 


69 


creditus,  -a,  -  um,  p.p.  of  credo 

credo,  -didi,  -ditum,  -dere,  [lost 
stem  tcred  (cf.  Sk.  crat)  -do,  put], 
3.  v.  n.  and  a.,  put  faith  in,  trust 
to,  confide  in,  trust :  color! ;  Aus- 
tris ;  auditis  quicquam  {believe 
at  all).  —  Act.,  entrust,  confide  to, 
commit :  anni  spem  terrae  (of 
sowing) ;  tibi  sensus  ;  custodia 
credita.  —  In  same  sense  with  re- 
flexive, trust  one's  self  to,  venture 
on,  hazard  •  se  pugnae.  —  With 
thing  as  object,  credit,  believe,  sup- 
pose, imagine :  credas  innare 
Cycladas ;  res  credita ;  vim  ad- 
fore  verbo.  —  Irregularly  with  per- 
son as  object,  trust,  believe  :  Cas- 
sandra credita. 

credulus,  -a,  -um,_  [teredo  (lost 
noun-stem,  cf.  credo)  +  lus],  adj., 
believing,  trustful,  confiding,  cred- 
ulous :  non  ego  credulus  illis. 

cremo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [perh. 
akin  to  carbo],  i.  v.  a.,  burn, 
consume. 

Cremona,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  town  of 
Gallia  Cisalpina,  on  the  Po.  Its 
lands  were  confiscated  by  Augustus. 

creo,  -avi,  -atum,  are,  [fcero- 
( -y/cer  +  us,  see  cerus,  cresco, 
Ceres)],  I.  v.  a.,  produce,  bring 
forth,  beget.  —  Less  exactly,  breed 
(of  animals). 

crepido,  -inis,  [akin  to  Kpipr/s],  f., 
a  base,  foundation.  —  Less  exactly, 
a  quay,  bank. 

crepito,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fcre- 
pito-,  p.p.  of  crepo],  i.  v.  n., 
crackle,  rattle,  rustle,  clatter  : 
flamma;  malae  (with  blows)  ; 
Auster  (whistle) ;  brattea  vento ; 
undae  (murmur). 

crepitus,  -us,  [fcrepi-  (stem  of 
crepo,  as  root)  -f  tus],  m.,  a  rat- 
tling, creaking,  clattering,  rus- 
tling; rattle  (of  thunder). 

crepo, -ui, -itum, -are,  [?],  i.v.n., 
crack,  rattle,  rustle,  crash.  —  From 
effect  to  cause,  break  with  a  crash 
(perhaps  the  original  meaning). 
crevi,  cretum,  cresoore, 


[stem  akin  to  creo  (perhaps  same, 
as  if  ere)  +  sco),  3.  v.  n.,  grow  up, 
be  born,  arise.  — Less  exactly, grow, 
increase,  si.oell ;  Thybris  (rise); 
corpus  (fatten)  ;  umbrae  (length- 
en); aestus  (rise,  ftow). —  Fig., 
thrive,  prosper. —  cretus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.,  sprung  from,  descended  from. 

Cres,  -etis,  [?],  adj.,  Cretan.— 
Masc.  plur.,  Cretes,  -um,  the  in- 
habitants of  Crete,  Cretans. 

Cressius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr. 
adj.,  of  Crete,  Cretan. 

Cressus,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  Gr. 
adj.,  of  Crete,  Cretan. 

Creta,  -ae,  [Gr.  Kprrrri],  f.  of  adj., 
Crete  (the  island  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, now  Candia).  —  From  a 
common  export,  chalk,  Cretan 
earth,  white  clay. 

Cretaeus,  -a,  -um,  [adj.  of  Gr. 
form],  adj.,  of  Crete,  Cretan. 

Creteus,  see  Cretheus. 

Cretheus, -eos,  [?],  m.,  a  Greek  in 
the  Trojan  army. 

cretus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  cresco. 

Creusa,  -ae,  [Gr.  Kpeovo-a  (fern,  p., 
princess)],  f.,  a  daughter  of  Priam, 
and  wife  of  /Eneas. 

crimen,  -inis,  [lengthened  root  of 
cerno  +  men],  n.  (a  decision  of  a 
case,  cf.  cerno),  a  charge,  accusa- 
tion. —  Less  exactly,  a  reproach,  a 
crime,  a  fault  (more  serious  than 
culpa).  —  Poetically  :  crimina 
belli  (charges  to  lead  to  war)  ; 
ae  clamat  crimen  (the  guilty 
one). 

Criiinsus,  C'rinisus(-issus),  -i,[Gr. 
K.pi/j.lff6s  (Kpifjufffffa)],  m.,  a  river 
on  the  south-west  coast  of  Sicily. 
— -  Also,  the  river-god. 

crinalis,  -e,  [tcrini-  (reduced)  + 
alia],  adj.,  of  the  hair:  auruni 
(golden  hair-band). 

crinis,  -is,  [  ?],  m.,  the  hair. —  From 
similarity,  tail  (of  a  comet,  or 
shooting-star),  a  trail,  a  train. 

cri nit  us,  -a,  -um,  [tcrini  ('length- 
ened, as  if  stem  of  tcrinio)  +  tus, 
cf.  armatus],  adj.,  having  long 
hair,  long-haired,  crested. 


Vocabulary. 


crlspo,    no    perf.,    -utum,    -are, 

[fcrispo],  I.  v.  a.,  wave,  brandish 
(cf.  crispus). 

crista,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  crest  (of  a 
helmet). —  Less  exactly,  a  helmet. 

crista  tus,  -a,  -um,  [fcrista-f  tus, 
cf.  armatus],  adj.,  crested  (having 
a  crest  as  a  famous  warrior). 

croceus,  -a,  -um,  [fcroco-  (re- 
duced) +  eus],  adj.,  of  saffron, 
saffron. 

crocus,  -I,  m.,  -um,  -I,  n.,  [Gr. 
KDOKOS~\,  saffron. —  Less  exactly, 
saffron,  saffron-colored. 

cru delis,  -e,  [fcrude-  (stem  of 
fcrudeo,  fr.  crudus  implied  in 
crudesco)  +  lis,  cf.  Aprilis], 
adj.,  harsh,  severe,  cruel,  unrelent- 
ing, ruthless.  — Transferred,  cruel, 
bloody,  destructive,  frightful :  fu- 
nus;  fata;  arae;  umbrae  (of 
the  lower  world). —  Also,  bitter, 
•violent:  luctus;  odium. 

crudeliter  [fcrudeli  +  ter  (  ?,  neut. 
of  terus,  reduced)],  adv.,  cruelly, 
barbarously. 

crudesco,  -ui,  no  sup.,  -escere, 
[tcrude-  (cf.  crudells)  +  sco], 
3.  v.  n.  inch.,  grow  hard,  become 
aggravated,  grow  worse,  grow 
fierce,  wax  hot :  pugnae. 

cradus,  -a,  -um,  [stem  akin  to 
cruor -f  dus],  adj.,  bloody,  raw. — 
From  similarity,  hard,  rough.  — 
Less  exactly,  undressed,  raw :  pero. 
—  Fig.,  rough,  rude,  sturdy :  se- 
nectus.  —  Also,  cruel,  harsh  : 
ensis^ 

cruento,  -avi,  -alum,  -are,  [fcru- 
ento-j,  I.  v.  a.,  make  bloody,  spot 
or  stain  with  blood. 

cruentus,  -a,  -um,  [-y/cru,  in 
cruor,  p.  or  p.  developed,  cf.  ar- 
gentum],  adj.,  bloody,  gory.  — 
From  similarity,  blood-red,  crim- 
son, red :  myrta ;  bello  signum. 

cruor,  -oris,  [y'cru  (in  cruentus, 
etc.)  +  or],  m.,  blood, gore  (blood 
shed).  —  Also,  life-blood. 

crus,  -Sris,  [?],  n.,  the  leg. 

crusta,  -ae,  [?,  but  cf.  crustum 
and  /cpuaraAAos],  f.f  the  skin,  rind, 


shell,  crust,  bark.  —  Less  exactly, 
ice. 

crustum,  -i,  [cf.  crusta],  n.,  bread 
(thin  and  perhaps  hard  baked,  as 
used  for  trenchers). 

Crustumeri,  -orum,  [?],  m.,  the 
people  ofCrustumerium,  a  town  of 
the  Sabines,  the  town  itself. 

Crustumius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of 
Crustumium  or  Crustumeriuni, 
Crustumian. 

cubile,  -is,  [n.  adj.  fr.  lost  noun- 
stem  (akin  to  cubo)  +  ilia],  n.,  a 
bed,  couch.  —  Less  exactly,  a  nest, 
a  beehive,  a  stall,  a  burrow. 

cubitum,  -I,  [fcubi-  (stem  of  cubo, 
as  root)  +  turn  (n.  of  tus)],  n., 
the  elbow. 

cucumis,  -eris,  [?,  reduplicated 
root  +  is  (akin  to  -us  and  -or)], 
m.,  a  cucumber. 

cuius  (quo!-),  -a,  -um,  [fquo- 
(stem  of  qui)  +  ius),  pron.  adj., 
whose  ? 

culmen,  -inis,  [unc.  root  (perhaps 
V'col)  +  men,  cf.  columna],  n., 
top,  summit,  roof ;  lofty  abodes. 

culmus,  -I,  [cf.  "halm "], m.,  a  stalk, 
stem  (esp.  of  grain),  straiu-thatch. 

culpa,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  fault,  crime,  de- 
fect, guilt. — Less  exactly,  infection, 
disease  (cf.  vitium) . 

cnl  pal  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  culpo. 

o  ui  po,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [  fculpa] , 
I.  v.  a.,  blame,  reproach,  censure, 
reprove,  disapprove,  condemn.  — 
culpatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  blame- 
able,  to  be  blamed. 

culter,  -tri,  [?],  m.,  a  knife,  sacri- 
ficial knife. 

cultor,  -oris,  [VCG!  (m  colo)  + 
tor],  m.,  cultivator,  husbandman, 
tiller  of  the  soil.  —  Less  exactly, 
inhabitant.  —  Also,  worshipper, 
priest.  —  Also  (cf.  colo),  lover: 
nemorumPan  {loving to  inhabit). 

cultrix,  -icis,  [-v/col  (root  of  colo) 
+  trix],  f.,  a  female  inhabitant. — 
Also,  protectress,  patroness,  mis- 
tress. 

cult  lira,  -ae,  [fcultu-  (lengthened, 
perh.  as  if  verb-stem,  cf.  tribus, 


Vocabulary. 


tribunus,    trlbuo)  +  ra   (f.   of 

rus,  cf.  maturus,  also  figura)], 
f.,  cultivation,  care. 

1.  cult  M-,  -a,  -ii in,  p.p.  of  colo. 

2.  cultus,  -us,  [^/col  On  colo)  4- 
tusj,   m.,  cultivation,  tillage  (of 
land).  —  Of  other  things,  care. — 
Fig.,  mode  of  life,  manners,  dress, 
care  of  the  person,  plight. 

1.  cum  [prob.  identical  with  con], 
prep,  with  abl.,  -with  (in  all  Eng- 
lish senses  except  instrument,  and 
sometimes  almost  approaching  that 
if  accompaniment  is  the  main  idea). 
— Appended  to  personal  pronouns : 
mecum,  tecum.  —  Phrase  :    cum 
prlmls,  chiefly,  especially. 

2.  cum    (earlier    form    quom,    cf. 
cuius  fr.  qui),  incorrect  spelling, 
quum,  [unc.  case-form  of  quis, 
qui,  cf.  turn,  mini,  dum],  adv. 
Temporal,  when,  since,  while.  — 
Causal,  since,  although,  while. 

Cnmae,  -arum,  [Gr.  Kv/n?]i  f.,  an 
ancient  colony  of  the  Chalcidians 
in  Campania,  the  residence  of  the 
_Sibyl. 

Cumaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Kivtcuos], 
adj.,  of  Cumce,  Cumcean. 

cumba,  see  cymba. 

cumque,  [2.  cum-que,  cf.  quis- 
que],  adv.,  usually  appended  to 
relatives,  (always),  so  ever. 

cumulatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  cu- 
mulo. 

ciinuilo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fcu- 
mulo],  I.  v.  a.,  heap  up,  pile  up. 
—  By  a  change  of  point  of  view, 
heap  up  with,  load,  pile  with  : 
Acesten  muneribus  ;  altaria 
donis.  —  Poetic  use :  veniam  cu- 
mulatam  morte  remittam  (in- 
creased by  my  death,  repaid  in 
ample  measure). 

cumulus,  -i,  [lost  stem  fcumo-  (cf. 
KVfio-  in  composition,  wave,  same 
root  as  KVIO)  +  lus],  m.,  a  mass,  a 
heap,  a  pile. 

cunabula,  -orum,  [tcuna-  (as  if 
of  lost  verb,  cf.  cunae)  -f  bulum] , 
n.  plur.,  a  cradle.  —  Less  exactly, 
a  nest,  a  cell  (resting-place  of 


bees).  —  Fig.,  of  a  birthplace,  cra- 
dle, first  home  :  gentis  nostrae. 

cunctor,  -atus,  -ari,  [fcuncto, 
p.p.  of  lost  verb  of  unc.  root,  but 
cf.  Sk.  £afik,  waver~\,  I.  v.  dep., 
linger,  loiter,  hesitate,  delay  : 
cunctando  (by  dilatory  measures) ; 
cunctanti  (of  Palinurus,  resisting, 
not  yielding  to  sleep). 

cunctus,  -a,  -um,  [con-iunctus, 
p.p.  as  adj.],  adj.,  usually  plur.,  all 
(together),  the  whole. 

cuneus,  -i,  [?,  but  cf.  conus,  cos], 
m.,  a  wedge.  —  From  the  form,  a 
column  (of  attack,  in  the  form  of 
a  wedge).  —  Also,  the  rows  of  a 
theatre,  benches  of  spectators. 

cuiique,  see  cumque. 

Cupavo,  -onis,  [?],  m.,  son  of 
Cycnus,  a  prince  of  northern  Italy. 

Cupencus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a  Rutulian. 

cupido,  -inis,  [fcupi-  (either  stem 
of  cupio  or  lost  noun-stem  akin) 
+  do,  perhaps  through  cupes],  f., 
rarely  m.,  desire,  longing,  eager- 
ness. —  Personified,  Love,  Cupid. 

cupidus,  -a,  -um,  [fcupo-  or  fcupi- 
(lost  stem  akin  to  cuplo)  +  dus], 
adj.,  longing,  eager,  desirous. 

cupio,  -Ivi  (-ii),  -itum,  -ere, 
[  -y/cup,  but  perhaps  through  noun- 
stem],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  long  for 
(stronger  than  volo),  desire,  be 
eager,  covet,  wish,  be  anxious,  long, 
burn  to. 

cupressus,  -i,  [Gr.  Kuiropiff-o-os],  f., 
the  cypress  (a  tall  evergreen  sacred 
to  Pluto,  and  a  sign  of  death  and 
mourning) . 

cfir  (quor),  [prob.  qua-re],  inter- 
rog.  adv.,  why?  wherefore?  for 
what  purpose  ? 

cura,  -ae,  [akin  to  itoipavos],  f., 
care,  trouble,  anxiety,  concern,  so- 
licitude :  curae  ingeminant.  — 
Esp.  of  love,  distress  (of  love), 
love :  regina  gravi  saacia  cura. 
—  Concretely,  the  object  of  love, 
love,  flame,  darling:  tua  cura 
Lycoris.  —  With  reference  to  an 
object,  solicitude,  care,  attention, 
pains,  concern :  cura  peculi ; 


Vocabulary. 


grandaevis  oppida  curae  (i.e., 
are  their  care) ;  amantes  curae 
numen  habet  (has  in  his  care) ; 
tantae  est  victoria  curae  (such 
eager  desire  for  victory)  ;  terra- 
rum  cura  (charge) ;  arva  non 
ulli  obnoxia  curae  (subject  to  no 
labor  of  man)  ;  omni  cura  vires 
exercet  (diligence);  curas  ex- 
tendit  in  annum.  —  In  a  weaker 
sense,  regard  for,  thought  of,  mem- 
ory :  Corydonis  (regard  for); 
amissae  parentis ;  ea  cura  .  .  . 
rumpere,  etc.  (the  thought). — 
Concretely,  object  of  care,  care, 
business,  province  :  ducis  concipe 
curam  (task,  but  compare  gran- 
daevis, etc.,  above) ;  quibus  cura 
penum  struere  (office) ;  obsidere 
cura  datur  Messapo ;  tenues 
curae  (trivial  affairs).  —  Per- 
sonified, in  first  sense,  Cares  : 
ul trices  (pangs  of  conscience). 

curculio  (gurgulio),  -onis,  [?], 
m.,  a  corn-worm,  weevil. 

Cures,  -ium,  m.  and  f.,  the  ancient 
chief  town  of  the  Sabines. 

Curetes,  -um,  [Gr.  Koup^res],  m., 
the  most  ancient  inhabitants  of  the 
island  of  Crete,  priests  of  Cybele 
(the  same  as  the  Corybantes). 

curia,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  the  senate-house. 

euro  [old  form,  coero],  -avi, 
-sit  um,  -are,  [fcura],  i.  v.  a., 
care  for,  take  or  have  care  of,  be 
solicitous  for,  look  or  attend  to, 
trouble  one's  self  about,  tend,  culti- 
vate, look  out  for  (secure)  :  cor- 
pora (refresh)  ;  vites  (dress)  ; 
carmina ;  id  venti  curant ;  fri- 
gora  (mind). — With  inf.,  care 
to,  desire  to,  take  the  trouble  to. 

curriculum,  -I,  [fcurru-  (weak- 
ened) +  culum,  dim.],  n.,  course. 
—  Fig.,  space,  course  (of  time), 
career. 

curro,  cucurri,  cursum,  cur- 
rere,  [?],  3.  v.  n.,  run,  move 
quickly,  hasten,  &c.  —  Less  ex- 
actly and  fig.  of  everything  con- 
ceived as  moving,  sail,  flow,  pass, 
skim,  fly,  run,  shoot,  glide  (of  a 


shooting-star)  :  stella  ;  tremor ; 
purpura;  classis  iter  tutum 
(speed);  aequor  (skim). 

currus,  -us,  [  y'curr  (as  if  root  of 
curro)  +  us],  m.,  a  chariot,  car. — 
Less  exactly,  a  te,arn,  horses  :  nee 
audit  currus  habenas. — a  plough 
(with  wheels). 

cursus,  -us,  [  v/curr  (as  if  root  of 
curro) +tus],  m.,  a  running, 
course,  march,  passage,  voyage, 
journey,  pursuit,  flight,  race : 
hunc  modum  cursus  (manceu- 
vres) ;  transmitterecursum(rrdw 
the  ferry) .  —  Less  exactly,  gait, 
walk,  mode  of  running  ex  going : 
trepido  c\n:&Vi(trembling  haste) . — 
Transferred,  direction,  way,  course 
(of  a  river),  course  (of  ships,  &c.)  : 
torquet  medios  cursus  nox  (rolls 
in  the  middle  of  her  course). 

curvatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  curvo. 

curvo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [tcur- 
VO-],  I .  v.  a.,  bend,  bow,  bend  down, 
curve,  crook.  —  curvatus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  bent,  arched, 
bowed,  curved,  hollowed  out. 

curvus,  -a,  -um,  [same  root  as  Gr. 
Kvpros  +  va],  adj.,  crooked,  bent, 
curved:  aratrum ;  arator  (stoop- 
ing) ;  falces  (hooked}  ;  flumina 
(winding) . 

cuspis,  -idis,  [  ?],  f.,  a  point:  acuta. 
—  Less  exactly,  a  trident,  a  spear, 
javelin,  lance. 

custodia,  -ae,  [stem  of  fcust5d  + 
ia  (f.  of  -ius)],  f.,  watch,  guard, 
care,  charge. — Concretely,  a  guard 
or  guardian. — ¥\\x.,guards,guard 
or  watch. 

custodio,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itum,  -ire, 
[fcustodi-(asif  stem  of  custos)], 
4.  v.  a.,  watch  over,  protect,  defend, 
guard.  —  Esp.,  with  the  notion  of 
hindering  free  motion,  hold  back, 
preserve,  keep,  giiard,  shut  up, 
hold  in  custody,  hold  captive.  — 
With  clause  with  ne,  guard,  watch. 

custoditus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  cus- 
todio. 

custos,  -odis,  [?],  comm.,  a  guard, 
watch,  preserver,  keeper,  overseer. 


Vocabulary. 


73 


protector.  —  Less  exactly,  herds- 
man, porter,  pilot,  overseer,  shep- 
herd, watchdog,  watchman,  spy, 
priest,  attendant  (of  a  boy). 

Cybebe  (-ele),  -es,  [Gr.  KuflVjfli?], 
f.,  Cybele,  a  Phrygian  goddess  wor- 
shipped as  mother  of  the  gods. 
Her  worship  was  orgiastic,  accom- 
panied by  drums  and  cymbals. 
Her  effigies  were  crowned  with 
towers,  and  her  car  drawn  by  lions. 

Cybela,  -ae,  [Gr.  KJ^XTJ],  f.,  a 
mountain  in  Phrygia,  sacred  to 
Cybele. 

Cybele,  -es;  see  Cybebe. 

Cybelus,  -I,  sometimes  read  for 
Cybela,  -ae. 

Cyclades,  -um,  [Gr.  Ku«:Aa5«s,  fr. 
KVK\OS,  circle],  f.  plur.,  a  group  of 
islands  around  Delos  in  the  yEgean. 

CyclSpeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Ki>/cAo>- 
irejoj],  adj.,  of  the  Cyclopes  :  saxa. 

Cyclops,  -opts,  [Gr.  KuKAeoif],  m., 
a  Cyclops,  fabled  giants  with  one 
eye  in  the  middle  of  the  forehead. 
They  served  as  the  workmen  of 
Vulcan. 

cycnus,  -I,  [Gr.  KVKVOS},  m.,  a  swan. 

Cycnus,  -I,  [same  word  as  preced.], 
m.,  a  king  of  the  Ligurians, 
changed  to  a  swan. 

Cydippe,  -es,  [Gr.  KuSimnj],  f.,  a 
nereid. 

Cydon,  -onls,  m.,  a  Latin. 

Cydon,  -onls,  [Gr.  K.u5a»>~\,  adj.  m., 
a  Cydonian,  a  native  of  Cydonia, 
a  town  of  Crete,  put  generally  for 
Cretan. 

Cydonlus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Ku5«»/«os] , 
adj.,  a  Cydonian;  see  Cydon. 

Cygnus,  -i ;  see  Cycnus. 

cyllndrus,  -1,  [Gr.  Kv\ivSpos'],  m., 
a  roller,  a  stone  (for  rolling). 

Cyllarus,  -i,  [Gr.  Ki/AAopoj],  m., 
the  horse  of  Pollux. 

Cyllene,  -es  (-ae),  [Gr.  KV 
f.,  a  mountain  of  Arcadia,  the  bi 
place  of  Mercury. 

Cyllenlus,  -a,  -um,   [Gr.   Kt/AA^- 


vu>s~],  adj.,  of  CyUene. —  Masc., 
Mercury. — Less  exactly,  of  Mer- 
cury :  ignis  (the  planet  Mer- 
cury). 

cyinba,  -ae,  [Gr.  Ki^ujSTj],  f.,  a  boat, 
a  skiff,  a  bark. 

cyinbalum,  -i,  [Gr.  K i>/j.&a\ov] ,  n., 
a  cymbal. 

cyinbium,  -I  (-il),  [Gr.  KVH&LOV'], 
n.,  a  cup,  a  boivl  (in  form  of  a 
boat,  cf.  cymba). 

Cymodoce,  -es,  [Gr.  Kuyuo5o«7j],  f., 
a  sea-nymph. 

Cymodocea,  -ae,  [adj.  fr.  the  pre- 
ced.], f.,  a  sea-nymph. 

Cymothoe,  -es,  [Gr.  Ku/xoflcfy],  f., 
a  sea-nymph. 

Cyniphlus,  -a,  -um;  see  Ciny- 
phius. 

Cynthius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  KvvBios], 
adj.,  of  Cynthus.  —  Masc.,  Apollo, 
Lord  of  Cynthus. 

Cynthus,  -I,  [Gr.  Kwflos],  m.,  a 
mountain  in  Delos,  the  birthplace 
and  favorite  haunt  of  Apollo. 

cyparissus,  -i,  [Gr.  Kwapiaaos'],  f., 
the  cypress  (an  evergreen  tree  used 
at  funerals,  and  planted  by  tombs) . 

Cyprus,  -i,  [Gr.  Ki/nyws],  f.,  an 
island  in  the  Mediterranean. 

Cyrene,  -es,  [Gr.  KU^JTJ],  f.,  the 
mother  of  Aristaeus. 

Cyrneus  (-naeus),  -a,  -um,  [Gr. 
tKi/p«/*?oj],  adj.,  of  Corsica  (an- 
ciently called  Cyrnus),  Corsican. 

Cythera,  -orum,  [Gr.  K^pa], 
n.  plur.,  the  island  south  of  Laco- 
nia  (now  Cerigo),  where  Venus 
was  fabled  to  have  landed  from  the 
sea. 

Cythereus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  tKuflr?- 
peios'],  adj.,  of  Cythera.  —  Fern., 
the  goddess  of  Cythera,  Venus. 

cytlsus,  -I,  [Gr.  /ctrneroj],  comm., 
clover  (of  a  special  kind,  perhaps 
medicago  arbor ea~). 

Cytorus,  -I,  [Gr.  Kwrwpos],  m.,  a 
mountain  in  Paphlagonia,  famous 
for  its  boxwood. 


Vocabulary. 


D. 


Dacus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  AOK<$J),  adj., 
Dacian,  of  the  Dad  (a  warlike 
people  on  the  northern  bank  of 
the  Danube). —  Masc.  plur.,  the 
Dacians  (the  people  themselves). 

Daedalus,  -I,  [Gr.  Aai'8aA.os],  m.,  a 
famous  artisan  of  Athens  who  built 
the  labyrinth,  and  escaping  from 
Crete  on  artificial  wings,  landed  at 
Cumae  (see  next  word). 

daedal  us,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Sot'SaAos], 
adj.,  skilful,  cunning.  —  Trans- 
ferred, cunningly  wrought,  artis- 
tic :  tecta. 

Dahae,  -arum,  [Gr.  Aaoi],m.  plur., 
a  Scythian  tribe  east  of  the  Caspian 
Sea,  on  the  Oxus,  in  the  modern 
Daghestan. 

dama,  see  damma. 

dam ina,  -ae,  [perhaps  akin  to  8ci/xo- 
Aoj],  f.  (rarely  m.),  a  deer. 

damnatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p. of  damno. 

damno,  -avi,  -atuni,  -are,  [fdam- 
no-J,  I .  v.  z.,(Jine), sentence,  judge, 
condemn.  —  Less  exactly,  bind, 
oblige :  votis  (bind  by  vows,  by 
granting  prayers)  ;  quem  dam.net 
labor  (whom  the  toil  of  war  shall 
condemn  to  death). 

Damoetas,  -ae,  m.,  a  shepherd. 

Damon,  onis,  [Gr.  Aa/uwi/],  m.,  a 
goatherd. 

Danae,  -es,  [Gr.  AOJ/^TJ],  f.,  a 
daughter  of  Acrisius,  king  of  Ar- 
gos,  beloved  by  Jupiter  and  sent 
adrift  in  a  boat.  Virgil  interprets 
the  story  differently  (see  ^En.  vii. 
410). 

Danaus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Aavaos],  adj., 
of  Danaus,  a  mythic  king  of  Egypt 
who  settled  in  Argos,  father  of  the 
Danaidae,  and  king  of  Argos.  — 
Less  exactly,  Grecian.  —  Masc. 
plur.,  the  Greeks. 

Daphnis,  -idls,  [Gr.  &<!uj>vii\,m.,  a 
mythical  Sicilian  shepherd,  the  in- 
ventor of  bucolic  poetry. 

fdaps,  dapts,  [akin  to  5airdt>i)~],  f.,  a 
feast,  a  banquet. 


Dardanldes,  -ae,  [Gr.  Aa 

patronymic   of  Dardanus],   m., 

son  of  Dardanus.  —  Esp.,  sEneas, 
descended  from  him.  —  Plur.,  the 
Trojans. 

Dardanis,  -idls,  [Gr.  AapSwis,  cf. 
preceding],  f.,  daughter  of  Dar- 
danus. —  Esp.,  the  Trojan  women. 

Dardanius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  AapSd- 
pios],adj.,  (of  Dardanus) ,  of  Troy, 
Trojan.  —  Fern.,  the  Trojan  land, 
Troy. 

Dardanus,  -i,  [Gr.  AopSai/os],  m., 
son  of  Jupiter  and  Electra,  founder 
of  the  house  of  Priam  and  /Eneas. 

Dardanus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  AapSa- 
vos],  adj.,  of  Dardanus,  son  of 
Jupiter  and  Electra,  father  of  Tros, 
and  founder  of  the  race  of  Priam 
and  /Eneas,  Dardanian.  —  Less 
exactly,  Trojan. —  Masc.  plur.,  the 
Trojans. 

Dares,  etls,  [Gr.  Aapi?$],  m. :  i.  A 
Trojan  boxer  ;  2.  A  Trojan  war- 
rior. 

dator,  -oris,  [^/da  +  tor],  m.,  a 
giver. 

datus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  do. 

Da  uc  i  us,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  of 
Daucus,  a  noble  of  the  Rutuli, 
Rutulian. 

Daunlus,  -a,  -um,  [fDauno-  (re- 
duced) +  ius],  adj.,  of  Da^tnus, 
Daunian. 

Daunus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a  mythical  king 
of  Apulia. 

de  [unc.  case  from  pron.  -^/da,  cf. 
deterior,  demum],  prep,  with 
abl.,  (down,  cf.  compounds),  from, 
away  from,  down  from,  out  of  : 
pendere  de  rupe.  —  Of  part  from 
a  whole,  from,  of,  out  of.  —  Of 
cause,  origin,  and  material,  from, 
of:  suo  de  nomine  (after)  •  de 
te  suscepta  (begot  by).  —  Fig.  (cf. 
Eng.  of-,  off),  of,  in  regard  to, 
about,  concerning,  respecting,  as 
to :  de  vita  certant  (for  life}  ; 
de  te  merui  (of you) ;  cui  tantum 


Vocabulary. 


75 


de  te  licnit  {upon,  of  an  outrage) . 

—  Of  quasi  origin,  in  accordance 
with,  by  :  de  more. 

dea,  -ae,  [cf.  deus],  f.,  a  goddess. 

debellator,  -oris,  [de-bellator,  cf. 
debello],  m.,  a  conqueror,  a  sub- 
duer. 

debell<3,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [de- 
bello], I.  v.  a.,  subdue,  vanquish, 
crusji,  quell. 

debeo,  -bui,  -bitum,  -bere,  [de- 
habeo],  2.  v.  a.,  {keep  away),  owe. 

—  Pass.,    be   due,   be   destined,   be 
appointed.  —  dc  bit  us,    -a,    -urn, 
p.p.   as    adj.,   due,   destined,    ap- 
pointed. 

de  bills,  -e,  [de-habilis] ,  adj.,  {un- 
handy), weak,  maimed,  powerless, 
crippled. 

debllito,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fde- 
bilito-,  fr.  debllis],  i.v.a.  weaken, 
enfeeble. 

debitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  debeo. 

decedo,  -cessi,  -cessum,  -cedere, 
[de-cedo],  3.  v.  n.,  withdraw,  re- 
tire, give  way  to,  set  (of  heavenly 
bodies);  nodi  {retire  before). — 
decedens,  -entls,  p.  as  adj.,  de- 
clining, setting:  die  decedent! 
{declining) . 

decem  [cf.  5e»ca,  petrified  case-form], 
indecl.  num.  adj.,  ten. 

deceptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  declpio. 

decerno,  -crevi,  -cretum,  -cer- 
nere,  [de-cerno],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
decide  (cf.  cerno),  determine. — 
With  inf.,  resolve,  determine.  — 
Esp.  in  a  contest,  contend,  fight. 

decerpo,  -cerpsi,  -cerptum,  -cer- 
pere,  [de-carpo],  3.  v.  a.,  pluck 
off. 

decet,  decuit,  no  sup.,  decere, 
[-y/dec,  akin  to  dignus,  doceo, 
SeiKvufj-i],  2.  v.  a.  and  n.,  only  third 
person,  befit,  behoove,  be  fitting,  be 
proper.  —  Past  tenses,  ought. 

decido,  -cidi,  no  sup.,  -cldere, 
[de-cado],  3.  v.  n.,fall  down,  fall. 

decido,  -cidi,  -cisum,  -cidere, 
[de-caedo],  3.  v.  a.,  cut  of,  lop. 

deciplo,  -oepl,  -ceptum,  -clpere, 
[de-capio],  3.  v.  a.,  deceive,  betray. 


decisus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  decido. 
Declus,  -i  (-ii),  [prop.  adj.  ?],  m., 
a  Roman  gentile  name.  —  Esp., 
two  distinguished  Romans,  P. 
Decius  Mus,  who  devoted  them- 
selves to  death  in  battle  for  their 
country,  one  at  Veseris,  the  other 
at  Sentinum. 

declaro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [de- 
claro],  I.  v.  a.,  make  plain,  mani- 
fest. —  Esp.  by  word  of  mouth, 
pronounce,  proclaim,  announce, 
declare :  Cloanthum  victorem. 

declino,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [de- 
clino],  I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  bend  down, 
turn  off.  —  Esp.  of  the  eyelids, 
lower,  close  :  lumina  somno. 

decolor,  -oris,  [de-color,  as  adj.], 
adj.,  {with  its  color  off),  discolored, 
dimmed:  aetas  {/ess  lustrous, 
changed  from  golden  to  bronze) . 

decoquo,  -coxi,  -coctum,  -co- 
quere,  [de-coquo],  3.  v.  a.,  boil 
down,  boil  away. 

decor,  -oris,  [y/dec  (cf.  decet)  + 
or],  m.,  beauty,  comeliness,  grace. 

decoro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fde- 
coro-],  I.  v.  a.,  make  beautiful, 
adorn,  embellish.  —  Fig.,  honor  : 
me  sepulcro. 

decorus,  -a,  -um,  [perh.  fdecor-f 
us,  more  likely  lost  stem  fdeco 
(cf.  decet)  -f  rus,  cf.  avarus, 
severus,  maturus,  and  colo- 
nus,  aegrotus,  velox,  custos, 
-odls],  adj.,  decorated,  adorned, 
beautiful,  comely,  lovely,  brilliant. 

decumus  (decl-),  -a,  -um,  [decem 
(reduced  or  perhaps  orig.  stem)  + 
mua,  cf.  infimus],  adj.,  tenth. 

dScurro,  -curri  ( -t-iu-urri),  -cur- 
sum, -ere,  [de-curro],  3.  v.n.,r«» 
down.  —  Less  exactly,  of  any  rapid 
motion,  sail,  fly,  rush,  march  down 
or  over,  speed  along:  circum  ro- 
gos  {dance  around,  of  an  armed 
dance).  —  Fig.,  run  over,  pass 
through,  finish  :  laborem  incep- 
tum. 

decursus,  -us,  [de-cursus],  m.,  a 
running  down,  course,  descent. 

derus,    -oris,    [  y'dec  +  us],    n., 


76 


Vocabulary. 


beauty,  comeliness,  grace.  —  Con- 
cretely, ornament,  adornment.  — 
Fig.,  honor,  glory,  fame.  —  Of  per- 
sons concretely,  glory,  pride  : 
decus  i  nostrum. 

decutio,  -cussi,  -cussum,  -cu- 
tere,  [de-quatio],  3.  v.  a.,  shake 
off,  knock  off :  mella  foliis. 

dedecus,  -oris,  [de-decus],  n.,  dis- 
grace, dishonor,  shame. 

dedignor,  -atus,  -arl,  [de-dignor] , 
I.  v.  dep.,  disdain,  scorn. 

dedo,  -didi,  -ditum,  -dere,  [de- 
do],  3.  v.  a.,  {give  off  or  away), 
give  up,  resign,  yield  up. 

deduce,  -duxi,  -dtictuin,  -du- 
cere,  [de-duco],  3.  v.  a.,  lead 
down,  draw  down,  drag  away, 
draw  off,  drain.  —  Less  exactly, 
lead,  conduct,  (of  a  triumph,  lead 
in  triumph},  (esp.  of  a  colony, 
plant} .  —  Esp.  of  ships,  launch.  — 
deduct  us,  -a,  -11111,  p.p.  as  adj., 
{drawn  out),  slender,  fine  spun  : 
carmen  (cf.  tenuis). 

deductus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  deduce. 

deerro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [de- 
erro],  i.  v.  n.,  wander  away. 

defectus,  -us,  [de-factus,  as  if 
dene  +  tus],  m.,  (failure),  eclipse. 

defendo,  -di,  -sum,  -dere,  [de- 
ffendo,  strike'},  3.  v.  a.,  (strike 
down),  ward  off,  keep  off,  avert : 
hunc  furorem  (defend  me  from). 
—  With  change  of  point  of  view, 
defend  from,  guard,  protect: 
aprum  palus  (harbor). 

defensor,  -oris,  [de-ffensor,  cf. 
defendo],  m.,  a  defender,  a  pro- 
tector, a  champion. 

defensus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  de- 
fendo. 

defero,  -tull,  -latum,  -ferre,  [de- 
fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  carry  down,  bring 
down.  —  Esp.  from  sea  to  land, 
bear,  drive,  land  in,  convey.  — 
Less  exactly,  deliver,  bear  to,  re- 
port, announce.  —  In  pass.,  throw 
one's  self  down. 

defessus,  -a,  -um,  [de-fessus], 
z<\}.,  tired  out,  worn  vut,  fatigued. 

deficiO,  -feci,  -fectum,  -flcere, 


(pass,  deflt),  [de-facio],  irr.  v.  a. 
and  n.  (make  off,  cf.  proficiscor), 
give  out,  fail,  be  wanting  to,  cease  : 
lac  mini  defit  (fail  vie)  ;  glan- 
des  sylvae  (the  woods  lack  acorns) ; 
navis  (sink,  in  the  sea) ;  qua,  de- 
ficit ignis  (what  the  fire  spares)  ; 
ultimus  ignis  (is  dying  out). — 
Esp.  of  persons,  faint,  fail,  sink, 
be  exhausted :  luctu  Latinus ; 
dubiis  ne  defice  rebus.  —  With 
ace., deficit  noctes  umor  (the  night 
lacks^  moisture) . 

defigo,  -fixi,  -fixum,  -flgere, 
[de-figo],  3.  v.  a.,  fasten  down, 
plant  in :  hastae  defixae  (stuck 
in  the  ground) ;  defixa  aratra 
(standing  in  the  furrow).  —  Fig., 
fix,  fasten,  cast  down  :  defixus 
lumina  (with  eyes  fixed,  &c.) ; 
defixi  ora  tenebant  (held  their 
eyes  cast  down ) . 

defio,  see  deficio. 

defixus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  defigo. 

deflecto,  -flexi,  -flexum,  -flec- 
tere,  [de-flecto],  3.  v.  a.,  turn 
aside. 

defleo,  -evi,  -etum,  -ere,[de-fleo], 
2.  v.  a.,  weep  for,  mourn  for : 
membra;  haec  (mourn  thus). 

defletus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  defleo. 

defluo,  -lluxi,  -fluxuin,  -fluere, 
[de-fluo],  3.  v.  n.,  flow  down,  float 
down,  sail  down.  —  Less  exactly, 
of  things  not  liquid,  glide  down, 
fall,  drop,  slide :  cohors  ad  ter- 
rain equis  relictis;  vestis  ad 
imos  pedes. 

defodiS,  -f  odi,  -fossum,  -fodere, 
[de-fodio],  3.  v.  a.,  dig  down,  dig. 
—  Of  effect,  bury,  conceal. 

deformis,  -e,  [de-forma  (weak- 
ened) decl.  as  adj.],  adj.,  deformed 
(cf.  decolor),  unsightly. 

deformo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fde- 
formi-,  as  if  fdeformo-],  i.  v.  a., 
disfigure,  deform  :  domum  (spoil, 
by  killing  a  member). 

defossus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  defodio. 

defringo",  -fregi,  -fractum,  -friri- 
gere,  [de-frango],  3.  v.  a.,  break 
off. 


Vocabulary. 


77 


defrutum,  -I,  [?],  n.,  must  (boiled 
down) . 

defunct  us,  -a,  -uni,  p.p.  of  de- 
fungor. 

defungor,  -functus,  -fungi,  [de- 
fungor],  3.  v.  dep.,  (perform  to 
the  end),  finish,  complete,  have 
done  with,  pass  through  :  vita  ; 
periclis. 

degener,  -eris,  [de-genus  (r  for  s), 
cf.  decolor],  adj.,  degenerate. — 
Less  exactly,  of  low  birth,  ignoble. 

degenero,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [de- 
gener], I.  v.  n.,  degenerate,  dete- 
riorate. 

dego,  degi,  no  sup.,  degere,  [de- 
ago],  3.  v.  a.,  spend,  lead,  pass  : 
vitam. 

degusto  (perh.  n),  -avi,  -atum, 
-are,  [de-gnsto],  r.  v.  a.,  (take 
off  to  taste),  taste. —  Fig.,  of  a 
weapon,  graze. 

dehinc  [de-hinc,  cf.  deinde],  adv., 
from  hence  (of  place  or  time), 
hence.  —  Less  exactly,  cf.  delude, 
next,  hereupon,  then. 

dchlsco,  -hivi,  no  sup.,  -hiscere, 
[de-hisco],  3.  v.  n.,  yawn,  gape  : 
terrae  (crack) ;  ora  (fly  open}. 

deicio  (dell-),  -ieci,  -iectum, 
-Icere,  [de-iacio],  3.  v.  a.,  thrcnu 
do~tvn,  cast  do^vn,  hurl  down,  drive 
down.  —  Esp.  of  death,  lay  Icnv, 
strike  down,  bring  dcnun,  kill,  slay. 
—  Technically,  of  forces,  dislodge, 
drive  away  (also  of  a  serpent) .  — 
Fig.,  cast  do-wn  :  voltum.  —  de- 
lectus, -a,  -um,  p.p.,  dejected, 
dismayed.  —  Also,  deprived  of, 
stricken  off :  deiecto  voltu  (with 
eyes  downcast)  ;  sors  (thrown  into 
a  helmet). 

delectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  delcio. 

dellclo,  see  better  spelling  delcio. 

dein,  see  delnde. 

delude,  deln,  [de-inde,  cf.  de- 
hinc], adv.,  from  thence,  from 
here,  thence,  hence. — Of  time,  from 
this  or  that  time  on,  thereafter, 
hereafter.  —  Less  exactly,  then, 
thereupon,  next  in  succession : 
nunc  deinde  (now  after  this) ; 


nunquam  deinde  (never  here- 
after) . 

Deiopela  (-ea),  -ae,  [Gr.],  f.,  i.  A 
nymph  of  Juno  ;  2.  A  nymph  of 
Cyrene. 

Deiphobe,  -es,  [Gr.  ATJI^O^]  ,  f., 
a  priestess  of  Apollo,  daughter  of 
Glaucus. 

Deiphobus,  -i,  [Gr.  ATJ/^O^OS],  m., 
a  son  of  Priam. 

delabor,  -lapsus,  -labi,  [de-la- 
bor], 3.  v.  dep.,  glide  down,  fall 
down.  —  Less  exactly,  fall  into  or 
upon  :  inedios  in  hostes. 

delapsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  delabor. 

delatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  defero. 

delectus,  -us,  [de-lectus],  m.,  a 
choice,  a  selection. 

delectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  dellgo. 

deleo,  -evi,  -etum,  -ere,  [de-flee, 
akin  to  letum  and  perhaps  lino], 
2.  v.  a.,  blot  out,  obliterate.  —  Fig., 
or  more  extended  meaning,  destroy, 
annihilate. 

deletus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  deleo. 

Delia,  see  Delius. 

delibo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [de- 
libo],  i.  v.  a.,  taste :  oscula  (kiss 
the  lips). 

deliciae,  -arum,  [de-flicius,  akin 
to  lacio  and  perhaps  licium, 
sublica],  f.  plur.,  delight,  pleas- 
ure. —  Concretely  (cf.  amor),  de- 
light, pet. 

deligo,  -legi,  -Iectum,  -Hgere, 
[de-lego],  3.  v.  a.,  pick  out,  choose, 
select :  jielecta  iuventus. 

delitesco,  -litui,  no  sup.,  -lites- 
cere,  [de-latesco],  3.  v.  inch., 
hide  away,  lie  hid,  lurk,  skulk. 

Delius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Afaios,  adj. 
of  ATJAOS],  adj.,  of  Delos,  Delian  : 
Apollo  (so  called  from  his  birth- 
place) .  —  Fern.,  a  name  of  Diana, 
Diana. 

Delos,  -i,  [Gr.  Af/Aos],  f.,  an  island 
in  the  .rtLgean,  famed  as  the  birth- 
place of  Apollo  and  Diana. 

delphin,  -inls,  (delphinus,  -I), 
[Gr.  5* A^/v],  m.,  a  dolphin. 

delubrum,  -i,  [de-flubrum  (cf. 
luo),  as  if  fdelu  +  brum],  n., 


Vocabulary. 


{place  of  cleansing),  a  temple,  a 
shrine. 

delude,  -lusi,  -liisuin,  -ludere, 
[de-ludo],  3.  v.  a.,  mock,  deceive, 
delude,  cheat:  somnia  sensus; 
animum  Apollo. 

demens,  -entis,  [de-mens],  adj., 
(with  the  mind  away,  cf.  amens), 
mad,  insane,  crazy  (less  violent 
than  amens),  wild.  —  Less  exact- 
ly, foolish,  infatuated. 

dementia,  -ae,  [tdement+  ia],  f., 
madness,  insanity,  frenzy. —  Less 
exactly,  folly,  infatuation. 

demerge,  -rsi,  -rsum,  -rgere, 
[de-mergo],  3.  v.  a.,  sink, plunge. 
—  demersus,  -a,  -um,  p.p., 
sunken,  submerged :  rostra. 

demersus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  de- 
merge*. 

demessus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  demeto. 

demeto,  -messui,  -messum,  -me- 
tere,  [de-meto],  3.  v.  a.,  mow 
down.  —  Less  exactly, pluck  (off}. 

demissus, -a,-um,  p.p. of  dernitto. 

demitto,  -niisi,  -missam,  -mit- 
tere,  fde-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  send 
down,  let  down,  let  fall :  multos 
Oreo  (despatch) ;  morti  corpora 
(consign)  ;  imbrem  caelo  (drop} ; 
naves  (bring  to  land}. —  Less 
exactly,  lower,  throw  out,  cause 
to  flow,  sink,  cast  down,  hang 
down,  suspend,  let  fall,  droop: 
ubera  vaccae  (bear  hanging}; 
bracchia  scopuli;  iugulis  cru- 
orem  (drain);  demittitur  caelo 
nova  progenies  (descend};  pu- 
teum  in  solido;  mentea  (lose 
courage} ;  demissa  ex  umeris 
laena  (hanging)  ;  iugum  clivo 
(descend in  a  slope}  ;  uvam  ramis ; 
demissa  pectoribus  monilia ; 
demissa  voltum  (with  downcast 
face};  dicta  in  aures  (receive}; 
demissae  aures  (laid  back}. — 
demissus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
downcast,  loiv,  subdued,  drooping  : 
vox ;  lumen  ;  nomen  1o\o(drawn 
from};  ab  love  gens  (sprung}. 

demo,  dempsi,  demptum,  de- 
mere,  fde-emo],  3.  v.  a.,  take 


away  (cf.  emo),  take  off.  —  Fig, 
remove,  dispel :  cnras. 

Demodocus,  -i,  [Gr.  A?7;uo8<foos], 
m.,  a  Trojan. 

Demoleus,  -i,  [Gr.  A^/n^Aeos],  m., 
a  Greek. 

Demophoon,  -ontis,  [Gr.  AIJ/J.O 
<£oW],  m.,  a  Trojan. 

demoror,  -atus,  -arl,  [de-moror], 
I.  v.  dep.,  delay,  detain,  linger 
out;  —  await,  expect. 

demum  [de  +  mum  (n.  of  -mus), 
superl.  of  de  (cf.  imus,  sumus)], 
adv.,  (lowest},  at  last,  at  length, 
finally.  —  Esp.  with  implied  nega- 
tion, at  last  (and  not  before),  not 
till,  only  :  ilia  seges  demum  re- 
spondet ;  turn  demum  (not  till 
then). 

drill,  -ae,  -a,  [decem  (reduced)  -f 
nus,  cf.  nonus],  distr.  num.  adj., 
ten  each,  ten  (apiece).  —  Less  ex- 
actly (regular  with  numeral  ad- 
verbs), ten :  bis  deni. 

denique  [fdeno  (de  +  nus,  cf.  de- 
mum)  +  que(case-formofquis)], 
&&v., (lowest,  cf.  demum),  finally, 
at  length,  at  last.  —  Like  demum, 
not  till,  only* 

dens,  dentis,  [?,  cf.  Gr.  oSovs'],  m., 
a  tooth.  —  Of  things  of  similar 
shape,  as  in  English,  a  sickle,  a 
fluke  (of  an  anchor),  prong  (of  a 
hoe),  point  (of  a  ploughshare): 
curvo  Saturni  dente ;  dente  un- 
co (recluditur  terra). 

denseo,  no  perf.,  -etum,  -ere ;  see 
denso. 

denso,  -avi,  -a turn,  -are,  [fden- 
so-],  i.  v.  a.  (also  2.),  thicken, 
make  close  or  frequent:  agmina 
(close  up  the  ranks') ;  hastilia 
(redouble,  hurl  thick  and  fast}. — 
Pass.,  close  up,  stand  thick,  crowd 
together,  thicken,  close  in :  agmi- 
na; tenebrae. 

densus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  p.p.  of  lost 
verb],  adj.,  thick,  dense,  close, 
crowded:  fagi;  iuba;  testudo 
(serried};  caligo;  grando;  tec- 
ta  ferarum;  imber  (heavy). — 
Less  exactly,  of  mere  numbers,  or 


Vocabulary. 


79 


repetition  in  time,  numerous,  re- 
peated, frequent,  numberless  :  su- 
boles  ;  Austri  fremitus  {inces- 
sant); ictus. 

dentale,  -is,  [tdent  +  alis,  n.  of 
adj.],n.  (reg.  plur.),  a  share  beam 
(part  of  a  plough). 

denuncio,  see  denuntio. 

denuntio,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [de- 
nuntio],  I.  v.  a.,  announce  (offi- 
cially, cf.  defero),  declare,  threat- 
en :  iras;  pluviam  (portend). 

depasco,  -pavi,  -pastum,  -pas- 
cere,  (also  pass.  dep.  )  ,  [de-pasco]  , 
3.  v.  a.,  feed  down,  crop,  graze,  feed 
upon  :  summa  Lycaei.  —  Also  of 
the  shepherd  :  luxuriem  segetum 
(by  turning  in  cattle).  —  Less  ex- 
actly, of  other  things  than  cattle, 
feed  on,  consume,  tear,  devour, 
waste:  artus  morsu  (of  a  ser- 
pent) ;  depasta  altaria  (with  the 
offering  consumed  )  ;  saepes  de- 
pasta  florem  apibus;  artus  fe- 
bris. 

de  pastus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  depasco. 

depecto,  no  perf.,  -pexuin,  -pec- 
tere,  [de-pecto],  3.  v.  a.,  comb 
off,  comb  down  :  vellera  foliis. 

depello,  -puli,  -pulsum,  -pellere, 
[de-pello],  3.  v.  a.,  drive  off,  drive 
down,  drive  away  :  fetus  ovium 
(to  the  town  for  sale).  —  With  or 
without  a  determining  word,  wean  : 
agni  a  lacte  depulsi  ;  ab  ubere 
matris  ;  depulsi  haedi.  —  Fig., 
repel,  save  from  (changing  the 
point  of  view)  ;  ratibus  taedas  ; 


w 

dependeo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -pen- 
dere,  [de-pendeo],  2.  v.  n.,  hang 
down,  hang  from,  hang  on  :  lych- 
ni  laquearibus  ;  ex  umeris  amic- 
tus. 

depono,  -posui,  -positum,  -po- 
nere,  [de-pono],  3.  v.  a.,  put 
down,  lay  aside,  lay  down  ;  arma 
umeris  ;  corpora  sub  ramis  ; 
plantas  sulcis  (plant)  ;  hie  hae- 
dos.  —  Esp.  of  a  wager,  put  down, 
put  up,  stake  (cf.  "  lay  a  wager  ")  ; 
hanc  vitulam.  —  Of  the  dead,  lay 


out:  depositus  par  ens  {doomed 
to  die).  —  With  idea  of  abandon- 
ment or  relief,  lay  aside,  get  rid 
of,  put  off,  abandon  :  cur  am ;  de- 
posita  formido;  animos ;  popu- 
lum  (leave  behind,  of  a  colony). 

depositus, -a, -um,  p.p.  of  depono. 

depreoor,  -atus,  -ari,[de-precor], 
I.  v.  dep.,  pray  off  (ci.  "  beg  off  ")  : 
merui  nee  deprecor  (pray  not  to 
escape  my  fate). 

deprehendo  (-prendo),  -prehen- 
di,  -prehensum  (-prensum), 
-prehendere,  [de-prehendoj,  3. 
v.  a.,  overtake,  catch,  seize :  fla- 
mina  deprensa  silvis.  —  Fig.,  of 
danger  or  time :  deprensi  nautae 
(by  a  storm);  deprensus  mari 
(by  a  returning  anniversary). 

deprensus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  de- 
prehendo. 

depressus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  dc- 
primq. 

deprim6,-pressi,-pressum,  -pri- 
mere,  [de-primo],  3.  v.  a.,  press 
down.  — depressus,  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
as  adj.,  sunken,  low,  deep-set :  con- 
valles ;  aratrum. 

depromo,-prompsi, -prom  ptum, 
-promere,  [de-promo],  3.  v.  a., 
serve  out  (cf.  promo),  draw  out 
(for  use)  :  tela  pharetris. 

depulsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  depello. 

Dercennus,  -1,  [?],  m.,  an  ancient 
Latin  king. 

derigesco,  -rigui,  no  sup.,  -riges- 
cere,  [de-rigesco] ,  3.  v.  n.,  be- 
come stiff,  become  set,  swoon,  be 
fixed  (in  a  frightened  stare);  san- 
guis  {freeze). 

deripio,  -ripui,  -reptum,  -ripere, 
[de-rapio],  3.  v.  a.,  snatch  off, 
snatch  down,  tear  away,  tear  off : 
cola  tectia  (fetch  quickly)  ;  fu- 
nem ;  derepti  cothurni. 

desaevio,  -11,  no  sup.,  -ire,  [de- 
saevio],  4.  v.  n.,  rage  off  vt  away, 
spend  one's  rage  :  pelago  hiems. 

descendo,  -scendi,  -scensum, 
-scendere,  [de-scando],  3.  v.  n., 
climb  down,  come  down,  go  down, 


8o 


Vocabulary. 


descend,  fatt :  orni;  Inpiter  im- 
bri.  —  Less  exactly,  sink  in,  pen- 
etrate :  toto  corpore  pestis.  — 
Esp.,  lower  one's  self,  descend  to, 
give  way  to  :  preces  in  omnes. 

descensus,  -us,  [as  if  de-fscansus, 
cf.  descendo],  m.,  a  going  down, 
a  descent. 

describe,  -scrips!,  -scriptum, 
-scribere,  [de-scribo],  3.  v.  a., 
mark  off,  write  off,  write  down, 
draw,  map  out,  portray  :  in  cor- 
tice  carmina  (carve)',  orbem 
radio. 

deseco,  -secul,  -sectum,  -seciire, 
[de-seco],  I .  v.  a.,  cut  off,  sever  : 
collum. 

desectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  deseco. 

desero,  -serui,  -sertum,  -serere, 
[de-sero],  3.  v.  a.,  (as  if"  unjoin," 
cf.  detego,  uncover),  forsake, 
leave,  abandon,  quit,  depart  from: 
ne  umor  deserat  arenam  (the 
sand  lose  its  moisture) ;  thalamos 
pactos  ;  Hesperus  (Detain  (/eaves 
below);  ardentem  ensis  (fails 
him) ;  litora  naves.  — 'desertus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  abandoned, 
deserted,  desolate,  lonely,  desert  ,= 
culmina ;  terrae.  —  Neut.  plur., 
solitudes,  wilderness,  desert. 

deserter,  -oris,  [as  if  de-sertor, 
cf.  desero],  m.,  deserter,  renegade. 

desidia,  -ae,  [fdesid  +  ia],  f.,  in- 
activity, idleness,  sloth. 

desido,  -sedi,  3.  v.  n.,  sink  down. 

designo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [de- 
signo],  I.  v.  a.,  mark  off,  mark 
out  .•_  urbem  aratro. 

desilio,  -silui,  -sultum,  -silire, 
[de-salio],  4.  v.  n.,  leap  down, 
jump  down  :  ab  equo  (spring) . 

desiiio,  -sivi  (-sii),  -situm,  -si- 
nere,  [de-sino],  3.  v.  a.  and  n. 
Kct.,leave  off,  cease,  forbear :  plura 
{forbear  to  say  more).  —  Neut., 
stop,  close,  end,  cease :  aetas ;  al- 
vus  in  Pristin  (end  in). 

desisto,  -stiti,  -stitum,  -sistere, 
[de-sisto],  3.  v.  n.,  (stand  off), 
leave  off,  cease,  forbear,  desist: 
incepto ;  mauum  committere. 


desolatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  desolo. 

desolo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [de- 
solo],  I.  v.  a.,  forsake,  abandon, 
desert :  desolati  manipli.  —  In  a 
different  sense  of  the  primitive, 
lay  waste,  ravage :  agros. 

despecto,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -are, 
[de-specto],  i.  v.  a.,  look  down 
upon. —  Y\g.,command(ot  a  view) . 

despectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  de- 
spicio. 

despiciS,  -spexi,  -spectum,  spi- 
cere,  [de-fspecio],  3.  v.  a.,  look 
down  on:  terras  lupiter. —  Fig., 
as  in  English,  despise,  slight,  disre- 
gard, scorn. 

despumo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [de- 
spuma,  perh.  through  an  adj.- 
stem],  I.  v.  a.,  skim  off. 

destillo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [de- 
stillo],  I.  v.  n., drip  down,  trickle, 
ooze.  ^ 

destino,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [de- 
stano,  cf.  dano],  i.  v.  a.,  set 
fast.  —  Fig.,  establish,  design,  des- 
tine :  me  arae. 

destituo,  -ui,  -iitiim,  -uere,  [de- 
statuo],  3.  v.  a.,  (set  off),  leave, 
forsake,  abandon. 

destruo,  -uxi,  -uctum,  -uere, 
[de-struo],  3.v.a.,(as  if  unbuild), 
tear  down,  demolish,  destroy  : 
moenia. 

desuesco,  -suevi,  -suetum,  -su- 
escere,[de-suesco],  3.v.a.andn., 
disuse,  lose  a  custom.  —  desuetus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  disused,  un- 
used. —  Less  exactly,  unused  (of 
something  never  tried),  unaccus- 
tomed. —  Actively,  unaccustomed 
(to  anything)  :  corda. 

desuetus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  desu- 
esco. 

desum,  -fui,  -futurus,  -esse,  [de- 
sum],  irr.  v.  n.,  be  away,  be  absent, 
be  wanting,  fail. 

desuper  [de-super],  adv.,  from 
above. 

detectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  detego. 

detego,  -texi,  -tectum,  -tegere, 
[de-tego],  3.  v.  a.,  uncover,  dis- 
close. 


Vocabulary. 


81 


deterior,  -us,  [fdeterS-  (corap.  of 
de,  cf.  demum  and  inferior)  -f 
ior,  comp.  of  fdeterus],  sup.  de- 
terriinus,  adj.,  worse,  inferior, 
degenerate,  weaker,  vanquished. 

detexo,  -texui,  -textum,  -texere, 
[de-texo],  3.  v.  a.,  weave  off, 
weave  up  (out  of  the  way). 

detineo,  -tinui,  -tentuin,  -tinere, 
[de-teneo],  2.  v.  a.,  hold,  detain, 
cling  to. 

detono,  -toiiui,  no  sup.,  -tonare, 
[de-tono],  I.  v.  n.,  thunder  down. 

—  Fig.,  rage  out,  spend  its  rage. 
detorqueo,  -torsi,  -tortum (-tor- 
sum),  -torquere,  [de-torqueo], 
2.  v.  a.,  turn  off,  turn  aside,  turn  : 
cornua.  —  Fig.,  turn,  divert:  cur- 
sum. 

detraho,  -traxi,  -tractum,  -tra- 
here,  [de-traho],  3.  v.  a.,  drag 
off,  drag  away,  draw  off.  —  Less 
exactly,  take  away,  steal. 

detrecto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [de- 
tracto],  I.  v.  a.,  (keep  hands  off"), 
refuse,  decline,  spurn  :  iuga  bos. 

detrudo,  -trusi,  -trusum,  -tru- 
dere,  [de-trudo],  3.  v.  a.,  thrust 
off,  thrust  away,  thrust  down,  force 
off,  sJiove  off :  naves  scopulo ; 
nostem  e  muro  (dislodge). —  Less 
exactly  and  fig. ,  thrust  down,  force 
down,  drive :  finibus  hostem  ; 
sub  Tartara  hoc  caput ;  lovem 
regnis  (drive  out). 

deturbo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [de- 
turbo],  I.  v.  a.,  hurl  off,  hurl 
down,  drive  off,  drive  out :  prae- 
cipitem  a  puppi ;  caput  orantia 
(strike  off). 

Deucalion,  -onis,  [Gr.  AewaAiW], 
m.,  a  son  of  Prometheus,  king  of 
Thessaly,  the  survivor  with  Pyrrha 
of  the  flood. 

deus,  -i,  [akin  to  lovis,  divus,  and 
dies],  m.,  a  god,  a  deity.  —  Sing., 
collectively,  the  divinity,  the  Deity. 

—  Without   distinction   of  sex,   a 
deity  (female),   a  goddess.  —  For 
Bacchus,  i.e.  wine. 

devectus,  a,  -HIM,  p.p.  of  deveho. 
deveho,  -vexi,  -vectum,  -vehere, 


[de-veho],  3.  v.  a.,  bear  down, 
carry  away,  bear  off :  devecta 
sarmenta ;  sylvam. 

devenio,  -veni,  -ventum,  -ve- 
nire, [de-venio],  4.  v.  n.,  come 
down,  descend.  —  Esp.  (from  the 
rising  of  the  sea  towards  the  hori- 
zon, arrive  at,  come  to,  land  at. 

deverto,  see  diverto. 

devexus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  deveho 
as  adj.,  (cf.  vehor  as  clep.),  de- 
scending, sloping,  inclined,  declin- 
ing, setting. 

de  victus,  -a,  -uni,  p.p.  of  devinco. 

de vincio,  -vinxi,  -vinctum,  -vin- 
cire,  [de-vincio],  4.  v.  a.,  bind 
down,  bind  fast.  — Fig.,  fetter,  hold 
bound:  pater  devinctus  amore. 

devinco,  -vici,  -victum,  -vin- 
cere,  [de-vinco],  3.  v.  a.,  subdue, 
con  juer. — With  cognate  ace.,  win  : 
bella  (fight  victoriously) . 

devinctus,  -a,  -11111,  p.p.  of  de- 
vincio. 

devolo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [de- 
volo],  I.  v.  n.,yfy  down. 

devolvo,  -volvi,  -volntum,  -vol- 
vere,  [de-volvo],  3.  v.  a.,  roll 
down,  roll  off,  unroll:  trabes  ; 
fusis  pensa  (spin  off). 

devotus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  devoveo. 

devoveo,  -vovi,  -votum,  -vovere, 
[de-voveo],  2.  v.  a.,  (vow  away), 
devote,  doom. 

dexter,  -tera,  -terum,  (-tra, 
-trum),  [unc.  stem  (in  8f'£ios)  + 
terus  (comp.  cf.  St£iTfp6s)],  adj., 
the  right  (opp.  to  laevus,  left), 
the  right  hand,  on  the  right  side. 

—  From  the  superior  readiness  of 
the  right  hand :  skilful,  dexterous. 

—  From  the  custom  of  omens,  pro- 
pitious, favor  able.  —  Fern,  as  subst. 
(sc.  manus),  the  right  hand:  data 
(given  as  a  pledge,  plighted  faith). 

—  Phrase  :  ab  dextera  (dextra), 
dextra,  on  the  right,  auspicious. 

Diana,  -ae,  [perh.  akin  to  lanus  j, 
f.,  the  goddess  of  the  moon,  sister 
of  Apollo,  identified  with  Hecate. 

dicittus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  dico. 

dicio  (dit-),  -6ni8,[tdico(reduced) 


Vocabulary. 


+  io],  f.,  command,  sway,  power, 
control,  dominion. 

dico,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [lost  noun- 
stem  fdico-  (cf.  maledicus)], 
l.jv.  a.,  devote,  assign,  dedicate. 

dlco,  dixi,  dictum,  dicere,  [  -y/dic 
(strengthened),  cf.  SeiKw/ju,  zeigen, 
token)'],  3.  v.  a.,  speak,  say,  tell, 
command,  sing,  celebrate  (in  song 
or  story),  name,  call.  —  Used  of 
any  form  of  utterance.  —  dlctus, 
-a,  -urn,  p.p.  as  adj. ;  see  dictum. 

Dictaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Awcrajos], 
adj.,  ofDicte  (a  mountain  in  Crete) . 

—  Less  exactly,  Cretan,  of  Crete. 
dictamnus,  -I,  [Gr.  B&myuwf},  f., 

dittany  (a  plant  growing  on  Mt. 
Dicte). 

dictum,  -I,  [n.  p.p.  of  dico  as 
subst.],  n.,  a  word,  a  saying, 
speech,  command  (cf.  dico) :  dicto 
parere ;  citius  dicto. 

dictus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  dico. 

dido,  dididi,  diditum,  didere, 
[dis-do,  put],  3.  v.  a.,  distribute, 
spread  abroad,  disseminate. 

Dido,  -us  (-onis),  [a  Carthaginian 
word],  f.,  the  founder  of  Carthage, 
the  heroine  of  the  ^Eneid,  called 
also  Elissa. 

diduco,  -duxi,  -ductum,  -ducere, 
[dis-duco],  3.  v.  a.,  draw  apart, 
separate,  divide,  distract :  terrain 
ad  capita  (stir,  in  cultivation) ; 
urbes  litore  diductae  (separated 
by  a  shore). 

diductus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  diduco. 

Didymaon,  -onis,  [Gr.  AtSt/juttta?], 
m.,  a  famous  artist  in  metal. 

dies,  -el,  [same  root  as  deus,  lovis, 
cf.  Sk.  div,  divas'],  comm.,  a  day, 
daylight,  daytime.  —  Less  exactly, 
time,  lapse  of  time,  proper  time, 
fitting  time,  allotted  time. 

differo,  distuli,  dilatum,  dif- 
ferre,  [dis-fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  bear 
apart,  scatter  :  in  diversa  quadri- 
gae (tear  asunder,  of  Mettius); 
in  versum  ulmos  (transplant). 

—  Also,  put  off,  protract,  defer,  de- 
lay :  piacula  in  mortem. 

dime-ills,  -e,  [dis-facilis],  adj.,  not 


easy,  difficult,  hard:  terrae  (stub- 
born^) ;  obitus  (painful,  reluct- 
ant, from  stubborn  resistance  to 
death);  scopuli  (dangerous}. 

diffidO,  -fisus,  -fidere,  [dis- 
fido],  3.  v.  n.,  distrust,  have  no 
confidence  in  :  armis. 

diffindo,  -fldi,  -fissum,  -finderc, 
[dis-findo],  3.  v.  a.,  cleave,  split 
asunder. 

diff  ugio,  -f  ugi,  no  sup.,  -f  ugere, 
[dis-fugio],  3.  v.  n.,  fiy  apart, 
scatter,  disperse,  fiee  (in  different 
directions) . 

diffundo,  -fudi,  -fusum,  -fun- 
dere,  [dis-fundo],  3.  v.  a.,  pour 
away,  scatter  abroad.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, of  things  not  liquid,  spread 
abroad,  scatter :  dederat  comam 
diffundere  ventis  (had  unbound 
her  hair  the  sport  of  the  winds); 
equites ;  haec  in  ora  virum. 

diU'iisiis,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  dif- 
fundo. 

digero,  -gessi,  -gestum,  -gererc, 
[dis-gero],  3.  v.  a.,  carry  apart, 
separate,  distribute,  arrange,  dis- 
pose. —  Less  exactly,  interpret,  ex- 
plain :  omina. 

digestus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  digero. 

digitus,-i,  [?],  m.,  a  finger. — Also 
of  the  feet,  a  toe. 

dignatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  dignor. 

dignor,  -situs,  -ajri,  [fdigno-], 
I.  v.  dep.,  deem  -worthy :  me  ho- 
nore ;  Teucros  dominos  (not  dis- 
dain).—  With  an  action  as  obj., 
deign,  think  fit :  sternere.  —  dig- 
natus, -a,  -um,  p.p.  in  pass,  sense, 
deemed  worthy:  coniugio  Veneris. 

dignus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  -^/dic  + 
nus],  adj.,  (conspicuous?),  worthy, 
deserving,  suitable, fitting,  fit,  due; 
tu  vitula ;  cantari  (a  poetic  con- 
struction, cf.  next  example)  :  cui 
pater  haud  Mezentiua  esset ; 
digna  relatu ;  dignum  credere 
(deserving  of  belief ) :  laudes  (fit- 
ting) ;  grates  (sufficient) . 

digredior,  -gressus,  -gredi,  [dis- 
gradior],  3.  v.  dep.,  step  aside, 
come  away,  depart:  e  bello. 


Vocabulary. 


digressus,  -us,  [as  if  dis-gressus, 
cf.  digredior],  m.,  a  departure, 
a  parting. 

digressus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  digre- 
dior. 

dilabor,  -lapsus,  -labi,  [dis- 
labor],  3.  v.  dep.,  glide  away  : 
calor  (leave  the  body*)  .  —  Less  ex- 
actly, dissolve  away  :  cadavera 
tabo. 

di  lapsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  dilabor. 

dilectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  diligo. 

diligo,  -lexl,  -lectum,  -ligere, 
[dis-lego],  3.  v.  a.,  (choose  out,  cf. 
dellgo),  love,  esteem.  —  dilectus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  loved,  be- 
loved, dear. 

diluo,  -lui,  -1  11  1  ii  in,  -lucre,  [dis- 
luo],  3.  v.  a.,  -wash  away,  dissolve  : 
labores  bourn  pluvia  ;  favos 
lacte  (dilute). 

diluvium,  -i  (-ii),  [as  if  dis-flu- 
vium,  cf.  diluo  and  eluvies],  n., 
a  deluge.  —  Less  exactly,  a  destruc- 
tion, a  devastation. 

dimensus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  dime- 
tior. 

dimetior,  -mensus,  -metiri,  [dis- 
metior],  4.  v.  dep.,  measure  out, 
measure  off. 

dimitto,  -misi,  -missum,  -mit- 
tere,  [dis-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  send 
away,  let  go,  send  forth,  send  off. 
—  Less  exactly  and  fig.,  dismiss, 
give  up,  cea::,  abandon  :  fugam 


dimoveo,  -movi,  -motum,  -mo- 
vere,  [di.s-moveo],  2.  v.  a.,  move 
aside,  separate,  cleave  :  polo  um- 
bram  '(disperse');  terrain  (stir). 

Dindyma,  -drum,  [Gr.  AiVSvpa], 
n.,  a  mountain  in  Mysia  sacred  to 
Cybele.  _ 

<li  mi  i  n  <  T<>,  -a  vi,  -at  n  1  1  1,  -are,[dis- 
numero],  I.  v.  a.,  calculate,  reckon, 
count  up. 

Diomedes,  -Is,  [Gr.  AIO/XT/S^S],  m., 
son  of  Tydeus,  a  famous  Greek 
warrior  at  Troy.  He  afterwards 
founded  Argyrippa. 

Dlonaeus,  -a,  -um,[adj.  fr.  Dlone], 
adj.,  of  Dione  (the  mother  of 


Venus),  Dionaean :  mater  (i.e. 
Venus). 

Diores,  -is,  [?],  m.,  a  Trojan  of  the 
race  of  Priam. 

Dioxippus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a  Trojan. 

Dirae,  see  dirus. 

Dircaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  AjpKo?os], 
adj.,  of  Dirce  (a  fountain  near 
Thebes). —  Less  exactly,  l^heban. 

directus  (de-),  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of 
dirigo. 

direptus,^-a,  -um,  p.p.  of  diripio. 

dirigesco,  see  derigesco. 

dirigo  (de-),  -rexi,  -rectum,  -ri- 
gere,  [dis-(de-?)-rego],  3.  v.  a., 
dispose  in  line,  arrange. —  Esp.  of 
troops,  &c.,  array,  form  :  acies. — 
Less  exactly,  aim,  turn,  direct: 
tela ;  volnera ;  cur  sum. 

dirimo,  -emi,  -emptum,  -imere, 
[dis-emo,  take~\^.  v.  a.,  take  apart, 
separate,  divide :  plaga  (separat- 
ing others  by  being  between). — 
Esp.  of  strife  or  combatants,  sepa- 
rate,decide, end:  proelia;  bellum. 

diripio,  -ripui,  -reptum,  -ripere, 
[dis-rapio],  3.  v.  a.,  tear  away, 
tear  asunder,  snatch  apart :  dex- 
tram  ense  (strike  off) .  —  Esp.  of 
booty,  plunder,  rifle,  ravage,  spoil: 
dapes  (of  the  Harpies) ;  focos. 

diruo,  -rui,  -rut  urn,  -ruere,  [dis- 
ruo],  3.  v.  a.,  overthrow. 

dirus,  -a,  -um,  [*\/di  (cf.  8ef5&>, 
fear)  +  rus  (cf.  Sttvis)],  adj., 
dread,  awful,  horrible,  frightful, 
ill-omened,  ominous. —  Fern.,  esp. 
plur.,  a  Fury,  the  Furies. 

dirutus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  diruo. 

Dis,  Ditis,  [akin  to  dives],  m.,  the 
god  of  the  lower  world,  Pluto. 

dis-  [akin  to  duo],  insep.  adv.  ex- 
pressing separation,  distribution, 
opposition  and  negation,  cf.  dis- 
cedo,  diligo,  diripio,  digero, 
dispono,  disiungo,  diffldo, 
difficilis. 

discedo,  -cessi,  -cessum,  -cedere, 
[dis-cedo],  3.  v.  n.,  go  apart,  go 
away,  withdraw  :  bello  (aban- 
don) ;  caelum  (be  rent  asunder) ; 
scena  (open). 


84 


Vocabulary. 


discerno,  -crevi,  -cretum,  -cer- 
nere,  [dis-cerno],  3.  v.  a.,  sepa- 
rate, divide:  telam  (embroider). — 
Fig.,  decide,  determine,  distinguish, 
descry,  perceive :  litem  (settle). 

discerpS,  -cerpsi,  -cerptum,-cer- 
pere,  [dis-carpo],  3.  v.  a.,  pluck 
apart,  tear  away,  tear  off,  rend 
asunder.  —  Less  exactly,  scatter, 
disperse. 

discerptus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  dis- 
cerpo. 

discessus,  -us,  [as  if  dis-fcessus, 
cf.  discedo],  m.,  a  departure,  a 
parting. 

discinctus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  dis- 
cingo; 

discindo,  -scidi,  -scissum,  -scin- 
dere,  [dis-scindo],  3.  v.  a.,  tear 
apart,  rend  asunder. —  cliscissus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  torn,  man- 

Sled-    „ 
discingo,  -cinxi,  -cinctum,  -cin- 

gere,  [dis-cingo],  3-v.  a.,  ungird 
(cf.  disiungo).  —  discinctus, 

-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  loosely  clad, 
unbelted. 

discissus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  dis- 
cindo^ 

disclndS,  -clfisi,  -clusum,  -clu- 
dere,  [dis-claudo],  3.  v.  a.,  un- 
close (cf.  disiungo),  open.  —  In 
another  sense  of  dis,  shut  apart 
(cf.  dido),  confine. 

disco,  didici,  no  sup.,  discere, 
[-v/dic+  sco],  3.  v.  a.,  learn,  find 
out,  come  to  know.  —  With  inf., 
learn  how  :  currere. 

discolor,  -oris,  [dis-color,  decl.  as 
adj.],  adj.,  of  different  color  or  col- 
ors, variegated:  aura  auri  (of 
different  color  from  the  rest.) 

discordia,  -ae,  [fdiscord  +  ia],  f., 
disagreement,  discordance,  discord. 
—  Personified,  Discord. 

discors,  -cordis,  [dis-fcord,  decl. 
as  adj.],  adj.,  (with  mind  apart, 
inharmonious,  discordant,  con- 
tending, hostile :  arma  ;  animi ; 
venti  (warring) .  —  Less  exactly, 
differing,  varying,  discordant  : 
ora  sono. 


discrepo,  -pui,  no  sup.,  -crepare, 
[dis-crepo],  I.  v.  n.,  sound  out  of 
tune,  jar.  —  Less  exactly,  differ  : 
aetas. 

discrimen,  -inis,  [as  if  dis-crimen, 
cf.  discerno],  n.,  a  separation,  a 
distinction :  nullo  (with  no  dis- 
tinction) ;  quo ;  nullo  discrimine 
habebo  (treat  as  of  no  account) . 
—  More  concretely,  a  separation, 
a  division,  an  interval:  dedit 
vobis  Pallas  (make  a  distinction 
or  difference)  ;  una  anima  dabit 
tanta  (make  so  much  difference, 
be  of  so  much  importance)  ;  vocum 
septem  (notes  of  the  scale) ;'  aequo 
(interval*)  ;  parvo  (tenui)  leti 
(slight  separation,  narrow  escape- 
from  death) ;  qua  spina  dedit 
costis  (intervals  between).  — Also, 
(cf.  discerno),  a  decision,  a  turn- 
ing-point, a  crisis,  peril,  hazard  : 
rerum  (crises  of  fate) ;  tanto 
(tali)  (s%ch  a  crisis). 

discrimino,  -avi,  -Stum,  -aro, 
[fdiscrimin-],  I.  v.  a.,  distinguish, 
divide :  via  agros  (mark  out  with 
torches}. 

discumbo,  -cubui,  -cubitum, 
-cumbere,  [dis-cumbo],  3.  v.  n., 
(lie  apart),  recline  (in  place,  cf. 
dispono)  ;  super  ostro  (take 
their  places) . 

discurro,  -cucurri  (-curri),  -cur- 
sum,  -currere,  [dis-curro],  3.  v. 
n.,  run  apart,  rush  apart,  sepa- 
rate, divide.  —  As  in  dispono, 
rush  to  one's  place,  hasten  to  (sev- 
erally) ;  discurritur  in  muros. 

discussus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  dis- 
cutiq. 

discutiS,  -cussi,  -cussum-,  -cu- 
tere,  [dis-quatio] ,  3.  v.  a.,  (strike 
apart),  strike  off.  —  Fig.,  dispel 
dissipate:  umbras. 

disici§,  (disii-),  -iecl,  -iectum, 
-Icere,  [dis-iacio],  3-v.  a.,  (throw 
apart  or  aside),  scatter,  disperse, 
strew  far  and  wide,  overthrow  (by 
scattering  the  pieces),  demolish, 
shatter,  cleave :  montes ;  rates  ; 
pacem  (destroy}.  —  disiectus, 


Vocabulary. 


-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  scattered,  dis- 
ordered, broken,  routed. 

disiectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  disicio. 

disilcio,^see  disicio. 

disiungo,  -iunxi,  -iunctum,  -iun- 
gere,  [dis-iungo],  3.  v.  a.,  disjoin 
(cf.  discludo),  separate :  Italia 
or  is  (drive  from). 

dispar,  -aris,  [dis-par],  adj.,  un- 
like (cf.  difflcilis),  unequal. 

dispellS,  -puli,  -pulsum,  -pel- 
lere,  [dis-pello],  3.  v.  a.,  drive 
apart,  force  asunder.  —  Fig.,  dissi- 
pate, dispel,  scatter  :  umbras  Som- 
nos  (cleave  by  passing  through). 

dispendium,  -I  (-11),  [dis-fpen- 
dium,  cf.  compendium],  n.,  (a 
paying  out,  cf.  pendo),  expense, 
loss. 

disperdo,  -didi,  -ditum,  -dere, 
[dis-perdo],  3.  v.  a.,  utterly  de- 
stroy /^carmen  (murder,  mangle}. 

dispergo,  -spersi,  -spersum, 
-spergere,  [dis-spargo],  3.  v.  a., 
scatter,  spread  abroad,  disperse : 
vitam  in  auras  (breathe  forth). 

dispersus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  dis- 
pergo. 

dispicio,  -spexi,  -spectum,  -spi- 
cere,  [dis-fspecio],  3.  v.  a.,  see 
through^. 

displiceo,  -plicui,  -plicitum,  -pli- 
cere,  [dis-placeo],  2.  v.  n.,  dis- 
please (cf.  diffldo)  :  mihi  equus 
(/  disapprove  the  horse) . 

dispono,  -posui,  -positum,  -po- 
nere,  [dis-pono],  3.  v.  a.,  (set 
apart),  arrange  (cf.  dlgero),  set 
in  order. 

dissensus,  -us,  [as  if  dis-sensus, 
cf.  dissentio],  m.,  dissent,  dissen- 
sion, variance. 

dissideo,  -sedi,  -sessum,  -sidere, 
[dis-sedeo],  2.  v.  n.,  (sit  apart), 
be  apart :  nostris  sceptris  terra 
(not  be  ruled  by) . 

dissilio,  -sllui,  no  sup.,  -sllire, 
[dis-salio],  4.  v.  n.,  spring  apart, 
burst  asunder,  split  in  pieces. 

dissimilis,  -e,  [dis-similis] ,  adj., 
unlike  (cf.  difflcilis),  inferior  to. 

dissimulo,     -avi,    -atum,    -are, 


[tdissimili-  (cf.  simulo  and  si- 
mul)],  i.  v.  a.,  pretend  not,  dis- 
semble, conceal  :  as  n.,  remain  hid. 

dissulto,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -are, 
[as  if  dis-salto,  cf.  dissilio], 
I  .  v.  n.,  spring  apart,  spring  aside, 
burst  forth  :  fulmine  crepitus. 

distendo,  -tendi,  -tentum  (-ten- 
sum),  -tendere,  [dis-tendo], 
3.  v.  a.,  stretch  apart,  distend.  — 
Less  exactly,  swell,  fatten. 

distento,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [dis- 
tento],  I  .  v.  a.,  stretch  out,  distend, 
extend. 

distentus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  dis- 
tendo. 

dlstillo,  see  destillo. 

distineo,  -tinui,  -tentum,  -tinere, 
[dis-teneo],  2.  v.  a.,  hold  off,  keep 

°/± 
disto,   no  perf.,  no  sup.,  distaro, 

[dis-sto],   I.  v.  n.,  stand  off.  — 

Less   exactly,    be   distant,  be  far 

away. 
distractus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  dis- 


distraho,  -traxi,  -tractum,  [dis- 

traho],  3.  v.  a.,  pull  apart,  rend 

asunder. 
districtus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  dis- 

tringo^ 
distringo,    -strinxi,    -strictum, 

stringere,  [dis-stringo],  3.  v.  a., 

bind  apart,  stretch  and  bind. 
ditio,  -onis  ;  see  dicio,  the  proper 

spelling. 

ditissimus,  -a,  -um;  see  dives. 
diu  [abl.  of  stem  akin  to  dies,  cf. 

noctu],  adv.,  long,  a  long  time. 
diurnus,  -a,  -um,  [fdius-  (akin  to 

dies)  -f  nus]  ,  adj.,  of  the  day,  daily. 
dius,  -a,  -um,  [akin  to  divus  (perh. 

same  word)  and  deus],  adj.,  di- 

vine, godlike.  —  Neut.,  the  sky,  the 

open  air  (cf.  sub  love). 
divello,    -velli,    -volsum    (-vul- 

siini  ,  -vellere,    [dis-vello],  3. 

v.  a.,   tear   asunder,   tear  apart, 

tear  aiuay. 
diverbero,     -avi,    -atum,    -are, 

[dis-verbero],    i.  v.    a.,   (strike 

apart),  cleave,  cut  asunder. 


86 


Vocabulary. 


di versus  (-versus),  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
of  diyerto. 

diverts  (-vorto),  -verti,  -ver- 
sum  (-vorsum),  -vertere,  [dis- 
verto],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  turn  aside. 
—  Pass.,  turn  aside  (intr.). — 
diversus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
in  different  direction  or  directions, 
apart,  separate,  away.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, remote,  far  off,  different,  va- 
rious, other:  ramus  {peculiar); 
luctus  (different  forms  of) .  — 
Phrase  :  ex  diverse,  from  differ- 
ent directions.  —  Neut.,  different 
parts,  distant  places,  different  di- 
rections. 

dives,  divitls,  [?],  adj.,  rich, 
abounding  in,  wealthy.  —  Poeti- 
cally, fertile  :  ager.  —  Collateral 
form,  dis,  ditis  (ditlor,  ditissi- 
mus). 

divido,  -visi,  -visum,  -videre, 
[dis-fvido  {separate,  cf .  viduus)] , 
3.  v.  a.,  part,  separate,  divide,  cut 
through  :  animum  (turn  in  dif- 
ferent directions);  muros  (make 
a  breach  in). 

divinitus  [fdivino  +  tus],  adv., 
from  heaven,  providentially,  di- 
vinely. 

divinus,  -a,  -um,  [fdivo-  (re- 
duced) +  inus),  adj.,  of  a  god, 
heavenly.  —  Less  exactly,  prophet- 
ic, sacred,  holy,  religious,  godlike, 
superhuman,  divine :  mens  ;  Al- 
cimedon ;  res ;  lacus ;  poeta ;  os. 

divisus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  divido. 

divitiae,  -arum,  [fdivit  +  ia],  f. 
plur.,  riches,  wealth. 

divortium,  -i  (-ii),  [as  if  dis-vor- 
tium  (  f  vorto  +  ium,  n.  of  ius), 
but  cf.  diverto],  n.,  a  turning 
aside. — Concretely,  a  parting  way, 
cross-roads,  corners. 

divus,  -a,  -um,  [-y/div  (strength- 
ened) +  us],  adj.,  divine,  godlike, 
heavenly.  —  Masc.,  a  god.  —  Fern., 
a  goddess. 

do,  dedi,  datum,  dare,  [yda, 
give,  and  ^/diha,,  place,  confounded, 
cf.  Si'Soj/u  and  riffy/xt],  I.  v.  a., 
five  (in  all  senses,  mixed  with  idea 


of  putting  forth),  offer,  present,  be- 
stow,grant,  concede,  permit,  allow, 
afford,  yield,  supply  :  aprum  dari 
optat;  fortuna  dabatur;  terga 
(turn) ;  sceptra  (give  away) ; 
animam  (give  up) ;  finis  dabi- 
tur ;  manibus  dant  fontes  ger- 
manae;  sacra  deosque(a//0/w/) ; 
fata  cursum  (ordain);  millia 
leto  (consign) ;  ulmos  igni  (com- 
mit) .  —  Esp.  of  utterance,  say, 
tell,  utter  (cf.  accipe,  hear) : 
da  Tityre  nobis  ;  dicta ;  ulula- 
tus  (cf.  son  it  n  in,  below). — 
With  reflexive,  or  corpora,  or 
the  like,  throw  one's  self,  consign 
one's  self,  spring:  saltu  sese  in 
fluvium  ;  sese  in  acies ;  corpora 
ignibus.  —  In  special  phrases : 
poenas,  suffer,  cf.  solvo,  pendo 
(punishment  being  regarded  by 
the  ancients  as  a  penalty  paid) ; 
iura  (leges),  administer  (cf.  rl- 
Orifju) .  —  Esp.  of  marriage,  marry 
(a  woman  to  a  man),  give  (in  mar- 
riage) .  —  Perhaps  more  closely 
connected  with  -^dha,  appoint, 
ordain:  dies;  natura  modos. — 
Less  exactly  (perhaps  from  influ- 
ence of  -y/'dha,  cf.  edo),  cause, 
give  forth,  display,  make,  form, 
produce,  bring  forth,  oftener  with 
nouns  as  periphrasis  for  verb) : 
placata  venti  maria;  prolem 
(give  birth  to);  tabulata  iunc- 
turas  (offer,  afford) ;  funera 
{spread  havoc)  ;  sonitnm ;  nido- 
rem  (give  out)  ;  cuneum  (form)  ; 
discrimina  costis  (leave) ;  dis- 
crimina  vobis ;  spatium  (leave) ; 
stragis  acervos  (pile)  ;  colores 
(display)  ;  multa  melius  se  (suc- 
ceed, prosper);  amplexus  (em- 
brace) ;  cantum  (sing) ;  vela  (set). 
—  With  participle  or  adj.  as  pe- 
riphrasis for  a  verb  (cf.  reddo, 
facio),  cause  to  be,  make:  haec 
vasta  (lay  waste);  te  defensum 
(secure your  defence). 
doce5,  docui,  doctum,  docere, 
[akin  to  StSocr/cw  and  perh.  dico], 
2.  v.  a.,  show,  teach,  tell,  explain, 


Vocabulary. 


inform,  recount.  —  doctus,  -a, 
-urn,  p.p.  as  adj.,  skilled,  skilful, 
experienced. 

doctissimus,  -a,  -uni,  superl.  of 
doctus. 

doctus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  doceo. 

Dodona,  -ae,  [Gr.  AajSojjTj],  f.,  a 
city  of  Epirus,  famous  for  its  ora- 
cle of  Jupiter  in  an  oak  grove.  — 
Less  exactly,  the  grove. 

Dodonaeus,  -a,  -urn,  [Gr.  Aco5o>- 
wuos],  adj.,  of  Dodona. 

doleS,  -lui,  -llturn,  -lere,  [?,  perh. 
akin  to  dolus  and  dolo],  2.  v.  n. 
and  a.,  feel  pain,  suffer.  —  Esp.  in 
mind,  grieve,  grieve  for,  be  sorry, 
sorrow,  be  pained. 

Dolichaon,  -onis,  [Gr.  AoAtxowj'], 
m.,  a  Trojan,  father  of  Hebrus. 

dolo,  -onis,  [Gr.  86\(av~\ ,  m.,  a  pike. 

Dolon,  -onis,  [Gr.  A<$A.(w],  m.,  a 
spy  of  the  Trojans  at  the  siege  of 
Troy. 

Dolopes,  -urn,  [Gr.  AefAoires],  m. 
plur.,  a  people  of  Thessaly. 

dolor,  -oris,  [  y/dol  (as  root  of 
doleo)  +  or],  m.,  a  pain,  a  pang, 
suffering,  sorrow,  grief,  resent- 
ment, indignation.  —  Concretely, 
a  grief,  a  cause  of  woe. 

dolus,  -i,  [?,  perh.  akin  to  doleo, 
a  sharp  stroke  (?)],  m.,  a  strata- 
gem, a  wile,  deception,  deceit, 
treachery  (esp.  in  plur.). 

domina,  -ae,  [f.  of  dominus],  f., 
a  mistress,  a  lady,  a  queen. 

dominatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  do- 
minor. 

dominor,  -atus,  -ari,  [fdomino-], 
I.  v.  dep.,  lord  it  over,  rule,  gov- 
ern, gain  the  mastery. 

dominus,  -i,  [fdomo,  (cf.  -Scytos 
and  domo)  +  nus],  m.,  a  lord,  a 
ruler,  a  master.  —  In  accordance 
with  ancient  marriage  relations,  a 
husband. 

domito,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -are, 
[fdomito-] ,  i .  v.  a.,  tame,  break  in. 

domitor,  -oris,  [fdomi-  (weaker 
stem  of  domo)  -f  tor],  m.,  a 
tamer,  a  subdue r :  Ta&r\&(qHeller). 

doiiiitnx,  -ieis,  [as  if  fdomi-  (cf. 


domitor)  +  trix],  f.,  a  tamer 
(female) . 

domitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  domo. 

domo,  -ui,  -itum,  -are,  [fdomo 
(cf.  -8a/uos  and  dominus  ( -y/dom, 
fame)'],  I.  v.  a.,  tame,  quell,  sub- 
due, vanquish,  conquer,  master  : 
Centauros  leto ;  fera  corda.  — 
Less  exactly,  of  wild  nature,  sub- 
due, master:  terrain  rastris; 
ulmus  domatur  (the  stubborn  elm 
is  bent) ;  aiTbores(a'omesticate) .  — 
Fig.,  overpower,  overcome,  crush, 
break  the  spirit,  oppress :  ilium 
cura. 

domus,  -us  or  -i,  [y'dom  (cf.  5«- 
yuo>)  +  us  (u)  or  us  (o)],  f.,  a 
building  (usually  for  habitation), 
a  house,  a  dwelling,  a  home,  a  hab- 
itation, home.  —  Less  exactly,  a 
palace,  a  workshop,  any  building 
or  structure  :  Vulcani  (i.e.  ^tna). 
—  Fig.,  as  in  English,  a  house,  a 
family,  a  race,  a  lineage.  —  doml 
(old  loc.),  at  home  ;  Aomotfrom 
home  ;  domum,  home. 

donarium,  -i  (-ii),  [fdono-  (re- 
duced) +  arium  (n.  of  arius)], 
n.,  (a  depository  for  gifts') ,  a  temple. 

doniitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  dono. 

donee  [mutilated  case-form  of  fdo- 
nicas,  perh.  akin  to  denique, 
pron.  -v/da].  adv.,  until,  till,  so 
long  as,  while. 

dono,  -a vi,  -a turn,  -are,  [fdono-], 
i.  v.  &.,give,  present  (with  ace.  and 
dat.,  something  to  somebody). — 
From  another  point  of  view,  pre- 
sent, endow,  reward  (with  ace.  and 
abl.,  somebody  with  something):  te 
cicuta ;  donati  omnes ;  donatus 
(Jionored  with  a  present). 

donum,  -i,  [  y'da  -f  num  (n.  of 
nus)],  n.,  a  gift,  a  present,  a  re- 
ward: noctis  (cover). 

Do  ii  lisa.,  -ae,  [Gr.  AOVUO-TJ],  f.,  a 
small  island  in  the  ^igean,  famous 
for  its  green  marble. 

Ddricus,  -a,  -inn,  [Gr.  AwpucAs, 
adj.  fr.  Awpos],  adj.,  of  the  Dorians 
(a  division  of  the  Greeks).  —  Less 
exactly,  of  the  Greeks^  Grecian. 


88 


Vocabulary. 


Doris,  -idis,  [Gr.  Aapfe],  f.,  a 
daughter  of  Oceanus,  a  sea-nymph, 
wife  of  Nereus.  —  Also,  the  sea 
(cf.  Bacchus,  wine). 

dormio,  -ivi(-ii),  it  HIM.  -ire,  [?], 
4.  v.  n.,  sleep. 

dorsum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  a  back  (of  men 
or  animals) .  —  Less  exactly,  a 
ridge,  a  reef,  the  top  (of  a  wave), 
the  side  (of  a  plough),  the  roof  (of 
a  cave). 

Doryclus,  -I,  [Gr.  A<{pwcAos] ,  m., 
the  husband  of  Beroe,  once  in  the 
Trojan  expedition. 

dos,  dot  is,  [  -y/da  +  tis  (reduced)], 
f.,  (a  giving  or  gift) ,  a  marriage- 
portion,  a  dowry. 

details,  -e,  [fdoti-  (reduced)  + 
alls],  adj.,  of  a  marriage-portion  : 
Tyrii  (as  a  dowry). 

•  lot  o,   -avi,  -at inn,  -are,  [fdoti- 

(as  if  doto-)],  I.  v.  a.,  endow, por- 
tion, dower. 

Doto,  -us,  [Gr.  Aam0],  f.,  a  Nereid 
or  sea-nymph. 

draco,  -ouis,  [Gr.  SpdKcav~],  m.,  a 
serpent,  a  dragon,  the  Dragon. 

Drances,  -is,  (voc.  Drance),  m., 
a  Latin,  hostile  to  Turnus. 

Drepanum,  -I,  [Gr.  Spfvavov,  from 
its  shape],  n.,  a  town  on  the  west 
coast  of  Sicily  (now  Trapani). 

Drusus,  -i,  [perh.  a  Gallic  word], 
m.,  a  family  name  in  the  gens 
Livia  and  gens  Claudia.  —  Ksp., 
Marcus  Livius  Drusus,  tribune 
91  B.C.,  and  Tiberius  Drusus  Nero, 
a  stepson  of  Augustus. 

Dryas,  -adis,  [Gr.  Apvas~],  f.,  a 
wood-nymph,  a  dryad. 

Drymo,  -us,  [Gr.  Apv/ta],  f.,  a  sea- 
nymph. 

Dryope,  -es,  [Gr.  Apixfcnj],  f.,  a 
nymph,  mother  of  Tarquitus. 

Dryopes,  -ae,  [Gr.],  m.,  a  Trojan. 

•  In  Into,  -avi,  -at  n  in,  -are,  [fdu- 

bito  (stem  of  p.p.  of  lost  verb 
fdubo  (?),  cf.  dubius)],  I.  v.  n. 
and  a.,  doubt,  waver,  question. — 
With  or  without  inf.,  hesitate  :  pos- 
cere  ;  quid  dubitas  ?  —  dubi- 
tandus,  -a,  -um,  ger.  participle 


as  adj.,  to  be  doubted,  questionable, 
doubtful. 

dubius,  -a,  -um,  [fdubo-  (reduced) 
+  ius],  adj.,  doubtful,  wavering, 
in  doubt,  uncertain.  —  Both  of 
persons  in  doubt  and  things  not 
clear:  res  {critical)  ;  caelum 
(uncertain  weather). 

duco,  clii\i,  ductum,  ducere, 
[  Y/duc  (strengthened,  cf.  re- 
dux)],  3.  v.  a.  Of  living  things, 
guide,  lead,  conduct,  escort,  draw, 
entice :  te  in  secreta ;  equas 
amor  trans  Gargara  ;  equum 
(bring) ;  ductus  cornu  hircus  ; 
ducenteDeo  (under  the  guidance 
of).  —  Esp.  of  command  or  pre- 
cedence, lead,  command,  conduct, 
escort :  aciem ;  turmas ;  sacra  ; 
orgia  ;  funera ;  triumphos  ; 
captain  larbas  (lead  captive)  ; 
examina  reges.  —  Of  marriage  : 
tibi  ducitur  uxor  ;  ducenda 
datur  Lavinia  (in  marriage). — 
Fig.,  of  a  path,  lead,  conduct :  quo 
via  ducit.  —  Of  stars,  bring  in, 
usher  in,  lead  on  :  astra  noctem ; 
Lucifer  diem  ;  annum.  —  Of 
things,  draw  (lit.  and  fig.)  :  cri- 
men  sidera ;  facem  stella ;  di- 
versa  bracchia ;  ducantur  ro- 
tae  ;  ducto  mucrone ;  gemitus ; 
pectora  per  augurium  (lead)  ; 
muros  (extend) ;  iuga  (bear.)  — 
Esp.  of  lots,  draw,  select  (by  lot)  : 
ductis  sortibus ;  ductus  sorte 
sacerdos,  exsortem  honorem 
(take) .  —  Of  artistic  work,  bring 
forth,  draw,  fashion  :  ocreas  ar- 
gento ;  effigiem ;  vivos  vultus. 

—  Of    race   or   line    of    descent, 
&c.,  derive,  draw :  genus ;  pro- 
geniem;   ducta  series  (descend- 
ing, coming  down)  ;  nomen  (take). 

—  Of  time   and   condition,   lead, 
pass  :  vitam  (drag  out) ;  somnos 

(enjoy);  bellum  (carry  on). — 
Also,  prolong,  delay,  draw  out: 
noctem ;  amores ;  voces.  —  From 
mercantile  use,  reckon,  consider, 
think,  deem :  ducebam  sic  ani- 
mo ;  me  crimine  dignum. 


Vocabulary. 


89 


dfictor,  -oris,  [^/duc  (as  if  root 
of  duco)  +  tor],  m.,  a  leader,  a 
guide,  a  commander,  a  captain. 

dnctus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  duco. 

dud ii in  [diu-dumj,  adv.,  a  while 
ago,  just  noiv,  a  long  time  ago, 
long  ago. 

dulcedo,  -inis,  [fdulce-  (cf.  dul- 
ceseo)+  do(cf.dulcis)],f.,.ncw/- 
ness. — Fig.,  pleasure,  delight  (prop- 
erly, pleasantness,  cause  of  pleas- 
ure} :  nescio  qua  laeti. 

dulcis,  -e,  [?],  adj.  Of  taste  and 
smell,  sweet,  fragrant.  —  Of  water 
(as  opposed  to  amarus,  bitter), 
fresh.  —  Transferred,  sweet,  pleas- 
ant, grateful,  delightful,  charm- 
ing, dear,  much  prized,  much 
loved.  —  Neut.,  a  boon,  a  blessing, 
a  joy. 

Dulichium,  -i  (-ii),  [Gr.  Aoi/Ai- 
X'°*']»  n.,  an  island  near  Ithaca, 
and  often  confounded  with  it. 

DQlichius,  -a,  -um,  [prop.  adj.  of 
wh.  Dulichium  is  n.,  but  used  as 
adj.  from  it],  adj.  (of  Dulichium) . 

—  Less  exactly,  of  Ulysses. 

d  n  in  [pron.  Y/da,  prob.  ace.,  cf.  turn, 
num,  cum],  conj.,  (prop.,  that 
time),  while,  so  long  as,  until: 
dum  imitatur  (as  he  was,  &c.). 

—  In  a  logical  sense,  with  or  with- 
out modo   (cf.  "  so  long   as "), 
provided.  —  With  negatives,  yet : 
nondum ;  necdum. 

dumetum,  -I,  [fdumo  4-  etum,  as 
if  fdume  (stem  of  fdumeo  from 
durnus)  4-  turn  (n.  of  tus)],  n., 
a  brake,  a  bramble  thicket. 

dnmosus,  -a,  -um,  [fdumo  (re- 
duced) +  osua],  adj.,  brushy, 
brambly,  bush-covered,  briery. 

diinnis,  -i,  [  Y/dus  ( ?)  +  mus],  m., 
a  bush,  a  briar,  a  bramble  bush*. 

duo,  duae,  duo,  [cf.  Gr.  $vu>,  Sk. 
dva,  Eng.  "  two  "],  num.  adj.,  two. 

d m »l r  ni,  -ae,  -a,  [duo-deni],  distr. 
num.,  twelve  each.  —  Less  exactly, 
twelve. 

duplex,  -icis,  [duo-fplex,  (-^/plic 
as  stem)],  adj.,  twofold,  double: 
palmae  (both);  parentes  (hue); 


amictus  (cf.  the  Gr.  8jirA.oi'5«oi>,  a 
long  robe  doubled  down  at  the  top). 
duplicatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  du- 
pllco. 

duplicS,  -avi,  ;ii  HIM,  -are,  [fdu- 
plic-],  i.  v.  a.,  double  up,  double  : 
duplicate  poplite  (bent) ;  hasta 
virum  (bend double). —  Also,  re- 
double (cf.  geinino)  ;  sol  umbras 
{add another  length  to);  vota. 

duresco,  -ui,  no  sup.,  -escere, 
[fdure  (stem  of  fdureo,  from 
durus)  +  sco],  2.  v.  n.  incep., 
grow  hard,  harden. 

duro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fduro-], 
I.  v.  a.  and  n.  Act.,  harden, 
toughen :  natos  gelu ;  umeros 
ad  vulnera.  —  Neut.,  harden  : 
solum. — Also,  (liar den  one's  self), 
endure,  persevere,  hold  out:  du- 
rando  saecula  vincit  (in  endur- 
ance). —  With  a  kind  of  cog.  ace., 
endure,  sustain  :  quemvis  la- 
borem. 

durus,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  root  + 
rus  (?)],  Sid].,  hard  (to  the  touch), 
unyielding,  stiff,  rigid,  stubborn, 
tough,  rough  :  cestus ;  dura  quies 
et  ferreus  somnus.  —  Of  other 
senses,  harsh,  rough :  saporem 
Bacchi ;  hiems.  —  Of  persons, 
hardened,  hardy,  toilworn.  —  To 
the  feelings,  harsh,  hard, grievous, 
severe,  cruel,  difficult,  toilsome  : 
casus;  vada  saxis  (cf.  first  di- 
vision) ;  mors ;  labor ;  curae  ; 
dolores  (bitter) ;  iter ;  volnus. 

—  Also,  fig.,  of  persons,  and  things 
belonging  to  persons,  harsh,  cruel, 

fierce,  savage,  unfeeling:  Scipi- 
ades;  Mars  {cruel  war);  prae- 
lia  (cf.  preceding  division) ;  amor ; 
regna;  certamen;  vis;  aures. 

—  Neut.  plur.,  hardships. 

dux,  d  in-  is,  i  ^/duc  as  stem],  comm., 
a  guide,  a  leader,  a  conductor,  a 
driver  (of  a  chariot) .  —  Esp.  of 
command  (cf.  duco),  a  chief,  a 
leader ;  a  pilot,  a  king,  a  master. 

Dymas,  -ant  is,  [Gr.  Au^as],  m. : 
i.  The  father  of  Hecuba;  2.  A 
Trojan  warrior. 


Vocabulary. 


i  . 


e,  see  ex. 

ebenus,  -I,  f.,  (-um,  n.),  [Gr. 
t&tvos~\,  the  ebony  tree,  ebony. 

ebuluin,  -I,  [?],  n.,  dwarf  elder 
(Sawfiucus  ebulus). 

ebur,  -oris,  [  ?],  n.,  ivory.  —  Less 
exactly,  a  pipe  (made  of  ivory) . 

eburnus,  -a,  -um,  [ebor  +  nusj, 
adj.,  of  ivory,  ivory.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, ivory-hilted  :  ensis. 

Kbusus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  an  Etruscan. 

ecce[en-ce,  cf.enandhic],interj.,/0, 
see,  behold.  —  Often  of  an  unexpect- 
ed occurrence,  lo,  suddenly,  why ! 

ecfatus,  ecfor,  ecfero,  etc.;  see 
eff-. 

Kchionius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  fEx10'" 
woj],  9A].tefE(JtioH  (who  assisted 
Amphion  in  building  Thebes).  — 
Less  exactly,  Theban. 

ecloga,  -ae,  [Gr.  tKKsryi\\,  f.,  (a 
selection),  an  Eclogue  (name  given 
to  Virgil's  Bucolic  poetry). 

ecquis(-qui),-qua,  -quid(-quod), 
[en-quis],  pron.  indef.  interrog., 
(whether)  any  ?  does  (is)  any  ? 
&c.  —  Usually  implying  some  emo- 
tion, as  eagerness,  impatience,  sur- 
prise, or  despair  :  ecquis  erit 
modus  (will  there  ever  be  an 
end?) ;  ecqua  puero  est  cura 
(has  the  boy,  tell  me,  any  thought  ?)  ; 
ecquid  in  virtutem  excitat  Hec- 
tor (pray,  does  Hector  excite  him 
at  all?). 

edax,  -acis  f^/ed-f  ax,  as  if  feda 
-f  cus  (reduced)],  adj.,  voracious. 
—  Fig.,  devouring,  gnawing,  con- 
suming, wasting .'  ignis;  curae. 

edico,  -dixi,  -dictum,  -dicere, 
[ex-dico],  3.  v.  a.,  (say  publicly, 
publish),  properly  of  official  an- 
nouncement, order,  ordain,  pro- 
claim, charge,  command,  aid:  oves 
carpere ;  sociis  arma  capessant. 

cdisco,  -didici,  no  sup.,  -dlscere, 
[ex-disco] ,  3.  v.  a.,  learn  off,  learn 
by  heart,  commit  to  memory. 

edissero,  -serui,  -sertum,  -se- 
rere,  [ex-disaero],  3.  v.  a.,  set 


forth  in  discourse,  declare,  explain, 
relate. 

editus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  edo. 

edo,  edi,  esum,  edere  (esse), 
[-y/ed],  3.  v.  a.,  eat.  —  Fig.,  con- 
sume, devour,  waste  :  edendi  pe- 
nuria  (want  of  food) ;  flamma 
medullas ;  vapor  carinas ;  to 
dolor. 

edo,  edidi,  editum,  edere,  [ex- 
do,  give  and  /«/],  3.  v.  a.,  put 
forth,  give  forth.  —  Esp.  of  speech, 
utter,  set  forth,  speak.  —  Also  of 
generation,  beget,  bring  forth.  — 
Fig.,  produce,  cause,  make :  fu- 
nera  (make  havoc). —  editus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  raised,  ele- 
vated, high;  editus  Austro  (ex- 
posed to) . 

edoceo,  -docui,  -doctum,  -do- 
cere,  [ex-doceo],  2.  v.  a.,  show 
forth,  declare,  inform  (one)  of  (a 
thing,  ace.). 

Kdonus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'HSoWs], 
adj.,  of  the  Edoni  (a  people  of 
Thrace).  —  Less  exactly,  Thra- 
cian :  Boreae  (as  coming  from 
the  jiorth). 

educo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [prob. 
feduco-  or  feduc-  (cf.  redux)], 
I.  v.  a.,  bring  up,  rear,  nurture. 

ednco,  -dnxi,  -ductum,  -ducere, 
[ex-duco],  3.  v.  a.,  lead  forth, 
draw  forth:  adultos  fetus  (apes). 
—  Less  exactly,  raise  up,  build 
high  :  turrim  eductam.  —  Of  a 
mother,  bring  forth,  bear.  —  Also, 
nurture,  rear,  bring  up.  —  Of 
ductile  metals  (cf.  duco),  forge, 
work  :  moenia  educta  caminis. 

edactus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  educo. 

ediirus,  -a,  -um,  [ex-durus],adj., 
very  hard,  very  tough. 

effdtus  (ecf-),  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of 
effor. 

effectus,  -a,  -  um,  p.p.  of  efflcio. 

efTero,  extuli,  elatum,  efierre, 
[ex-fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  bring  forth, 
carry  out,  bear  away:  quos  ex 
ignibua  (rescue) ;  ensem  (draw) ; 


Vocabulary. 


pedem    (go  forth}.  —  With    re- 
flexive,   come   forth    (go  forth). 

—  Of  height  (cf.  edo,  escendo), 
raise,  lift  up,  lift:  caput;  brac- 
chia  ad  auras ;  oculos  ad  sidera ; 
tellus  elata  mari ;  elatis  naribus 
(tossed  high)  ;    mollibus    undis 
(bear  up,  of  the  Tiber). — With 
reflexive,  arise  (cf.  next  division). 

—  Less   exactly,  put  forth,   show 
forth,  display  :  puppis  flammas ; 
aurora  diem;  ortus  Titan;   ab 
arce    signum.  —  With    reflexive 
or    in    passive,    be   puffed  up,   be 
proud:  elate  (proud  boaster  .'). 

efferus,  -a,  -urn,  [ex-ferus],  adj. 
wild,  savag£,barbarous,  maddened. 

effervo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -fervere, 
[ex-fervo],  3.  v.  n.,  boil  over. — 
Fig.,  of  things  not  liquid,  rush 
forth,  swarm  forth,  burst  forth. 

effetus,  -a,  -um,  [ex-fetus,  p.p.  of 
feo],  adj.,  worn  out  (by  bearing), 
barren,  exhausted:  senectus  veri 
(incapable  of). 

efficio,  -feci,  -fectum,  -ficere, 
[ex-facio],  3.  v.  a.,  make  out, 
form,  make,  produce,  accomplish, 
achieve :  maxima  res  effecta ; 
ne  lacessas  (stop  you  from  chal- 
lenging). 

effigies,  -ei,  [ex-ffigies  (^g  + 
ies,  cf.  series  and  illuvies)],  f., 
an  image,  a  likeness,  a  resemblance, 
a  copy. 

effingo,  -finxi,  -flctum,  -fingere, 
[ex-fingo],  3.  v.  a.,  form,  mould, 
fashion.  —  More  generally,  repre- 
sent, imitate. 

efflagitd,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ex- 
flagito],  i.  v.  a.,  demand  urgent- 
ly, call  violently. 

efflo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ex-floj, 
I.  v.  n.,  blow  forth,  breathe  out, 
breathe  (out). 

effodio,  -fodi,  -fossum,  -fodere, 
[ex-fodio],  3.  v.  a.,  dig  out,  dig 
up :  signum.  —  From  the  result 
(as  in  English),  make  (by  digging), 
dig:  sepulchra.  —  Less  exactly, 
tear  out,  dig  out :  lumen  (bored 
out,  uf  the  Cyclops'  eye) . 


effoetus,  see  effetus. 

teffor,  -atus,  -ari,  [ex-ffor],  i.v. 
dep.,  speak  out,  say,  tell,  relate, 
disclose,  divulge:  O  virgo  effare 
(say);  tantum  effatus. 

effossus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  effo- 
dio. 

effraetus,  -a, -um,  p.p.  of  effringo. 

effrenus,  -a,  -um,  [ex-ffreno, 
(infl.  as  adj.)],  adj.,  ('without  ,i 
bridle),  unbridled,  unbroken,  un- 
tamed, savage. 

effringo,  -fregi,  -f  ractum,  -f  rin- 
gere,  [ex-frango],  3.  v.  a.,  break 
out,  dash  out. 

effugiS,  -ffigi,  no  sup.,  -fugere, 
[ex-fugio],  3.  v.  n.  and  a.,  flee 
away,  esc  ape,  get  off,  fly  from,  speed 
away. 

effugium,  -I  (-11),  [ex-ffugium 
(cf.  oonfugium  and  effugio)], 
n.,  an  escape,  a  flight. 

teffulcio,  effultus,  only  in  p.p.; 
see  effultus. 

effulgeo,  -f  ulsl,  no  sup.,  -f  nlgere, 
[ex-fulgeo],  2.  v.  n.,  shine  forth, 
gleam,  glitter.  (Also,  -ere,  3.) 

effultus,  -a,  -um,  [ex-fultus],  p.p. 
of  effulcio,  propped  up,  resting 
on,  lying  on. 

effundo,  -fadi,  -fasum,  -fun- 
dere,  [ex-fundo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
pour  out,  pour  forth,  shed,  breathe 
out :  halitus ;  fletus ;  voces ; 
.  vitam  (breathe  out,  prop,  shed  life- 
blood};  animam  (sacrifice) ;  nos 
lacrimis  (dissolve  in  tears) ;  ef- 
fusi  imbres  (drenching  rain); 
effusae  lacrymae(y?<w/.r  of  tears). 
—  Less  exactly,  scatter,  overthrow^ 
fling :  habenas  (let  loose)  ;  cri- 
nes  (dishevel);  iubam  (toss); 
omne  genus  telorum  (let  fly,  dis- 
charge) ;  effusus  eques  (thrown 
off} ;  effusus  labor  (wasted)  ; 
vires  (waste)  ;  effunde  (Aenean) 
sub  altis  portis  (overwhelm). — 
With  reflexive  (sometimes  with- 
out) or  in  pass.,  rush  headlong, 
pour  forth,  rush  out:  se  quad- 
rigae ;  matres  effusae. 

-a,  -um,  p.p.  of  effundo. 


92 


Vocabulary. 


egelidus,  -a,  -um,  [ex-gelidua], 
adj.,  very  cold  (?},  chill.  —  Also, 
somewhat  cool  (a  doubtful  word, 
occurring  once  only  in  Virgil,  some- 
times read  ec  gelido) . 

egenus,  -a,  -um,  [ege-  (stem  of 
egeo) +nus],  adj.,  needy,  desti- 
tute: res  (humbled,  straitened}. 

egeo,  egui,  no   sup.,  egere,    [?], 

2.  v.  n.,  be  in  need,  want,  be  desti- 
tute. —  Less  exactly,  require,  feel 
the  need  of:  laudis  ;   radicis.  — 
egens,  -entis,  p.   as  adj.,  poor, 
needy,  destitute  ;  caring  for. 

Egeria,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  nymph  of 
Latium  who  became  the  wife  and 
instructress  of  Numa. 

egestas,  -tatis,  [perh.  fegent  + 
tas,  but  more  prob.  fr.  a  stem  like 
milit-  (miles)],  f.,  poverty,  want, 
need.  —  Personified,  Want. 

egi,  perf.  of  ago. 

ego,  mel,  [cf.  Gr.  eyclv,  Sk.  aham, 
Eng.  /],  pron.,  /,  me,  myself. 

egomet  [ego-met  (intens.  form  fr. 
pron.  y'ma)],  pron.,  I  myself . 

egredior,  -gressus,  -gredl,  [ex- 
gradior],  3.  v.  dep.,  -walk  forth, 
come  forth.  —  Esp.,  land,  disem- 
bark. 

egregius,  -a,  -um,  [e-greg(e)  + 
ius],  adj.,  (out  of  the  herd},  re- 
markable, excellent,  famous,  re- 
nowned, illustrious,  noble. 

egressus,-a,-um,  p.p.  of  egredior. 

ehen  [?],  interj.,  alas !  ah! 

ei  (hei),  [?],  interj.  of  sorrow,  ah, 
alas. — With  dative:  mihi(a/fc  me  /) . 

eia  [  ?]  interj .,  come  on  !  come ! 
away  !  on  !  ho  ! 

eicio  (eii-),  eieci,  eiectum,  ei- 
cere  (elic-),  [ex-iacio],  3.  v.  a., 
throw  out,  cast  out.  —  Esp.,  cast 
up  (on  shore  from  shipwreck). 
—  eiectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
thrown  on  shore,  shipwrecked.  — 
In  a  special  sense :  eiecto  armo 
(with  his  leg  thrown  forward,  of 
a  horse  falling  in  fight). 

eiectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  eicio. 

elabor,  -lapsus,  -labi,  [ex-labor], 

3.  v.  dep.,  glide  out,  dart  forth, 


slip  away.  —  Poetically,  glide  on 
(of  the  constellation  of  the  ser- 
pent), unfold  its  length.  —  Fig., 
escape. — Also  (cf.  ex),  shoot  up 

_  (of  fire). 

clapsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  elabor. 

<;  hit  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  effero. 

Electra,  -ae,  [Gr.  'HA.<=KTpa],  f.,  a 
daughter  of  Atlas  and  mother  of 
Dardanus. 

electrum,  -i,  [Gr.  tf\fKrpov~],  n., 
amber.  —  electrum  (a  metal  of 
mixed  gold  and  silver). 

elephantus,  -i,    [Gr.  e'At'^as],  m., 

_  an  elephant.  —  Less  exactly,  ivory. 

Kleus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'HA.SIOS],  adj., 
of  Elis,  Elean.  —  Less  exactly,  of 
Olympia,  Olympian. 

Eleusinus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'EAeuo-?- 
vos],  adj.,  of  Eleusis  (the  famous 
seat  of  the  mystic  worship  of 
Ceres),  Eleusinian. 

Klias,  -adis,  [Gr.  'HAias],  f.  adj., 
of  Elis. —  Olympian  (cf.  Eleus). 

elicio,  -licui  (-lexi),  -licitum, 
-licere,  [ex-lacio],  3.  v.  a.,  en- 
tice out.  —  Less  exactly,  draw  out, 
draw,  draw  down. 

elido,  -lisl,  -lisum,  -lidere,  [ex- 
laedo],  3.  v.  a.,  dash  out,  squeeze 
out,  force  out,  crush.  —  elisus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  dashed  up,  dash- 
ing (of  spray) . 

eligo,  -legi,  -lee turn,  -ligere,  [ex- 
lego],  3.  v.  a.,  choose  out,  select, 
choose. 

Elis,  -idis,  [Gr.'HAis],  f.,  a  district 
of  Greece  in  the  western  part  of 
Peloponnesus,  famous  on  account 
of  its  chief  city  Olympia,  where 
was  a  famous  worship  of  Jupiter, 
and  where  the  Olympic  games 
were  held. 

Elisa  (Eliss-),  -ae,  [a  Phoenician 
word],  f.,  a  name  of  Dido. 

elisus.  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  elido. 

elleborus  (ftel-),  -I,  [Gr.  4AAe£o- 
pos~\,  m.,  hellebore,  a  medicinal 
plant  used  by  the  ancients  as  a 
specific  for  insanity. 

eloquium,  -i  (-ii),  [ex-floquium, 
cf.  conloquium],  n.,  eloquence. 


Vocabulary. 


93 


gloquor,  -locntus,  -loqui,  [ex- 
loquor],  3.  v.  dep.,  speak  out,  re- 
late, tell,  speak. 

Sluceo,  -luxi,  no  sup.,  -lucere, 
[ex-luceo],  2.  v.  n.,  shine  forth. 

eluctor,  -tatus,  -tari,  [ex-luctor], 
I.  v.  dep.,  struggle  out,  force  a  way 
out,  press  out. 

eludo,  -hiM,  -lusum,  -Indere, 
[ex-ludo],  3.  v.  a.,  (avoid  a  blow 
by  dodging),  foil,  deceive,  frus- 
trate, mock,  disappoint. 

flu..,  -lul,  -liiium.  -lucre,  [ex- 
luo],  3.  v.  a.,  wash  out,  wash  off. 
—  Fig.,  wash  away  (atone  for) . 

Elymus  (Hel),-I,  [?],  m.,  a  Trojan, 
companion  of  /Eneas. 

Elysium,  -i  (-11),  [Gr.  'HAu<noj/]( 
n.,  Elysium  (the  abode  of  the 

_  blessed  dead). 

Elysius,  -a,  -um,  [prop,  same  word 
as  preceding,  but  used  as  adj.  from 
it],  adj.,  Elysian. 

Kn litt  hi;t,  -ae,   [Gr.  'H/tadfa],  f.,  a 

_  district  of  Macedonia. 

Emathion,  -onis,  [?],  m.,  a  Ru- 
tulian. 

emeiisus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  emetlor. 

emetior,  -mensus,  -metirl,  [ex- 
metior],  4.  v.  dep.,  measure  out, 
measure  off,  measure  :  spatium 
oculis;  iter  (travel);  saxa  si- 
deraque  (pass  though).  —  emen- 
sus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  in  pass,  sense, 
traversed,  passed  over. 

gmico,  -cui,  -cat um,  -care,  [ex- 
mico],  I.  v.  n.,  spring  out,  leap 
out,  leap  up,  spring  up,  spring 
forth,  bound  fomuard :  in  currum 
(spring);  equus  (prance). 

emineo,  -nui,  no  sup.,  -nere,  [ex- 
mineo],  2.  v.  n.,  stand  out,  pro- 
ject:  dorso  (rise  with  the  back 
above  the  waves). 

eminus  [e-manua,  petrified  as  adv., 
cf.  comminus],  adv.,  at  a  dis- 
tance, at  long  range,  from  afar. 

emissus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  emitto. 

emitto,  -misi,  -mlssum,  -mlttere, 
[ex-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  send  forth, 
let  go  forth,  let  toose\  hurl,  throw, 
shoot.  —  Pass.,  escape,  go  forth. 


emo,     cmi,     emptum,     emere, 

[-^/em,  take,  cf.  compounds],  3. 
v.  a.,  (take),  buy  :  bene  emi  ho- 
norem  vita  (honor  not  too  dearly 
bought  with  life) . 

emotus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  emoveo. 

emovco,  -movi,  -motum,  -mo- 
vere,  [ex-moveo],  2.  v.  a.,  dis- 
place, remove :  cardine  postea 
(force)  ;  emotae  curae  (dis- 
pelled) ;  emota  fundamenta  (up- 
turned}. 

emunio,  -mnnli,  -miinitum,  -ma> 
nire,  [ex-munio],  4.  v.  a..,  fortify, 
protect,  secure. 

en  [?],  interj.,  lo  !  behold! — With 
ace. :  en  quatuor  aras.  —  In  ques- 
tion or  exclamation  with  feeling  of 
surprise,  impatience,  eagerness,  or 
despair  [cf.  ecquis),  ah!  pray ! 

enarrabilis,  -e,  [ex-narrabilis,  as 
iffenarra+bilis],  &&\.,describable. 

Enceladus,  -1,  [Gr.  'Eyic€\a$os'], 
m.,  one  of  the  giants,  son  of  Tar- 
tarus and  the  Earth.  He  was  killed 
with  the  thunderbolt  by  Jupiter 
and  buried  under  Etna. 

en iiu  [?,  perh.  e  (cf.  en)  -nam], 
conj.,  namely,  for  (explaining  a 
preceding  assertion),  precisely.  — 
The  assertion  is  often  only  im- 
plied :  sed  enim  audierat  (but 
she  was  alarmed  for  her  plan  for 
she  had  heard}  ;  mene  iubes  con- 
fidere?  quid  enim  (do  you  bid 
me,  &c.?  I  cannot,  for  why,  &c.). 

—  Irregularly    (used   perhaps   on 
account  of  the  metre),  therefore  : 
semper  enim  refice. 

Enipeus,  -I  (-eos),  [Gr.  'Evnrei/s], 

m.,  a  river  of  Thessaly. 
enisus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  enltor. 
cnitcii,  -tui,  no  sup.,  -tere,  [ex- 

niteo],  2.  v.  n.,  shine  forth,  beam. 

—  Less  exactly,   thrive,  be  bright 
(opp.  to  squaleo)  :  campus. 

enitor,  -nisus  (-nixus),  -niti, 
[ex-nitor],  3.  v.  dep.,  (come  or 
force  out  by  struggling),  climb  up. 

—  Esp.  of  travail,  bring  forth,  yean, 
farrow. 

enixus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  enitor. 


94 


Vocabulary, 


eno,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ex-no], 
I .  v.  n.,  swim  out.  —  Less  exactly, 
of  movement  in  the  we,  float  away. 

enodis,  -e,  [ex-nodo  (weakened) 
decl.  as  adj.],  adj.,  without  knots, 
smooth. 

eiisis,  -is,  [?],  m.,  a  sword. 

Entellus,  -!,[?],  m., a  Sicilian  boxer. 

enumero,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ex- 
numero],  i.  v.  a.,  count  out,  re- 
count, enumerate,  rehearse. 

eOjivI  (ii),itum,  ire,[y/i  (strength- 
ened)], 4.  v.  n.,  £0  (in  all  senses), 
see  various  synonyms  in  English. 

eodem  [eo  (dat.  adv.  fr.  is)  +  dem 
(cf.  idem)],  adv.,  to  the  same 
place,  there  (also). 

Kims,  -a,  -inn,  [Gr.  'H<£os,  adj.  fr. 
'H(f>s,  the  dawtt\,  adj.,  of  the  dawn, 
of  the  morning,  Eastern  :  Atlan- 
tides  (the  morning  stars)  ;  fluc- 
tus ;  acies.  —  Masc.  sing.,  the 
dawn,  the  morning,  the  morning 
star:  primo  Eoo  (at  earliest 
dawn).  —  Masc.  plur.,  the  men  of 
the  East. 

Epeus,  -I,  [Gr.  'Eirei(fc],  m.,  the 
inventor  of  the  Trojan  horse. 

Ephyre,  -es,  (-a,  -ae),  [Gr.  'E^>i5- 
prj],  f . :  I.  Corinth;  2.  A  nymph. 

Ephyreius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  "E.<pvpl\- 
«os],  adj.,  of  Corinth,  Corinthian. 

Epidaurus,  -I,  [Gr.  'EiriSavpos'],  f., 
a  city  of  Argolis,  famous  for  the 
worship  of  ^Esculapius. 

Epirus,  -I,  [Gr.  "Hireipos],  f.,  a  dis- 
trict of  Greece,  on  the  north-east, 
bordering  on  the  Adriatic. 

epulae,  -arum  (-um,  -I),  [?],  f. 
plur.,  a  banquet,  a  feast,  a  festive 
entertainment.  —  Less  exactly, 
food,  viands. 

epulatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  epulor. 

Epulo,  -onis,  [epulo,  afeaster],  m., 
a  Latin. 

epulor,  -atus,  -Sri,  [fepula-  (or 
-6)],  i.v.  top.,  feast,  banquet:  da- 
pibus  (feast  on): — Less  exactly, 
eat:  epulandum  apponere  men- 
sis  (serve  up  as  a  feast,  of  Asca- 

_  nius). 

Epytides,  -ae,  [Gr.  patronymic  fr. 


_  Epytus],  m.,  son  of  Epytus. 

Epytus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a  Trojan. 

equa,  -ae,  [f.  of  equus],  f.,  a  mare. 

eques,  -itis?  [fequo  +  tus  (re- 
duced)], m.,  a  rider,  a  horseman, 
a  trooper,  cavalry  (collectively). 
—  Plur.,  cavalry,  horsemen,  horse. 

equestris,  -e,  [fequit  -f  tris,  cf. 
sylvestris],  adj.,  of  horsemen, 
equestrian  :  cursus. 

Equicolus,  -I,  [t],  m.,  a  Rutulian. 

equidem  [fe-  (cf.enim)  -quidem], 
adv.  of  asseveration  or  concession, 
surely,  truly,  by  all  means,  no 
doubt,  I  am  sure :  hoc  equidem 
(this  a(  least)  ;  certe  equidem 
(but  Pm  sure);  haud  equidem 
dignor  (/  do  not,  to  be  sure)  ; 
atque  eqidem  (and  in  fact  I  do). 

equinus,  -a,  -um,  [fequo-  (re- 
duced) -f  Inus],  adj.,  of  a  horse, 
of  horses :  pecus.  —  Less  exactly, 
of  horse  hair,  horsehair. 

equitatus,  -tus,[tequita  (as  if  stem 
of  equito)  +  tus],  m.,  cavalry. 

equito,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fequit- 
(as  if  equito)],  i.  v.  n.,  ride. 

equus  (ecus,  equos),  -i,  [  ^/ak  -f 
vas,  cf.  Gr.  'linros  (7/c/cos),  Sk. 
a<;vas~\,  m.,  a  horse. 

Erato,  -tus,  [Gr.  'E/>OT<£],  f.,  one 
of  the  Muses.  —  Less  exactly,  muse 
(in  general). 

Erebus,  -i,  [Gr.  "Epeflos],  m.,  the 
god  of  darkness.  —  Less  exactly, 
the  lower  world,  Erebus,  Hades. 

erectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  erigo. 

ereptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  eripio. 

Eretum,  -i,  [Gr.  "HpTjrov],  n.,  an 
ancient  city  of  the  Sabines  on  the 
Tiber  (now  Cretona). 

ergo  [  ?,  old  case-form  of  unc.  stem], 
adv.  (and  noun  ?).  With  genitive 
preceding,  for  the  sake  of,  on  ac- 
count of:  illius  ergo  (on  his 
account).  —  Without  noun  as  ilia- ' 
live  particle  (more  logical  than 
itaque  or  igitur),  therefore,  then, 
consequently. 

Ericetes,  see  Erichaetes. 

Erichaetes,  -ae,  [Gr.],  m.,  a  Trojaii 
warrior. 


Vocabulary. 


95 


Erichtnonlus,  -i  (-11),  [Gr.  ' 
Oovios],  m.,  a  son  of  Dardanus  and 
father  of  Tros,  said  to  have  in- 
vented the  harnessing  of  the  four- 

_  horse  chariot. 

Eridanus,  -i,  [Gr.  'HpiSa^s],  m., 
the^  Greek  name  for  the  Po. 

erigo,  -rexi,  -rectum,  -rigere, 
[ex-rego],  3.  v.  a.,  set  tip  straight, 
raise,  erect,  set  up,  rear  :  malum; 
fluctus;  scopulos  (throiu  up). — 
In  pass.,  rise  :  fumus ;  insula.  — • 
Esp.,  build:  pyram. 

Erigone,  -es,  [Gr.  'Hptyo'i/rj'],  f.,  the 
daughter  of  Icarius,  who  became 
the  constellation  Virgo.  —  Virgo 
(the  constellation  itself). 

crilis  (her-),  -e,  [fero-  (stem  of 
erus,  herus)  +  lis],  adj.,  of  a 
master  (mistress). 

Erinys,  -yos,  [Gr.  'Epivvs"],  f.,  a 
Fury.  — •  Less  exactly,  a  fury,  evil 
genius,  curse. 

Eriphyle,  -es,  [Gr.  tEpt<t>fari~\,  f.,  the 
wife  of  Amphiaraus,  who  betrayed 
her  husband  for  a  golden  necklace. 

eripio,  -ripui,  -reptum,  -ripere, 
[ex-rapio],  3.  v.  a.,  snatch  away, 
wrest,  catch  up,  tear  away,  take 
away,  steal,  seize,  rob  one  of  (a. 
thing)  :  nubes  (shut  out).  —  Esp. 
from  danger,  £c.,  rescue,  snatch  : 
me  leto ;  fugam  (hasten  one's 
flight ) ;  eripite  socii  (save  your- 
selves). —  Pass.,  save  one's  self, 
escape. 

errabundus,  -a,  -um,  [terra  (stem 
of  erro)  +  bundus],  adj.  wander* 
ing,  roving,  straying. 

erro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [?],  i.v. n., 
wander,  rove,  stray,  roam  :  Mars 
errat  (battle  hovers) .  —  Less  ex  • 
actly,  of  any  irregular  motion,  float, 
creep  (of  a  vine)  :  halitus  (lin- 
ger); manus  (fly,  of  blows). — 
waver,  miss,  wander  (of  the  eyes) ; 
dexter  (shooting  at  random). — 
erratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  wandered 
over  ;  n.  pi.,  wanderings. 

error,  -orls,  [^err  (as  if  root  of 
erro)  +  or],  m.,  a  wandering, 
turning,  maze  (of  the  Labyrinth). 


—  Fig.  of  the  mind;  a  mistake,  an 
error,  madness,  deceit  (prop,  a 
mistake  caused  purposely). 

erubcsco,  -bui,  no  sup.,  -bescere, 
[ex-rubesco],  3.  v.  n.  and  a.,  red- 
den, blush,  be  ashamed.  —  Act. 
(from  the  signs  of  shame),  respect, 
reverence. 

eructo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ex- 
ructo],  i.  v.  n.  and  a.,  belch  forth. 

erudio,  -ivi  (-ii),  -itum,  -ire, 
[ferudi-  (stem  of  ferudis)],  4. 
v.  a.,  train,  teach,  instruct. 

Erulus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a  king  of  Prae- 
neste.^ 

erumpo,  -rupi,  -ruptum,  -rum- 
pere,  [ex-rumpo],  3.  v.  n.,  a.,  and 
caus.,  (cf.  rumpo),  cause  to  break 
out,  vent.  —  With  reflexive,  burst 
forth,  break  out,  sally  forth.  —  As 
active  without  reflexive,  break  out 
from,burst  out from,break  through; 
nubem. 

eruo,  -rui,  -rutum,  -ruere,  [ex- 
mo],  3.  v.  a.,  dig  out,  tear  out, 
tear  up,  undermine,  overturn  (of 
walls,  etc.),  destroy  utterly  (opes). 

erus,  better  spelling  of  herus. 

ervum,  -I,  [perh.  akin  to  tpoftos'], 
n.,  a  vetch  (a  kind  of  pulse). 

Eryclnus,  -a,  -um,  [fEryc  + 
inus],  adj.,  of  Eryx. 

Erymans,  -anthos,  [?],  m.,  a  Tro- 
jan killed  by  Turnus. 

Erymanthus,  -i,  [Gr.  "Epu(jMvdos~], 
m.,  a  mountain  in  Arcadia,  where 
Hercules  killed  the  Erymanthian 
boar. 

Eryx,  -yds,  [Gr.  "Epw{],  m.:  i.  A 
mountain  of  Western  Sicily,  with 
a  town  of  the  same  name  (now 
San  Giuliano) ;  2.  A  son  of  Venus, 
killed  by  Hercules  in  a  boxing- 
match. 

esca,  -ae,  [?],  f.,food,  bait. 

essedum,  -i,  [a  Gallic  word],  n., 
a  war  chariot  (of  the  Gauls) . 

et  [akin  to  fri],  con].,and (stronger 
than  -que  and  weaker  than  atque). 
—  With  correlative  conj.,  et .  . .  et, 
both  .  .  .  and,  and  at  the  same  time 
(omitting  the  first) :,  et .  .  .  que, 


96 


Vocabulary. 


both  .  .  .  and;  neqne  .  .  .  et,  not 
.  .  .  and,  not .  .  .  but,  not .  .  .  and 
yet ;  et .  . .  neque,  and  at  the  same 
time  not  (omitting  the  first),  and 
not.  —  With  emphasis,  and  that  too, 
and  also,  even,  and  lo  !  and  then. 

etiam  [et-iam],  conj.,  even  now, 
still,  yet.  —  (and  noiv,  in  addition 
to  what  has  been  stated  before), 
even,  also,  likewise. 

etiamiium  [etiam-num,  cf.  etiam 
nunc],  conj.,  even  now,  still.  — 
Of  past  time,  even  then,  still,  till 
then. 

Etruria  (He-),  -ae,  [borrowed 
stem  fEtrus-  (?)  +  ia  (f.  of  ius)], 
f.,  the  country  of  Central  Italy, 
north  of  the  Tiber,  and  west  of  the 
Apennines. 

Etruscus  (He-), -a,  -um,[fEtrus- 
or  fEtruso-  (whence  Etruria,  for 
fEtrusia)  +  cus],  adj.,  Etruscan, 
Etrurian.  —  Masc.  pi.,  the  Etrus- 
cans. 

etsi,  [et-si],  conj.,  even  if,  although, 
though. 

euans,  -antis,  [as  if  p.  of  feuo, 
fr.  Euan],  p.,  crying  Euan  !  (a 
name  of  Bacchus)  or  Euoe !  — 
orgia  (shouting  the  cry  of  Bacchus 
in  his  orgies). 

Mn a nt  lies  (Evantes),  -ae,  [?], 
m.,  a  Phrygian  in  the  Trojan 
ranks. 

Euboicus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  EvfloiKo s] , 
adj.,  of  Eubcea  (the  island  east  of 
the  coast  of  Bceotia  and  Attica), 
Eubcean. 

rn  h; ms,  see  euans. 

Euhoe,  see  Euoe. 

Eumedes,  -ae,  [Gr.  EfydjSijs],  m., 
a  Trojan  herald,  son  of  Dolon. 

Eumelus,  -I,  [Gr.],  m.,  a  Trojan. 

Eumenides,  -urn,  [Gr.  Eu/uerfSes], 
f.  plur.,  well-wishers,  the  Furies 
(so  called  to  propitiate  them,  or  to 
avoid  the  omen  of  their  name). 

Eumenius,  another  reading  for 
Euneus,  /En.  xi.  666. 

Eunaeus,  -I,  [Gr.  Etfj^oy],  m.,  a 
Trojan. 

Euoe  [Gr.  Evot],  inter).,  Evo'e !  (a 


shout  of  joy  at  the  festivals  of 
Bacchus) . 

Euphrates,  -is,  [Gr.  Eu^par?;?], 
m.,  a  celebrated  river  of  Asia,  ris- 
ing in  Armenia  and  uniting  with 
the  Tigris  near  Babylon.  —  Less 
exactly,  for  the  nations  dwelling 
by  it. 

Europa,  -ae,  [Gr.  f>vp<am\\,  f., 
Europe,  the  continent. 

Eurotas,  -ae,  [Gr.  Eup&Sras],  m., 
a  river  of  Lacedaemon,  on  which 
Sparta  stood  (now  Basilipotamo). 

Eurous,  -a,  -uin,  [Gr.  -[Evpwos^, 
adj.,  of  the  east  wind  (Eurus). — 
Less  exactly,  Eastern. 

Eurus,  -I,  [Gr.  Ei5pos],  m.,  the  south- 
east wind.  —  Less  exactly,  wind. 

Euryalus,  -I,  [Gr.  EfywaA.os],  m., 
a  Trojan,  the  friend  of  Nisus,  killed 
in  an  excursion  through  the  Ru- 
tulian  camp. 

Eurydice,  -es,  [Gr.  EupySi/crj],  f., 
the  wife  of  Orpheus,  for  whom  he 
descended  into  the  world  below. 

Eurypylus,  -I,  [Gr.  EupuirvAos],  m., 
a  leader  of  the  Greeks  before  Troy. 

Eurystheus,  -el  (ace.  -ea,  abl.  -eo), 
[Gr.  Evpvo-dfvs],  m.,  a  king  of  My- 
cenae, the  enemy  of  Hercules.  It 
was  he  who  imposed  upon  Her- 
cules, by  order  of  Juno,  his  twelve 
labors. 

Eurytides,  -ae  [|Euryt6+ des], 
m.,  son  of  Eurvtus  {Clonus,  a  fa- 
mous artist). 

Eurytion,  -on is,  [Gr.  Evpvriiav'], 
m.,  a  companion  of  yEneas,  son  of 

_  Lycaon. 

Evadne,  -es,  [Gr.  EvaSi/r;],  f.,  the 
wife  of  Capaneus  (one  of  the  seven 
against  Thebes),  who  burned  her- 
self on  the  funeral-pile  of  her  hus- 
band. 

evado,  -vasi,  -vasum,  -vadere, 
[ex-vado],  3.  v.  n.  and  a.,  go  out, 
pass  out,  come  out:  ex  obscura 
silva.  —  Esp.,  get  away,  get  away 
from,  escape :  casus ;  urbes ;  flam- 
mam;  hostes. — With  ace.  (cog- 
nate), pass  over,  pass  through : 
viam;  spatium.  —  Less  exactly 


Vocabulary. 


97 


(cf.  effero),  go  up,  mount  up,  as- 
cend: ad  superas  auras ;  gradus. 

evalesco,  -lui,  no  sup.,  -lescere, 
[ex-valesco],  3.  v.  n.  incept.,  get 
one's  strength,  grow  strong.  —  Less 

_  exactly,  be  able,  have  the  power. 

Evander  (-drus),  -dri,  [Or.  Eftw/- 
fyos],  m.,  the  king  of  Pallanteum, 
on  the  Tiber,  who  hospitably  re- 

_  ceived  ^Eneas. 

Evandrlus,  -a,  -um,  [fEvandro- 
(reduced)+  ius],  adj.,  of  Evander. 
—  Less  exactly,  of  Pallas  (Evan- 

_  der's  son). 

Evandrus,  see  Evander. 

evanesco,  -run,  no  sup.,  -nescere, 
[ex-vanesco],  3.  v.  n.  incep.,  van- 
ish away,  vanish. 

evans,  -antis ;  see  euans. 

Evas,  see  Euanthes. 

eveho,  -vexi,  -vectum,  -vehere, 
[ex-veho],  3.  v.  a.,  carry  out,  bear 
away.  —  Also  (cf.  effero),  bear 
up,  bear  aloft. 

evenio,  -veni,  -ventum,  -venire, 
[ex-venio],  4.  v.  n.,  come  out.  — 
Fig.,  turn  out,  happen. 

eventus,  -us,  [ex-fventus  (cf.  ad- 
ventus),  as  if  feven-  (cf.  evenio) 
+  tus],  m.,  a  result,  an  occur- 
rence, an  issue.  —  More  generally, 
fate,  fortune,  lot. 

everbero,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ex- 
'  verbero^  I.  v.  a.,  beat,  flap. 

eversor,  -oris,  [ex-versor,  as  if 
fevert-  (cf.  everto)  +  tor],  m., 
an  overthrower,  a  destroyer. 

eversus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  everto. 

everto,  -verti,  -versum,  -ver- 
tere,  [ex-verto],  3.  v.  a.,  turn 
upside  down,  overturn,  overthro-M, 
ruin  :  nemora  (prostrate)  ;  ae- 
quora  ventis  ( upturn);  eversum 
saeculum  (debauched). 

evlctus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  evinco. 

evinclo,  -vinxi,  -vinctum,  -vln- 
cire,  [ex-vincio],  4.  v.  a.,  bind 
up,  bind  around. 

evinco,  -vici,  -victum,  -vlncere, 
[ex-vinco],  3.  v.  a.,  vanquish, 
overcome. 

evlnctus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  evlnclo. 


eviscero,  no  perf.,  -atum,  -are,  [as 
if  f eviscero-  (ex-viscus)  orfevi- 
sceri-],  I.  v.  a.,  disembowel. 

evoco,  -avi,  -atum,-  -are,  [ex- 
voco],  I.  v.  a.,  call  forth,  call  out, 
summon  :  animas  Oreo  (conjure 

_»/)• 

Evoe,  see  more  approved  spelling 
euoe. 

evolo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ex- 
volo],  I.  v.  n.,  fly  forth,  fly  out, 
fly  away.  —  Less  exactly,  spring 
out  or  forth. 

evolvo,  -volvi,  -volutum,  -vol- 
vere,  [ex-volvo],  3.  v.  a.,  rollout, 
roll  forth,  unroll.  —  With  reflex- 
ive, or  in  pass.,  roll,  roll  d<non. — 
Of  a  scroll,  unroll,  —  hence,  nar- 
rate, set  forth. 

evomo,  -mui,  -mltum,  -mere, 
[ex-vomo],  3.  v.  a.,  vomit  forth, 
cast  up  :  fumum. 

ex  (ec-,  -e),  [cf.  <?/c,  <?|],  prep,  (with 
abl.) .  Of  space,  out  of  (cf.  ab, 
away  from),  from :  ex  arbore 
lecta  mala ;  patria  ex  Ithaca 
(of) .  —  Of  time,  from,  after,  since, 
ever  since  :  ex  imbri. —  Yig.,from, 
of:  ex  me  disce;  ex  ira  resi- 
dunt  corda.  —  Partitively  (cf.  ab, 
de,  and  part,  gen.),  out  of,  from, 
of:  nihil  ex  tanta  urbe.  —  Of 
material,  from,  of,  made  of:  pug- 
nam  ex  auro  faciam;  pharetra 
ex  auro.  —  Of  cause,  from,  out  of, 
on  account  of.  —  Of  place  where 
(cf.  ab),  off,  at,  in,  on  :  ex  parte. 

—  Also  (cf.  de),  according  to,  in 
accordance  with  :  ex  more  ;    ex 
ordine  (in  order).  —  In  adverbial 
expressions :    ex   longo   collecta 
(in   a  long  time).  —  In  compo- 
sition (besides  its  literal  meanings), 
fully,   entirely,    very    much    (cf. 
evinco,  edisco,  exoro,  edurus) . 

exact  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  exlgo. 
exacuo,    -cui,    -cutum,    -cuere, 

[ex-acuo],  3.  v.  a.,  sharpen. 
exaestuo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ex- 

aestuo],  i.  v.  n.,  boil  up,  foam  up. 

—  Fig.,  toil,  glow,  turn  :    mena 
ira. 


98 


Vocabularv. 


i.examen,  -inis,  [ex-agmen],  n., 
a  swarm. 

2.  examen,  -Inis,  [as  if  fexag-  (cf. 
exigo)  +  men],  n.,  the  tongue  of 
a  balance. 

exanguis,  see  exsanguis. 

oxiiniiiiiitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  ex- 
aniino. 

cxanintis,  -e  (-us,  -a,  -um), 
[ex-fanima-  (weakened),  decl.  as 
adj.],  adj.,  (out  of  breath),  lifeless, 
dead. — Also,  breathless  (with  fear), 
half  dead  with  fear,  terrified. 

exam  mo,  -avi,  -a  turn,  are,  [fex- 
animo  (cf.  exanimis,  -us)],  i. 
v.  a.,  kill,  frighten,  terrify. 

exardesco,  -arsi,  -arsum,  -arde- 
scere,  [ex-ardesco],  3.  v.  n.  in- 
cep.,  blaze  up.  —  Fig.,  of  persons 
and  feelings,  blaze  forth,  burst 
forth,  be  fired,  be  inflamed:  ignis 
animo ;  dolor ;  AUecto  in  iras. 

exaudio,  -divi  (-ii),  -ditum, 
-dire,  [ex-audio],  4.  v.  a.,  hear 
(distinctly  or  from  afar)  :  voces. — 
With  implied  favor,  hear  and  heed, 
listen  to,  regard. 

exauditus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  ex- 
audio. 

excedS,  -cessl,  -cessum,  -cedere, 
[ex-cedo],  3.  v.  n.  (later  a.),  go 
out,  depart,  withdraw :  regione 
viarum  (leave)  ;  palma  (give 
up) ;  pestes  (disappear) . 

excellens,  -entis,  [p.  of  excello 
as  adj.],  p.,  eminent,  noble  :  cyg- 
num. 

excelsus,  -a,  -um,  [ex-celsus,  cf. 
excello],  adj.,  high,  lofty. 

exceptS,  -avi,  -at um,  -are,  [ex- 
capto],  i.  v.  a.,  catch  (up);  take 
in,  snuff  up. 

exceptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  ex- 
cipio^ 

excerno,  -crevi,  -cretum,  -cer- 
nere,  [ex-cerno],  3.  v.  a.,  (sift 
out),  separate,  keep  apart. 

excidium,  see  exscidium. 

excido,  -cidi,  no  sup.,  -cidere, 
[ex-cado],  3.  v.  n.,  fall  out,  fall 
off,  fall  down  :  Palinurus  puppi ; 
vox  per  auras  (descend) ;  ore 


nefas  (fall).  —  Esp.,  slip  away, 
escape:  pastoribus  ignis  (get 
away  from  unnoticed} ;  dolores 
animo  (by  forget  fulness). 

excido,  -cidi,  -cisum,  -cidere, 
f_ex-caedo],  3.  v.  a.,  cut  out,  cut 
ojf,  cut  down,  hew  out.  —  Less 
exactly,  raze,  lay  waste  (cf.  ex- 
scindo) . 

excindo,  see  exscindo. 

excio  (-cieo),  -ivi  (-ii),  -citum 
and-citum,-cire,[ex-cio  (cieo)], 
4.  v.  a.,  call  forth,  summon. —  Less 
exactly,  call  forth,  produce :  in 
undis  molem  (cause  an  uproar). 

—  Fig.,  arouse,  stir,  excite  :  bello 
reges    (rouse    to    war) :     pulsu 
pedum  tremit  excita  tellus  (of 
the  Earth  half  personified). 

excipio,  -cepi,  -ceptum,  -cipere, 
[ex-capio],  3.  v.  a.,  take  out,  take 
up,  take  from  or  after  :  clipeum 
sorti. —  Esp.,  take  next,  succeed '(to 
something),  follow,  receive  next : 
Romulus  gentem ;  quis  te  casus 
(meets  you).  —  As  a  hunting  term 
(transferred  to  war),  catch,  cut  off, 
overtake,  engage  with  :  caprum ; 
Phalarim  (cut  down) ;  Sucronem 
in  latus  (assail)  ;  incautum 
(catch  unawares);  equitem  col- 
latis  signis  (meet  in  con/lict) ; 
fig.  in  same  sense :  ipsas  angusti 
terminus  aevi  (overtake) ;  mo- 
tus  futures  (catch  a  hint  of, 
learn).  — Of  persons,  receive, 
greet,  welcome,  treat  (in  any  man- 
ner) :  reduces  gaza  agresti  (en- 
tertain); plausu  pavidos;  cla- 
more  socii  (hail,  of  Turnus,  as  he 
came  unexpectedly) ;  caeli  in- 
dulgentia  terras  (Heaven  treat 
with  indulgence).  —  Of  conversa- 
tion, take  up  the  word,  answer,  re- 
ply :  sic  regia  Juno. 

excisus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  excido. 

excito,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ex- 
cito],  I.  v.  a.,  call  out,  call  forth. 

—  Fig.,  arouse,  awaken,  stimulate, 
excite,  alarm  :  iras  (call  forth). 

—  In  different  sense  of  primitive, 
raise,  build,  erect. 


Vocabulary. 


99 


cxcltus,   a,  -11  in,  p.p.  of  excieo. 

excitus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  excio. 

exclamo,  -avi,  -Stum,  -are,  [ex- 
clamo],  i.  v.  a.  and  n.,  cry  out. 

exclude,  -rliisi,  -clasum,  -cla- 
dere,  [ex-claudo],  3.  v.  a.,  shut 
out,  hinder. 

exclusus,  -a,  -  ti  i  n ,  p.p.  of  exclude. 

cxcolo,  -colui,  <u It  inn,  -colere, 
[ex-colo],  3.  v.  a.,  cultivate,  im- 
prove  (by  tillage). —  Fig.,  culti- 
vate, ameliorate,  civilize,  improve  : 
vitam  per  artes  (adorn  and  im- 
prove} . 

excoquo,  -coxi,  -coctum,  -co- 
quere,  [ex-coquo],  3.  v.  a.,  (re- 
move by  cooking),  boil  away,  roast 
away:  per  ignem  vitium  (burn 
away) .  —  With  intensive  force  of 
ex,  cook  thoroughly:  terram  (mel- 
low in  the  sun) . 

excretus,  -a,  -uni,  p.p.  of  excerno, 
(by  some  assigned  to  excresco) . 

excubiae,  -arum,  [ex-fcubia  (cf. 
concubia)],  f.  plur.,  (a  lying  out 
at  night),  a  watch,  guards  :  vigi- 
lum  (post,  outpost).  —  Fig.,  of  a 
fire,  sentinel,  watchftre. 

excubo,  -bui,  -bitum,  -bare,  [ex- 
cubo],  I.  v.  n.,  keep  watch,  keep 
guard  (cf.  excubiae) . 

excudo,  -cudi,  -cnsum,  -cfidere, 
[ex-cudo],  3.  v.  a.,  strike  out.— 
Of  the  effect,  forge :  spirantia 
aera.  —  Less  exactly,  fashion, 
make,  build. 

excursus,  -us,  [ex-cursus,  cf.  ex- 
curro],  m.,  an  excursion,  an  ex- 
pedition. 

excussus,  -a,  -u in,  p.p.  of  excutlo. 

excutlo,  -cussi,  -cussum,  -cu- 
tere,  [ex-quatio],  3.  v.  a.,  shake 
off,  shake  out,  dash  off,  drive  off, 
dislodge,  dash  from,  drive  out  : 
toros  (/oss,  of  the  lion's  neck 
and  mane)  ;  excussus  Aconteus 
{thrown  headlong) ;  excussus 
curru  {thrown  from) ;  excutior 
Bomno  (rouse  myself)  ;  Teucros 
vallo ;  excussi  manibus  radii 
( fell  from  her  hands);  foedus 
(break);  rudentes  (shake  out).  — 


With  change  of  point  of  view:  na- 
vis  excussa  magistro  (robbed  of ). 

execror,  see  exsecror. 

exedo,  -edi,  -esum,  -edere,  [ex- 
edo],  3.  v.  a.,  eat  out.  — Less  ex- 
actly, hollow  out,  dig  out,  scoop 
out,  wear  away.  —  Fig.,  destroy.  — 
exesus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  as  adj., 
hollow. 

exemplum,  -i,  [?,  ex-femlum 
(femo-,  reduced,  +  lum,  cf.  tem- 
plum),  cf.  cximo],  n.,  a  sample, 
a  specimen. —  More  generally,  tin 
example,  a  pattern,  a  model. 

exempt  us,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  eximo. 

exeo,  -Ivi  (-11),  -itum,  -Ire,  [ex- 
eo],  irr.  v.  n.  and  a.,  go  out,  come 
forth,  come,  go  :  victima  saeptis ; 
servitio  (be  freed) ;  amnis  (arise, 
overflow,  empty).  —  Also  (cf.  ex), 
arise,  rise,  mount:  sterilis  stir- 
pibus  ab  imis  {spring,  of  suck- 
ers) ;  arbos  ad  caelum.  —  Act., 
with  ace.,  escape  from,  escape, 
avoid:  vim  viribus;  tela  cor- 
pore. 

exequlae,  see  exsequlae. 

exequor,  see  exsequor. 

exerceo,  -cul,  -citum,  -cere,  [ex- 
arceo],  2.  v.  a.,  (confine  or  con- 
trol}, keep  busy,  busy,  drive  (to 
labor),  exercise :  femina  famulas 
penso ;  Diana  chores  (lead  the 
dance) ;  exercentur  agris  (reflex., 
labor)  ;  equos  ;  labor  apes  ; 
(agricolam)  cura  salicti.  —  Of 
things,  employ,  drive,  work,  man- 
age :  humum  (till);  turbo  quern 
pueri  exercent  (ply  with  blows) ; 
flumina  exercita  cursu  (hurried 
on  tlieir course) ;  membra  (train). 

—  Of  persons,  worry,  drive,  pur- 
sue, vex,  harass,  torment :  stirpem 
odiis;  exercite  fatis;  exercent 
te  irae ;  exercita  curis  Venus. 

—  With  employments  as  objects, 
pursue,  practise,  occupy  one's  self 
with,  ply  :  palaestras  ;   imperia 
(hold  sway);    balatum   (utter); 
pacem  et  nymenaeos  (live  in) ; 
ferrum  Cyclopes;   iras  (vent); 
vices  {perform  fans) . 


IOO 


Vocabulary. 


exercitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  exerceo 

exercitus,  -us,  [ex  +  arcitus,  as  if 
fexerci  +  tus  (cf.  exerceo)],  m., 
(a  training).  —  Concretely,  an 
army.  —  Less  exactly,  a  band,  a 
flock  :  Phorci  (of  sea-monsters)  : 
corvorum. 

exertus,  see  exsertus. 

exesus,  -a,  -inn,  p.p.  of  exedo. 

r\  halo,  -avi,  -iiluni,  -are,  [ex- 
halo],  I.  v.  a.,  breathe  out,  exhale. 

exhaurio,  -hausi,  -haustum, 
haurire,  [ex-haurio],  4.  v.  a., 
drain  out,  drain,  waste,  wear  out, 
exhaust.  —  Fig.,  of  trials  and  the 
like,  undergo,  suffer  :  bella ;  peri- 
cula  ;  satis  poenarum.  —  ex- 
ha ii si  us,  -a,  -u in,  p.p.  as  adj., 
drained,  exhausted,  worn  out.  — 
Neut.  plur.,  trials,  sufferings. 

exhaustus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  ex- 
haurio. ^ 

exhorresco,  -horrul,  no  sup., 
-horrescere,  [ex-horresco],  i. 
v.  n.  incep.,  shudder  at,  dread. 

exhortatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  ex- 
hortor. 

exhortor,  -tatus,  -tarl,  [ex-hor- 
tor],  I.  v.  dep.,  encourage,  spur 
on,  incite,  urge. 

exigo,  -egi,  -actum,  -igere,  [ex- 
ago],  3.  v.  a.,  drive  out,  drive, 
thrust ;  exegit  oaecos  rabies ; 
ensem  per  costas.  —  Also  (cf. 
aS°)»  Pass  (completely),  finish, 
end,  fulfil:  aevum;  exactis  men- 
sibus ;  annos.  —  With  different 
meaning  of  ago  (cf.  2.  examen), 
weigh,  fonder.  —  exactus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  discovered,  found 
out.  —  Neut.  pi.,  discoveries  (things 
found  out). 

exiguus,  -a,  -um,  [ex-faguus,  as 
if  fexig  +  uus,  (cf.  exigo)],  adj., 
weighed,  exact,  (cf.  exigo),  scanty, 
small,  narrow,  slight,  little  :  nox 
(short) ;  vires  (feeble) ;  exigui 
numero  (few,  scanty) ;  ceres 
(thin  cakes). 

exilio,  see  exsilio. 

exilium,  see  exsilium. 

eximius,    -a,    -um,    [ex-femius 


(•y/em,  take,  AT  ius,  cf.  eximo)J, 
adj.,  (to  be  taken  out),  exceptional, 
extraordinary,  select,  remarkable, 
special :  laus. 

eximo,  -emi,  -emptum,  -imere, 
[ex-emo,  take\,  3.  v.  a.,  take  away, 
remove:  labem  (efface).  —  Fig., 
destroy :  nulla  dies  vos  (obliter- 
ate your  memory)  ;  fames  ex- 
empta  (satisfied). 

exin  [ex-im  (unc.  case-form  of  is, 
cf.  interim),  cf.  dein,  dehinc], 
adv.,  =  exinde,  which  see. 

exinde  [exin  +  de,  cf.  inde],  adv., 
(from  thence,  cf.  hinc),  then,  after 
that,  afterwards.  —  In  a  narration 
(cf.  inde),  then,  next. 

exitialis,  -e,  [fexitio-  (reduced)  + 
alis],  adj.,  destructive,  fatal,  dead- 
ly, ruinous. 

exitium,  -I  (-11),  [ex-fitium  (fito 
+  ium),  cf.  exeo],  n.,  death.  — 
Less  exactly,  ruin,  destruction, 
bane.  —  Still  weaker,  peril,  mis- 
chief, misery. 

exitus,  -as,  [ex-itus,  cf.  exeo],  m., 
a  going  out,  a  departure,  an  egress, 
an  exit.  —  Esp.,  death,  decease,  end 
(of  life). —  Generally,  issue  (cf. 
exeo),  event,  result. 

exodi,  -odisse  (  osus),  [ex-odi], 
v.  a.,  abhor,  detest.  —  ex  osus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  in  act.  sense,  hating,  ab- 
horring. 

exoptatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  ex- 
opto. 

exopto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ex- 
opto],  I.  v.  a.,  long  for,  desire 
(earnestly). 

exordior,  -orsus,  -ordiri,  [ex- 
ordior],  4.  v.  dep.,  begin,  under- 
take.—  exorsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  in 
pass,  sense,  begun,  undertaken.  — 
Neut.,  an  enterprise,  an  under- 
taking, a  beginning,  prehide,  pre- 
amble. 

exordium,  -i  (-ii),  [ex-ordium,  cf. 
exordior],  n.,  a  beginning,  an 
element,  (principle  of  things'), 
first  germ. 

exorior,  -ortus,  -oriri,  [ex-orior], 
3.  and  4.  v.  dep.,  arise,  rise. 


Vocabulary. 


101 


exoro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ex- 
oro],  i.  v.  a.,  implore  (earnestly 
or  successfully),  beseech. 

cxors,  see  exsors. 

exorsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  exordlor. 

exortus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  exorlor. 

exosus,  p.p.  of  exodi. 

expecto,  see  exspecto. 

expedio,  -Ivi  (-ii),  -itum,  -Ire, 
[fexped-  (as  if  expedi-)  ] ,  4.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  disentangle  (cf.  impedio), 
get  ready,  prepare,  get  out,  bring 
forth,  extricate.  — •  Pass.,  make 
one's  way  (through  difficulties)  : 
manus  {array).  —  Also,  bring  to 
an  end,  accomplish.  — •  Fig.,  un- 
fold1, describe,  explain,  set  forth. 

expello,  -puli,  pulsum,  -pellere, 
[ex-pello],  3.  v.  a.,  drive  out, 
drive  aivay,  dislodge,  beat  back, 
banish :  expulsa  seges  (uproot- 
ed); somnum  (banish). 

expendo,  -pendi,  -pensum,  -pen- 
dere,  [ex-pendo],  3.  v.  a.,  weigh 
out,  weigh.  —  Fig.,  weigh,  ponder  : 
omneacasus.  —  Esp.(cf.  pendo), 
pay  (ace.  of  penalty),  pay  for  (ace. 
of  crime),  suffer  the  penalty  of, 
suffer  (as  a  penalty). 

experientia,  -ae,  [fexperient-  + 
ia],  f.,  experience.  —  From  the  re- 
sult, skill,  knowledge,  sagacity. 

experior,  -pertus,  -periri,  [ex- 
tperior,  cf.  comperio,  -parioj, 
4.  v.  dep.,  try,  attempt,  make  trial 
of:  laborem  (essay);  saxa  Cy- 
clopea ;  procos  priores ;  quid 
virtus  possit;  avertere  sensus. 
—  Also,  experience,  find  (by  ex- 
perience), come  to  know;  in  past 
tenses,  know:  experto  credite 
(one  who  knows)  ;  expertua  (hav- 
ing tried  it) ;  baud  ita  me  (not 
such  have  you  found  me) .  —  ex- 
pertus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
skilled,  experienced,  skilful. —  Also 
in  pass,  sense,  fried,  proved :  ex- 
pertos  belli  iuvenes. 

expcrs,  -ertis,  [ex-pars,  decl.  as 
adj.],  adj.,  without  a  share,  free 
front  (in  good  and  bad  sense), 
destitute. 


ex  pertus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  ex- 
perior. 

expiro,  see  exspiro. 
expleo,  -plevi,  -pletum,  -plero, 

[ex-pleo],  2.  v.  a.,  ///  up,  fill: 
oras  floribus.  —  Of  time  and  num- 
ber, Jill  out,  complete :  quinque 
orbes  curau ;  numerum ;  impe- 
rio  triginta  orbes.  —  Of  the  ap- 
petite, fill,  satiate,  glut,  satisfy  : 
ingluviem  ranis;  expletus  da- 
pibus  (gorged);  animum  flam- 
mae  ultricis  ;  mentem  ;  san- 
guine poenas  (fill  the  full  measure 
of  punishment,  &c.). 

expletus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  expleo. 

explico,  -avi(-ui),  -atum  (-itum), 
-are,  [ex-plico],  i.  v.  a.,  unfold, 
deploy :  cohortes;  frondes  (put 
forth,  unclose).  —  Also  (cf.  ex- 
pedio),  unfold,  describe,  express. 

explorator,  -oris,[texplora-(stem 
of  explore)  +  tor],  m.,  a  scout. 

explore,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ex- 
ploro  (cry  aloud  ?)  ],  I  .v.  a.,  search 
out,  explore,  reconnoitre  :  urbem ; 
portas ;  lupus  insidias  (medi- 
tate) .  —  Less  exactly,  observe,  try  : 
ventos.  —  Poetically :  robora  fu- 
mus  (test). — Fig.,  ponder,  con- 
sider, meditate  :  quid  optes. 

exp5no,  -posui,  -positum,  -po- 
nere,  [ex-pono],  3.  v.  a.,  put 
forth,  put  out,  expose  :  expositis 
scalis.  —  Esp.  out  of  a  ship,  un- 
load, disembark,  land,  unlade : 
pontibua  socios ;  viroa  in  undis 
(plunge,  of  an  accidental  break- 
ing up  of  a  ship). 

exporto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ex- 
porto],  I.  v.  a.,  carry  out,  bear 
forth,  convey,  bring  out. 

exposco,  -poposci,  no  sup.,  -pos- 
cere,  [ex-posco],  3.  v.  a.,  beg 
earnestly. 

expositus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  ex- 
pono. 

expostus,  -a,  -um,  contr.  p.p.  of 
expono. 

expromo,-prompsi,-promptum, 
-promere,  [ex-promo],  3.  v.  a., 


IO2 


Vocabulary. 


bring  forth  (out  of  the  storehouse). 
—  Fig.,  speak  out,  utter  :  voces. 

expugnd,  -avi,  at  um.  -are,  [ex- 
pugno],  i.  v.  a.,  take  by  storm, 
sack  :  Spartam  (ravage). 

expulsus,  -a,  -inn,  p.p.  of  ex- 
pello. 

exquiro,  -quisivi,  -quisitum, 
-quirere,  [ex-quaero],  3.  v.  a., 
search,  out,  seek  out,  seek,  choose 
out  (with  pains) .  —  Less  exactly, 
pray  earnestly  for :  pacem  per 
aras.  —  With  different  meaning  of 
primitive,  investigate,  inquire  into. 

exsanguis  (exan-),  -e,  [ex-san- 
guis],  adj.,  bloodless,  lifeless.  — 
Less  exactly,  pallid  with  fear. 

exsaturabilis,  -e,  [ex-saturabilis, 
cf.  exsaturo],  adj.,  satiable,  to  be 
satiated. 

exsaturo,  -avi,  -atom,  -are,  [ex- 
saturo], I.  v.  a.,  satiate  (fully), 
glut. 

exscidium  (exc-),  -I  (-11),  [ex- 
scindoj,  n.,  overthrow,  destruction. 

exscindo  (exc-),  -scidi,  -scis- 
-ii  in,  -scindere,  [ex-scindo], 
3.  v.  a.,  cut  down,  tear  down,  over- 
throw, destroy,  raze  to  the  ground. 

exseco,  -secui,  -sectum,  -secare, 
[ex-seco],  i.  v.  a.,  cut  out. 

exsecror  (exec-),  -atus,  -ari, 
[pass,  (mid.)  of  ex-sacro],  i.  v. 
dep.,  curse. 

exsectus,  -a,  -n in,  p.p.  of  exseco. 

exsequiae  (exe-),  -arum,  [ex- 
fsequia  (fsequo+ia),  cf.  ex- 
sequor],  f.  \>\\x.,  funeral  rites. 

exsequor(exe-),-secutus,  -sequi, 
[ex-sequor],  3.  v.  dep.,  follow 
out  (cf.  exsequiae).  —  Fig.,  fol- 
low out  (commands),  perform, 
execute.  —  Also,  follow  out  (in  de- 
tail), recount,  dilate  on:  mellis 
dona;  pompas  (celebrate"). 

exsero  (exe-),  -serul,  -sertum, 
-serere,  [ex-sero],  3.  v.  a.,  (dis- 
join ?),  thrust  out.  —  exsertus, 
-a,  -uni,  p.p.  as  adj.,  bared,  bare, 
projecting:  mamma. 

exserto,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -are, 
[fexserto-  (cf.  exsero)],  i.  v.  a., 


stretch  out,  thrust  out  (cf.  iiu 
sero). 

exsertus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  exsero. 

exsiliO  (exil-),  -ivi  (-11),  -sultum, 
-sillre,  [ex-salio],  4.  v.  n.,  spring 
forth,  leap  forth. 

exsllium  (exil-),  -i  (-ii),  [fexsul 
+  ium,  cf.  exsilio],  n.,  exile. 

exsolvo,  -solvi,  -solntum,  [ex- 
solvo] ,  3.  v.  a.,  unbind.  —  Fig., 
set  free,  release  :  se  (of  a  serpentj 
untivine) . 

exsomnis,  -e,  [ex-som.no-  (weak- 
ened)], adj.,  sleepless,  wakeful, 
watchful. 

exsors,  -rtis,  [ex-sors,  decl.  as 
adj.],  adj.,  without  lot  (cf.  ex- 
pers),  without  a  share  in,  deprived 
of.  —  Also,  out  of  the  lot  (i.e.  order 
of  lots),  out  of  course,  out  of  order. 

exspectatns,  -a,  -uin,  p.p.  of  ex- 
specto. 

exspecto  (exp-),  -avi,  -Stum, 
-are,  [ex-specto],  i.  v.  a.  and  n., 
look  out  for,  await,  expect.  —  Fig., 
hope  for,  long  for,  expect.  —  Less 
exactly,  need,  require.  —  Neut., 
linger,  delay.  —  exspectatus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  expected,  long- 
looked-for :  expectate  Hector. 
—  Neut.,  expectation:  ante  ex- 
spectatum. 

exspiro  (exp-),  -avi,  -atum,  -are, 
[ex-spiro],  I.  v.  a.,  breathe  forth, 
breathe  out.  —  Esp.  of  the  last 
breath  or  soul,  expire,  die,  breathe 
out  (the  life). 

exstinctus  (ext-),  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of 
exstinguo. 

<  •  x  s  t  i  n  tr  1 1  o,  -nxi,  -nctum,  -nguere, 
[ex-stinguo,  punch  out  (?),  cf. 
instigo,  etc.],  3.  v.  a.,  put  out  (a 
fire),  quench,  extinguish.  —  Fig., 
destroy,  kill,  slay,  abolish :  ex- 
stinctus pudor  (lost). 

exsto,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -stare, 
[ex-sto],  i.  v.  n.,  stand  out,  pro- 
ject, appear,  overtop. 

exstructus  (ext-),  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
of  exstruo. 

exstruo  (ext-),  -struxi,  -struc- 
tum, -struere,[ex-struo],3.v.a., 


Vocabulary. 


103 


Buildup, pile  up,  heap  up,  arrange. 

—  Poetically,  of  a   person,   raise 
up  :  tapetibus  altis  exstructus. 

—  exstructus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 
adj.,  high,  raised,  elevated. — Neut., 
perh.  a  platform   or  mound  (on 
which  a  general  appeared  before 
his  men,see  v.29o,cf.suggestuni). 

cxsudo  (exu-),  -avi,  -atum,  -are, 
[ex-sudo],  I.  v.  n.,  sweat  out,  ooze 
ouf,  exude. 

cxsul  (exul),  -ulis,  [ex-^/sal,  as 
stem  (cf.  praesul),  from  some 
earlier  meaning  of  the  root  or  lost 
association  of  ideas],  comm.  gen., 
an  exile,  a  fugitive. 

exsulo  (exul-),  -avi,  -atum,  -are, 
[texsul  (as  if  exsulo-)],  i.  v.  n., 
be  anjcxile,  live  in  exile. 

exsulto  (exul-),  -avi,  -atum, 
-fire,  [ex-sulto],  i.  v.  n.,  leap  up, 
bound, prance :  corda  (throb). — 
Less  exactly,  burst  forth,  boil  up. 

—  Fig.,  bound,  exult,  rejoice,  tri- 
umph.—  exsultans,  -ant  is,  p.  as 
adj.,  exultant,  proud,  triumphant. 

exsuperabilis  (exup-),  -e,  [ex- 
superabilis, as  if  fexsupera  + 
bills,  cf.  exsupero],  adj.,  sur- 
mountable. 

exsupero,  -avi,  -atum,  are,  [ex- 
supero], i.  v.  n.  and  a.,  tower 
above,  overtop,  rise  up,  mount  up. 

—  Fig.,   excel,   overcome,   prevail 
against, gain  the  mastery  :  moras 
(conquer    every   obstacle)  ;     con- 
silium.  —  Also,  pass  over,  pass  by, 
pass  beyond :  iugum;  solum. 

exsurgo  (exur-),  -surrexi,  -sur- 
rectum,  -surgere,  [ex-surgo], 
3.  v.  n.,  rise  up  (cf.  evado, 
escendo). 

exta,  o ni in,  ?,  ex  +  tus(superl.  of 
ex)],  n.  plur.,  entrails  (the  heart, 
liver,  &c.,  observed  for  auspices). 

extemplo  [ex-templo  (abl.  of  tern- 
plum,  pla ce  of  observation,  cf.  sur 
le  champ},  an  augural  word],  adv., 
forthwith,  at  once,  on  the  spot,  im- 
mediately. 

cxtendo,  -tendi,  -teusum  (-ten- 
turn),  -tendere,  [ex-tendo],  3. 


v.  a.,  stretch  out,  spread  out,  extend: 
extenditur  antro  (is  stretched  at 
length)  •  vires  (put  forth).  —  Fig., 
continue,  prolong,  lengthen :  fa- 
mam  factis ;  cursus.  —  exten- 
tus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  long, 
•wide,  extended,  extensive. 

extentus,  -a,  -um,p.p.  of  extendo. 

externus,  -a,  -um,  [fextro-  (in 
exterus,  extra)  +  nus],  adj.,  ex- 
ternal, from  abroad.  —  Esp.  of 
country,  foreign,  alien.  —  Masc., 
an  alien,  a  foreigner. 

exterreo,  -terrui,  -territum,  -ter- 
rere,  [ex-terreo],  2.  v.  a.,  af- 
fright, alarm,  frighten,  amaze, 
confound :  aestu  exterritus  ser- 
pens  {driven  wild). 

exterritus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  ex- 
terreo. 

fexterus,  -a,  -um,  [ex  +  terus, 
comp.  of  ex],  adj.,  external.  — 
Esp.,  foreign,  from  abroad.  — 
Comp.  exterior.  —  Superl.  extre- 
mus  [fextero  +  mus,  or  extra  + 
rams],  farthest,  uttermost,  outmost, 
most  remote,  extreme :  tellus 
(farthest  parts  of) ;  finis  (the 
very  end) ;  extrema  in  morte 
(in  the  extremity  of  death).  —  Of 
time,  last,  final :  anno  (end  of 
the  year) .  —  Of  degree,  uttermost, 
extreme,  lowest,  meanest:  fata 
(final  destiny,  implying  a  forlorn 
hope).  —  Neut.  plur.,  extremities, 
last  measures,  dangers,  sufferings  : 
extrema  secutus  (take  extreme 
measures,  seek  the  last  resort*) ; 
pelagi  (perils) .  —  Neut.  sing,  and 
plur.,  as  adv.,  the  last  time. 

extimesco,  -timui,  no  sup.,  -ti- 
mescere,  [ex-timesco],  3.  v.  n. 
and  a.  incept.,  fear  greatly,  dread, 
be  in  alarm,  be  alarmed. 

extinct  us,  see  exstinctus. 

extollo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -tollere, 
[ex-tollo],  3.  v.  a.,  raise  up,  raise. 
—  Fig.,  extol,  laud,  praise  (cf. 
premere,  depreciate). 

extorqueo,  -torsi,  -tortum,  [ex- 
torqueo],  2.  v.  a.,  wrench  away, 
wrest  from. 


IO4 


Vocabulary. 


extorris,  -is,  [ex-terra  (weak- 
ened), decl.  as  adj.],  comm.,  an 
exile. 

extra  [case  form,  prob.  abl.  of  fex- 
terus],  adv.  'and  prep.,  outside, 
without,  beyond. 

cxtuli,  etc.,  see  effero. 

extundo,  -tudi,  -tusum,  -tun- 
dere,  [ex-tundo],  3.  v.  a.,  strike 
out,  beat  out,  emboss  (cf.  repous- 
ser} .  —  Fig.,  invent,  contrive. 

exubero1,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ex- 
ubero],  i.  v.  n.,  over/low,  abound. 

cxul,  see  exsul. 

exulto,  see  exsulto. 

exuo,  -ui,  -ut inn,  -uere,  [?,  cf. 
induo],  3.  v.  a.,  put  off,  strip  off, 
take  off :  ensem  umero  {take} ; 
cestus.  —  Fig.,  put  off,  put  away  : 


alas;  faciem;  mentem.  —  With 
change  of  point  of  view,  strip  off, 
free  from  :  lacertos  {bare) ;  ex- 
uta  unum  pedem  {with  one  foot 
bare) . 

exuro,  -Gssi,  -Qstum,  -nrere, 
[ex-uroj,  3.  v.  a.,  burn  up,  con- 
sume, burn  away:  scelus  {purge 
away} .  —  Less  exactly,  scorch,  dry 
up,  parch  :  exustus  ager. 

exustus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  ex- 
uro. 

c.\  n  t  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  exuo. 

exuviae,  -arum,  [  ?,  akin  to  exuo, 
cf.  reduviae],  f.  plur.,  spoih, 
clothes  (stripped  off),  booty.  —  Less 
exactly,  remains,  relics.  —  Also,  a 
skin  (stripped  off),  a  skin,  slough 
(of  a  snake). 


F. 


faba,  -ae,  [?,  perh.  remotely  akin 
to  fagus],  f.,  a  bean  (of  no  par- 
ticular, perhaps  several,  species). 

Fabaris,  -is,  [?],  m.,  a  river  flow- 
ing into  the  Tiber  (now  Far  faro). 

Fabius,  -I,  (-ii),  [ffaba  (reduced) 
+  ius,  prop,  adj.],  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name  borne  by  a  long  line 
of  distinguished  citizens.  —  Esp., 
Q.  Fabius  Alaximus,  conqueror  of 
Hannibal.  —  Plural,  the  various 
worthies  of  that  name. 

fabricator,  -toris,  [ffabrica  (stem 
of  fabricor)  +  tor],  m.,  a  frame r, 
a  contriver. 

fabricatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  fa- 
bricor. 

Fabricius,  -i,  (-Ii),  [ffabrico-  (cf. 
fabricor)  +  ius,  prop,  adj.],  m., 
a  Roman  gentile  name.  —  Esp.,  C. 
Fabricius  Luscinus,  the  conqueror 
of  Pyrrhus. 

fabricor,  -atus,  -Sri,  [ffabrico 
(ffabro  +  cus,  cf.  fabrica)],  i. 
tr.  dep.,  fashion. — Also  as  pass., 
be  framed,  be  fashioned. 

fabrilis,  -e,  [ffabro-  (as  if  fabri-) 
+  lis],  adj.,  of  an  artisan,  mechan- 
ical :^  opera  {of  the  forge) . 

facesso,  -cessi,  -cessitum,  -ces- 


sere  [akin  to  facio,  of  unc.  form], 
3.  v.  a.  and  n.  intens.,  do  (eagerly), 
perform,  execute,  hasten  to  do. 
fades,  -ei,  [ffaco  (reduced,  cf. 
beneficus)  +  ies],  f.,  make,  form, 
shape,  fashion.  —  Less  exactly,  ap- 
pearance, aspect,  kind  (cf.  spe- 
cies) ;  hostilis.  —  Concretely, 
form,  per  son  :  faciem  circumdata 
nimbo.  —  Esp.,  face.  —  Also  (cf. 
forma),  beauty  :  insignia  facie. 

—  Also,  a  shape,  an  apparition, 
a  spectre. 

facilis,  -e,  [ffaco-  (cf.  beneficus) 
+  lis],  adj.,  easy  (both  actively  and 
passively),  ready,  handy,  active  : 
tornus ;  oculis  {glancing  eyes, 
quick  glances).  —  Of  mental  quali- 
ties, good- nature d,  ready,  willing  : 
nymphae  ;  napaeas  {kindly} ; 
facilis  te  sequetur  {willingly}. 

—  Also,   easily  wrought,  flexible, 
pliable,    easily    moved :    fiscina ; 
animi  iuvenum  {impressionable} . 

—  Of  things,  passively,  easy  (to  do 
in  any  manner)  :  cursus;  victus; 
trames  ;      labor  ;       descensus ; 
Averni;  iactura  sepulchri  {eas- 
ily borne}  ;  fortuna  (prosperous)  ; 
exitus ;   visu   facilis    {of  gentle 


Vocabulary. 


105 


aspecf)  ;  quarentibus  herba  {eas- 
ily found}  ;  fuga  (ready}  ;  pecori 
terra  (favorable,  cf.  nymphae, 
etc.,  above).  —  Xeut.,  as  adv.,  eas- 
ily, readily,  with  ease. 
facio,  feci,  factum,  facere, 
[  v'fac  akin  to  -y/dha],  3.  v.  a.,  Jo 
(abs.  or  with  defining  obj.),  make, 
cause,  execute,  perform  :  quid 
facerem  (what  could  I  do  ?)  ; 
id  facere  possis  (accomplish} ; 
quid  non  faciebat  Amyntas  ? ; 
et  faciet  (will  do  it) ;  laetas 
segetes  (produce)  ;  carmina 
(compose} ;  ex  auro  pugnam 
(cane)  ;  vota  (o/er)  ;  iudicium 
(give}  ;  iussa ;  ira  telum  (sup- 
ply} ;  factura  umbram  (afford}  ; 
facia  silentia  (secure,  enforce}. 

—  With  double  ace.,  or  equivalent 
construction,  make  :  te  parentem; 
uno  ore  Latinos ;  unam  utram- 
que  Troiam ;  facta  potens  pro- 
missi.  — With  clause,  cause,  see  to 
it,  take  care  :  facito  sis  memor  ; 
ut  incipias  (grant}  ;  me  cernere 
(force} ;   hand  faxo  putent  (/ 
-war  rant  they,  &c.). — As  sacrificial 
word,   sacrifice   (with   abl.),   offer 
(with  ace.):  vii\&&  (offer  a  heifer}  ; 
facimus  (abs.  sacrifice) ;    factus 
honos  (perform) . — Phrases:  fac, 
suppose;   facio  certum   (certio- 
rem),  inform;  facio  vela,  make 
sail ;  facio  pedem,  tack  (see  pes) . 

—  factus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
made,   -wrought,  formed.  —  Neut., 
a  deed,  an  exploit,  an  act,  a  fact. 

factum,  -I,  [n.  of  p.p.  of  facio], 

see  facio. 

factus,  -a,  -uni,  p.p.  of  facio. 
facultas,  -tatis,  [ffacili  (reduced, 

cf.  simultas,  simul)  +  tas],  f., 

facility,  opportunity,  occasion. 
Fad  us,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a  Rutulian. 
faginus,  -a,  -um,  [ffago  +  nus], 

adj.,  beechen,  of  beech. 
fagus,  -I  (-us),  [borrowed,  cf.  Or. 

0Tj>ds],  f.,  a  beech,  a  beech  tree. 
falarica,  see  phalarica. 
falcatus,  -a,  -um,  [tfalc  +  atus, 

as  if  falca  +  tus,  cf.  auratus], 


adj.,  armed  with  scythes.  —  Less 
exactly,  scythe-shaped,  hooked, 
curved. 

Falernus,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  stem 
(Falls  ?,  cf.  Faliscus,  Falerius) 
+  nus],  adj.,  of  Falernus  (prop, 
territory  in  Italy,  famous  for  wine), 
Falernian. 

Faliscus,  -a,  -um,  [Falis  (?) 
(cf.  Falernus)  +  cus],  adj.,  Fa- 
liscan  (of  Falini,  a  city  of  Etruria). 

—  Plur.,    the    people,    Faliscam  : 
Aequi  Falisci  (the  Aeaui  Falisci, 
or  Falisci  of  the  plains  (?). 

fallacia,  -ae,  [ffallac  +  ia],  f., 
deceit,  a  trick,  an  artifice. 

fallax,  -acis,  [^/fall  (as  if  root  of 
fallo)  -f  ax,  cf.  edax],  adj.,  de- 
ceitful, treacherous,  false,  deceptive, 
disappointing. 

fallk,  see  fallo. 

falio,  -fefelli,  -falsum,  -fallere, 
[^/fal  (for  sphal),  akin  to 
(T<paAA.co  ?],  3.  v.  a.  (rarely  abs. 
without  obj.),  (trip  up),  deceive, 
beguile,  cheat,  delude,  ensnare .' 
feras  visco ;  te  Phoebi  cortina  ; 
si  nunquam  fallit  imago;  falle 
dolo  ;  si  fallere  possit  amorem ; 
nu men  (swear  by  and  break  the 
oath};  AeyiiraiZ  (break  a  pledge). — 
Less  exactly,  disappoint :  spem  ; 
primus  amor  me  morte ;  virum(^ 
missed  by).  —  In  pass.,  be  deceived, 
be  mistaken,  mistake  :  nisi  fallor. 

—  Also,   miss,  fail:    longe   fal- 
lente  sagitta  (miss  the  mark}. — 
With  cog.  ace.,  assume,  counter- 
feit. —  Esp.,    escape   notice   of,  be 
unknown,  be  hid :  me  fallit  (be 
hid  from,    be    unknown    to) .  — 
t'als us,  as  adj.,  false,  treacherous, 
deceitful,     deceptive,    groundless, 
delusive,   counterfeit,    imaginary, 
unreal :  sol  (mock). 

falsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  fallo. 

falx,  falcis  [perh.  akin  to  flecto], 
f.,  a  hooked  knife,  a  sickle,  a  scythe, 
a  bill-hook,  a  pruning-knife. 

fun i a,  -ae,  [y^*  (cf.  for)  +  ma], 
f.,  report,  tidings,  fame,  tradition  : 
inanis  (belief).  —  Esp.  (in  a  good 


io6 


Vocabulary. 


sense),  fame,  reputation,  glory.  — 
Less  commonly,  ill  repute  (cf.  fa- 
moans),  infamy. 

fames,  -is,  [?,  cf.  f aba],  f., hunger, 
famine,  starvation.  —  Fig.,  hun- 
ger, greed:  auri  {(hirst). —  Per- 
sonified, Famine :  male  suada. 

famula,  -ae,  [f.  of  famulus],  i ..  a 
maid-servant. 

famulus,  -I,  [famo-  (cf.  Oscan, 
faania,  house)  +  lus,  cf.  -lis],  m., 
a  house-servant,  attendant,  man- 
servant. —  Less  exactly,  an  attend- 
ant (on  a  deified  person). 

fa  in  I  us,  -a,  -um ;  see  for. 

far,  farris,  [?,  cf.  faba],  n.,  grain 
(prob.  a  coarse  species),  spelt '(?). 
— Less  exactly,  meal  (of  the  coarser 
kind,  used  as  an  offering,  mixed 
with  salt)  :  pium. 

farrago,  -inis,  [far,  through  an 
intermediate  stem],  f.,  provender 
(mixed),  a  mash. 

fas,  indecl.,  [-y/fa  +  as  (=us),  cf. 
fatum],  n.,  (command},  right, 
(divine)  law  :  fas  omne  abrum- 
pit  (violate  all  right} ;  fas  im- 
mortale  (privilege  of  divinity}. 
—  With  sum  (expressed  or  im- 
plied), allowed,  permitted,  just, 
lawful,  fitting,  rig/it. 

fasces,  see  fascis. 

fascino,  -avl,  -atum,  -are,  [tfe- 
scino-  (stem  of  fascinum,  ffasci 
+  num,  n.  of  nus),  cf.  fascia,  fas- 
cis ;  the  connection  of  ideas  is  lost, 
but  prob.  through  binding'],  I.  v.  a., 
bewitch. 

fascis,  -is,  [?,  cf.  fascia,  fasci- 
num], m.,  a  bundle  (tied  up), 
pack.  —  Less  exactly,  a  burden.  — 
Esp.,  plur.,  the  fasces  (the  bundle 
of  rods  with  an  axe,  the  emblem 
of  authority  of  a  Roman  magis- 
trate).—  Fig.,  magistracy,  mili- 
tary power :  populi  (ensigns  of 
power  conferred  by  the  people, 
popular  honors). 

faselus,  see  phaselus. 

fastidio, -ivl,-itum,-ire,  [ffastidi- 
(adj.  akin  to  fastus,  pride),  cf. 
fast  uliiuii  J,  4.  v.  n.  and  a.,  feel 


disdain,  disdain,  scorn.  (Prob.  de- 
rived from  turning  up  the  nose,  cf. 
fastigium). 

fastidium,  -I  (-ii),  [akin  to  fastus, 
cf.  fastidio],  n.,  disgust,  loathing, 
disdain.  —  Less  exactly,  nausea, 
a  qualm. 

fastigium,  -i  (-ii),  ffastlgo-  (cf. 
fastigo)  +  ium],  n.,  the  top  (of 
any  thing),  a  summit,  a  roof,  a 
peak,  battlements  (of  a  wall), gable 
(of  a  roof).  —  Less  exactly,  slope 
or  depth  (of  a  ditch).  —  Fig.,  a 
point  (of  a  narrative)  :  summa 
sequar '(touch  the  principal 'points). 

fastus,  -tus,  [unc.  root  +  tus,  cf. 
fastidium  and  fastigium],  m., 
pride,  arrogance. 

fatalis,  -e,  [ffato  (reduced)  + 
alls],  adj.,  (belonging  to  fate}, 
fated,  (fraught  with  fate),  des- 
tined, appointed.  — fatal,  ruinous, 
destructive. 

fateor,  fassus,  fateri,  [lost  stem, 
perh.  akin  to  fatiscor,  ffatis, 
fatigo],  2.  v.  dep.,  confess,  own, 
acknowledge,  admit:  dicto  pa- 
rere  (submit). 

fat  Minis,  -a,  -um,  [ffato-dicus] , 
adj.,  soothsaying,  prophetic. 

fatifer,  -era,  -erum,  [ffato-fei' 
(•y/fer  +  us).],  adj.,  (fate-bring- 
ing), fatal,  deadly. 

fatigo,  -avl,  -atum,  -are,  [ffa- 
tigo-  (ffati-agus,  cf.  prodigus), 
cf.  castigo],  i.  v.  a.,  tire  out, 
weary  :  equos.  —  Less  exactly,  of 
acts  tending  to  weariness,  worry, 
ply,  vex,  harass,  pursue :  terga 
iuvencum  hasta ;  equos  sole 
(worry  in  the  heat} ;  Martem 
(incite  to  war}  ;  diem  noctem- 
que  remigio  (disturb}  •  silvas 
(scour) ;  metu  terras  \vex) ; 
socios  (chide)  ;  cervos  cursu 
(pursue  in  chase};  os  (ply,  see 
N.,  vi.  79);  fluctus  (of  a  ship, 
beat). 

fatisco,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [?], 
3.  v.  n.,  yawn,  gape,  crack. 

fatum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  for],  n.,  an 
oracle,  a  response,  decree  (of  fate), 


Vocabulary. 


107 


fate,  destiny.  —  Esp.,  decth  (as 
Jated). 

fat  MS,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  for. 

fauces,  see  faux. 

ffaux,  ffaucis,  [?],  f.  (only  abl. 
sing,  and  plur.),  the  throat,  the 
jaws :  vox  faucibus  haesit.  — 

—  I^ess  exactly,  a  narrcnv  pass,  a 
defile,  the  channel  of  a  river  (prob- 
ably with  a  kind  of  personification) . 

Faunus,  -i,  [-y/fav  (in  faveo)  + 
nus],  m.,  a  sylvan  deity,  patron  of 
shepherds,  identified  with  Pan.  He 
was  supposed  to  be  an  Italian,  son 
of  Picus  and  grandson  of  Saturn. 

—  Less   exactly,   in   plur.,  fauns, 
deities  partly  identified  with   the 
Greek  satyrs,  but  with  less  animal 
characteristics  than  they. 

faveo,  favi,  fautum,  favere, 
[Y/fav,  perh.  akin  to  -v/fa,  but 
prob.  through  a  noun-stem,  cf. 
fa  villa],  2.  v.  n.,  be  fa-vorable, 
favor,  be  propitious :  terra  fru- 
mentis  (be  good  for);  adsis  fa- 
veus  {kindly  aid}.  —  As  religious 
expression  with  (or  without)  ore, 
refrain  from  ill-omened  expres- 
sions, keep  religious  silence  :  cele- 
brate fa ventes  (attend  with  pious 
lips  and  celebrate};  favete  ore 
omnes.  —  favens,  -entis,  p.  as 
adj.,  propitious  (see  preceding). 

—  ~P\\ir.,  favorers, partisans:  cla- 
mor faventum. 

fa  villa,  -ae,  [akin  to  faveo],  f., 
glowing  ashes,  embers,  cinders, 
sparks. 

favor,  -orls,  [  v/fav  (cf.  faveo)  + 
or],  m..,  favor,  partiality. 

favus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a  honey-comb 
(usually  in  plur.);  favos  relin- 
quunt  {leave  their  cells);  favo- 
rum  cratis  (the  net-work  of  the 
comb} .  —  Less  exactly,  honey  : 
favos  dilue  Baccho. 

fax,  facts,  [  Y/fac  as  stem,  remotely 
akin  to  -y/ia  and  v/fau],  f.,  a 
torch,  a  brand,  a  fire-brand :  in- 
cide  (of  the  wood  for  torches) ; 
inspicat  (of  wood  to  serve  as 
matches  or  torches)  ;  face  ferro- 


que  {ivith  sword  and  brand} : 
face  vim  ferre  (assail  with 
flames) ;  faces  et  saxa  volant ; 
funereae,  plur.  (the  funeral-torch, 
from  its  use  at  funerals;  also  fig., 
as  a  symbol  of  death) ;  mater 
armata  facibus  (of  Clytemnestra 
in  the  guise  of  a  Fury) .  —  Less 
exactly,  of  a  shooting-star,  a  trail 
(of  fire). 

faxo,  see  facto. 

febris,  -Is,  [akin  to  ferveo],  f.,  a 
fever,  fever. 

fee  undo  (foe-),  -avi,  -at  urn, 
-are,  [ffecundo-],  i.  v.  a,  ferti- 
lize. 

fecundus,  (foe-),  -a,  -um,  [ffe 
(stem  or  root  of  ffeo)  +  cundus], 
adj.,  productive,  frttitful,  fertile, 
prolific.  —  Fig.,  fertile,  ingenious  • 
pectus.  —  Actively,  fertilizing  : 
imbres. 

fel,  fellis,  [akin  to  Gr.  x<*A°*]»  n-» 
gall.  —  Less  exactly,  of  bitter 
things  :  veneni  (bitter  essence}. 
—  Fig.,  anger  (supposed  to  be 
connected  with  a  state  of  the  bile, 
cf.  "  melancholy "),  fury,  bitter 
hatred. 

felix,  -icts,  [akin  to  feo,  fecun- 
dus], adj.,  fruitful,  productive, 
rich,  prolific  :  limns  ;  sylvae  ; 
oliva;  Massica  Baccho.  —  Less 
exactly,  auspicious,  favorable : 
auspicia  ;  sis  felix  ;  Zephyri 
(favoring)  ;  dies ;  hostia. — Pass- 
ively, blest,  happy,  fortunate,  lucky: 
arma  (successful)  ;  animae ;  vi- 
vite  felices ;  morte  tua. 

femina  (alsofoemlna),  [ffe  (stem 
or  root  of  ^feo)  +  mina,  cf. 
alumnus,  columna],  f.,  a  wo- 
man. —  Of  animals,  a  female,  a 
mare. 

femineus,  (foe-),  -a,  -um,  [ffe- 
mina  (reduced)  +  ens],  adj.,  of  a 
woman,  female, feminine,  woman- 
ly :  manus;  nubes  feminea  tegat 
(like  a  woman,  as  a  cowardly 
means  of  defence). 

femur,  -orls,(-lnl8)  [?],  n.,  the  thigh. 

fenestra,   -ae,    [?],    f.,   a   window 


io8 


Vocabulary. 


(opening  for  light). — Less  exactly, 
an  aperture,  a  breach  (in  a  wall). 

fenilia,  (foe-),  -ium,  [ffeno-  (re- 
duced) +  ills,  plu.  of  adj.],  n.,  a 
hay-loft. 

feralls,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  funereal: 
cupressi.  —  Less  exactly,  mourn- 
ful, dismal,  ill-omened :  carmen. 

ferax,  -acis,  [  -^fer+ax,  cf.  edax],  ! 
adj.,  productive,  fruitful. 

fere,  [?],  adv.,  almost,  nearly, 
about.  — generally,  for  the  most 
part,  usually. 

feretrum,  -1,  [ffere-  (stem  of  fero, 
or  noun-stem  akin)  +  trum,  but 
perh.  borrowed,  cf.  Gr.  <f>epeTpov~], 
n.,  a  bier. 

forina,  see  ferinus. 

ferinus,  -a,  -um,  [ffero-  ^reduced) 
+  inus],  adj.,  of  beasts,  of  a  beast 
(wild). — ferina  (sc.  caro),  f., 
game,  venison,  &c. 

ferio,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  ferire,  [?], 
4.  v.  a.,  strike,  beat,  lash  :  terrain 
pede  equus  {paw);  velum  pro- 
cella ;  ora  saxo.  —  Esp.  of  the 
effect,  wound,  pierce,  kill :  venam 
(open) ;  retinaculo  ferro  (cut, 
sever) .  —  Fig. :  aethera  clamor. 
—  Phrase  :  ferio  foedus,  make  a 
treaty  (prob.  from  killing  a  vic- 
tim). 

ferltas,  -tatis,  [tfero  +  tas],  f., 
luildness,  fierceness. 

ferment  um,  -I,  [^/ferv  (in  fer- 
veo)-f  men  turn],  n.,  yeast,  lecven. 

ferS,  tuli,  latum,  ferre,  [-^/fer, 
cf.  Gr.  0cpo),  Eng.  bear,  perf.  -^/tol 
(in  tollo),  p.p.  ytla  (collateral 
with  v^ol),  cf.  rATJjUi],  irr.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  bear. 

1.  Simply,  bear,  carry,  support, 
•wear :  vix  illam  famuli  (of  a 
weighty  cuirass)  ;  flammas  (torch- 
es); vestes;  parmamhastamque; 
esseda  collo  (of  a  horse).  —  Fig. : 
nostrae  secum  omina  mortis; 

fenus  incertum  depatre(r/az;«) ; 
anc  spem  tui  (cherish)  •  adver- 
sum  pectus  in  hostem  (wear  a 
itout  heart). —  Esp.  of   the  body 
and  its  parts,  hold,  turn,  carry  : 


se  talem  Dido  (appear  such); 
sic  oculos  (such  are  the  eyes) ; 
magna  se  mole  (rear  enormous 
bulk) ;  caput  iuvencus  (hold  its 
head).  —  With  idea  of  elevation, 
bear,  raise,  rear,  lift :  caelo  capi- 
ta alta  (of  the  Cyclops) ;  subli- 
mem  ad  sidera  Aenean.  —  Fig., 
raise,  extol,  laud:  factis  ad 
aethera  Troiam;  insigni  laude 
Teucros ;  carmine  facta.  —  Also, 
cf.  tollo,  raise  (a  cry). 

2.  Of  endurance  (as  in  Eng.), 
bear,  endure,  tolerate,  suffer,  sii(> 
mil  to,  brook,  put  up  -with  :  labo 
rem;   frena  (of  a  horse);    non 
tulit  (could  not  brook). 

3.  With  idea  of  motion,  bear, 
carry,  convey,  bring :  cineres  fo- 
ras;  stabulis  ignem  (set);    ma- 
num   ad   volnus   (put  to,  place 
on) ;  seges  feratur  (transplant)  ; 
equo  ferri  (ride) ;  equis  auriga 

.(drive);  fertur  equis  (drag). — 
Less  exactly,  throw,  aim  :  tela  ; 
saxum ;  plagam.  —  Fig.,  bear, 
bring,  carry,  render,  afford :  prac- 
mia  digna  (bestow) ;  auxilium 
Priamo ;  fama  salutcm ;  soni- 
tum  venti  ad  litora ;  vox  fertur 
ad  aures;  carmina  per  orbem 
(spread);  vim  tela  (offer);  le- 
tum ;  gloria  laudem ;  sidera 
caelo  dextra  (set) ;  viam  vento 
facilem  (grant)  ;  fidem  vetus- 
tas ;  omnia  sub  auras  (disclose) ; 
sitim  morbosque  (bring,  cause, 
cf.  4).  —  Esp.  of  religious  offer- 
ings and  acts,  bear,  offer,  render, 
perform,  utter :  sacra ;  absenti 
inferias ;  lunoni  preces.  —  Esp. 
also  of  words,  messages,  &c. :  re- 
sponsaregi;  iussa;  haecAsca- 
nio ;  fama  victorem  Pallanta 
(report  that) ;  quae  signa  (show, 
of  prophetic  doves)  ;  casum  por- 
tenta  (for bode) ;  quae  ferimus 
(what  we  propose) ;  quidve  ferat 
(what  is  his  purpose).  —  From  the 
last  use,  absolutely,  report,  say, 
tell :  ita  senes  ;  ferebatur  sa- 
crasse ;  ferunt  (they  say) ;  fer- 


Vocabulary. 


109 


tor  (it  is  said}  •  se  de  gente 
Amyci  (boas/,  claim). —  Also  of 
destiny,  ordain,  order,  assign  :  sic 
fata  ;  quid  fortuna  populi ;  ca- 
sus  apibus. 

4.  Of  natural  growth,  bear,  gen- 
erate, produce,  yield,  give  birth  to  : 
mala  quercus  ;  monstra  pontus ; 
me    Troia.  —  Fig.    (but   cf.    3), 
cause,  give,  afford :  taeda  lumen ; 
scabiem  glacies. 

5.  Less  exactly,  of  any  enforced 
motion,  drive,  bear  on,  turn,  lead, 
urge  on  :  flamina  classem ;  fer- 
te   rates    (of  rowers) ;     ferimur 
procella ;  illam  impetus  (send  )  ; 
caede  ferri  (be  carried  away)  ; 
quos  dolor  in  hostem  (incite)  ; 
in  bella  urbes  (rouse} ;  feror  in- 
cenaa,fu.riia(fo  driven  madly  on) ; 
veri  vana  feror  (be  led  oii) ;  fa- 
tis  incerta  (be  urged  on} ;  metum 
ad  moenia  {spread  alarm} ;   tur- 
bo   fertur    (whirl    oii)  ;    prona 
aqua  fertur  {float  down) ;    iter 
(speed  a  course)  ;  gressum  (hold, 
turn) ;  via  fert ;  signa  ad  spe- 
luncam  (point);  hue  ora  et  il- 
luc  {turn,  cf.  3)  ;  caelo  animum 
(in  hope) ;  pedem  domum  (turn 
the  steps) .  —  So  in  special  phrases  : 
manum,  join  (cf .  "  bear  a  hand  ") ; 
pedem,  ply  the  foot '(in  the  dance) ; 
signa,    charge,  join   battle,  move 

forward;  obvius(obviam),  meet; 
obvia  arma  {meet  the  foe) .  —  Esp. 
with  reflexive,  or  in  pass,  with  mid- 
dle sense,  be  borne  on,  be  driven, 
proceed,  rush,  go,  advance :  me 
extra izcia.  (come  forth);  furiata 
mente  ferebar;  sese  obvia  ocu- 
lis  {offer,  show) ;  sese  halitus 
(rise) ;  solus  ego  in  Pallanta 
{assail) ;  se  ad  auras  (soar) ; 
saltu  (leap,  spring)  ;  quo  feror  ; 
quo  se  ferret;  ferimur  (wander, 
cf.  first  examples  under  5). 

6.  Of  motion  from  a  place,  bear 
away,  carry  off  (both  in  bad  and 
good  sense) :  unda  te  mersum; 
te   fata  {take  off,  destroy)  ;    ex- 
stinctum  Daphnim   {remove  by  \ 


death} ;  secum  maria  (of  the 
winds) ;  venti  gaudia ;  biems 
culmum ;  pedum  Antigenes 
{get)  ;  praemia  ferunt  {receive}  ; 
talentum  ferre  (have) ;  aetas 
omnia  (obliterates) .  —  Esp. :  ra- 
pio  et  fero,  pillage  and  plunder. 

—  Less  common  uses,  prob.  conn, 
with  3,  suggest,  prompt :  ita  cor- 
de  voluntas. —  Orig.   as   a   mer- 
cantile term,  account,  deem,  hold : 
feretur  fama  levis ;  horrendum. 

—  Of  continuance,  prolong,  per- 
petuate:  vivus   per  ora  feretur 

{immortalize) ;  ludum  in  lucem ; 
fama  nomen  per  annos.  —  fe- 
rens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj.,  favorable 
(cf.  5)  :  ventus. 

Feronia,  -ae,  [?],  -f.,  a  goddess 
honored  with  a  grove  and  foun- 
tain near  Terracina. 

ferox,  -ocis,  [stem  akin  to  ferus, 
in  6  (cf.  aegrotus)  +  cus  (re- 
duced, cf.  edax,  felix)],  adj., 
wild,  fierce,  savage,  spirited  (of 
a  horse),  angry  (of  a  snake). — 
Also,  in  an  indifferent  or  good 
sense,  warlike,  courageous,  exult- 
ant, proud. 

ferratus,  -a,  -um,  [fferro-  (re- 
duced) +  atus  (cf.  auratus)], 
adj.,  iron-shod,  iron-bound,  ironed: 
calx  {spur-bound}  ;  capistra 
(spiked  muzzles)  ;  orbes  {iron- 
bound  wheels) . 

ferreus,  -a,  -um,  [fferro  (reduced) 
+  eus],  adj.,  of  iron,  iron  :  seges 
(of  spears) ;  gens  {the  iron  age)  ; 
vox  (brazen  voice) ;  progenies 
(of  the  iron  age).  —  Fig.,  iron- 
hear  ted,  inexorable:  iura (harsh). 

—  Poetically,  somnus  (iron,  with 
no    awakening)  ;     imber    (iron 
hail). 

ferrugineus,  -a,  -um,  [fferrugin 
•feus],  adj.,  (rusty),  dark  blue, 
dusky.  (Apparently  a  dark  gray 
or  purple,  though  named  from  the 
color  of  iron  rust)  :  hyacinthi ; 
cymba  (of  Charon's  boat). 

ferrugo,  -inls,  [stem  akin  to  fer- 
rum  +  unc.  term.,  cf.  callgo],  f., 


no 


Vocabulary. 


iron  rust.  —  Also  (cf.  ferru- 
gineus),  a  dark  purple,  dark 
gray  ?,  dark  blue  1,  a  murky  hue 
(of  the  sun  in  an  eclipse)  :  ferru- 
gine  clarus  Ibera  (the  color  of 
burnished  iron,  purple  ?). 

ferrum,  -I,  [?],  n.,  iron,  steel. — 
Less  exactly,  as  in  English,  of  tools 
or  weapons  of  iron,  a  sword,  a 
ploughshare,  an  arrow,  a  knife, 
an  axe,  the  steel  (as  in  English), 
the  iron  (of  a  spear  or  arrow) : 
cedite  ferro  (the  sword}  ;  ferrum 
lacessere;  absistere  ferro  (ab- 
stain from  war}  ;  amor  ferri 
(love  of  arms). 

fertilis,  -e,  [fferto-  (lost  p.p.  of 
fero)+lis  (cf.  fero)],  &&}.,  fer- 
tile, fruitful,  productive:-  seges 
iuvencis;  Ausonia. 

ferula,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  fennel. 

ferus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  wild  (un- 
tamed, undomesticated),  unculti- 
vated: capri;  fructus;  monies. 
—  Fig.,  wild,  rude,  savage,  fierce, 
cruel.  —  Also,  in  a  good  sense  (cf. 
saevus),  fierce,  warlike,  impetu- 
ous. —  Masc.  and  fern.,  a  wild 
beast,  game  (deer,  &c.),  a  horse. 

ferveo,  -bui,  no  sup.,  -vere,  (also 
-ere,  as  if  fervo),  [ffervo-  (cf. 
fervidus)],  2.  v.  n.,  be  hot :  fer- 
ventes  rotae  (heated},  —  boil, 
seethe  (as  waves,  &c.)  :  aequor ; 
omhia  vento  nimbisque  (seethe 
and  eddy) .  —  Fig.,  be  alive  (of 
busy  action),  be  in  a  turmoil: 
Marte  Leucatem  (in  the  tur- 
moil of  war) ;  litora  flammis 
(in  seething  flame}  ;  opus  (be  all 
alive) ;  opere  semita  (teem  with 
busy  work) ;  hostem  caede  (be  on 
fire). 

fervidus,  -a,  -um,  [ffervo-  (cf. 
ferveo)  +  dus],  adj.,  hot,  glowing, 
seething.  —  P'ig.,  glowing,  furious, 
ardent,  fiery  :  ira. 

fervo,  see  ferveo. 

fervor,  -orls,  [-^/ferv  (cf.  fer- 
veo)], m.,  heat.  —  Fig.,  fury. — 
Plur.,  summer,  summer  heats. 

Fescenniiius,  -a,  -um,  [fFescen- 


no-  (reduced,  cf.  Porsenna)  + 
inus],  adj.,  of  Fescennia  (a  town 
of  Etruria),  Fescennine. 

fessus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  akin  to  fatls], 
adj.,  weary,  tired,  worn  out,  spent, 
exhausted.  —  Poetically  :  naves 
(as  if  personified)  ;  res  (shattered 
fortunes)  . 

festino,  -avi,  -at  um,  -are,  [ffes- 
tino-],  I.  v.  n.,  make  haste,  hasten, 
—  With  cog.  ace.  :  fugam;  iussa. 

festinus,  -a,  -um,  [ffesti-,  in  con- 
festlm  (with  lengthened  i,  cf. 
Portunus)  +  nus],  adj.,  hasty, 
in  haste,  speedy. 

festus,  -a,  -um,[p.p.  of  unc.  root], 
adj.,  festal,  festive,  sacred,  holy: 
frons;  dies  (festival}. 

IV  t  iii-a  (foe-),  -ae,  [ffetu  (with 
lengthened  u,  cf.  Portunus)  + 
ra  (f.  of  rus)],  f.,  breeding,  bear- 
ing. —  Concretely,  offspring,  in- 


fetus (foe-),  -tus,  [V^e  On  ffeo) 
+  tus],  m.,  bearing,  breeding.  — 
Concretely,  offspring,  brood,  litter, 
young.  —  Less  exactly,  fruit,  crop, 
produce. 

fetus  (foe-),  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of 
ffeo],  as  adj.,  pregnant,  breeding, 
delivered:  vaccae  (after  calv- 
ing}; lupa  (with  young).  —  Fig., 
teeming  ;  armis  (big).  —  Fern., 
pregnant  sheep  or  goats,  yeaning 
animals  (just  delivered). 

f  ibra,  -ae,  [  ?,  perh.  akin  to  filum], 
f.,  a  fibre,  a  filament.  —  Esp.,  in 
plur.,  of  the  liver,  parts  (of  the 
liver),  the  liver.  —  Less  exactly, 
the  entrails,  the  inwards. 

fibula,  -ae,  [Vfig  +  kula  (f.  of 
bulus),  but  cf.  filum  (?)],  f.,  a 
buckle,  a  clasp,  a  brooch. 

fictor,  -orls,  [  v/fig  (in  fingo)  + 
tor],  m.,  a  fashioner,  a  contriver, 
a  deviser:  fandi  (trickster  in 
speech)  . 

(ictus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  fingo. 

lie  lei  is,  -e,  [fide  +  lis],  adj.  Of 
persons,  faithful,  trusty.  —  Of 
things,  trusty,  trustworthy. 

Fidena,  -ae,  (also  plur.),  [?],  f.,  n 


Vocabulary. 


Ill 


town  of  Latium,  five  miles  north 
of  Rome  (now  Castel  Giubileo} . 

f Ideas,  p.  of  fido. 

fides,  -el,  [  -y/fid  (akin  to  irddw)  + 
es],  f.,  faith,  good  faith,  loyalty, 
faithfulness,  honor,  honesty :  fide 
expertus ;  intemerata ;  si  qua 
fides ;  cineri  promissa.  —  Also, 
credibility,  trustworthiness,  truth  : 
manifesta ;  nusquam  tuta.  — 
Less  exactly,  the  sign  of  faith,  a 
pledge,  a  promise,  promised  word  : 
en  dextra  fidesque ;  accipe  da- 
que ;  fidem  servare.  —  Trans- 
ferred, confidence,  trust,  reliance, 
belief,  assurance,  hopes :  fides 
pelago;  prisca  fides  facto;  nee 
vana  fides.  —  Personified,  Good 
Faith. 

fides,  -is,  [?,  cf.  Gr.  <r^fS?i],  f.,  a 
string  (of  the  lyre) .  —  In  plur.,  a 
lyre. 

fido,  fisus,  fidere,  [Vfid,  cf. 
fides,  fidus],  3.  v.  n.,  trust,  con- 
fide in,  have  confidence:  terrae 
(of  landing) ;  committere  pug- 
nam  (venture} .  — f idens,  -entis, 
p.  as  adj.,  trustful,  confident,  bold. 

fiducia,  -ae,  [ffiduco  (reduced,  cf. 
caducus)  +  ia  (cf.  fido)],  f., 
confidence,  courage,  trust,  reliance, 
presumption  :  generis  (confidence 
in  lineage} ;  quae  (on  what  his 
reliance}  ;  quae  sit  rebus  (what 
reliance  is  to  be  placed} ;  rerum 
(confidence  in}. 

fidus,  -a,  -inn,  [\/fid  (cf.  fides, 
fido)  +  us],  adj.,  faithful,  trusty. 
—  Of  things,  trustworthy  :  static ; 
litora;  responsa. 

f  igo,  f  ixi,  f  ixum,  f igere,  [  ^/&g, 
perh.  akin  to  <r</>i'yya>],  3.  v.  a., 
fasten,  fix  (esp.  by  piercing),  hang 
up  :  humo  plantas  (set} ;  arma 
thalamo  (hang  up}  ;  leges  (hang 
up  tablets,  make  laws} .  —  Less 
exactly  and  fig.,  fix,  attach,  fasten, 
plant,  set  firmly  :  fixos  tenebat 
oculos ;  in  virgine  voltus  (fix} ; 
vestigia  (plant};  oscula  (im- 
print) ;  dicta  animis  (let  sink 
deeply};  fixa  dolore  (transfixed)  ; 


sub  pectore  taedas  (plant)  ; 
fixum  animo  (a  deep-set  pur- 
pose} .  —  Of  the  process,  pierce, 
transfix,  shoot  (with  spear  or  ar- 
row), hit,  bring  down,  kill :  ve- 
rubus  viscera  (stick  on) ;  arun- 
dine  malum.  —  f ixus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  firm,  resolute,  un- 
moved. 

figura,  -ae,  [ffigu-  (Vfig  +  u,  u 

lengthened  as  in  Porttmus)  -f  ra 

(f.  of  rus),  cf.  fingo],  f.,  form, 

figure.  —  Concretely,  a  shape,  an 

apparition,  a  phantom. 

filia,  -ae,  [f.  of  ill  ins],  f.,  a 
daughter. 

filius,  -i  (-11),  [?,  pern,  akin  to 
ffeo],  m.,  a  son. 

filix, -icis,  [?],{.,  fern. 

filnin,  -i,  [?,  perh.  akin  to  fibra], 
n.,  a  thread.  —  Esp.,  the  thread  of 
the  Parcae  (of  life  or  fate). 

limns,  -i  (-um,  -i),  [?],  m.  (n.), 
filth,  ordure,  mud,  dung. 

findo,  fidi,  fissum,  findere,  [?], 
3.  v.  a.,  split,  cleave  :  finditur  via 
cuneis  (a  way  is  cloven} ;  arva 
(crack,  of  the  heat).  —  Fig.,  di- 
vide, separate :  se  via  in  ambas 
partes. 

fing5,  finxi,  lid  inn,  fingere, 
[•y/fig,  cf.  Oiyyavu,  Eng.  dough~\, 
3.  v.  a.,  fashion  (orig.  of  clay), 
form,  mould,  shape:  tecta  (of 
bees) ;  corpora  lingua  (of  the 
she-wolf,  cf.  "  lick  into  shape  "  of 
the  bear) ;  vitem  (train) ;  cri- 
nem  (arrange,  by  stroking). — 
Fig.,  train,  subdu; :  corda  (of 
the  Sibyl) .  —  Transferred  to  men- 
tal action,  frame,  contrive,  devise, 
invent,  fancy,  imagine  ;  feign,  pre- 
tend. —  f  ictus,  p.p.  false  (pectus). 

finio,  -ivi  (-li),  num.  -ire, 
[ffini-],  4.  v.  a.,  limit,  bound,  put 
an  end  to,  end. 

finis,  -ls,[  ?],  comm.,  an  end,  a  limit, 
a  bound.  —  Esp.  in  plur.,  borders, 
region,  country.  —  Poetically,  of 
the  starting-point  of  a  race,  bar- 
riers ;  and  of  the  end,  the  goal. 

finitimus,  -a,  -um,  [ffini  +  timus, 


112 


Vocabulary. 


cf.  maritimus,  inttmus],  adj., 
bordering  upon,  neighboring.  — 
Masc.,  a  neighbor  (esp.  in  plur.). 

fid,  see  facio. 

firmatus,  -a,  -um ;  see  flrmo. 

linnn.  -avi,  -atuin,  -are,  [tnr- 
mo-],  I.  v.  a.,  make  strong, 
strengthen,  fortify  :  viies(fas/er) ; 
vestigia  (steady) ;  firmata  aetas 
(as  adj.,  mature  age).  —  Fig.,  con- 
Jinn,  ratify,  reassure. 

lirmiis,  -a,  -um,  [V^1  (form  of 
DHAR,  hold)  +  mus],  adj.,  steady, 
firm,  solid,  strong,  lasting:  du- 
rissima  vina  (best  keeping*). — 
Fig.,  stout,  strong,  abiding,  reso- 
lute:  pectus;  foedus(£0<u/,  valid). 

fiscella,  -ae,  [ffisculo-  (reduced, 
cf.  flscus)  +  lus  (ad  dim)],  f.,  a 
basket. 

fiscina,  -ae,  [ffisco-  (stem  of  fls- 
cus) +  na  (f.  of  -nus)],  f.,  a  basket. 

fissilis,  -e,[ffiss6  +  lis],adj.,  cleave- 
able,  split. 

fissus,  -a,  -um ;  see  Undo. 

fistula,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  pipe.  —  Less 
exactly,  the  pipe  (of  several  reeds 
joined),  a  shepherd's-pipe. 

f  ixus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  figo. 

flabrum,  -I,  [-^/fla  (in  flo)  + 
bruin],  n.,  a  blast,  a  breeze. 

flagellum,  -i,  [fflagro-  (reduced, 
cf.  ager)  +  lum  (n.  of  lus)],  n., 
a  -whip,  a  scourge,  a  lash.  —  Less 
exactly,  a  thong  (cf.  amentum) . 
—  Poetically,  a  switch,  a  shoot  (of 
a  vine) . 

flagito,  -avi,  -a turn,  -are,  [ffla- 
gito-(p.p.  of  fflago,  cf.  flagrum, 
flagro)],  I.  v.  a.,  (insist  hotly), 
demand. 

flagrans,  p.  of  flagro. 

flagro,  -avi,  -a turn,  -are,  [ffla- 
gro,  stem  of  flagrum  (  v/flag  + 
rum,  n.  of  rus)],  I.  v.  n.,  burn, 
blaze,  glow,  sparkle,  shine.  —  Fig. 
(cf.  ferveo),  glow,  be  active,  be 
vehement.  —  flagrans,  -antis,  p. 
as  adj.,  blazing,  shining,  bright, 
ardent,  glo~Mtng,  raging:  genas 
(burning,  with  blushes);  voltus 
(beaming). 


flamen,  -inis,  [ffla  +  men],  n.,  a 
blast,  a  gale,  a  breeze. 

flamma,  -ae,  [V^g  (cf-  <M<='7"") 
+  ma],  f.,  ajlame,  afire.  —  Poeti- 
cally, a  fiery  brand,  a  flaming 
torch,  a  blazing  pyre,  a  burning 
altar,  a  blaze  (in  the  heaven),  fire 
(of  vengeance),  fire  or  fiaine  (of 
flashing  eyes,)  fire  (of  Jove,  the 
lightning) .  —  Fig.  (cf.  ardeo,  fla- 
gro), fire  (of  love,  or  passion), 
love,  passion,  desire,  heat,  fury. 

flammans,  p.  of  flammo. 

flammatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  flam- 
mo. 

Hu 1 1 fiut'iis,  -a,  -um,  [tflamma- 
(reduced)  +  eus],  adj.,  ficr) ',fia sh- 
ing  :  Jumina. 

flamm  _ » -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [tflam- 
ma-J,  i.  v.  a.  and  n.,  set  on  fire. 
—  Fig.,  inflame,  fire.  —  Neut.,  be 
on  fire,  be  ablaze.  —  flammans, 
-antis,  p.  as  adj.,  fiery,  blazing: 
lumina.  — flammatus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.,  inflamed,  infuriated. 

flatus,  -tBs,  f  -y/fia  (in  flo)  +  tus], 
m.,  (a  blowing),  a  breath,  a  blast  : 
equorum  (snorting).  —  Fig.,  from 
the  "  breath  of  scorn,"  pride,  ar- 
rogance, scorn. 

flavens,  -entis,  p.  of  flaveo. 

flaveo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -ere, 
[fflavo-],  2.  v.  n.,  be  yellow. — 
flavens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj.,  yel- 
IO-M,  golden,  auburn  :  prima  la- 
nugine  (blooming'). 

flavesco,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -escere, 
[fflave-  (stem  of  flaveo)  +  sco], 
3.  v.  n.,  grow  yello~M,  whiten. 

Flavinius  -a,  -um,  [fFlavino- 
(reduced) +ius],  adj.,  Flavinian 
(of  a  city  or  region  of  Etruria, 
otherwise  unknown)  :  arva. 

flavus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  yellow, 
golden,  golden-haired,  yellowish 
gray,  pale  green  :  oliva. 

flecto,  flexi,  flexum,  flectere, 
[unc.  root  +  to],  3.  v.  a.,  bend, 
turn,  plait:  crates.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, turn,  guide  :  viam  velis ; 
iuvencos  (drive*) ;  iuga  habenia ; 
habenas.  —  With  reflexive  (some- 


Vocabulary. 


times  without,  cf.  verto),  turn, 
incline.  —  Fig.,  bend,  influence, 
persuade:  precando  fata  (turn); 
flectitur  violentia  (is  appeased}  ; 
ilium  purpura  regum  (move,  af- 
fect).—  flexus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 
adj.,  curved,  twining,  flexible,  bent. 

fleo,  flevi,  fletum,  Here,  [perh. 
akin  to  lino  ,  2.  v.  n.  and  a., 
weep,  shed  tears.  —  Less  exactly, 
mourn,  lament.  —  With  ace.  (cf. 
doleo),  weep  for,  mourn,  lament, 
bewail:  Anchisen;  me  disce- 
dere  (my  departure). 

He  tus,  -a,    M  n i.  p.p.  of  fleo. 

fletus,  -tus,  (tfle-  (as  root)  +  tus, 
cf.  fleo],  m.,  a  weeping,  a  wail, 
a  flood  of  tea  rs. 

flexilis,  -e,  [fflexo  +  lis],  adj.,  flex- 
ible, bending. 

flexus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  flecto. 

flexus,  -us,  [-^£160  +  tus],  m.,  a 
winding,  bending. 

11  let  us,  -tus,  [-y/flig  +  tus],  m.,  a 
dashing,  clashing  of  weapons. 

florens,  p.  of  floreo. 

floreo,  -rul,  no  sup.,  -rere,  [fflos 
(for  floseo)],  2.  v.  n.,  blossom,  be 
in  bloom.  —  Fig.,  flourish,  be  in 
prime,  be  prosperous.  —  Also, 
abound  (with  the  accessory  notion 
of  vigor  or  brilliancy)  :  Itala  ter- 
ra viris  (be  strong  in)  ;  studiis 
oti  (be  busy  with).  —  Poetically, 
shine,  be  bright:  aere  cater vae 
(glitter);  limina  sertis  (bloom). 
—  florens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj., 
blooming,  flourishing,  blossoming. 

floreus,  -a,  -um,  [fflos  +  eus], 
adj.,  flowery,  blooming. 

florus,  -a,  -u  m  ;  —  floreus,  read 
for  1  lav  us.  ^n.  xii.  605. 

ilos,  floris,  [  ^/flo  +  as,  cf.  Gr.  $\v<a, 
Eng.  bloom~\,  m.,  a  floiuer,  a  blos- 
som. —  Fig.,  the  bloom,  the  prime, 
the  flower  (choicest  part  or  time)  : 
primaevo  flore  (in  the  first  bloom 
of  youth)  ;  flos  virum.  —  Poeti- 
cally, the  do-ivn  (of  early  youth,  cf. 
preceding  example). 

Hurt  mi,  -avi,  a  til  in, -:i  re,  [ffluc- 
tu-],  I.  v.  n.,  toss,  ebb  and  flow. — 


Fig.,  ebb  and  flow,  waver,  fluctu- 
ate :  aestu  curarum  (be  tossed  by, 
changing  the  point  of  view)  ;  aere 
tellus  (gleams  with  waves  of  shin- 
ing bronze)  ;  ira  intus  (seethe) ; 
amor  irarum  aestu  (alternate 
with  a  tide). 

fluctus,  -us,  [\/flu(g)  (cf-  con- 
flugcs)  +  tus],  m.,  a  wave,  a  tide. 
—  Less  exactly,  the  sea,  water.  — 
Fig.  (as  in  Eng.),  a  wave  (of  pas- 
sion, &c.),  a  tide,  a  flood:  irarum. 

(Incus,  -entis,  p.  of  fluo. 

fluentum,  -I,  [ffluent-  (cf.  fluo) 
+  um  (or  in  its  original  form,  cf. 
argentum)],n.,rt  stream, a  river. 

fluidus,  -a,  -um,  [ffluo-  (cf.  cir- 
cumfluus)  +  dus],  adj.,  flowing, 
liquid. 

ll u Ho,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ffluito- 
(stem  of  supposed  or  real  p.p.  of 
fluo,  cf.  agito)],  i.v.  n.,floiv. — 
Less  exactly,  float,  drift. 

flumen,  -inis,  [v/nu  (lengthened, 
cf.  mi  men,  perh.  with  stem  for 
root,  cf.  fluito)  +  men],  n.,  a 
river,  a  stream,  water  (of  a  river) . 

—  Less  exactly,  of  the  river-god, 
of  tears  (flood),  of  sweat,  of  blood. 

1 1  no,  ll  u  \  i,  Hn  \  urn,  (luere,1  y'flu'T 
(flu  with  parasitic  g,  cf.  fruor)], 
3.  v.  n.,  flow,  run,  ebb:  auro 
(flow  with  golden  sand).  —  Trans- 
ferred, of  the  source,  flow  with, 
drip,  run  with :  ora  tabo  ;  vites 
B  a  echo  (stream  with).  —  Less 
exactly,  of  things  not  fluid,  flow, 
float,  stream,  glide,  pour:  olli 
ad  regia  (flock);  vestis  ad 
pedes.  —  Poetically,  fall  loosely, 
fall  lifeless,  droop,  fail.  —  flu- 
ens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj.,  flo-<ving, 
loose,  unrestrained,  luxuriant: 
vites  ;  coma  (dishevelled) .  — 
fluxus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
loose,  failing :  res  (feeble  po^ue r) . 

fluvialis,  -e,  [tfluvio-  (reduced)  -i- 
alis],  adj.,  of  a  river. 

lluviiis,  -i  (-ii),  [ffluo-  (cf.  flul- 
dus)-)-  ius],  m.,  a  river,  a  stream. 

—  Less  exactly,  water  (for  irriga- 
tion). 


114 


Vocabidary. 


fluxus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  fluo. 

focus,  -I,  [perh.  akin  to  foveo], 
m.,  a  hearth,  a  fireplace,  a  chim- 
ney, a  brazier  (small  hearth  for 
fire).  —  Fig.,  the  hearth  (as  an 
emblem  of  home),  the  fireside,  the 
household  hearth.  —  Poetically,  a 
pyre,  a  funeral  pile,  an  altar  (the 
brazier  often  being  set  on  a  tripod 
and  used  as  an  altar.  See  A.  &  G. 
Virg.,  Fig.  90). 

fodio,  fodi,  fossum,  fodere, 
[  -y/fod,  of  unc.  connection],  3.  v.  a., 
dig,  prick,  pierce  •  calcaribus  ar- 
mos ;  humum.  —  Also  (as  in 
Eng.),  of  the  result,  dig  (make  by 
digging)  :  cubilia  talpae ;  sub 
terra  larem. 

foecundo,  see  fee-. 

foecundus,  see  fee-. 

foedatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  foedo. 

foede  [abl.  of  foedus],  adv.,  foully, 
horribly,  cruelly.  —  Also  (cf.  foe- 
dus), basely,  shamefully. 

foedo, -avl, -atum, -are,  [ffoedo-], 
I.  v.  a.,  make  hideotts,  befoul,  dis- 
figure, lacerate,  spoil:  unguibus 
ora ;  pectora  pugnis ;  latebras 
ferro  (desecrate,  prob.  with  refer- 
ence to  the  sanctity  of  the  object 
attacked);  ferro  volucres  (cut 
in  pieces) .  —  Fig.,  pollute,  defile. 

foedus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  foul, 
filthy.  —  Of  moral  qualities,  foul, 
horrible,  dreadful,  base,  vile .  foe- 
d&ss,\m&(miserable  coward} ;  tem- 
pestas;  minister-la. 

foedus,  -eris,  [-v/n<l  (in  fides, 
strengthened)  +  us],  n.  Of  na- 
tions or  kings,  a  treaty,  a  compact, 
an  alliance,  a  truce.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, of  individuals,  a  bargain, 
an  agreement,  a  contract,  a  pledge 
(mutual),  a  compact  (esp.  of  mar- 
riage).—  Also,  a  bond  (ordained 
by  a  superior) ,  a  condition,  terms  : 
tyranni  (conditions  imposed  by)  ; 
certo  foedere  (by  fixed  laws} ; 
aequo  foedere  amantes  (on  equal 
terms') . 

foemina,  see  fern-,  the  proper 
spelling. 


foemincus,   -a,    -urn;    see   fern-, 

the  proper  spelling. 

foenile,  see  fen-. 

foetura,  see  fet-. 

foetus,  -tus;  see  fet-. 

foetus,  -a,  -um ;  see  fet-. 

folium,  -i  (-11),  [cf.  Gr.  ^vAAoc],  n., 
a  leaf(oi  a  tree  or  of  paper) ,  foliage. 

follis,  -is,  [?],  m.,  a  bag.  —  a  pair 
of  bellows,  bellows. 

fomes,  -itis,  [perh.  akin  to  foveo, 
unc.  form],  m.,  dry  fuel. 

f ons,  fontis,  [unc.  root  +  tis  (re- 
duced)], m.,  a  spring,  a  fountain. 

—  Less  exactly,  water,  pure  wa- 
ter :  Avernus    {lake} ;   irriguus 
(streani) . 

ffor,  fat  us,  fari,  [y/fa,  akin  to 
<t>rifii~],  I.  v.  dep.,  speak,  say,  tell, 
relate,  foretell,  predict.  —  fandus, 
-a,  -um,  ger.  p.,  to  be  spoken.  — 
Neut,  right  (opp.  to  nefandum). 

—  fando,  ger.,  by  report :  fandi 
doctissima   (in  speech) ;    mollia 
f atu  (  pleasing  to  say)  .See  f  atum . 

foras  [ace.  plur.  of  ffora-,  akin  to 
foris],  adv.,  (to  the  doors),  out  of 
doors,  forth,  out. 

forceps,  -cipis,  [ffor-  (stem  akin 
to  fornax)  +  ceps  (  ^/cap  as  stem, 
cf.  princeps)],  m.  and  f.,  tongs, 
pincers. 

fore,  see  sum. 

forem,  see  sum. 

foris,  -is,  [-v/f°r  (akin  to  Ovpa, 
Eng.  door)  -f-  is],  f.,  a  door. — 
Plur.,  doors,  a  door  (double),  the 
folds  (of  a  door).  —  Less  exactly, 
entrance,  opening,  door  (of  a  hive, 
&c.). 

forma,  -ae,  [v^or  (I-  E.  DHAR, 
in  firmus?)  +  ma],  f.,  form,  fig- 
ure, shape,  appearance  :  aratri  ; 
rerum.  —  Esp.,  fine  form  (cf.  fa- 
des), beauty  :  forma  insignis.  — 
Concretely,  a  form,  figure,  vision, 
apparition.  —  Fig.,  species,  form, 
kind,  nature:  scelerum. 

formica,  -ae,  [unc.  stem  in  i  -f  ca 
(f.  of  cus)],  f.,  an  ant. 

formidatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  for- 
mido. 


Vocabulary. 


form! do,  -dinis,  [tformido-  (unc. 
stem,  cf.  fonnido,  perh.  akin  to 
formus  ?)  +  o  (cf.  cupido)],  f., 
fear  (generally  violent),  dread, 
terror,  alarm  :  nigra  (awful 
gloom) ;  formidine  capti  {seized 
•  with  a  panic) .  —  Concretely,  an 
alarm  ?  (a  line  of  feathers  to 
frighten  game). — Personified,  Ter- 
ror. 

formido,  -avi,  -at  urn,  -are,  [tfor- 
mido- vcj.  cupes,  cupido,  and 
fonnido],  I.  v.  a.,  dread. 

formo,  -avi,  -atuni,  -are,  [ffor- 
ma-] ,  I .  v.  a.,  form,  fashion,  build: 
classem.  — •  Less  exactly,  of  living 
beings,  train. 

formosus  (old,  formonsus),  -a, 
-urn,  [fforma-  (reduced) +osus], 
adj.,  beautiful,  lovely  (usually  of 
human  beings).  —  Poetically,  of 
things:  annas;  pedum;  pecus 
(handsome). 

fornax,  -acis,  [fforno-  (reduced), 
akin  to  formus,  +  ax],  f.,  a  fur- 
nace (for  melting  metal),  a  forge. 
—  Poetically  (cf.  Aetna  and  ca- 
iniiiri),  of  the  supposed  workshop 
of  Vulcan  in  /Etna. 

fornix,  -icis,  [akin  to  fornax], 
m.,  an  arch.  —  Less  exactly,  of  a 
rock. 

fors,  ffortis,  (abl.  forte),  [  ^/fer  + 
tia  (reduced)],  f.,  chance,  hazard, 
fortune.  —  Nom.  (sc.  est  or  sit, 
there  is  a  chance),  equal  to  an  adv., 
perhaps,  may  be,  possibly.  —  Abl. 
forte,  by  chance,  as  it  happened : 
ne  forte  {lest  one  should  happen 
to) ;  si  forte  (if  by  any  chance} ; 
quae  forte  paratae  (happened  to 
be,  £c.)  :  forte  fuit  (there  chanced 
to  be)  ;  forte  sua  (by  pure  chance, 
with  perhaps  a  reminiscence  of  the 
etymological  meaning,  cf.  fero). 

forsan  [fors  an,  a  chance  whether, 
cf.  fors  and  forsitan],  adv., per- 
haps, it  may  be. 

forsitan  [fors  sit  an,  it  may  be  a 
chance  whether,  cf.  fors],  adv., 
perhaps,  possibly,  mayhap. 

fortasse  [  ?,  forte  in  unc.  combina- 


tion, perh.  sis  (sivls)  ?],  adv., 
perhaps,  possibly,  it  may  be. 

forte,  see  fors. 

fortis,  -e,  [for  forctis,  ^forc  (joot 
akin  to  yfor  in  forma)  +  tis] , 
adj.,  strong,  sturdy,  hardy,  vigor- 
ous, stalwart. —  Of  mental  quali- 
ties, valiant,  brave,  steadfast,  un- 
daunted:  Achates  (a  standing  epi- 
thet, weakened  almost  to  worthy}  ; 
corda;  pectus.  —  Of  things,  in 
both  senses  above,  stout,  sturdy, 
brave,  valiant  :  facta  ;  rami  ; 
humeri ;  fortia  surgunt  (hardy, 
sturdy) . 

fortuna,  -ae,  [lost  stem  ffortu-  (cf. 
fors)  +  na  (cf.  Vacuna,  Por- 
tunus)],  f.,  fortune,  c/iance,  haz- 
ard, destiny,  fate:  siqua  super 
fortuna  laborum  est  (necessity 
of  toil).  —  Esp.  in  good  sense, 
good  fortune,  success,  opportunity, 
chance  :  si  modo  sequatur  ;  for- 
tuna fuit  (glory) ;  populi  (in- 
terest) ;  sortitus  fortunam  ocu- 
lis;  quae  dabatur  (chance  of 
success) ;  quaecumque . . .  fidesque 
(fortune  and  hope}. — In  bad 
sense,  fortune,  fate,  ill  luck  •  mea 
me  victam  docere  dolere.  — 
Half  personified,  fortune  :  aspirat 
labori ;  fidem  novavit.  —  Fully 
personified,  Fortune. 

fort  ii  a;  it  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  for- 
tono. 

fortuno,  -avi,  -atuin,  -are,  [ffor- 
tuna-],  I.  v.  a.,  make  fortunate, 
bless.  — fortunat  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
as  adj.,  fortunate,  blest,  favored 
(by  fortune),  happy. 

Foruli,  -oriiiii,  [prob.  dim.  of 
forus],  m.  plur.,  a  Sabine  town 
of  Samnium. 

forum,  -i,  [akin  to  forus,  foris], 
n.,  (an  open  passage  ?),  a  market- 
place. —  Esp.,  the  Forum  (orig. 
market-place  at  Rome,  place  of 
assembly  for  the  people,  and  of  all 
public  business).  —  Fig.,  an  assem- 
bly (of  the  people),  the  people  (as 
a  political  body). 

forus,  -i,  [akin  to  forum,  foris  }> 


Vocabulary. 


m.,  a  gangway  (in  a  ship,  not  ap- 
parently from  one  deck  to  another, 
as  with  us,  but  open  spaces  in  the 
ship  not  occupied  by  the  rowers, 
cf.  forum)  :  laxat  foroa  (hold, 
"  standing-room  "  ?)  ;  implesse 
flammis  (decks') . —  Poetically,  cells 
(of  a  beehive). 

fossa,  -ae,  [  -y/fod  +  ta,  f.  of  p.p.  of 
fodio,  perh.  with  omitted  noun], 
f.,  a  ditch  (for  defence  or  farming), 
a  dyke,  a  trench. 

fossor,  -oris,  [yibd  +  tor],  m.,  a 
ditcher. 

fotus,  -a,  -inn,  p.p.  of  foveo. 

fovea,  -ae,  [akin  to  foveo(?), 
perh.  orig.  a  cellar  to  keep  things 
from  cold,  cf.  the  treatment  of  po- 
tatoes], f.,  a  pit. 

foveo,  f  ovi,  f  otum,f o  vere,  [ffovo- 
(akin  to  favus,  favilla)],  2.  v.  a., 
keep  -warm,  brood:  progeniem. 

—  Transferred  (perh.  derived  from 
brooding  of  fowls),  embrace,  fon- 
dle,  caress,    nurse :    colla    (sup- 
port} ;  germanam  amplexa  sinu ; 
hiemem  inter  se  (spend  in  dal- 
liance} .  —  Fig.,  cherish,  foster,  pro- 
mote :  Romanos ;  bella ;  hoc  reg- 
num  gentibus  esse  (cherish  tlie 
purpose,  helping  it  on)  ;   famam. 

—  Also,  cling  to,  love  :  humum  ; 
castra  (cf.   "hug  the   fire"). — 
As  medical  term,  foment  (cf.  fo- 
mentum),  bathe,  treat  (medical- 
ly),   apply    (anything    to)  :    ora 
(rinse} ;  f  ovens  circum ;  volnus 
lympha. 

fractus,  -a,  -11111,  p.p.  of  frango. 

fraenum,  see  frenum,  the  better 
spelling. 

fraeni,  see  frenum. 

fraeno,  see  freno. 

fragilis,  -e,  [ffrago-  (cf.  navi- 
fragus)  +  lis],  adj.,  brittle,  fra- 
gile, frail,  delicate.  —  Also  (cf. 
fragor),  crackling  (of  a  sound 
like  breaking). 

f  ragmen,  -inis,  [v/frag+  men], 
n.,  a  fragment,  a  broken  piece. 

fragmentum,  -I,  [  -y/fra'g  +  men- 
tarn],  n.,  afragment,  a  broken  piece. 


fragor,  -oris,  [-v/frag+  or],  m.,  a 
breaking.  —  Of  a  sound  like  break- 
ing, a  crash,  a  dashing,  a  rattling, 
an  uproar,  a  din,  a  sound  of 
mourning  (fr.  the  beating  of  the 
breast,  cf.  plango),  applause  (by 
clapping  of  hands),  a  cracking,  a 
report. 

fragosus,  -a,  -um,  [ffrago-  (re- 
duced, cf.  navifragus)  +  osus], 
adj.,  crashing  (cf.  fragor),  roar- 
ing, noisy. 

fragrans,  p.  of  fragro. 

fragro,  -avi,  no  sup.,  -are,  [ffra- 
gro-  (unc.  root+rus),  cf.  fra- 
gum)],  I.  v.  n.,  smell  s-weet. — 
fragrans,  -antis,  p.  as  adj.,  fra- 
grant, sweet  smelling. 

fragmn,  -I,  [unc.  root  (cf.  fragro) 
+  um],  n.,  a  strawberry. 

frango,  fregi,  fractum,  fran- 
gere,  [\/^raiS]»  3-  v<  a->  break, 
break  up,  break  off,  shatter,  crush, 
pulverize,  crunch.  —  Esp.  of  ships, 
wreck.  —  Fig.,  break  down,  crush, 
wear  out,  baffle.  —  fractus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  broken,  shat- 
tered, shivered,  crushed :  cacu- 
mina  ;  vires ;  opes ;  unda  (break- 
ing) ;  res ;  voces. 

frater,  -tris,  [cf.  typdrrip,  clans- 
man, Eng.  brother,  -^fra  (akin  to 
fer?)  +  ter  (cf.  pater),  m.,  a 
brother. 

fraternus,  -a,  -um,  [ffrater-  (not 
syncopated)  +  nus],  adj.,  of  a 
brother,  a  brothers,  fraternal.  — 
Less  exactly,  of  a  mate  :  fraterna 
morte  (of  a  bullock) . 

fraudo,  -avi,  -at  um,  -are, 
[ffraud-],  I.  v.  a.,  defraud,  de- 
prive of. 

f raus,  f raudis,  [akin  to  frustum, 
frustra],  f.,  loss,  discomfiture, 
mischief,  damage :  quia  deus  in 
fraudem  egit  (ruin). —  Also, 
deceit,  wiles,  a  stratagem,  decep- 
tion, a  trick,  treachery,  wicked- 
ness:  innexa  clienti;  caeli  se- 
reni ;  fraudi  accomoda  vallis 
(ambush} ;  loci  et  noctis  (treach- 
erous advantage}. 


Vocabulary. 


117 


fraxineus,-a,  -um,[tfraxin6-  (re- 
duced) +  ens],  adj.,  ashen,  of  ash. 

fraxinus,  -I,  [?],  f.,  an  ash  (cf. 
ornus,  the  mountain-ash). 

fremitus,  -us,  [ffremi-  (stem  of 
fremo)+tus],m.,fl  roaring,a  roar, 
a  murmur. — Of  many  similar  nois- 
es, a  buzzing,  a  neighing,  the  noise 
of  battle  ;  shouting  (of  applause). 

fremo,  -ul,  -it um,  -ere,  [-y/frem 
(cf.  j3pe^«o)],  3.  v.  n.  and  a.,  mur- 
mur, roar,  shout,  cry,  howl  (of 
winds),  neigh  (of  horses) ;  arma 
(cry  for} ;  Euoe  Bacche,  fre- 
mens.  —  Transferred,  of  the  place 
where  noise  is  produced,  resound, 
re-echo :  ululatu  tecta ;  ripae 
undis  (murmur)  ;  via  plausu.  — 
Esp.,  murmur  assent  or  approval. 
—  Fig.,  (howl  with  rage),  rage, 
rave,  be  wild,  exult.  —  freineas, 
-entis,  p.  as  adj.,  fierce,  wild, 
spirited  (of  a  horse),  neighing. 

fremor,  -oris,  [frem  -f  or  (cf. 
fremo)],  m.,  a  murmur,  a  roar. 

frendo,  no  pert,  fresum  (fres- 
sum),  frendere,  [?],  3.  v.  ri., 
gnash  the  teeth. 

f  renal  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  freno. 

freno,-avi, -atum,-are,[ffreno-], 
I .  v.  a.,  curb,  restrain,  bridle.  — 
Also  fig.  (as  in  English). —  Poeti- 
cally, of  water,  check,  stay :  cur- 
sus  aquarum.  —  frenatus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  (or  formed  from  ffreno- 
like  auratus),  bridled,  furnished 
with  bridles. 

f  re  mi  in  (frae-),  -I,  (pi.  also  -1, 
-orum),  n.  and  m.,  a  bridle,  a 
bit,  reins :  frenis  immissis  (at 
full  speed,  cf.  habenae) .  —  Fig. : 
frenum  accipere  (submit  to  the 
rein,  of  a  nation) ;  ea  frena 
furenti  concutit  (with  such  a 
powerful  bit  does  he  curb,  &c.). 

frequens,  -entis,  [orig.  p.  of  lost 
verb,  cf.  farcio,  <f>pa.aff<a\,  adj., 
crowded,  in  great  numbers,  plenty 
of,  plenteous,  very  many,  very 
much,  numerous  :  socii ;  telis  (<i 
shower  of).  —  Of  time,  frequent, 
repeated,  constant,  incessant :  cul- 


tu  (constant) .  —  Fig.,  abounding 
in,  crowded  with,  full  of:  her  bis 
campus. 

frequento,  -avi,  -at  um,  -are, 
[ffrequent-],  i.  v.  a.,  crowd,  peo- 
ple, inhabit. 

fretum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  a  strait.  —  Less 
exactly,  the  sea,  a  river. 

fretus,  -a,  -um,  [  -y/for  (cf.  forma, 
firmus)  +  tus,  p.p.],  adj.,  (sup- 
ported by),  relying  on,  trusting  to, 
confiding  in,  by  means  of. 

frico,  fricui,  fricatum  (fric- 
tum),  fricare,  [?],  \.\.&.,rub: 
arbore  costas  (rub  the  sides 
against  a  tree). 

frigens,  -entis,  p.  of  frigeo. 

frigeo,  frixi,  no  sup.,  frigere, 
[ffrigo-  (cf.  frigidus)],  2.  v.  n., 
be  cold,  be  chilled:  vires.  —  fri- 
gens, -entis,  p.  as  adj.,  cold, 
stiff,  lifeless. 

frigidus,  -a,  -um,  [ffrigo-  (cf. 
frigeo)  +  dus],  adj.,  cold,  chill, 
cool,  icy.  —  Esp.  of  death,  fixed  in 
death,  in  the  chill  of  death:  ille 
frigidus  (that  lifeless  body). — 
Less  exactly,  growing  chill  (dying) , 
benumbed,  inactive,  slow:  dextera. 

f rigus,  -oris,  [  -^/frig  +  us,  cf.  fri- 
geo],  n.,  cold,  chill,  frost,  winter, 
coolness,  cool  shade. —  In  plur.,  with- 
out distinction  of  meaning,  frosts, 
cold  blasts. 

frondator,  -toris,  [ffrond  +  ator, 
as  if  ffrpnda-  (stem  of  supposed 
ffrondo)  +  tor,  cf.  viator],  m., 
a  vine-dresser,  a  leaf-gatherer. 

frondens,  -entis,  p.  of  frondeo. 

frondeo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  fron- 
dere,  [ffrond-  (as  if  frondo-)], 
2.  v.  n.,  put  forth  leaves,  be  in 
leaf:  silvae  (be  in  full  foliage) . 
—  frondens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj., 
leafy,  green,springing,  luxuriant  : 
hospitia  (leafy  retreats,  hospita- 
ble shade). 

frondesco,  frondui,  no  sup., 
frondescere,  [ffronde-  (stem  of 
frondeo)  +  sco],  3.  v.  n.,  /«/ 
forth  leaves,  leave  out:  virga  me- 
tallo  (spring). 


n8 


Vocabulary. 


frondeus,  -a,  -um,  [ffrond  +  eus], 

adj.,  leafy. 

frondosus,  -a,  -um,  [ffrond  + 
osus],  adj.,  leafy. 

frons,  frondls,  [?],  f.,  a  leaf, 
leaves  (collectively),  foliage.  —  PL, 
leaves,  foliage  (often  including  the 
branches),  garland. 

frons,  frontis,  [cf.  Gr.  6<t>pvs,  Eng. 
brow~\ ,  f .,  the  forehead,  the  brow, 
the  face.  —  Esp.  as  showing  the 
feelings:  spem  fronte  serenat 
(smoothes  his  brow  with  feigned 
hope}  ;  baud  laeta  fronte  (with 
no  cheerful  countenance} . — Trans- 
ferred (as  in  Eng.),  face,  side: 
sub  adversa  fronte.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, the  horns,  the  head,  the  prow 
(of  a  ship) . 

fructus,  -us,  [Vfru£  (m  fruor) 
+  tus],  m.,  (perh.  orig.  eating), 
the  enjoying  (of  anything) .  —  Con- 
cretely, (food},  fruit  (more  esp. 
in  later  Eng.  sense,  cf.  fruges, 
grain}. 

fruges,  see  frux. 

fr  u  men  tu  m,  -I,  [vfru(g)  (cf- 
fruor  and  fructus)  +  mentum], 
n.,  grain.  —  Plur.,  ears  of  grain. 

fruor,  fructus  (fruitus),  frui, 
[-y/frug  (cf.  frux)],  3.  v.  dep., 
(orig.  eat?),  consume  (with  notion 
of  cheer  and  comfort) :  parto 
agricolae.  —  Fig.,  enjoy  :  luce  ; 
sermone. 

frustra  [case-form  (abl.?)  of  ffrus- 
tro-  (cf.  frustro)],  adv.,  in  vain, 
to  no  purpose,  uselessly,  vainly. 

frust  rat  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  frus- 
tror. 

frustror,  -atus,  -ari,  [ffrustro- 
(with  loss  ?  or  obstacle  ?,  cf .  f  raus)  ] , 
I.  v.  dep.,  disappoint,  deceive  : 
meos  vocatus  (slight} ;  hiantes 
clamor  (fail}. 

frustum,  -I,  [-y/frud  (in  fraus)  + 
turn  (n.  p.p.  of  lost  verb,  cutoff"}}~\, 
n.,  a  piece,  a  bit,  a  morsel. 

frutex,  -it- is,  [?],  m.,  a  shrub,  a 
bush. 

ffrux,  frugis,  fruge,  and  plur., 
(strengthened),  as  stem, 


cf.  fruor],  f.,  (orig.  food},  fruit 
(usually  of  the  earth,  cf.  fructus), 
grain. — Esp.,  meal  (ground  coarse 
for  sacrificing)  :  salsae.  —  Also,  a 
cake  (baked) :  medicatae  (of  the 
cake  given  to  Cerberus). 

f ucatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  fuco. 

Fucinus,  -I,  [fi.  fuco-  (cf.  fucus, 
lichen}  +  nus],  m.,  a  lake  among 
the  Apennines  (now  Lago  di  Ce- 
lano}. 

fuco,  -avi,  -at  u  m,  -arc,  [fi.  fu- 
co-], I.  v.  a., paint,  dye,  color. 

1.  fucus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a  lichen  (of  a 
red  color,  used  for  a  cosmetic  and 
dye) .  —  Also,  7>ee-glue. 

2.  fucus,-!,  [Gr.  <pvicos~],  m., a  drone. 
fuga,   -ae,   [^fag  (c^-  ^r-  0U74 

Eng.  bow}  +  a],  f.,  a  flight,  an 
escape. —  Esp.  of  slaves,  running 
away.  — Also,  a  running,  speed,  a 
course.  —  Personified,  Exile. 

fugatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  fugo. 

fugax,  -acis,  [as  if  fug  +  ax,  prob. 
ffuga  +  cus  (reduced)],  adj.,y7y- 
ing  (inclined  or  able  to  flee),//^'/, 
swift,  rapid.  —  Less  exactly,  Jly- 
ing  (in  act  of  flight),  injlight. 

fugio,  fugi,  fugitum,  fugcre, 
[  \/fug,  cf.  Gr.  <t>e6yta'],  3.  v.  a.  and 
n.,  fly,  escape,  depart,  recede. — 
Esp.  in  battle,  flee,  fly.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, of  mere  motion,  fly,  speed, 
rush.  —  Esp.,  escape,  fail  (one). 

—  Fig.,  pass   away,   speed  on. — 
Act.,  flee  from,  fly  from,   escape, 
fly,  avoid,  refuse. 

fugo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ffuga-], 
I .  v.  a.,  put  to  flight,  drive  away, 
drive.  —  Fig.,  chase,  disperse,  dis- 
P*t 

fulcio,  fulsi,  fultum,  fulcirc, 
[?,  -y/fulc],  4.  v.  a.,  prop  zip,  sup- 
port, sustain,  secure.  —  f  ultus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.,  supported,  lying, 
resting,  secured. 

fulcrum,  -I,  [-y/fulc-f  crum],  n., 
a  support,  a  prop,  a  post,  a  pillar. 

—  Esp.,  a  post,  a  leg  (of  a  couch). 
fulgeo,    fulsi,    no   sup.,   fulgero 

(-ere  as  fr.  fulgo),  [akin  to  Gr. 
<(>\fyta,  yiulg,  cf.  v/flag  (another 


Vocabulary. 


119 


form  of  same  root)],  2.  v.  n., 
gleam,  flash,  shine,  blaze,  glare. — 
fulgens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj.,  bright, 
gleaming,  glittering. 

fulgo,  see  fulgeo. 

fulgor,  -oris,  [  v/fulg  (cf.  fulgeo) 
+  or],  m.,  a  blaze,  a  flash,  a  glit- 
ter. —  Less  exactly,  brightness, 
splendor. 

fulgur,  -uris,  [-y/fulg,  prob.  fful- 
go+rus  (reduced)],  n.,  a  thun- 
derbolt, lightning. 

fulica,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  coot  (a  sea- 
bird). 

fuligo,  -inis,  [?,  unc.  stem  +  go, 
cf.  caligo],  f.,  soot. 

fulmen,  -inis,  [-^/fulg-f  men],  n., 
a  thunderbolt  (conceived  by  the 
ancients  as  a  missile  weapon), 
lightning,  a  flash  of  lightning. — 
Poetically,  of  persons,  thtinderbolt 
(destroying  agency  in  war). 

ful in inr-iis,  -a,  -um,  [ffulmin  + 
eus],  adj.,  like  lightning,  flashing : 
Mnestheus  (cf.  fulmen) . 

1  uI  mi  IK i.  -avi,  at  um,  -are,  [fful- 
min-],  I.  v.  n.,  lighten,  flash.— 
Poetically  (cf.  fulmen),  flash  and 
thunder  :  armis  Aeneas. 

fultus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  fulcio. 

fulvus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  tawny, 
yellow,  dark, yellow-haired,  orange, 
golden,  auburn-haired. 

fumeus,  -a,  -um,  [ffuma-  (re- 
duced) +  BUB],  adj.,  smoky. 

f  inn  id  us,  -a,  -um,  [ffomd  +  dus  . 
adj.,  smoky.  —  Less  exactly,  steam- 
ing. 

fumifer,  -era,  -erum,  [ffumo  + 
fer  ( -y/fer  +  us)],  adj.,  smoke-pro- 
ducing, smoky. 

fumo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,[tfumo-], 
I.  v.  n.,  smoke.  —  Less  exactly, 
steam,  reek  :  sulphure  {emit  a 
sulphurous  vapor);  pulvere  campi 
(be  in  a  cloud  of  dust) .  —  finnans, 
-antis,  p.  as  adj.,  smoking,  smoky, 
steaming,  reeking. 

f umus,  -i,  [  ^/f u  (cf.  Gr.  Ovia)  +  mus 
(cf.  Gr".  Qufi6s)~\t  m.,  smoke,  steam, 
haze. 

funalis,    -e,    Lffuni-    (reduced)  -f 


alis],  adj.,  of  a  rope.  —  Neut.,  a 
torch  (made  on  a  cord). 

funda,  -ae,  [akin  to  f  undo,  perh. 
Gr.  aq>fv$6vri~\,  f.,  a  sling.  — From 
the  shape,  a  net  (thrown  by  the 
hand). 

fundamen,  -inis,  [ffunda-  (stem 
of  i.  fundo)  +  men],  n.,  a  foun- 
dation. 

fundamentum,  -I,  [ffunda-  (stem 
of  i.  fundo)  +  mentum],  n.,  a 
foundation. 

fundator,  -oris,  [ffunda-  (stem  of 
I.  fundo)  +  tor],  m.,  a  founder. 

fundatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  i .  fundo. 

funditus  [ffundo  +  tus,  cf.  divi- 
nitus],  adv.,  from  the  bottom  (cf. 
fundus),  from  the  foundation, 
utterly,  entirely. 

fundo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ffun- 
do-],  i.  v.  a.,  (set  on  the  bottom), 
secure,  make  fast.  —  Also,  found, 
build,  establish:  legibus  urbem 
(institute) . 

fundo,  fudi,  fusum,  fundere, 
[  -y/fud,  cf.  Gr.  x6™"]'  3-  v-  a-» 
pour,  pour  out,  shed:  vina;  la- 
crimas.  —  Of  things  more  or  less 
like  liquids,  pour,  shed, pour  forth: 
lumen ;  loquelas ;  flores  (lavish)  ; 
munuscula  (yield)  ;  tela ;  equus 
armatos  {send  forth);  vitam 
cum  sanguine.  —  With  reflexive, 
or  in  pass.,  spread,  extend,  be 
spread,  be  shed,  be  scattered,  scatter, 
press  around,  pour  in,  pour  out, 
rush,  flow.  —  Also  esp.,  rout,  put 
to  flight.  —  Poetically,  bring  forth 
(of  a  woman) .  —  waste.  —  From 
the  effect  of  pouring,  throw  to  (he 
ground,  lay  IO~M,  prostrate,  slay.  — ' 
fusus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  scat- 
tered, spread,  dishevelled  (of  the 
hair),  hanging  loosely  (of  the 
beard). 

fundus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  the  bottom,  the 
foundation  :  imo  fundo  {the  low- 
est depths');  fundo  vertere  (cf. 
funditus).  —  Also,  perh.  by  a 
mercantile  or  political  connection 
of  ideas,  a  farm,  an  estate. 

f  Onerous,  -a,  -um,  [ffuner-  (for 


I2O 


Vocabulary. 


funes)  +  eus],  adj.,  of  death,  fu- 
nereal, funeral:  faces  (cf.  fax, 
iluimim) ;  frons  {dark,  in  sign 
of  mourning). 

funestus,  -a,  -um,  [ffunes-  (cf. 
funus)  +  tus,  cf.  funereus],  adj., 
of  death,  deadly,  fatal. 

fungor,  functus,  fungi,  [y/fung, 
of  unc.  kindred],  3.  v.  dep.,  per- 
form, discharge. 

fungus,  -I,  [Gr.  ff<$>6yyos~],  m.,  a 
mushroom.  —  Also,  an  excrescence 
(in  a  candle). 

funis,  -is,  [?],  m.,  a  rope,  a  cord. 

funus,  -eris,  [?,  perh.  root  akin  to 
$6vos  (cf.  (poivos)  +  us],  n.,  mur- 
der, killing,  slaughter,  havoc.  — 
Also,  death.  — Concretely,  a  corpse, 
a  funeral,  funeral  rites,  a  fune- 
ral pile,  a  funeral  train. 

fuo,  see  sum. 

fur,  fiiris,  [v/fur  (strengthened) 
as  stem,  cf.  tytap],  comm.,  a  thief. 

furatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  furor. 

furca,  -ae,  [?,  poss.  fur  +  ca  (f.  of 
cus],  f.,  a  fork-shaped  pole,  a 
"crotch"  a  prop  (for  vines). 
(Elsewhere  a  "V-shaped yoke,  used 
for  the  punishment  of  slaves,  which 
may  be  the  orig.  meaning.) 

furens,    p.  of  furo. 

furia,  -ae,  [V^ur  (cf-  furo)+ia 
(f.  of  ius),  perh.  through  an  inter- 
mediate stem],  f.,  usually  plur., 
rage,  madness,  fury,  frenzy,  wrath: 
iustae;  furiis  agitatus  amor; 
furiis  incensa  (accensas) .  — 
Less  exactly,  of  the  winds,  fury.  — 
Personified,  a  Fury  (goddesses  of 
divine  vengeance).  —  Also  of  the 
Harpies.  —  Poetically  (half  per- 
sonified), remorse:  scelerum. 

fu  rial  is,  -e,  [ffuria  +  lis],  adj.,  of 
a  fury.  —  Less  exactly,  madden- 
ing, exciting  to  frenzy. 

furiatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  furio. 

furibundus,  -a,  -um,  [ffuri-  (stem 
of  furo)  -fbundus],  adj.,  mad, 
furious,  frenzied. 

furio,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,[tfuria-], 


I.  v.  a.,  drive  mad,  madden,  infu- 
riate.—  furiatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
as  adj.,  frenzied,  frantic,  infu- 
riated. 

furo,  -ui,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [-^/fur,  of 
unc.  kindred],  3.  v.  n.,  rage,  rave, 
be  crazed:  turba;  equus  ictu ; 
furor  em  {spend  rage*).  —  Fig., 
rage,  seethe,  do  anything  wildly 
(according  to  context) :  aestus 
ad  auras  {rise  wildly);  vis 
aquae ;  febris.  —  furens,  -entis, 
p.  as  adj.,  distracted,  passion- 
stricken,  inspired,  raging,  furious, 
raving. 

furor,  at  us,  -ari,  [ffur-],  I.  v. 
dep.,  steal,  get  by  stealth.  —  Fig., 
steal :  fessos  oculos  labori. 

furor,  -oris,  [^/fur  +  or],  m.,  fu- 
ry, madness,  rage,  raving.  —  Esp. 
of  love,  frenzy,  fury,  passion, 
craze.  —  Concretely  (cf.  amor), 
passion  (an  object  of),  an  act  of 
madness.  —  Personified,  Rage. 

furtim  [ffur  +  tim,  as  if  •v/fur  + 
tis  in  ace.],  adv.,  by  stealth,  se- 
cretly, stealthily. 

fnrtivus,  -a,  -nm,  [ffurti-  (cf. 
furtim)  +  vus,  perh.  immediate- 
ly fr.  ffiir],  adj.,  stealthy.  —  Less 
exactly,  secret,  hidden  :  quern  fur- 
tivum  edidit  {secretly). 

furtum,  -i,  [ffur-  (as  root)  +  turn 
(n.  of  tus)],  n.,  theft,  stealth. — 
Less  exactly,  and  fig.,  deceit, 
stealth,  craft,  concealment,  a  trick, 
a  stratagem,  an  artifice :  belli 
{ambush).  —  Poetically,  clandes- 
tine love :  furto  fervidus  instat 
{unseen  slaughter). 

fuse  us,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  dusky, 
dark. 

1.  fusus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  fiindo. 

2.  fusus,  -I,  [  ?,  perh.  same  as  I. fu- 
sus], m.,  a  spindle. 

futilis  (futt-),  -e,  [ffuto-  (cf.  fu- 
tio),  -^/fud  in  fundo],  adj., 
{leaky},  brittle:  glacies.  —  Fig., 
weak,  foolish. 

f  uturus,  -a,  -um,  f.p.  of  sum. 


Vocabulary. 


121 


G. 


Gabii,  -orum,  [?],  m.  plur.,  a 
town  of  Latium,  once  populous 
and  important,  but  early  destroyed, 
between  Rome  and  Praetieste, 
famous  for  the  worship  of  Juno. 

Gabinus,  -a,  -urn,  [fGabio-  (or 
simpler  form)  +  inus],  adj.,  of 
Gabii :  cinctus  (the  Gabine  cos- 
tume, a  peculiar  arrangement  of 
the  toga  used  in  some  rites.  The 
right  end  of  the  toga,  instead  of 
being  thrown  over  the  left  shoul- 
der as  usual,  was  brought  round 
the  body  and  thrown  forward  over 
the  right  so  as  to  hang  in  front). 

gaesum,  -i,  [prob.  Gallic],  n.,  a 
javelin  (long  and  heavy,  used  by 
the  Gauls). 

Gaetulus,  -a,  -tun,  [?],  adj.,  Ga- 
tulian,  of  the  Gcetuli  (a  nation  of 
Africa,  now  Morocco).  —  Masc. 
plur.,  the  Gatuli  (the  people  of 
the  nation).  —  Less  exactly,  Af- 
rican. 

Galaesus  (Gale-),  -I,  [?],  m. : 
I.  A  river  of  Calabria,  famous  for 
its  sheep  ;  2.  An  Italian. 

Galatea,  -ae,  [Gr.  raAareia],  f . : 
I.  A  sea-nymph,  beloved  by  Poly- 
phemus ;  2.  A  rustic  maid. 

galbaneus,  -a,  -urn,  [fgalbano- 
(reduced)  +  eus],  adj.,  of  galba- 
mim. 

galbanum,  -1,  [Gr.  xaA#«'"?]»  n-» 
galbanum  (a  resinous  gum  from 
the  East). 

galea,  -ae,  [?,  prob.  borrowed],  f., 
a  helmet  (of  leather),  a  helmet. 

galerus,  -i,  [akin  to  galea],  m.,  a 
cap  (of  skin  with  the  hair  on). 

Galesus,  see  Galaesus. 

galla,  -ae,  [prob.  f.  of  Gallus],  f., 
an  oak  gall. 

Gallus,  -a,  -um,  [a  Gallic  word  ?], 
adj.,  of  Gaul,  Gallic.  —  Masc.  and 
fern,  as  subst.,  a  Gaul  (man  or 
woman). —  Plur.,  the  Gauls. 

Gallus,  -i,  [?,  gallus,  a  cock},  in., 
a  Roman  family  name.  —  Esp.  of 
C.  Cornelius  Callus,  a  friend  and 


patron  of  Virgil.  He  was  reck- 
oned a  poet  by  his  friends. 

Gangarldae,  -arum  (-um,  the 
shorter  form),  [Gr.  ra-yrapt'Sai] , 
m.  plur.,  a  people  of  India,  on  the 
Ganges. 

Ganges,  -is,  [Gr.  Tcfyyrjs],  m.,  the 
famous  river  of  India. 

Ganymedes,  -is  (-i),  [Gr.  Favw/iifj- 
STJS],  m.,  a  beautiful  youth,  son  of 
Laomedon,  carried  away  by  an 
eagle  to  be  the  cupbearer  of  Jove. 

Garamantes,  -um,  [Gr.  Tapa.fj.av- 
Tfs],  in.  plur.,  a  nation  in  the  in- 
terior of  Africa. 

Garamantis,  -idis,  [Gr.  Yapapav- 
TIS],  adj.,  of  the  Garamantes, 
hence,  Libyan. 

Garganus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a  mountain- 
range  in  Apulia  projecting  into  the 
Adriatic  (now  including  Monte 
Gargano  and  some  other  peaks). 

—  Also,  as  adj.,  of  Garganus,  Gar- 
ganian. 

Gargara,  -orum,  [Gr.  rdpyapa], 
n.  plur.,  a  part  of  Mt.  Ida  with  a 
town  near  by  of  the  same  name. 

garrulus,  -a,  -um,  [fgarro-  (cf. 
garrio)  +  lus],  adj.,  chattering, 
noisy,  cawing. 

gaudeo,  gavisus,  gaudere,  [prob. 
tgavido-  (fgavi  +  dus),  cf.  gau- 
diuin  with  gaudimonium], 
2.  v.  n.,  feel  joy,  be  delighted,  re- 
joice (internally,  cf.  laetor),  de- 
light in,  take  pleasure  in.  —  Also, 
feel  proud  of,  boast.  —  Less  exactly 
and  poetically,  of  things,  delight 
in  (love),  abound  in  (cf.  laetus]. 

—  gaudens,   -entis,   p.  as  adj., 
delighted,  well  pleased. 

gaudium,  -1  (-H),  [tgavidd-  (re- 
duced) +  ium  (n.  of  ius),  cf.  gau- 
deo],  n.,  joy,  delight,  pleasure. — 
Concretely,  a  delight.  —  Personi- 
fied :  mala  (Criminal Delights). 

gaza,  -ae,  [Gr.  7aCa]»  f->  treasure, 
riches,  wealth. 

Grla,  -ae,  [Gr.  rAo],  f.,  a  city  of 
Sicily,  on  the  south  coast,  by  a 


122 


Vocabulary. 


river  of  the  same  name  (now  Ter- 
ra Nuova).  From  this  city  came 
several  tyrants  of  Sicily. 

gclidus,  -a,  -urn,  [fgelu-  [weak- 
ened) +  dus],  adj.,  icy,  cold,  cool, 
chilled,  chilly. — Less  exactly,  chill, 
clammy,  shivering :  tremor;  su- 
dor. 

Gelonus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  iVXcwos], 
adj.,  of  the  Geloni  (a  people  of 
Scythia). —  Masc.,  collectively,  the 
Gelonian  (for  the  nation). — 
Plur.,  the  Geloni  (the  nation). 

Gelous,  -a,  -inn,  [Gr.  reA&jos],  adj., 
of  Gela,  Geloan. 

gelii,  -us,  [?],  n.,  ice,  icy  coldness, 
cold,  frost.  —  Fig.,  the  chill  of 
death,  a  chill  (of  old  age). 

geincllus,  -I,  [tgemino-  (reduced) 
+  lusj,  in.,  twins. 

geminatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  ge- 
inino. 

gemino,  -avi,  -atuin,  -are,  [tge- 
mino-], I.  v.  a.,  repeat,  redouble. 

geminus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  twin- 
born,  twin.  —  Less  exactly,  double, 
a  pair  of,  both,  two,  similar,  cor- 
responding. —  Plur.,  as  subst., 
brothers,  twins. 

gemitus,  -us,  [tgemi-  (stem  of 
gemo)  as  root  +  tus] ,  m.,  a  groan- 
ing, a  groan,  a  roar,  a  hollow  roar, 
a  sigh,  wailing,  lamentation  :  ex- 
tremi  (its  last  groan,  of  a  dying 
bull) ;  leonum. 

gemma,  -ae,  [?,  perh.  -y/gen + 
ma],  f.,  a  bud,  an  eye  (of  a  plant). 
—  From  similarity,  a  gem,  a  jewel, 
a  stone  (precious).  —  From  the 
material,  a  precious  goblet  or  cup. 

gemo,  gemui,  gemitum,  gemere, 
[perh.  akin  to  Gr.  ye/jua],  3.  v.  n., 
groan,  sigh,  wail,  creak,  mourn 
(of  the  plaintive  song  of  the  dove)  : 
repleti  amnes. 

genae,  -arum  (rarely  sing.),  [akin 
to  ytw,  Eng.  chin),  f.,  cheeks. 

gener,  generi,  [?,  cf.  ya/j.&pds'],  in., 
a  son-in-law.  —  Less  exactly,  a 
proposed  son-in-law,  a  daughter's 
suitor. 

generatim  [ace.  of  supposed  or  real 


stem  fgenerati-  (cf.  certatim), 
see  genus,  genero],  adv.,  by 
kinds,  by  races  :  cultus  disce  (of 
each  after  its  kind). 

generator,  -oris,  [fgenera-  (cf. 
genero)  +  tor],  m.,  a  breeder. 

generatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  genero. 

genero,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [tge- 
nes-  (of  genus)],  i.  v.  a.,  beget, 
become  the  father  of.  —  Less  exactly, 
produce,  breed,  raise. 

generosus,  -a,  -um,  [fgenes-  (cf. 
genus)  +  osus],  adj.,  (full  of 
race),  well  born,  nobly  born,  of  a 
noble  stock,  of  fine  blood  (of  ani- 
mals). —  Fig.,  noble,  famous  :  me- 
tallis  insula  (rich). 

genesta  (genist-),  -ae,  [?],  f., 
broom  (a  small  fragrant  shrub 
with  bright  yellow  flowers),  Spar- 
tium  iunceum. 

genetrix  (geni-),  -icis,  [tgene- 
(ofgigno)  as  root-f  trix],  f.,  a 
mother. 

genlalis,  -e,  [tgenio+  alis],  adj., 
(of  the  Genius,  or  relating  to  his 
worship),  cheerful,  festival  (as  the 
rites  were  of  a  jovial  nature),  de- 
votedto  joy  :  tori;  hiems. 

genista,  see  genesta. 

genital  is,  -e,  [fgenito-  (reduced) 
-f  alis],  adj.,  of  reproduction,  re- 
productive. 

genitor,  -oris,  [fgeni-  (of  gigno) 
as  root  -f  tor],  m.,  a  father,  a  sire. 

genitrix,  see  genetrix. 

genitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  gigno. 

genius,  -i  (-ii),  [  ],  m.,  a  tute- 
lary divinity,  a  special  divinity, 
a  genius  (a  semi-divine  personage 
attached  to  a  person  or  place). 

gens,  gentis,  [  Vgen  (of  gigno) 
-f  tis  (reduced)],  f.,  an  offspring, 
a  race,  a  nation,  a  tribe,  a  breed 
(of  animals).  —  Plur.,  all  nations 
(of  the  world).  —  Poetically,  age: 
aurea,  etc. 

genu,  -us,  [akin  toGr.  y6vv~\,  n.,the 
knee  :  genua  trahens  (limbs) . 

genus,  -eris,  [\/gen  (m  g^gno) 
+  us],  n.,  race,  descent,  family, 
lineage,  birth.  — Of  animals,  breed, 


Vocabulary. 


123 


tribe,  kind. — Concretely,  offspring, 
progeny. —  Less  exactly,  a  kind,  a 
sort,  a  species. 

Georgica,  -oriini,  [Gr.  ytwpyiKa], 
n.  plur.,  the  Georgics  of  Virgil. 

Germania,  -ae,  [fGermano-  (re- 
duced) +  ia]>  f-»  Germany  (loose- 
ly of  the  whole  region  now  in- 
cluded under  that  name). 

germanus,  -a,  -uin,  [?,  akin  to 
germen],  adj.,  akin,  of  the  same 
stock. — Masc.,  a  brother.  —  Fern., 
a  sister. 

germen,  -in is,  [?],  n.,  a  bud,  a 
shoot. 

gero,  gessi,  gestum,  gerere, 
[y'ges  (with  r  for  a)],  3.  v.  a., 
bear,  carry,  wield,  wear.  —  Also, 
poetically,  of  abstract  ideas :  bella 
letumque  (of  a  Fury) ;  pacem ; 
vocem  et  corpus  ;  tempora  um- 
brata  quercu;  pharetram;  te- 
la ;  os  habitumque ;  volnera 
(display)  ;  animum  '(show)  ;  no- 
men  decus  (possess);  curam 
(exercise). — Also  (cf.  fero),&.w, 
produce :  India  lucos ;  platani 
malos.  —  Fig.,  of  any  action  (esp. 
of  war),  cany  on,  wage,  manage  : 
bellum ;  talia  ( perform  such  ex- 
ploits) ;  laeti  rebus  bene  gestis 
(exultant  at  success,  and  often 
with  res). 

Geryon,  -onls  (abl.  Geryone  or 
Geryonc),  [Gr.  Typvuv],  m.,  a 
famous  monster  of  Spain  whose 
oxen  were  carried  off  by  Hercules. 

gcstamen,  -inis,  [fgesta-f  men], 
n.,  a  thing  borne,  arms,  an  orna- 
ment, insignia. 

gestio,  -ivi  (-li),  -itum,  -ire, 
[tgesta-(  -v/ges  +  ti,  cf.  2.  ges- 
tus)],  4.  v.  n.,  exult  with  joy, 
show  a  passionate  desire. 

;r.esto,  -avi,  -alum,  -are,  [tges- 
to-],  I.  v.  a.,  bear,  carry,  wear  : 
pectora  (possess). 

gestus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  gero. 

Getae,  -arum,  [Gr.  r«Va«],  m.  plur., 
the  Getes  (Dacians),  a  Thracian 
tribe  on  the  Danube. 

Getlcus,  -a,   -um,    [Gr.   r«THc<Js], 


adj.,  of  the  Geta  or  Goths  :  deser- 
ta  (the  modern  Bessarabia,  and 
Moldavia). 

Getujus,  etc. ;  see  Gaetulus. 

gigrio,  genui,  genitum,  glgnere, 
[^gen  redupl.,  cf.  yiyvo/jMt], 
3.  v.  a.,  beget,  bring  forth,  bear,  be  a 
father  or  mother.  —  genitus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  sprung,  de- 
scended, son  of. 

gilvus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  dun 
or  chestnut :  equus. 

glacialis,  -e,  [fglacie  +  lis],  adj., 
icy,  cold,  frozen,  frosty. 

glaoies,  -ei,  [?],  f.,  ice,  frost,  cold. 

gladius,  -I  (-ii),  [?],  m.,  a  sword. 

glaeba,  see  gleba. 

glitns,  glandis,  [?],  f.,  an  acorn, 
a  nut.  —  Collectively,  in  sing., 
acorns.  —  From  the  shape,  a  ball. 

glarea,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  gravel. 

glaucus,-a,-um,[Gr.7A.awok],adj., 
blue,  bluish  gray,  bluish  green,  sea 
green :  glauca  cruentia  fronde 
salicta ;  salices ;  ulva ;  arundo ; 
equus  (gray  ?) ;  lumen  (of  the 
sea-deity  Proteus) ;  amictus  (of 
a  river-god,  and  of  a  naiad). 

<i  la  uc  us,  -I,  [Gr.  FA.ai;K<fc],  m. : 
I.  A  son  of  Sisyphus  and  father 
of  Bellerophon,  torn  in  pieces  by 
his  own  horses ;  2.  A  fisherman 
of  Anthedon,  in  Ikeotia,  who  was 
changed  into  a  sea-deity  ;  3.  The 
father  of  Deiphobe,  the  priestess 
of  Apollo  at  Cumae,  known  as  the 
Cumoean  Sibyl ;  4.  A  grandson  of 
Bellerophon,  leader  of  the  Lvcians 
in  the  Trojan  war. 

gleba,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  clod,  a  lump 
of  earth.  —  Less  exactly,  soil,  land. 

gliscu,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  gliscere, 
[?],  3.  v.  n.,  increase,  grow. 

globus,  -i,  [  ?,  but  akin  to  glomus], 
m.,  a  ball,  a  sphere  :  flammarum  ; 
Lunae  (orb). —  Less  exactly,  a 
band,  a  crowd,  a  cloud  (of  d>vst)  : 
militum. 

glomcratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  glo- 
mero. 

glomero,  -avi, -Stum,  -are,  [tglo- 
mes-  (r  for  s),  cf.  glomus], 


124 


Vocabulary. 


\ .  v.  a.,  roll  into  a  ball,  roll  up, 
gather,  collect,  mass,  roll  on.  —  In 
pass.,  or  with  reflexive,  gather,  as- 
semble. —  Poetically  :  gressus  (of 
a  horse,  bring  together  his  feet,  in 
making  a  caracole) ;  saxa  sub 
auras  {throw  forth  balls  of  melted 
lava) . 

gloria,  -ae,  [supposed  to  be  fr. 
fclovus-  (-^/clu  +  us)  +  ia],  f., 
glory,  fame,  renown.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, ambition,  vainglory,  pride. 

—  Concretely    (as   in    Eng.),   the 
glory,  the  pride:  Procas  Troia- 
nae  gentis. 

glaten,  -inis,  [fgluto-  (of  glutus) 
-f  nus  (reduced)],  n.,  glue. — 
Less  exactly,  gum,  resin. 

unfit  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  (g)nascor. 

gnascor,  see  nascor. 

Gnosius(Gnoss-),-a,  -uin,[fGno- 
so-  (reduced)  +  ius,  or  perh.  bor- 
rowed directly,  cf.  IVcooWs] ,  adj., 
of  Gnosus  (the  city  of  Minos,  in 
Crete),  Gnosian.  —  Less  exactly, 
Cretan. 

Gorgo,  -onis,  [Gr.  Topydi],  f.,  a 
Gorgon  (one  of  three  mythical 
women  of  Libya,  having  some  re- 
semblance to  the  Furies). —  Esp., 
Medusa,  the  chief  of  these  sisters, 
slain  by  Perseus.  Her  head  with 
serpent  hair  was  placed  in  the 
shield  or  aegis  of  Jove  and  Pallas. 

—  Plur.,  the  three  sisters,  Gorgons. 

—  Also,  the  head  in  the  shield  of 
Jove  or  Pallas. 

Gorgoneus,  -a,  -um,  [fGorgon 
+  eus],  adj.,  of  the  Gorgons  :  ve- 
nena  (so  called  from  the  serpents 
in  Medusa's  hair). 

Gortyna,  -ae,  [Gr.  Toprvvri],  f.,  a 
city  of  Crete. 

Gortynius,  -a,  -um,  [fGortyna- 
(reduced)  +  ius],  adj.,  of  Gortyna. 

—  Less  exactly,  Cretan. 
gorytus  (cory-),  -I,  [Gr.  y<i>pvr6s~], 

m.,  a  quiver. 

Gracchus,  -!,[?],  m.,  a  Roman  fam- 
ily name  in  the  Sempronian  gens. 

—  Esp.,  the  two  great  reformers, 
Tiberius  and  Caius  (Lat.  Gatus). 


gracilis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  slender. 

gradior,  gressus,  gradl,  [  ^/grad, 
cf.  gradus],  3.  v.  dep.,  walk,  go, 
move,  proceed,  advance. 

Gradivus,  -I,  [tgradi-  (cf.  gra- 
dior and  aggredirl)  +  vus],m., 
(the  slrider),  name  of  Mars. 

gradus,  -us,  [-^grad  +  us],  m., 
a  step :  conferre  (i.e.  move  to- 
gether, of  bullocks) ;  continere  ; 
revocare;  celerare  {pace). — 
Also  (as  in  Eng.),  a  step  (of  a  funer- 
al pile),  a  round  (of  a  ladder). 

Graecia,  -ae,  [fGraeco-  (reduced)  + 
ia  (f.  of  ius,  prop,  adj.)],  f.,  Greece. 

Graiugena,  -ae,  [fGraio  -  gena 
(  v/Sen  +  a)]>  m->  a  Grecian  born, 
a  Greek. 

Graius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  trv>atos],adj., 
Greek  (originally  only  the  name 
of  a  tribe,  but  used  by  the  Latins 
as  the  general  name). — Masc.,  a 
Greek.  —  Plur.,  the  Greeks. 

gramen,  -inis,  [akin  to  germen], 
n.,  grass,  an  herb.  —  Less  exactly, 
a  grassy  plain. 

gramineus,  -a,  -um,  [fgramin  + 
eus],  adj.,  grassy. 

grandaevus,  -a,  -um,  [fgrandi- 
aevo-  (decl.  as  adj .)] ,  adj .,  aged,  old. 

grandis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  large,  great, 
huge. 

grando,  -dinis,  [akin  to  x«AaCaL 
f.,_hail. 

grates  (abl.  -ibus),  [stem  grati- 
(Vgra  +  ti),  cf.  gratus],  f., 
thanks  :  dicere  (render)  ;  referre 
(make  a  return);  persolvere 
(  pay  a  debt  of  gratitude) . 

gratia,  -ae,  [fgrato-  (reduced)  + 
ia],  f.,  regard,  pleasure  in,  fond- 
ness for.  —  Also,  gratitude,  thank- 
fulness. 

gratus,  -a,  -um,  [  y'gra  (cf.  gra- 
tes) +  tus,  p.p.],  adj.,  dear,  pleas- 
ing, acceptable,  beloved.  —  Also, 
pleased,  thankful,  grateful. 

grator,  -at us,  -ari,  [fgrato-], 
I.  v.  dep.,  congratulate. 

gravatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  gravo. 

graveolens(also  separate),  see  oleo. 

gravesco,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,-escere, 


Vocabulary. 


125 


[tgrave-  (cf.  gravedo)  -f  BCD], 
3.  v.  n.  incept.,  be  burdened,  be 
weighed  do-Mii  :  nemus  fetu  (bend 
under  the  weight,  &c.). 

gravidus,  -a,  -uni,  [fgravi  -f  dus], 
adj.,  heavy. — Also,  full,  laden, 
plentiful, prolific,  heavy (of  crops), 
luxuriant:  ager  (in  full  fruit)  ; 
uHbet(distend<d)  ;  aristae. —  Esp., 
pregnant,  big,  impregnated.  — 
Also,  poetically :  imperils  Itali- 
am ;  bellis  urbem. 

gravis,  -e,  [root  akin  to  &apvs  +  u 
(with  added  i,  cf.  brevis)],  adj., 
heavy,  firm,  solid.  —  Esp.  (cf. 
gravidus), //-<?f7/aw/. —  Fig.,  bur- 
densome, grievous,  noxious,  noi- 
some, heavy  (of  sleep,  of  sound), 
hard,  toilsome,  burdened  (with 
years),  sickly,  severe  (of  wounds), 
serious,  violent :  exitus  (cruel}  ; 
nuntius  (unwelcome) ;  ira  (in 
cruel  wrath).  —  Of  persons,  of 
weight  (opposed  to  levis),  fierce  : 
victor ;  Osiris.  —  Neut.  as  subst., 
in  plur.,  serious  events,  results,  &c. 
—  Neut.  as  adv.,  ill,  noisome: 
grave  olens. 

Graviscae,  -arum,  [  ?],  f.  pi.,  a  town 
of  Etruria,  famous  for  its  bad  air. 

graviter  [fgravi+  ter],  adv., heav- 
ily (lit.  and  fig.,  cf.  gravis),  vio- 
lently, deeply,  loudly:  pendens 
(fiercely)  ;  spirans  (heavy-scent- 
ed, also  poison-breathing) . 

grave,  -avi,  -a turn,  -are,  [tgravi- 
(as  if  gravo-)],  I.  v.  a.,  weigh 
down,  make  heavy.  —  Fig.,  trouble, 
annoy,  burden.  —  Pass,  as  dep., 
be  reluctant,  refuse. 

gravor,  see  gravo. 

gremium,  -i  (-li),  [?],  n.,  the  lap, 
(he  bosom,  the  breast :  in  vestris 
pono  gremiis  (lay  at  one's  feet)  ; 
fotus  gremio.  —  Fig.  (of  a  coun- 
try, &c.),  bosom,  lap,  embrace : 
telluris ;  coniugis  (lap  of  earth, 
of  Jupiter  as  spouse  of  the  earth) ; 
caeruleus  (of  the  Nile). 

gressus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  gradlor. 

gressus,  -us,  [  ^  grad  +  tus] ,  m., 
a  step,  a  pace,  a  gait  (or  bearing). 


a  way,  course:  efferre  (pro- 
ceed forth)  ;  comprimere  (stay 
one's  steps) ;  ante  ferre  ( go  on 
before) ;  canes  comitantur  (foot- 
steps) ;  recipere  (retrace) ;  glo- 
merare  (feet). 

grex,  gregis,  [?],  m.  (rarely  f.), 
(of  domestic  animals),  a  herd,  a 
flock,  a  litter  (of  pigs). 

grus,  gruis,  [  ?,  perh.  akin  to  Gr. 
7«papos],  f.,  a  crane, 

Grynaeus,  -a,  -urn,  [Gr.  rpui/oTor], 
adj.,  of  Grynia  (a  town  in  y£olis 
where  Apollo  was  worshipped), 
Gryniean. 

gryps,  gryphis,  [Gr.  ypfy'],  m.,  a 
griffin  (a  monster  with  a  lion's 
body  and  a  bird's  head  and  wings). 

gubernaculum  (-clum),  -i,  [tgu- 
berna-  (in  guberno) -f  culum], 
n.,  a  tiller,  a  helm. 

gubernator,  -oris,  [fguberna  + 
tor],  m.,  a  helmsman,  pilot. 

gurges,  -itis,  [  ?,  prob.  akin  to  gula, 
gurgulio,  and  glutioj,  m.,  a  vor- 
tex, a  whirlpool,  an  abyss,  a  gulf: 
alternus  (Jlux  and  reflux,  of  a 
whirlpool}. — Less  exactly,  a  wave, 
a  tide,  waters,  a  stream,  the  sea, 
the  ocean,  a  flood. 

gusto,  -avi,  -arum,  -are,  [fgusto- 
(p.p.  of  -v/Sus»  c^-  gustus)],  i. 
v.  a.,  taste. 

gutta,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  drop.  —  From 
similarity,  a  spot,  a  blotch. 

guttur,  -uris,  [?,  perh.  akin  to 
gutta],  n.,  the  throat.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, the  mouth,  jaws.  —  Poetical- 
ly :  ovantes  gutture  corvi  (croak- 
ing throat). 

Gyaros  (-us),  -1,  [Gr.  Twopos],  f.,  an 
island  of  the  Egean  (now  Calairo). 

Gyas,  -ae,  [Gr.  FI/TJJ],  m. :  i.  A  com- 
panion of  /Eneas ;  2.  A  Latin. 

Gyges,  -is,  [Gr.  rwy»;s],  m.,  a  com- 
panion of  /Eneas. 

Gylippus,  -1,  [Gr.  r«JAnnroj],  m., 
an  Arcadian. 

g-yrus,  -i,  [Gr.  yvpos],  m.,  a  circu- 
lar course,  a  ring,  a  circle,  a  cir- 
cuit. —  Less  exactly,  a  coil,  a  fold 
(of  a  serpent). 


126 


Vocabulary. 


H. 


habena,  -ae,  [habe-  (stem  of  ha- 
beo)  +  na  (f.  of  nus)],  f.,  a  rein, 
a  tkong,  a  lash,  a  bridle :  dare 
(immittere,  effundere)  habenas 
(give  loose  rein,  lit.  and  fig.)  :  im- 
missis  (datis,  laxis)  habenis 
(at  full  speed,  without  restraint)  ; 
pressis  (adductis)  habenis  (with 
close  rein) ;  convertere  (course} . 
—  Fig.,  reins,  control:  rerum. 

habe  ns,  see  habeo. 

habeo,  habui,  habitum,  habere, 
[?,  thabo-  (cf.  habilis,  habe- 
na)], 2.  v.  a.,  hold,  have,  possess, 
keep,  occupy,  inhabit,  wear:  arces ; 
hostes  muros;  redimicula ;  pe- 
cus  (tend,  raise}.  —  Fig.,  in  same 
senses.  —  Esp.  of  marriage,  possess, 
have.  —  Also  of  the  place  where 
one  is :  te  pontus  (cover}  ;  turba 
hunc  (surround}  ;  vos  saltus 
(detain};  me  thalamus  (be  in, 
changing  point  of  view) .  —  Of  a 
council,  &c.,  hold.  —  Of  passions 
and  the  like,  possess,  inspire :  om- 
nes  ardor.  —  Also,  hold,  consider, 
regard :  domos  suspectas;  nullo 
discrimine  (treat}  .—Peculiar  uses: 
habeiidi,  of  having,  of  wealth  ; 
habenti,  a  possessor,  the  rich; 
hoc  habet,  he  is  smitten. 

habilis,  -e,  [fhabo-  (cf.  habeo)  + 
lis],  adj.,  handy,  convenient,  Jit, 
suited,  active :  arcus  ;  vigor ; 
circumligat  hastae  natam  (light- 
ly, deftly}. 

habitatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  habito. 

habito,  -avi,  at  HIM.  -are,  [fha- 
bito-],  I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  occupy,  in- 
habit, dwell  in,  dwell,  live. 

habitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  habeo. 

habitus,  -5s,  [fhabi  (weaker  stem 
of  habeo)  +  tus],  m.,  bearing, 
condition,  plight.  —  Also,  dress, 
garb.  —  Fig.,  of  things,  position, 
nature :  locorum. 

hac  [prob.  abl.  of  hie  (cf.  eft)], 
adv.,  this  way :  hac  iter  est.  — 
Often  repeated,  this  way  .  .  .  that 
way.  —  Less  exactly,  here ,  there. 


hactenus  (often  separated),  [hac 
-terms],  adv.,  hitherto,  to  this  point, 
thus  far.  —  Less  exactly,  of  time 
(as  in  English),  to  this  day. 

Hadriacus  (Adr-),  -a,  -um,  [Gr. 
'ASpia/c^s],  adj.,  of  Hadria  (a  town 
on  the  Po,  which  gave  its  name  to 
the  Adriatic  Sea).  —  Less  exactly, 
of  the  Adriatic :  undae. 

haedus  (hoe-,  -e,  ae-),  -I,  [?],  m., 
a  kid.  —  Plur.,  the  Kids  (two  stars 
in  Auriga,  the  rising  of  which  was 
attended  by  storms). 

Haemon  (Ae-),  -onis,  [Gr.  AT/uco^], 
m.,  a  Rutulian. 

Haemonides,  -ae,  [Gr.  patronymic 
of  Hsemon],  m.,  a  Rutulian. 

Haemus,  -i,  [Gr.  Alto's], m., a  range 
of  mountains  in  Thrace  (now  Great 
Balkan}. 

haereo,  haesi,  haesuni,  haerere, 
[fhaeso-  (unc.  root)],  2.  v.  n., 
stick,  cleave,  adhere,  cling,  stick 
fast,  hang,  hold  fast,  be  fastened, 
hang  to,  be  caught,  take  root  (of 
plants) .  —  Less  exactly,  and  fig., 
be  fastened  (of  words,  &c.),  stick, 
stand  motionless,  be  rooted  to  the 
spot,  remain,  remain  fixed,  stand 
fast,  hesitate,  pause,  linger,  hang 
upon  (of  the  gaze,  or  of  pursuit): 
hie  terminus  (be  fixed ) ;  victoria 
Graium  (be  delayed};  aspectu 
conterritus. 

haeres,  see  better  spelling  heres. 

Halaesus  (-esus),  -i,  [Gr.  "AAai- 
o-os],  m. :  i.  A  son  of  Agamemnon 
who  came  to  Italy ;  2.  A  Rutulian. 

halcyon,  see  alcyon. 

Halesus,  see  Halaesus. 

liiilit us,  -us,  [fhali-  (weaker  stem 
of  halo)  +  tus],  m.,  breath,  an 
exhalation,  a  vapor. 

Halius,  -1  (-ii),  [?],  m.,  a  Trojan. 

halo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [  ?] ,  I .  v.  n ., 
exhale,  be  fragrant. 

Halys,-yos,[Gr.'AAt;j],m.,aTrojan. 

Hamadryas,  -ados,  [Gr.  'A/io- 
Spuds~\,  f.,  a  Hamadryad  (a.  nymph 
of  a  particular  tree),  a  nymph. 


Vocabulary. 


127 


Ha  in  mon,  -on  is,  m.,  an  African 
divinity  identified  with  Jupiter. 

ha  m  us,  -I,  [cf.  Gr.  xaAt(k'>>  perh. 
borrowed],  m.,  a  hook,  a  link 
(hook-like,  of  which  chain  mail 
was  made). 

harena,  sec  arena. 

Harpalyce,  -es,  [Gr.  'ApTroAu/fTj], 
f.,  a  female  warrior  of  Thrace. 

Harpalycus,  -I,  [Gr.  'ApTra\i>Kos'], 
m.,  a  Trojan. 

Harpyia,  -ae,  [Gr.  "AOTTUIO.'],  f., 
(mostly  plur.),  a  Harpy  (doubtless 
orig.  a  personified  whirlwind),  a 
monster  with  the  body  of  a  bird 
and  a  human  face  and  voice. 

hurundo,  etc.;  see  arundo. 

haruspex  (ar-),  -Icis,  [stem  akin 
to  hira,  hillae  +  spex  (-y/spec 
as  stem)],  m.,  a  soothsayer  (by  in- 
spection of  entrails,  cf.  auspex), 
a  diviner. 

hasta,  -ae,  [prob.  akin  to  Gr.  xav- 
Sdvw,  grasp\,  f.,  a  spear-shaft,  a 
spear,  a  wand  (sometimes  without 
a  head,  hasta  pura)  :  pampine.i 
(the  thyrsus). 

hastili',  -is,  [fhasta-  (reduced)  + 
ills,  or  fhasti-  (akin  to  hasta)  + 
lis,  prop.  n.  of  adj.],  n.,  a  spear- 
shaft,  a  spear,  a  shoot,  a  sapling,  a 
pole. 

haud  (hau,  haut),  [?],  neg.  adv., 
(commonly  negativing  some  par- 
ticular word,  cf.  iion,  etc.,  general 
negative),  not,  by  no  means; 
haud  mora  (there  is  no  delay) ; 
haud  secius  (no  less)',  haud 
quaquam  (by  no  means);  haud 
quicquam  (nothing,  not  at  all). 

haudquaquam,  see  haud. 

haurio,  hausi,  haustum,  hau- 
rire,  [^/haus,  but  prob.  from  a 
noun-stem  in  i],  4.  v.  a.,  drink, 
drain,  exhaust.  —  Less  exactly, 
drink  in,  take  in,  draw  in,  re- 
ceive :  caelum  (inhale) ;  lucem 
pecudee  ;  vocem  auribus ;  haec 
animo ;  oculis  monumenta  (feast 
the  eyes  upon). — Poetically:  corda 
pavor  (absorb,  possess)  ;  supplicia 
scopulis  (suffer  death  by  drown- 


ing, &c.) ;  latus  gladio  (drain, 
as  a  vessel) ;  sol  orbem  (pass,  as 
if  devour);  ensis  inimicua  (of 
persons,  drink  their  blood). 

ha  n  sf  us,  -us,  [-y/haus  (as  root)  + 
tus,  cf.  haurio],  in.,  a  draught, 
a  mouthful :  aetherius  (a  draught 
of  celestial  air,  of  inspired  instinct 
in  bees). 

hebeo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  hebere, 
[fhebo-  (cf.  hebes)],  2.  v.  n.,  be 
dull:  sanguis  (be  chilled). 

hebeto,  -avi,-atum,  -are,[fhebet- 
(of  hebes)],  I.  v.  a.,  blunt,  dull. 
—  Fig.,  dull,  dim,  impair. 

Hebrus  (Ebr-),  -I,  [Gr.  "E£pos], 
m. :  i.  A  river  of  Thrace,  now 
Maritza;  2.  A  Trojan. 

Hecate,  es,  [Gr.  'EKOTTJ],  f.,  a  mys- 
terious godJess  particularly  asso- 
ciated with  the  lower  world.  Her 
nature  and  attributes  were  very 
variable,  and  she  was  especially 
identified  as  a  three-formed  god- 
dess with  the  moon  (in  heaven), 
Diana  (on  earth),  and  Proserpine 
(in  the  world  below). 

Hector,  -oris,  [Gr.  "E/crtup],  m., 
the  eldest  son  of  Priam  and  the 
most  famous  warrior  of  the  Tro- 
jans, finally  slain  by  Achilles  and 
dragged  around  the  walls  of  Troy. 

Hectoreus,  -a,  -um,[Gr.'E»cT(fy>eos], 
adj.,  of  Hector.  —  Less  exactly,  of 
Troy,  Trojan. 

Hecuba,  -ae,  [Gr.  'EKC££TJ],  f.,  the 
wife  of  Priam. 

hedera  (ed-),  -ae,  [?],  f.,  ivy  (of 
apparently  two  species,  Hedera 
helix,  and  another  called  alba). 

hei,  see  ei. 

hcla  (eia),  [Gr.  «fo],  interj.  (of  sur- 
prise, admiration,  or  encourage- 
ment), ho  !  what  ho  !  come  on  ! 
cornel  on! 

Helena, -ae,  [Gr.  'EAor?],  f.,  Helen, 
the  famous  daughter  of  Jupiter  and 
Leda,  carried  off  by  Paris. 

Hele'nor,  oris,  [Gr.  'EAcVap],  m., 
a  Trojan. 

Helenus,  -I,  [Gr.  *EAcpo$],  m.,  a 
son  of  Priam. 


128 


Vocabulary. 


Helicon,  -onis,  [Gr.  'EAIK^C],  m., 
the  famous  mountain  in  Boeotia, 
the  abode  of  the  Muses  and  favor- 
ite haunt  of  Apollo. 

helleborus  (elleborus,  the  spell- 
ing in  vogue),  -I,  [Gr.  i\\f@opos  or 
^AA-],  m.,  hellebore  (cf.  veratrum, 
the  proper  Latin  word) .  The  root 
of  the  plant  was  a  specific  for  in- 
sanity. 

Hellespontiacus,  -a,  -urn,  [bor- 
rowed from  Greek],  adj.,  of  the 
Hellespont,  the  strait,  now  Darda- 
nelles, between  Asia  and  Europe, 
running  into  the^Egean  Sea.  On 
its  shore  in  Asia  was  Lampsacus, 
whence  came  the  worship  of  Pri- 
apus). 

Helorus  (-um),  -I,  [Gr.  "EAcopos], 
m.  and  n.,  a  city  on  the  east  coast 
of  Sicily.  A  wide,  slow  river  of  the 
same  name  flowed  over  the  flat 
land  in  the  vicinity. 

Helymus,  see  Klymus. 

lierbu,  -ae,  [?],  f.  (both  collec- 
tively and  in  plural),  an  herb, 
grass,  herbage,  a  weed,  a  plant, 
dried  grass  (hay),  -vegetation,  a 
Uade  (of  grass  or  growing  crops), 
sward:  mollis;  veneni ;  viridis 
(pasture};  tenera;  immemor 
herbae  (grazing) ;  olens ;  maio- 
res  (stalk  and  leaves);  Sardoa 
(perh.  crowfoot). 

Herbesus,  -I,  [  ?],  m.,  a  Rutulian. 

herbosus,  -a,  -um,  [fherba-  (re- 
duced) +  osus],  adj.,  grassy,  rich 
in  vegetation  :  flumen. 

Hercules,  -is,  [Gr.  'H/KWCATJJ, 
through  a  shorter  form],  m.,  the 
famous  demigod,  renowned  for  his 
strength  and  services  to  mankind, 
represented  with  a  club  and  lion's 
skin.  The  poplar  was  sacred  to  him. 

Herculeus,  -a,  -um,  [imitated  fr. 
'HpcfoAeios],  adj.,  of  Hercules  : 
umbra  (of  the  poplar)  ;  corona 
(of  poplar)  ;  sacrum ;  Tarentum 
(Herculean,  founded  by  Hercu- 
les); amictus  (the  lion's  skin). 

heres,  -edis,  [akin  to  herus  ?],  m. 
(or  f.),  an  heir. 


herilis,  see  erilis. 

Herilus,  see  Krulus,  the  approved 
spelling. 

I  Icrniiti  ins,  -I  (-ii),  [?],  m.,  a 
Trojan  warrior. 

Hermione,  -es,  [Gr.  'Epfutvii'],  f., 
the  daughter  of  Menelaus  and 
Helen,  the  wife  of  Orestes. 

Hermus,  -i,  [Gr.  "E^nos],  m.,  a 
river  in  Lydia,  famous  for  its  gold- 
en sands  and  the  fertility  of  the 
surrounding  country. 

Hernicus,  -a,  -um,  [fherno-  (said 
to  mean  rock)  +  cus],  adj.,  of  tlit 
Hernici  (nom.  plur.  of  same  word), 
a  people  of  Latium,  said  to  be  of 
Sabine  origin. 

heros,  -ois  (-oos),  [Gr.  3}p<»s],  m., 
a  demigod,  a  hero. 

herus  (erus,  more  approved  spell- 
ing), -I,  [?],  m.,  a  master,  a  lord. 

Hesione,  -es,  [Gr.  'Haiovri],  f.,  a 
daughter  of  Laomedon,  sister  of 
Priam,  and  wife  of  Telamon. 

Hesperia,  see  Hesperius. 

Hesperis,  -idis,  [Gr.  iavepis,  adj. 
of  6<rjr«pos],  f.  adj.,  (Western), 
Hesperian,  Italian.  —  Plur.,  the 
Hesperides,  daughters  of  Hesperus, 
keepers  of  a  garden  of  golden  ap- 
ples in  the  far  West. 

Hesperius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'EoWpios, 
adj.  of  "Eirirepos],  adj.,  (Western). 
—  Fern.  (sc.  terra),  the  West- 
ern land,  Italy  (as  viewed  from 
Greece),  Hesperia.  —  Hence,  Ital- 
ian, Hesperian. 

Hesperus,  -I,  [Gr.  "Eo-Trtpos  =  Lat. 
Vesper\,  m.,  evening,  the  evening 
star. 

hesternus,  -a,  -um,  [fhesi-  (see 
heri)  +  ternus  (cf.  externus, 
~ 


yesterday's  :  Lar  (newly  adopted). 
heu  [?,  cf.  eheu,  heus],  interj.  (of 

grief  orpain),a/«5/  ah!  oh!  ah  me! 
heus  [cf.  heu],  interj.  (of  calling), 

ho  !  hallo  !  ho  there  ! 
hiatus,  -us,  [fhia-  (of  hio)  +  tus], 

m.,  a  gaping,  an  opening,  a  yawn- 

ing  mouth,  a  mouth  :  oris  (jaws). 
hibernus,  -a,  -um,  [fliiem-  (stem 


Vocabulary. 


129 


of  hiomps,  contracted)  -f  ernus 
(cf.  caverna)],  adj.,  of  winter, 
wintry,  winter's,  stormy.  —  Neut. 
plur.,  winters. 

Hlberus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Spanish. 

hibiscus,  -i,  [Gr.  iftivKosj,  m.,  the 
marsh- mallow,  a  mallow  twig  or 
tu'igs,  a  switch  (of  mallow). 

hie,  haec,  hoc,  [pron.  -y/ho  +  i  + 
ce,  cf.  ecce,  cetera],  dem.  pron. 
(as  subst.  or  adj.,  of  something 
near  in  time,  place,  or  thought,  cf. 
ille),  this,  he,  she,  it,  such.  —  Of 
indefinite  persons,  this  man,  one. 
—  Often  repeated,  or  correlative 
with  another  pron.,  this  . .  .  that, 
he  .  .  .  he,  one,  another,  the  former, 
the  latter.  —  Also,  the  following,  as 
follows.  —  In  abl.  with  compara- 
tive, so  m  uch,  the  more.  —  Phrases : 
hoc  erat  quod  ?  etc.,  was  it  for 
this  that? ;  hoc  habet,  he  is  smit- 
ten, he  is  hit,  he  is  sped  (a  gladia- 
torial word). 

hie  [fhi  (locative  of  fho)  +  ce], 
adv.,  here,  there.  —  Also,  of  time 
or  circumstance,  here,  hereupon. 

Hicetaonius,  -i,  [fHicetaon  +.ius, 
prop,  adj.],  m.,  son  of  Hicetaon. 

hiemps,  hiemis,  [unc.  root  (found 
in  x"">")  +  mus  (reduced,  cf.  xf '- 
ptpios,  Himalaya),  with  parasitic 
p],  f.,  winter,  storm,  tempest.  — 
Personified,  the  Storm. 

Hiera  (laera),  -ae,  [Gr.  'lepa],  f., 
a  priestess  of  Jove  on  Mt.  Ida, 
mother  of  Pandarus  and  Bitias. 

hilaro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fhila- 
ro-],  i.  v.  a.,  cheer,  enliven. 

Himella,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  river  in 
Italy  flowing  into  the  Tiber. 

hi nc.  [him  (case-form  of  fho,  cf. 
interim)  +  ce  (cf.  hie)],  adv., 
from  here,  hence,  from  there,  from 
this  (cf.  uncle),  from  these. — Of 
time,  then,  thereupon,  next,  here- 
upon.— Also  (cf.  a  parte  dex- 
tera),  here,  on  this  side.  —  Often, 
repeated  or  opposed  to  another 
pron. :  hinc  atque  hinc  (illinc), 
on  this  side  .  .  .  on  that,  here  .  .  . 
there,  on  every  side,  around,  —  Of 


logical  relations  (cf.  hence,  since), 
hence. 

hinnitus,  -us,  [fhinni-  (of  hin- 
nio)  +  tus],  m.,  a  neighing. 

hio,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fhio-  (cf. 
hiulcus,  hisco)],  I.  v.  n.,  gape, 
yawn.  —  hians,  -antis,  p.,  open- 
ing the  mouth,  gaping,  open,  open- 
mouthed,  eager  :  immane  (open- 
ing his  enormous  jaws,  of  a  lion). 

Hippocoon,  -ontos,  [Gr.  'lirtroKotav, 
-OVTIS]  ,  m.,  a  companion  of  tineas. 

Hippodame,  -es,  [Gr.  'IiriroSa/uT?], 
f.,  Hippodamia,  daughter  of  tEno- 
maus,  won  by  Pelops  in  a  chariot- 
race.  Her  story  was  a  favorite 
theme  for  epic  poetry. 

Hippolyte,  -es,  [Gr.  '\inro\\n-r\\,  f-» 
an  Amazon,  wife  of  Theseus.  She 
fought  against  the  Amazons  on 
the  side  of  Athens. 

Hippolytus,  -i,  [Gr.  'ITI-ITD'AUTOS]  , 
m.,  the  son  of  Theseus  and  Hip- 
polyte, killed  through  the  wiles  of 
Phaedra,  his  step-mother,  but  after- 
wards restored  to  life  by  Diana. 

hippomanes  (not  declined  in  Lat- 
in), [Gr.  lirTrofj.avts~\ ,  n.,  an  excre- 
tion of  the  mare  used  as  a  philter. 

Hippotades,  -ae,  [Gr.  'liriroTaoris~], 
m.,  son  of  Hippotas. 

Hircanus,  -a,  -um ;  see  Hyrca- 
nus. 

hircus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a  he-goat. 

hirsutus,  -a,  -um,  [fhirsu-  (stem 
akin  to  hirtus)  +  tus  (cf.  cor- 
nutus)],  adj.,  bristly,  prickly, 
rough  :  vepres ;  frondes ;  crista 
equina  (bristling,  of  a  hero  in 
a  crested  helmet);  supercilium 
(bushy) . 

hirtus,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  root  (cf. 
horreo)  +  tus,  p.p.  of  lost  verb], 
adj.,  rough,  hairy,  shaggy,  bristly  ; 
capellae  (coarse-haired}. 

hirundo,  -inls,  [?],  f.,  a  swallow. 

Ilisbp,  -onis,  [?],  m.,  a  Rutulian. 

hisco,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  hiscere, 
[^/hi  (perhaps  fhi-)  +  sco,  cf. 
hio,  hiulcus],  3.  v.  n.,  gape,  open 
the  mouth. 

hispidus,  -a,  -um,  [akin  to  hirtus, 


130 


Vocabulary. 


hirsutus,  ?],  adj.,  shaggy,  hairy: 
frons  {bushy). 

Iiiulcus,  -a,  -urn,  [  ?,  fhiiilo-  (fhio 
+  lus)  +  cus],  &&}., gaping,  crack- 
ing, furrowed  (of  land  cracked  by 
the  sun). 

hoc,  abLj  see  hie. 

hoc,  adv.;   see  hue. 

hodie  [fho-  (stem)  or  ho  (abl.)  of 
pron.  -y/ho  (cf.  hie)  -die  (abl.  of 
dies)  ],  adv.,  to-day.  —  Weakened, 
with  negatives,  nmu,  surely :  nan- 
quam  hodie  effugies  (emphasizing 
the  negative). 

holus  (ol-),  -eris,  [  ?],  n.,  -vegetables. 

homo,  -iiiis,  [-^/hom  (I.-E.  GHAM, 
cf.  Sk.  guma,  Eng.  groom)  +  o 
(cf.  gero),  akin  to  humus],  m., 
a  man  (or  woman),  a  mortal, 
human  kind,  the  human  race. — 
Often,  the  human  form,  Jmman, 
mortal :  malis  hominem  (Jiuman 
•woes) ;  vox  hominum  sonat. 

Homole,  -es,  [Gr.  'O/u^AjjJ,  f.,  a 
mountain  of  Thessaly. 

honestus,  -a,  -um,  [fhonos-  (n. 
of  honor?)  +  tus,  cf.  arbustus, 
funestus],  adj.,  beautiful  (cf. 
honor),  noble,  fine. 

honor  (-6s),  -oris,  [unc.  root  + 
or  (-os)],  m.,  beauty,  grace,  dig- 
nity. —  Of  moral  qualities,  glory, 
dignity,  fame,  honor.  —  Of  beauty 
conferred,  adornment,  decoration. 
—  Of  glory  conferred,  honor,  hon- 
ors (marks  of  honor),  respect,  re- 
gard, reward,  recompense,  tribute, 
meed  of  praise.  —  Esp.  of  religious 
honor,  worship,  sacrifice,  an  offer- 
ing, honors,  reverence,  praise,  fes- 
tive rites. — Technically,  honors  (of 
the  people) ,  an  office,  a  magistracy. 

honoro,  -a  vl, -Stum, -are,  [honor], 
I .  v.  a.,  honor,  respect,  observe  with 
Jionor. 

bora,  -ae,  [Gr.  woo,  season],  f.,  an 
hour.  —  Less  exactly,  time,  mo- 
ment, hour  :  suprema ;  crastina 
(the  morrow) . — Phrase  :  in  horas, 
from  hour  to  hour.  —  Personified, 
the  Hours  (attendants  of  the  Sun, 
Moon,  &c.). 


hordeum,  -I,  (also  plur.),  n.,  bar- 
ley. —  Plur.,  grains  (of  barley) . 

horrendus,  -a,  -um,  ger.  p.  of 
horreo. 

horrens,  -entis,  p.  of  horreo. 

horreo  (horrui,  assigned  to  hor- 
resco),  no  sup.,  horrere,  [fhorro- 
(-^hors),  cf.  horrificus],  2.  v.  n. 
and  a.,  stand  erect,  bristle,  be  rozigh  : 
colla  colubris;  regia  culmo;  car- 
duus. — From  the  tingling  sensation 
of  fear  (cf.  "hair  standing  on  end." 
The  same  root  in  Sk.  expresses  the 
similar  tingling  of  intense  pleas- 
ure), shudder,  shudder  at,  dread. 

—  horrens,   -entis,  p.   as   adj., 
bristling,  rough,  prickly,  shaggy. 

—  horrendus,  -a,  -um,  ger.  p. 
as  adj.,  horrible,  dreadful,  awful 
(in  bad  or  good  sense),  frightful, 
dread.  —  Neut.  as  adv.,  dreadfully. 

—  Neut.  plur.,  horrors,  prodigies. 
horresco,  horrui,  no  sup.,  hor- 

rescere,  [fhorre-  (stem  of  hor- 
reo) +  sco],  3.  v.  n.  and  a.,  bristle  : 
seges  hastis. — Also  (cf.  horreo), 
shiver,  tremble,  shtidder,  dread: 
campi  (of  the  grain  waving  in  the 
wind) ;  visu ;  morsus  mensarum 
(shudder  at). 

horreum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  a  granary,  a 
storehouse,  a  barn. 

horribilis,  -e,[fhorr6-(cf.  horreo) 
+  bilis],  adj.,  horrible,  frightful, 
dreadful. 

horridus,  -a,  -um,  [fhorrS-  (cf. 
horreo)  +  dus],  adj.,  rough,  shag- 
gy, bristling:  bruma  gelu ;  gran- 
do  (icy,  cf.  last  example)  ;  hasti- 
libus  myrtus.  —  Also,  perh.  from 
domestic  animals,  rough  (in  bad 
condition,  cf.  nitidus,  sleek),  dis- 
ordered, unseemly,  uncouth,  tin- 
kept,  ill-kempt :  alter  (of  a  queen- 
bee,  opposed  to  clarus)  ;  macies 
(hideous) ;  horridior  rusco  (of 
a  man). — Transferred,  and  fig., 
dreadful,  dread,  horrid,  frightful, 
awful. 

horrifico,  -avi,  -a  turn,  -are,  [  fhor- 
rifico  (stem  of  horrificus)],  I. 
v.a.,  terrify,  affright. 


Vocabulary. 


horrificus,  -a,  -um,  [fhorro- 
(cf.  horreo)+ficus  (yfac+us)], 
adj.,  terrible,  frightful, 

horrisonus,  -a,  -um,  [fhorro-  (cf. 
horrificus)  +  sonus],  adj.,  dread 
sounding,  of  awful  sound. 

horror,  -oris,  [  -y/horr  (cf.  horreo) 
-for],  m.,  a  bristling.  —  Also,  a 
shudder,  dread,  horror.  —  Poeti- 
cally:  armorum  (dread sound). 

hortator,  -oris,  [fhorta-  (in  hor- 
tor)  -f  tor],  m.,  an  encourager,  a 
suggest er. 

Ilortiims,  -a,  -um,  [Horta-  (re- 
duced) +  inus],  adj.,  of  Horla  (a 
town  of  Etruria  on  the  Tiber  and 
Nar,  now  Or  fa). 

hortor,  -atus,  -arl,  [fhorito-  (stem 
of  lost  p.p.  of  obs.  fhorior)], 
I.  v.  dep.,  exhort,  encourage,  ad- 
vise, urge,  address  (with  words  of 
encouragement  as  a  leader). — 
Poetically,  of  animals,  urge,  urge 
on,  entice. 

hortus,  -1,  [?,  cf.  cohors,  Gr.  x^p- 
TOJ],  m.,  (an  enclosure*),  a  garden, 
an  orchard. 

hospes,  -itis,  [fhos-  (I.  E.  GHAS, 
eat)  -petis  =  potis,  ct.ir6ais  (-y/pa 
+  tis)],  comm.,  a  host.  —  Trans- 
ferred, a  guest,  a  stranger.  —  As 
an  address,  stranger,  friend.  — 
Also,  a  friend  (hereditary  or  fam- 
ily, in  the  peculiar  relation  of  an- 
tiquity, like  Gr.  £tvos. 

hospitium,  -1  (-11),  [fhospit  + 
ium],  n.,  entertainment,  hospital- 
ity, alliance,  amity,  friendship.  — 
Plur.,  hospitalities.  —  Concretely, 
retreat,  shelter. — Also  (cf.  hospes 
and  ^fv(a),  friendship  (family  or 
hereditary) . — Concretely,  a  friend 
(cf.  servitium,  a  slave*)  :  anti- 
quum  (long  in  friendly  relations 
with). 

fhospitus,  -a,  -um,  (only  in  fem. 
and  neut.  plur.),  [irregular  forma- 
tion fr.  hospes  (cf.  sospes,  sos- 
pita),  as  if  fr.  hospitus],  adj., 
strange,  foreign.  —  Also,  hospita- 
ble, friendly:  unda  plaustris 
(passable*). 


host  Ja,  -ae,  [prob.  fhosti-  (stem 
of  host  is,  reduced)  +  ia  (f.  of 
ius),  going  back  to  the  time  of 
human  sacrifice (?),  cf.  Mn.  x.  519], 
f.,  a  victim  (for  sacrifice). 

hostilis,  -e,  [fhosti-  (lengthened, 
cf.  civilis)  -f  lis],  adj.,  of  an 
(the)  enemy,  the  enemyjs,  hostile  : 
fades  (to  disturb  a  sacrifice*). 

hostis,  -is,  [  ?,  poss.  fhos-  (cf.  hos- 
pes) +  tis,  orig.  a  guest,  then 
stranger,  then  foe~\,  comm.,  a 
stranger.  —  Also,  an  enemy  (of 
the  country,  cf.  inimicus,  one's 
own  private  enemy),  a  foe,  the 
enemy. 

hue  (old  hoc),  [dat.  adv.  ho-ce,  cf. 
illo], adv., hither,  here  (of  motion), 
into  this,  into  that,  &c.,  thither, 
there  (cf.  hie),  this  -way  :  inclu- 
dunt  (in  this) ;  asperge  sapores 
(here,  on  this  place) ;  hue  atque 
illuc  (this  way  and  that). 

Im maims,  -a,  -um,  [fhumo-  (re- 
duced) +  anus,  cf.  homo],  adj., 
of  man,  human,  mortal,  of  mor- 
tals. 

humecto,  see  umecto,  the  spelling 
now  in  vogue. 

humens,  see  umeo. 

humeo,  see  umeo. 

humerus,  see  umerus. 

humesco,  see  umesco. 

li  ii  in  M  ii-,  see  u  MI  MII-. 

h  u  mil  is,  -e,  [fhumo  +  lis],  adj., 
low  (lit.  and  fig.),  mean,  humble .' 
Italia  (low-lying*) ;  casae ;  fossa 
(shallow,  cf.  altus,  deep) ;  pavor 
(dispirited*). 

humo,  -iivi,  -atiim,  -are,  [tliu- 
m6-],  I.  v.  a.,  bury,  inter :  sola- 
men  humandi  (of  burial*). 

humor,  see  umor,  the  spelling  in 
vogue. 

humus,  -I,  [yhom  (cf.  homo)  + 
us,  cf.  x«MaO»  f->  ^e  ground,  the 
earth,  the  soil:  exercebis ;  rastros 
patietur;  te  condet  humi;  me 
tollere  humo;  cadavera  tegere 
humo.  —  humi,  on  the  ground: 
humi  nascentia  fraga ;  procum- 
bit  humi  boa. 


132 


Vocabulary. 


hyacinthus,  -I,  [Gr.  vdxivOos'],  m., 
a  hyacinth  (so  called),  an  uncer- 
tain flower  variously  identified 
(cornflower,  iris,  rocket,  martagon 
lily). 

Hyades,  -um,  [Gr.  'TaSes],  f.  plur., 
the  Hyades,  a  group  of  seven  stars 
in  the  head  of  Taurus  (the  Bull), 
the  setting  of  which  was  attended 
by  storms. 

hyalus,  -I,  [Gr.  va\t>{\,  m.,  glass  : 
color  (i.e.  green). 

hybernus,  see  hibernus. 

Hybla,  -ae,  [Gr.  "TflAr/],  f.,  a 
mountain  in  Sicily  famous  for  its 
bees. 

Hyblaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr. "ffi\cuos~], 
adj.,  of  Hybla,  Hyblaan. 

Hydaspes,  -is,  [Gr.  'TSCMTTTTJS],  m. : 
I.  A  river  of  India. —  Less  ex- 
actly, for  the  people  in  its  vicinity  : 
regem  observant  (the  same  fig- 
ure is  admissible  in  Eng.) ;  2.  A 
Trojan  (cf.  Hebrus  and  Hypa- 
nis). 

hydra,  -ae,  [Gr.  %<*],  f.:  I.  The 
hydra,  a  water-snake  killed  by  Her- 
cules. It  had  seven  heads,  which 
multiplied  as  fast  as  they  were  cut 
off ;  2.  Another  water-serpent  (or 
the  ghost  of  the  same?)  in  the  in- 
fernal regions,  acting  (like  mon- 
sters generally)  as  a  minister  of 
divine  vengeance. 

hydrus,  -I,  [Gr.  v5pos~],m.,  a  -water- 
snake,  a  snake  (in  general)  :  im- 
manis  (the  dragon  of  Cadmus). 

hyems,  see  hiemps,  the  better 
spelling. 

Hylaeus,  -I,  [Gr.  "rAeuos],  m.,  a 


Centaur  who  offered  violence  to 
Atalanta. 

Hylas,  -ae,  [Gr."TA.as],  m.,  a  youth 
who  accompanied  Hercules  in  the 
Argonautic  expedition,  and  was 
carried  away  by  the  nymphs  of  a 
fountain. 

Hylax,  -ac is,  [Gr.  "TAo|],  m.,  the 
name  of  a  dog. 

Ilyllns,  -I,  [Gr.  "TAAos],  m.,  a 
Trojan. 

Hymenaeus  -I,  [Gr.  u^eVojos],  m., 
Hymen,  the  marriage  god. — Trans- 
ferred, marriage,  wedlock,  nuptial 
rites,  a  wedding,  a  nuptial  son6. 
—  Also  in  plur.  in  same  senses.  — 
Also,  of  animals,  mating. 

Hypanis,  -is,  [Gr.  "Tirom],  m. : 
I.  A  river  of  Scythia  (now  Boug), 
a  roaring  and  rocky  river :  saxo- 
sum  sonans;  2.  A  Trojan  (cf. 
Hebrus) . 

Hyperboreus,  -a,  -urn,  [Gr.  "Tirep- 
&6peos],  adj.,  {beyond  the  North), 
far  Northern,  Northernmost.  — 
The  plur.  is  the  name  of  the  peo- 
ple of  those  regions,  as  usual. 

Hyrcanus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.tfTp;ca;/os], 
adj.,  of  the  Hyrcani  (a  nation  on 
the  Caspian  Sea,  comprehended 
under  the  general  idea  of  the 
Parthians,  with  whom  the  Romans 
were  long  at  war).  —  Plur.,  the 
Hyrcani  (the  nation  itself). 

Hyrtacides,  -ae,  [Gr.  patronymic], 
m.,  son  ofHyrtacus  (Nisus  or  Hip- 
pocoon). 

Hyrtacus,  -I,  [borrowed  fr.  Greek], 
m.,  the  father  of  Nisus.  Perhaps 
another,  the  father  of  Hippocoon. 


I  (vowel). 


lacchus,  -I,    [Gr.  "latexes'],  m.,  a 

name  of  Bacchus.  —  Also,  wine. 
laera,  see  Hiera. 
lapetus,  -1,   [Gr.  "lairerJs],  m.,  one 

of  the  Titans,  father  of  Prometheus 

and  Atlas. 
lapis,  -idis,  [borrowed  fr.  Greek], 

m.,  the  physician  of  y£neas. 
lapys,  -ydis,  f  Gr.  'iSirey],  m.,  of  the 


lapydes  (a  race  around  the  head 
of  the  Adriatic)  :  Timavus.  — PL, 
the  race  itself,  the  lapydes. 
lapyx,  -ygis,  [Gr.  'luirv£],  adj., 
lapygian,  of  lapygia  (a  name  of 
Apulia).  —  Less  exactly,  Apulian. 
—  Masc.,  lapyx,  the  north-west- 
erly wind  (blowing  from  lapygia 
into  Greece). 


Vocabulary. 


133 


larbas,  -ae,  [?],  m.,  a  king  of  the 
Gaetulians  in  Libya,  son  of  Jupiter 
Ammon,  and  a  suitor  of  Dido. 

I  as  ides  -ae,  [Gr.  patronymic  of 
lasiusj,  m.,  descendant  of  lasius. 

lasius,  -i  (-ii),  [Gr.  'Idcnos],  m., 
the  brother  of  Dardanus,  son  of 
Jupiter  and  Electra.  He  became 
a  special  favorite  of  Ceres  (De- 
meter).  Among  other  myths  he  is 
said  to  have  married  a  daughter  of 
Teucer,  and  so  to  have  been  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Trojan  race. 

iaspis,  -idis,  [Gr.  laairii\,  L,  jasper 
(a  precious  stone) . 

Iber  (Iberus),  see  Hiberus. 

ibi  [pron.  ^/i  (cf.  is)  +  bi  (loc. 
suffix,  cf.  -bus  and  tibi)],  adv., 
(here  (less  demonstrative  than  11- 
lic,  cf.  Is)  :  respexit,  ibi  omnis 
effusus  labor  (in  that  look}.— 
Of  time,  then,  thereupon  :  ibi  me- 
mento. 

Ibidem  [ibi-dem,  cf.  idem],  adv., 
in  the  same  place,  on  the  same 
spot.  —  Of  time,  at  the  same  time. 

Icarus,  -I,  [Gr.  "I/capos],  the  son  of 
Daedalus,  who  fell  accompanying 
his  father's  flight. 

fed",  Id,  ictum,icere,  3.  v.  z..,strike, 
hit.  —  Of  a  treaty,  ratify,  make. 

ictus,  -us,  [  -y/ic  +  tus] ,  m.,  a  stroke, 
a  blow  :  certus  {aim} ;  quo  ictu 
furit  equus  (wound}  ;  cuspidis 
(wound};  totus  (force};  ven- 
tos  lacessit  ictibus  (thrusts}. — 
Collectively,  throwing:  cursu  et 
ictu. 

Ida,  -ae,  [Gr.  "I5a] ,  f. :  I .  A  moun- 
tain in  the  middle  of  Crete,  the  seat 
of  a  famous  worship  of  Jupiter. 
Here  Jupiter  was  supposed  to  have 
been  nursed  in  secret  ;  2.  The 
mountain  of  Ph'rygia,  near  Troy, 
famous  for  many  divine  incidents, 
and  especially  for  the  worship  of 
Cybele  ;  3.  The  name  of  the 
mother  of  Nisus. 

Idacus,  -a,  -urn,  [Gr.  'iSalos],  adj., 
of  Ida  (the  mountain  in  Crete), 
Idaan.  —  of  Ida  (cf.  2.  Ida),  Idtc- 
an.  —  Less  exactly,  Trojan.  — 


Masc.,  Id&us,  Priam's  herald  and 
charioteer  ;  also  other  Trojans. 

I  did  ins,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'iScJAiof], 
adj.,  of  Idalium,  Idalian.  — Fern., 
Idalia,  a  town  and  grove  of  Cy- 
prus. —  Neut.,  Idalium,  another 
form  of  the  same  name.  Both 
forms  are  properly  adj.,  but  the 
adj.  is  used  as  if  from  the  nouns. 

Idas,  -ae,  [Gr.  "I5os],  m. :  i.  A 
Trojan  ;  2.  A  Thracian. 

idcirco  [id  (n.  ace.  of  is)  circo 
(dat.  or  abl.  of  circus,  cf.  circa, 
circum)],  adv.,  for  that  reason, 
therefore,  for  this  purpose.  —  With 
negatives,  for  all  that,  for  that, 
on  that  account. 

idem,  eade~n,  idem,  [is  +  dem 
(pron.  -y/da,  inacc.?,cf.  quidam, 
dum)],  adj.  pron.,  the  same,  the 
•very,  the  like.  —  Often  equivalent 
to  a  mere  connective,  also,  like- 
wise, as  well. 

ideo  [id  (n.  ace.  of  is)  eo,  strictly, 
and  that  for  this  reason  or  pur- 
Pose^,  adv.,  for  this  reason,  there- 
fore, on  this  account.  —  With  neg- 
atives (cf.  idcirco),  ykr  all  that. 

Idmon,  -onis,  [Gr.  Jl5/Koi>],  m.,  a 
Rutulian. 

Idomeneus,  -ei  (ace.  -ea),  [Gr. 
'iSo/ievevs],  m.,  a  hero  of  the  Tro- 
jan war,  leader  of  the  Cretans. 

Idumaeus,  -a,  -um.  [Gr.  'iSv/wwos], 
adj.,  of  Idume  (Edorn},  a  region 
of  Syria,  famous  for  its  palms, 
IdumcEan. 

lens,  run t  is,  p.  of  eo. 

igitur  [perh.  unc.  stem  +  tus  (cf. 
diviiiitus)],  adv.,  in  that  case. — 
Weakened  as  conj.,  accordingly, 
therefore.  —  Also  in  questions  and 
the  like  (implying  that  what  fol- 
lows is  the  logical  consequence  of 
what  precedes  or  has  been  im- 
plied), then  :  mene  igitur  fugis 
(do  you  then,  &c.  ?  as  your  action 
seems  to  indicate). 

ignarus,  -a,  -um,  [in-gnarus 
(^/gna  +  rus)],  adj.,  not  kn<no- 
ing,  ignorant,  unacquainted -with, 
unaware,  unsuspecting,  in  igno- 


134 


Vocabulary. 


ranee,  taken  by  surprise,  —  Rare 
in  pass,  sense,  unknown :  igna- 
rtun  habet  ora  Mimanta  (in 
obscurity) . 

ignave  [abl.  of  ignavus],  adv., 
slolhfully,  negligently :  carpere 
herbas  (heedless  of  plucking). 

ignavia,  -ae,  [fignavo-  (reduced) 
+  ia],  f.,  slothfulness,  cowardice: 
animi  {cowardly  spirit). 

ignavus,  -a,  -um,  [in-gnavus 
(y'gna  +  vus)],  adj.,  idle,  sloth- 
ful, without  spirit,  cowardly.  — 
Poetically:  hiems  ignava  colono 
(an  idle  time,  &c.). — Also,  idle, 
unproductive,  unfruitful :  ne- 
mora. 

ignesco,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -escere, 
[figne-  (of  supposed  or  lost  verb 
figneo)  +  sco],  3.  v.  n.  incept., 
take  fire.  —  Fig.,  be  fired,  be  in- 
flamed. 

igneus,  -a,  -um,  [figni-  (reduced) 
+  eus],  adj.,  fiery,  blazing,  burn- 
ing. —  Fig.,  fiery,  ardent,  burn- 
ing, like  fire  (swift),  like  a  flash. 

ignipotens,-entis,[tigni-potens], 
m.,  Lord  of  fire,  a  name  of  Vulcan. 

ignis,  -is,  [I.  E.  ^/AG  (of  unc.  mean- 
ing) +  nis],  m.,  fire,  flame,  heat, 
brand,  flash  :  rapidus ;  Luna 
colligit  ignes  {light,  conceiving 
the  heavenly  bodies  as  blazing); 
Cyllenius  (the  planet  Mercury)  ; 
rutilus  (redness);  aeterni  (the 
stars) .  —  Fig.,  of  the  passions,  pas- 
sion, love,  fury,  wrath,  frenzy.  — 
Concretely  (as  in  English),  flame 
(object  of  love). 

ignobilis,  -e,  [in-(g)nobilis],  adj., 
ignoble,  inglorious,  obscure,  worth- 
less, unhonored. 

ignominia,  -ae,  [fignomini-  (re- 
duced, cf.  cognominis)  +  ia],  f., 
want  of  fame,  ignominy,  disgrace, 
shame. 

ignoro,  -avi,  -atuin,  -are,  [fig- 
naro-],  I.  v.  a.,  not  know,  be  un- 
aware of,  be  ignorant  of. —  Poeti- 
cally, of  transplanting :  semina 
matrem  (become  unacquainted 
•with). 


ignosco,  -novi,  -notum,  -noscere, 

[in-(g)nosco,  formed  perh.  in  imi- 
tation of  cognosce,  investigate^, 
3.  v.  n.,  pardon,  forgive.  —  igno- 
scendus,  -a,  -um,  ger.  p.,  par- 
donable. 

ignotus,  -a,  -um,  [in-(g)notus], 
adj.,  unknown,  obscure,  strange, 
unobserved. 

ilex,  -icis,  [?],  f.,  an  oak  (of  a  par- 
ticular species,  the  holm-oak),  a 
holm-oak. 

ilia,  -ium,  [perh.  akin  to  <?t\<a,  roll 
(cf.  efAeos)],  n.  plur.  (sing,  rare), 
the  groin,  the  flanks,  the  side  (be- 
tween the  ribs  and  hips)  :  rum- 
pere  (burst  the  sides,  with  envy 
and  the  like). 

Ilia,  -ae,  [fllo  +  ia],  f.,  a  name  for 
Rhea  Silvia  (the  mother  of  Romu- 
lus and  Remus). 

Iliac  us,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  *IAia/c<fe], 
adj.,  of  Ilium  (another  name  for 
Troy),  Trojan. 

Ilias,  -adis,  [Gr.  'lAios],  f.  adj.,  a 
Trojan  woman. 

ilicet  [i  (imper.  of  eo)  licet,  go, 
you  may~\,  adv.,  (orig.  formula  of 
dismissal  for  an  assembled  people, 
it  is  over,  you  may  deparf). — 
Transferred,  immediately,  forth- 
with, at  once. 

ilignus,  -a,  -um,  [filic-  (of  ilex) 
+  nus],  adj.,  of  holm-oak,  oaken. 

Ilione,  -es,  [Gr.  '\\i6vri],  f.,  the 
oldest  daughter  of  Priam,  married 
to  Polymestor,  king  of  Thrace. 

Ilioneus,  -ei  (ace.  -ea),  [Gr.  'IA«o- 
vfvs~\,  m.,  an  aged  Trojan,  com- 
panion of  tineas. 

Ilium,  i  (-ii),  [Gr."lAioc],  prop.  n. 
of  adj.,  see  Ilius],  n.,  a  name  of 
Troy,  city  of  Ilu$. 

Ilius,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  "lAjov],  adj.  (of 
wh.  Ilium  is  neut.,  but  it  is  treated 
as  adj.  from  Ilium),  Ilian,  Trojan. 

illabor,  see  inlabor. 

illacrimo,  see  inlacrimo. 

illaetabilis,  see  inlaetabilis. 

illaudatus,  see  inlaudatus. 

ille  (ollus),  ilia,  illud,  [unc.  pron. 
stem  +  lua  (cf.  ullus)],  dem.  pron. 


Vocabulary. 


'35 


(conceived  as  more  remote  than 
hie),  that,  these.  —  Without  noun, 
he,  she,  that,  it.  —  Contrary  to  Eng. 
usage,  of  what  follows,  this,  these, 
these  things.  —  Often  repeated  or 
opposed  to  another  pron.,//i<?  other, 
that  one,  that,  the  former  (cf.  hie). 
—  Of  a  conspicuous  person  or  ob- 
ject (as  if  pointed  at),  the  great, 
that.  —  In  comparisons  (to  make 
the  comparison  more  vivid,  as  if  it 
were  actually  in  sight),  some,  a. — 
In  imitation  of  Homeric  876,  re- 
dundant, merely  continuing  the 
subject  of  discourse.  —  ex  illo, 
from  that  time. 

illecebrae,-aruin;  seelnlecebrae. 

lllic  [illi  (loc.  adv.  fr.  ille)  -ce 
(cf.  hie)],  adv.,  there,  in  that 
place,  with  them  (cf.  hie,  hinc), 
on  this.  —  hie  .  .  .  illic,  here  .  .  . 
there,  in  this  place  .  .  .  in  that. 

illido,  see  inlido. 

illinc  [illim  (case-form  of  ille,  cf. 
interim)  -ce  (cf.  hie)],  adv., 
thence,  from  there.  —  Also  (cf. 
hinc),  on  that  side,  that  side:  hinc 
atque  illinc  (on  this  side  and  that} . 

illisus,  see  inlisus. 

illotus,  see  inlotus. 

illuc  [illo  (dat.  adv.  fr.  ille,  cf.  eo) 
-ce  (cf.  hie)],  adv.,  thither,  that 
way  :  hue  illuc  volvens  oculos ; 
hue  caput  atque  illuc  pependit 
(on  this  side  and  that). 

illucesco,  see  inlucesco. 

illudo,  see  inludo. 

illustris,  see  inlustris. 

illusus,  see  inlusus. 

illuvies,  see  inluvies. 

Illyricus,  -a,  -um,  [flllyri-  (stem 
of  Illyris)  +  cus],  adj.,  of  Illyria, 
(or  Illyris,  an  indefinite  region 
east  of  the  Adriatic,  to  the  north 
of  Greece  proper)  :  aequor  (the 
Adriatic). 

Ilus,  -i,  [Gr.  TUos],  m.:  I.  The 
mythical  founder  of  Ilium,  grand- 
father of  Priam ;  2.  A  son  of  Dar- 
danus,  and  great-uncle  ot  No.  I ; 
3.  A  name  of  lulus ;  4.  A  Rutulian. 

Ilva,  -ae,  [prob.  borrowed],  f.,  Elba, 


the  island  off  the  coast  of  Etruria, 
famous  for  its  rich  iron-mines. 

imago,  -inis,  [fima-  (stem  of 
tim.5,  simple  verb,  whence  imi- 
tor,  cf.  dietito,  dicto)  +  go  (cf. 
vorago)],  f.,  a  representation, 
an  imitation,  a  copy :  genitoris 
(a  resemblance} ;  formae  (empty 
form)  ;  Lunae  (reflection)  ;  Ae- 
neae  (appearance,  in  a  compari- 
son).—  Concretely,  a  statue,  a 
representation  (in  art)  :  lani  ; 
maris ;  rerum.  —  Esp.,  a  phan- 
tom, a  shade,  an  apparition,  a 
form  :  magna  mei  (I,  a  renowned 
shade)  ;  pallentis  Adrasti.  —  Of 
the  mind,  a  picture,  a  conception, 
an  image,  an  idea  :  confusa  re- 
rum  ;  pietatis ;  pugnae ;  maior 
Martis  (wore  vivid  picture); 
plurima  mortis  (form).  —  Fig., 
echo. 

Imaon,  -onis,  m.,  a  Rutulian. 

imbellis,  -e,  [in-bello-  (reduced, 
and  decl.  as  adj.,  cf.  exanimis)], 
adj.,  unwarlike,  peaceful,  effemi- 
nate:  telum  (ineffective);  Indi. 

imber,  -bris,  [-^/imb-t-  rus  (weak- 
ened), akin  to  u/j.Qpos,  Sk.  abhras~\, 
m.,  rain  (violent  and  sudden,  cf. 
pluvia),  rain-storm,  storm,  rain- 
cloud :  frigidus;  hibernus;  cae- 
ruleus ;  aestivus  effusus  imbri- 
bus ;  verberat  humum ;  ater  ; 
extremus  brumae.  —  Also,  as 
a  genial  agency,  showers,  rain : 
largus;  amicus;  laetus;  fecundi. 
—  Less  exactly,  water  (of  the  sea): 
inimicus. —  Poetically,  as  in  Eng. : 
ferreus  (hail,  of  weapons). 

Imbrasides,  -ae,  [Gr.  patronymic 
fr.  Imbrasus],  m.,  son  of  Imbrasus. 

Imbrasus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a  Lycian, 
father  of  Glaucus  and  Lades. 

imbrex,  -ids,  [fimbri  +  cus  (re- 
duced)], f.  (or  m.),  a  tile  (hollow, 
of  the  Italian  form,  for  covering 
roofs).  —  Collectively,  in  sing., 
tiles,  tiling. 

imbrifer,  -era,  -erum,  [fimbri- 
fer  (-y/fer  +  us)],  adj.,  bringing 
rain,  rainy. 


136 


Vocabulary. 


imbuo,    -bui,    -butum,    -buere, 

[?,  perh.  akin  to  imber,  fr.  tim- 
ber- ( -ydmb  +  u,  cf.  acuo,  cf.  also 
Sk.  ambhas,  water}~\,  3.  v.  a.,  soak, 
wet  (either  used  of  the  liquid  or 
with  the  liquid).  —  Less  exactly, 
stain :  agnus  aram  (by  sacri- 
fice) ;  sanguis  arma ;  sanguine 
bellum. 

imitabilis,  -e,  [fimita-  (stem  of 
iinitor)  +  bills],  adj.,  imitable  : 
non  imitabile  fulmen  {inimita- 
ble}. 

imitatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  iinitor . 

iinitor,  -atus,  -ari,  [fimito-  (stem 
of  iniit us,  p.p.  of  fimo,  cf.  ima- 
go, aemulus)],  i.  v.  dep.,  imi- 
tate, counterfeit,  represent,  copy  : 
Pana  canendo  (rival)  •  Satyros; 
imitata  vox  sonitus  tubarum 
(resembling,  ringing  like} . 

immanis  (in-),  -e,  [in-  stem  akin 
to  in  anus,  perh.  man  us  itself], 
adj.,  (either  savage  or  monstrous, 
both  which  meanings  are  common 
and  run  into  each  other),  huge, 
monstrous,  enormous  :  membra ; 
dorsum;  antrum;  armenta  (of 
monsters).  —  Fig.,  monstrous,  in- 
human, -wild,  fierce,  savage,  cruel: 
nefas  ;  gens  ;  fluvius.  —  Neut. 
as  adv.,  enormously,  wildly  :  im- 
mane  sonat  (roars  wildly} ;  spi- 
rans  (fiercely,  in  wrath). 

immaturus  (in-),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
maturus],  adj.,  unripe,  imma- 
ture. —  Fig.,  premature,  untimely. 

immedicabilis  (in-),  -e,  [in-medi- 
cabilis],  adj.,  incurable :  telum 
(because  poisoned). 

Immemor  (in-),  -oris,  [in-me- 
mor],  adj.,  unmindful,  forgetful, 
regardless,  thoughtless,  heedless, 
unheeding.  —  Poetically, /ree  from 
memory  (of  the  souls  of  the  dead 
drinking  the  waters  of  Lethe). 

immensus  (in-),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
mensus],  adj.,  unmeasured,  im- 
measurable, immense,  huge,  un- 
bounded, enormous,  boundless,  vast. 
—  Fig.,  tremendous,  prodigious  : 
clamor;  agmen;  aquarum. 


immergo,  -mersi,  -mersum, 
-mergere,  [in-mergo],  3.  v.  a., 

plunge,  drown,  overwhelm  :  me 
ponto  ;  unda  virum. 

immeritus  (in-),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
meritus],  adj.,  undeserving.  — 
Esp.,  undeserving  of  evil,  unoffend- 
ing :  Priami  gens. 

im  mi  1100  (in-),  no  perf.,  no  sup., 
-ere,  [in-mineo],  2.  v.  n.,  over- 
hang, project  over.  —  Less  exactly 
and  fig.,  threaten,  menace,  be  close 
at  hand:  globus  (of  the  enemy)  ; 
hostis  muris. 

immisceo  (in-),  -miscui,  -mis* 
tuin  (-mixtum),  -miscere,  [in- 
misceo],  2.  v.  a.,  mix  in,  mingle  : 
maculae  igni.  —  Less  exactly  and 
fig.  :  admonet  immiscetque  pre- 
ces  (mingles  prayers  with  his 
warning)  ;  manus  manibus(wz«- 
gle  fist  with  fist,  poetically  of  box- 
ers) ;  immixti  Danais  (mingled 
with)  ;  crabro  se  imparibus  ar- 
mis  (join  in  unequal  combat)  ; 
se  armis  (plunge}  ;  nocte  (nubi) 
se  (vanish,  be  lost}. 

immissus  (in-),  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of 
immitto. 

iinmitis  (in-),  -e,  [in-mitis],  adj., 
cruel,  ruthless,  ferocious  :  nidi 
(poetically  of  birds  that  feed  on 


a 

immitto  (in-),  -misi,  -missum, 
-mittere,  [in-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  let 
go  in,  send  in,  let  in,  send  to  : 
apros  fontibus;  socios  portis 
(admit}  ;  vadis  ratem  (drive, 
force}  ;  immittuntur  plantae  (set 
in,  graft  in)  ;  Alpes  apertas 
(bringdown,  of  Hannibal  bringing 
the  Gauls  against  Rome).  —  Esp. 
in  p.p.  :  lumen  immissum  (shin- 
ing in}  ;  hostes  (bursting  in}  ; 
immissae  ferae  silvis  et  sidera 
caelo  (let  loose,  see  next  division, 
.  .  .  sent  abroad}  ;  superis  Allec- 
to  (sent  down,  with  accessory 
notion  of  let  loose}  ;  ignes  (let 
loose).  —  Less  exactly  (cf.  last  ex- 
amples above),  let  loose,  let  fiy,  lei 
go;  hastile;  immissa  barba; 


Vocabulary. 


'37 


(flowing).  —  With  reflexive,  or  in 
pass.,  throw  one's  self,  rush  :  aes- 
tus  (flow) .  —  Esp.  of  driving,  let 
loose,  let  go,  spur  on  :  habenas ; 
iuga ;  —  so  also :  fanes ;  velis 
rudentes;  palmes  immissus(w«- 
checked). —  Fig.,  inspire,  inflict : 
curas. 

iiitiiiixtiis  (in-),  p.p.  of  im- 
misceo. 

immo  [abl.  of  Imus  (in-mus,  su- 
perl.  of  in)],  adv.,  (in  the  lowest 
degree} ,  more  or  less  contradicting 
what  precedes,  often  to  assert  some- 
thing stronger,  no,  nay,  nay  rather, 
nay  but. 

immobilis  (in-),  -e,  [in-mobilis], 
adj.,  immovable,  unmoved  (lit.  and 
fig.)  :^Ausonia  (unshaken). 

immolo  (in-),  -avi,  -atuin,  -are, 
[fimmolo-  (in-mola,  decl.  as 
adj.),  from  sprinkling  the  meal  on 
the  head  of  the  victim],  i.  v.  a., 
immolate,  sacrifice,  offer. — Less 
exactly,  kill  (cf.  macto),  slay. 

immortalis  (in-),  -e,  [in-morta- 
lis],  adj.,  immortal,  undying,  eter- 
nal:  fas  (of  immortality). 

in  i  n  i«»l  us  (in-),  -a,  -urn,  [in- 
motus,  p.p.  of  moveo],  adj.,  un- 
moved, undisturbed,  immovable, 
unshaken,  secure,  fixed:  unda 
(tranquil}.  —  Also,  fig.  in  same 
senses  :  mens ;  fata  lamina 
(fixed) ;  immotum  sederet  ani- 
mo  (immovably fixed). 

immugio  (in-),  -ivf  (-ii),  -itum, 
ire,  [in-mugio],  4.  v.  n.,  roar 
•within,  bellow  within. — Fig.,  re- 
sound within  :  regia  luctu. 

immulgeo  (in-),  no  perf.,  no  sup., 
-mulgere,  [in-mulgeo],  2.  v.  a., 
milk  into :  ubera  labris. 

imimindus  (in-),  -a,  -urn,  [in- 
mundus],  adj.,  unclean,  foul, 
filthy:  cinis  (unsightly). 

immunis  (in-),  -e,[in-munis,  with- 
out a  share,  cf.  coinmunls],  adj., 
free  from,  secure  from  :  belli.  — 
Also  (contributing  nothing),  idle, 
inert. 

jiiuiiuriiiuru  (in-),  -avi,  -atuin, 


-are,  [in-murmuro],  i.  v.  n^ 
murmur  in. 

impacatus  (in-),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
pacatus],  adj.,  unpacified,  uncon- 
quered. 

impar  (in-),  -paris,  [in-par],  adj., 
unequal,  uneven,  ill-matched,  odd 
(of  number) ;  puer  congressus 
Achilli  (on  unequal  terms)  ;  fata 
(as  between  two  combatants). 

i  in  past  us  (in-),  -a,  -um,  [in-pas- 
tus],  adj.,  unfed,  hungry. 

impatiens  (in-),  -entis,  [in-pa- 
tiens],  adj.,  impatient:  vulneris 
(frenzied  by). 

impavidus  (in-),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
pavidus],  adj.,  unterrified,  un- 
daunted, without  fear. 

impedio  (in-),  -ivi  (-ii),  -itum, 
-ire,  [fimped-  (cf.  expedio, 
compes)  as  if  fimpedi-],  4.  v.  a., 
entangle,  entwine:  loricam  hasta 
(pin  fast).  —  Less  exactly, hinder, 
impede,  hamper. —  Fig.,  hinder, 
prevent,  delay  :  mora  ignaros. 

impell5  (in-),  -puli,  -pulsum, 
-pellere,  [in-pello],  3.  v.  a.,  strike 
upon,  strike,  lash  :  luctus  aures ; 
marmor  remis.  — Also,  of  the  re- 
sult, push  over,  overthrow,  over- 
turn. —  Esp.,  urge  on,  urge,  drive, 
force  on  :  puppim ;  impulsa  sa- 
gitta;  impulsus  furiis  Cassan- 
drae;  impulsus  vomer  (driving 
the  plough)  ;  undas  Zephyri.  — 
Fig.,  urge,  impel,  induce,  force, 
compel ;  also  (see  second  division 
above),  shake:  animum  laban- 
tem.  —  Poetically :  arma  (excite 
war,  as  Jjy  the  clash  of  weapons). 

impendeo  (in-),  no  perf.,  no  sup., 
-pendere,  [in-pendeo],  2.  v.  n., 
overhang.  —  Fig.,  threaten,  im- 
pend: jrentus. 

impendo  (in-),  -pendi,  -peusuin, 
-pendere,  [in-pendo],  3.  v.  a.,  ex- 
pend on.  —  Fig.,  expend,  devote,  be- 
sto-M,  apply  :  laborem ;  curam.  — 
impensus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
spent,  expended.  —  Neut.  plur.,  ex- 
penses, cost. 

impense  [abl.  of  impensus],  adv.. 


138 


Vocabulary. 


expensively.  —  Less  exactly,  earn- 
estly, seriously,  vehemently. 

impensus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  im- 
pendo. 

imperditus  (in-),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
perditus],  adj.,  undestroyed :  cor- 
pora Graiis  (not  slaughtered'). 

imperfectus  (in-),  -a,  -um,  [m- 
perfectus],  adj.,  unaccomplished, 
unfinished. 

imperito  (in-),  avi,  -atum,  -are, 
[as  if  fimperito-  (stem  of  sup- 
posed p.p.  of  impero)],  i.  v.  n., 
command,  be  lord  of :  pecori  (of 
a  bull). 

imperiu m  (in-),  [fimpero-,  ar- 
ranging, cf.  opiparus  (reduced) 
+  ium  (n.  of  -ius),  cf.  impero], 
n.,  requisition  (prob.  orig.  mean- 
ing), command,  control,  authority, 
sway,  rule.  —  Concretely,  a  com- 
mand, an  order,  an  empire,  a 
power. 

impero  (in-),  -avi,  -atum,  -are, 
[fimpero-  (cf.  imperium),  but 
cf.  paro],  I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  demand 
(of  a  requisition,  prob.  the  original 
meaning).  —  command  (esp.  of 
military  authority),  rule,  order; 
tolli  corpus ;  arvis. 

imperterritus  (in-),  -a,  -um, 
[in-perterritus],  adj.,  unterri- 
Jied,  undaunted,  undismayed. 

impetus  (in-),  -us,  [in-fpetus 
(-^/pet+us,  cf.  petulcus,  per- 
petuus)],  m.,  an  inpinging,  a 
violent  rush,  an  impetus,  an  im- 
pulse, force,  violence  (of  attack), 
vehemence,  momentum. 

impexus  (in-),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
pexus],  adj.,  uncombed,  unkempt. 

impiger  (in-),  -gra,  -grum,  [in- 
piger],  adj.,  active,  energetic: 
hausit  pateram  (nothing  loth*) . 

impingo  (in-),  -pegi,  -pactum, 
-pingere,  [in-pango],  3.  v.  a., 
dash  against :  agmina  muris 
(force  to). 

i  m  pi  us  (in-),  -a,  -um,  [in-pius], 
adj.,  impious,  sacrilegious,  godless. 
—  Less  exactly,  accursed  (of  any- 
thing without  divine  qualities  of 


mercy  and  justice) :  Mars ;  Furor ; 
Fama.  —  Poetically :  fata  (of  im- 
piety) ;  Tartara  (impious,  the 
abode  of  the  impious). —  Masc., 
impious  wretch. 

implacabilis  (in-),  -e,  [in-placa- 
bilis],  adj.,  inexorable,  unappeas- 
able, implacable. 

i  in  pi  a  cat  us  (in-),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
placatus],  adj.,  inexorable,  insa- 
tiable. 

impleo  (in-),  -plevi,  -pletum, 
-plere,  [in-fpleo,  cf.  compleo], 
2.  v.  z..,fill  in,  fill  up,  fill :  mulc- 
tralia  vaccae ;  implentur  fos- 
sae ;  sinus  (swell)  ;  manum  pinu 
(seize  with  full  hand).  —  Less  ex- 
actly, of  sounds,  Sac.,  fill  with,  in- 
spire :  nemus  querelis ;  animum 
veris ;  Rutulos  animis ;  nuntius 
Turnum  (fill  the  ears  of} ;  sinum 
sanguis  (overflow).  —  Fig.,  satis- 
fy, satiate:  implentur  Bacchi 
veteris  (drink  their  Jill) ;  amo- 
rem  genitoris. 

implico  (in-),  -plicavi  (-plicui), 
-plicatum  (-plicitum),  -plica- 
re,  [in-plico],  i.  v.  a.,  entwine, 
interweave,  enfold,  entangle :  co- 
mam  laeva  (grasp) ;  se  dextrae 
(clasp) ;  pedes  (of  an  eagle  seiz- 
ing a  serpent,  grasp  with*)  ;  tem- 
pora  ramo  (encircle*) ;  ossibus 
ignem  (kindle) ;  equitem  (of  a 
falling  horse,  pin  down)  ;  natam 
telo  (bind*)  •  totas  acies  (mingle 
in  confusion). —  Fig.,  entangle, 
involve  :  vos  fortuna  bello. 

imploro  (in-),  -avi,  -atum,  -are, 
[in-ploro],  i.  v.  a.  and  n.,  call 
upon  (cf.  explore),  beseech,  im- 
plore, beg  for. 

implmnis  (in-),  -e,  [in-fpluma 
(weakened,  decl.  as  adj.)],  adj., 
impeded. 

impono  (in-),  -posui,  -positum, 
-ponere,  [in-pono],  3.  v.  a.,  place 
upon,  place,  lay,  pour  (of  a  liba- 
tion), serve  up.  —  Fig.,  impose,  lay 
upon,  fix,  put,  enjoin :  finem 
pugnae ;  pacis  morem  (ordain) ; 
dominum  patriae. 


Vocabulary, 


importunus  (in-),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
portunus,  cf.  Portunus],  adj., 
(doubtless  a  sea-term,  cf.  oppor- 
tunus),  untimely,  unsuitable,  in- 
convenient. —  Also,  troublesome, 
dangeroiis.  —  Of  moral  qualities, 
cruel,  unreasonable. —  Transferred 
to  augury,  ill-boding,  ill-omened. 

impositus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  impono. 

imprecor  (in-)  -atus,  -ari,  [in- 
precor],  i.  v.  dep.,  pray  (for 
something  against  some  one). 

imprimo,  -pressi,  -pressum,  -ere, 
[in-premo],  3.  v.  a.,  impress. — im- 
pressus,  p.p.,  chased  (of  orna- 
ment). 

imprimis,  see  in. 

improbus  (in-),  -a,  um,  [in-pro- 
bus],  z&}.,wicked,  bad,villainous, 
malicious,  mischievous,  Jierce, 
cruel,  shameless,  ravenous,  un- 
principled: fortuna  (malicious 
goddess*) ;  mons  (destructive*) ; 
rabies  ventris  (ravening) ;  labor 
("  rascal"  as  if  the  enemy  of  man) . 
—  Rarely  in  a  good  sense,  cun- 
ning, shrewd. 

improperatus  (in-),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
properatus],  adj.,  lingering. 

improvidus  (in-),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
providus],  adj.,  unforesee  i  ng  : 
pectora  turbat  (startled*). 

improvisus  (in-),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
provisus],  adj.,  unforeseen,  unex- 
pected, sudden. — improvise,  abl., 
on  a  sudden,  unexpectedly. 

imprudens  (in-),  -entis,  [in-pru- 
dens],  adj.,  not  anticipating,  sur- 
prised,incautious, ignorant:  frons 
laborum  (unused  to*} ;  evaserat 
hostes  (without  knowing  if) . 

impubes  (in-),  -is  (also  -eris), 
[in-pubes,  decl.  as  adj.],  adj., 
beardless,  youthful. 

impulsus  (in-),  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of 
impcllo. 

impulsus  (in-),  -as,  [in-pulsas, 
cf.  impello],  m.,  a  shock. 

impunis  (in-),  -e,  [in-tpoena 
(weakened,  decl.  as  adj.,  cf.  ex- 
anlmis)],  adj.,  unpunished.  — 
impune,  neut.  ace.  as  adv.,  with 


impunity.  —  Less  exactly,  without 
danger,  safely,  without  harm. 

imus,  -a,  -um,  superl.  of  inferus. 

in  [I.  E.  pron.  y'AN.cf.  Gr.  ava,  iv]t 
prep.  With  abl.,  in,  within,  on, 
upon,  among.  —  In  all  Eng.  senses. 

—  Special  phrases:   in  manibus, 
close  at  hand,  near :  in  verbo,  at 
the  word ;  in  primis  (imprimis), 
among    the    first,    especially.  — 
Often,  in  the  matter  of,  in  case 
of,    in    regard  to:    in   hoste;   in 
Daphnide  (for);  in  hoste  Pria- 
mo.  —  With     ace.,     into,     upon, 
among,   to,   towards,   against,  at, 
for  :  nos  in  sceptra  reponis  (re- 
store to  power,  &c.) ;  in  solidum 
finditur  via;    adspirant  aurae 
in   noctem  (blow  on  into,  &c.); 
intecommittere(tt/<?w);  quietum 
in  Teucros  animum  (towards*); 
compositi  in  turmas;   cura  in 
vitulos  traducitur  (to*) ;  se  con- 
dit  in  undas   (in*);    in    agros 
(over}.  —   Esp.    of    distribution, 
among:  in  naves ;  spargere  in 
volgum ;  in  versum  distulit  ul- 
mos  (in).  —  Also  of  purpose,  ten- 
dency, &c.,  for :  usum  in  castro- 
rum ;    audere    in    praelia ;    in 
lamina ;    in    medium    (for    the 
common  advantage,  but  also,  into 
the  middle*).  —  Often,  on  account 
of  different    English    conception, 
in,  on :  considere  in  ignes ;  in 
numerum  (in  time,  to  the  meas- 
ure*) ;  in  spem ;  in  puppim  ferit. 

—  Special   phrases :    in  plumam 
(in  the  manner  of,  so  as  to  make) ; 
in   obliquum  (transversely);   in 
dies  (from  day  to  day) ;  in  vicem, 
invicem  (in  turn) ;  in  octo  pe- 
des  (tip  to*) ;  in  noctem  (towards). 

—  Of  apparel,  &c.,  in,  with  :  ig- 
nota  in  veste. 

inaccessus,  -a,  -um,  [in-acces- 
sus],  adj.,  (unapproached*),  inac- 
cessible (cf.  acceptus,  acceptable*) . 

Inachius,  -a,  -um,  [flnacnd-  (re- 
duced) +  ius],  adj.,  of  Inachus, 
Inachian. — Less  exactly,  ofArgos^ 
Argive,  Grecian. 


140 


Vocabulary. 


Inachus,  -i,  [Gr.  "Ivaxos"],  m.,  son 
of  Oceanus  and  Tethys,  the  mythic 
founder  of  Argos,  and  father  of  lo. 

inamabilis,  -e,  [in-amabilis],adj., 
unlovely,  hateful. 

inanis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  empty,  void, 
substanceless  :  rotae  (unloaded} ; 
regna  (of  the  shades).  —  Fig., 
empty,  idle,  useless,  piirposeless, 
meaningless:  tempus  (mere); 
verba  (cottnterfeit). 

inaratus,  -a,  -um,  [in-aratus], 
adj.,  unploughed,  unfilled. 

inardesco,  -arsi,  no  sup.,  -ardes- 
cere,  [in-ardesco],  3.  v.  n.  incept., 
take  fire.  —  Less  exactly,  blaze, 
glow,  redden. 

inarime,  -es,  [Gr.  e<V  'A.pi/j.ois,  the 
place  where  Typhoeus  was  sup- 
posed to  lie],  f.,  an  island  in  the 
Tuscan  Sea,  also  called  ^Enaria 
(now  Ischia). 

inausus,  -a,  -um,  [in-ausus],  adj., 
undared,  unattempted. 

incaiidesco,  -candui,  no  sup., 
-candescere,  [in-candesco],  3. 
v.  ii.  incept.,  glow. 

incanesco,  -canui,  no  sup.,  -ca- 
nescere,  [in-canesco],  3.  v.  n. 
incept.,  whiten,  become  gray. 

in  can  us,  -a,  -um,  [in-canus],  adj., 
covered  with  gray,  gray,  hoary. 

incassum,  see  cassus. 

incautus,  -a,  -um,  [in-cautus], 
adj.,  incautious,  careless,  off  one's 
guard,  in  one's  ignorance. 

incedo,  -cessi,  -cessum,  -cedere, 
[in-cedo],  3.  v.  n.,  move  on,  pro- 
ceed, move,  advance. 

incendium,  -I  (-ii),  [in-fcan- 
dium,  or  fincendo-  (in-cando-, 
cf.  candiflcus)  +  ium],  n.,  burn- 
ing, a  Ji 're,  fire,  a  conflagration. 

incendo,  -cendi,  -censum,  -cen- 
dere,  [in-cando,  cf.  accendo], 
3.  v.  a.,  set  on  fire,  kindle,  burn  : 
aras  votis  (light) ;  squamam 
fulgor  (light  up). —  iuceiisus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.,  burning,  on  fire, 
Jlred.  —  Fig.,  fire,  excite,  set  on 
fire,  torment:  caelum  clamor 
(fill}. 


incensus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  incendo. 

inceptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  incipio. 

incertus,  -a,  -um,  [in-certus], 
adj.,  uncertain,  doubtful,  waver- 
ing, unsteady,  irregular,  vague. 

incesso,  -Ivi,  3.  v.  a.,  assault,  attack. 

incessus,  -us,  [in-fcessus],  m., 
a  walk,  a  gait,  an  advance. 

incesto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fin.- 
cesto-],  I.  v.  a.,  defile, polhite. 

inchoo,  see  incoho,  the  more  ap- 
proved spelling. 

incido,  -cidl,  -casum,  -cidere, 
[in-cado],  3.  v.  n.,  fall  upon, 
happen  upon,  meet:  animo  dens 
(enter) . 

incido,  -cidi,  -cisuim,  -cidere, 
[in-caedo],  3.  v.  a.,  cut  into,  cut 
off,  cut,  hack.  —  Of  the  effect,  cut 
(make  by  cutting) .  —  So  also : 
amores  arboribus  (cut  on). — 
Fig.,  cut  off,  sever,  decide,  settle  : 
lites. 

incinctus,-a,-um,  p.p.  of  incingo. 

incingo,  -cinxi,  -cinctum,  -cin- 
gere,  [in-cingo],  3.  v.  a.,  gird 
(upon  one's  self  or  another). — 
From  the  fashion  of  ancient  gar- 
ments, clothe. 

incipio,  -cepi,  -ceptum,  -cipere, 
[in-capio],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  begin, 
undertake.  —  inceptus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  begun,  inceptive,  in- 
cipient, partially  accomplished,  at- 
tempted.—  Neut.,  an  undertaking, 
an  attempt,  a  purpose  (partially 
accomplished) .  —  Also  (as  in  Eng- 
lish), begin  (to  speak,  &c.). 

incito,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fin- 
cito-],  I.  v.  a.,  set  in  motion,  agi- 
tate, urge  on.  —  Fig.,  arouse,  ex- 
cite, spur  on. 

incitus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  fincieo, 
in-citus],  adj.,  (set  in  motion}, 
rapid,  swift,  active. 

inclementia,  -ae,  [-(inclement  + 
ia],  f.,  cruelty,  rigor,  harshness. 
—  Also,  of  things,  cruel  fate,  harsh 
condition,  bitterness  :  mortis. 

inclinatus, -a,-um,p.p.ofinclino. 

inclino,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [in- 
clino],  I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  bend 


Vocabulary. 


141 


(towards),  incline.  —  Esp.,  bend 
downwards.  —  inclinatus,  -a, 
-uni,  p.p.  as  adj.,  bent  dow nwards, 
falling,  fa  iling :  domus . 

includo,  -clusi,  -clusum,  -clude- 
re,  [in-claudo],  3.  v.  a.,  shut  up, 
shut  in,  enclose,  surround :  vitam 
sanguine  (choke}.  —  inelusus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  shut  up,  in 
confinement,  enclosed,  confined : 
in  flumine  cervus  (caught). 

inclusus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  includo. 

inclutus  (incly-),  -a,  -um,  [fclu- 
tus,  p.p.  of  clueo,  with  in],  adj., 
famous,  renowned,  famed. 

inclytus,  -a,  -um  ;  see  inclutus. 

incoctus,  -a,  -um, p.p.  of  incoquo. 

incognitas,  -a,  -um,  [in-cogni- 
tus],  adj.,  unknown,  uncertain. 

incohS  (inchoo),  -avi,  -atum, 
-are,  .[?],  I.  v.  a.,  begin,  under- 
take^; aras  (bziild). 

incolo,  -colui,  no  sup.,  -colere, 
[in-colo],  3.v.&.,divellin,  inhabit. 

incoluinis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  safe,  un- 
harmed, uninjured. 

incomitatus,  -a,  -um,  [in-comi- 
tatus],  adj.,  unattended,  unaccom- 
panied. 

incommodus,  -a,  -um,  [in-com- 
modus],  adj.,  inconvenient,  un- 
pleasant. —  Neut.,  an  inconven- 
ience, a  trouble,  a  misfortune. 

incompositus,  -a,  -um,  [in-com- 
positus],  adj.,  not  arranged,  ir- 
regular, rude. 

incomptus,  -a,  -um,  [in-comp- 
tus],  adj.,  unadorned,  rude,  un- 
polished. 

inconcessus,  -a,  -um,  [in-conces- 
sus],  adj.,  unallowed,  forbidden, 
unlawful. 

inconditus,  -a,  -um,  [in-condi- 
tus],  adj.,  not  arranged,  rude, 
unpolished. 

inconsultus,  -a,  -um,  [in-con- 
sultus],  adj.,  unadvised,  without 
advice. 

incoquo,  -coxi,  -coctum,  -co- 
querc,  [in-coquo],  3.  v.  a.,  boil 
in,  cook  in.  —  From  the  process, 
dye,  color:  vellera  Tyrios  in- 


cocta  rubores  (Gr.  ace.,  dyed  with, 
&c.). 

increbresco  (-besco),  -brul,  no 
sup.,  -brescere,  [in-crebresco], 
3.  v.  n.,  thicken,  increase,  grow 
louder  (cf.  creber)  :  nomen  (be 
sprea'd abroad}. 

incredibilis,  -e,  [in-credibilis], 
adj.,  incredible. 

incrementum,  -i,  [as  if  fincre- 
(cf.  incresco)  +  mentum],  n., 
increase.  —  Less  exactly,  progeny, 
offspring. 

increpito,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [in- 
crepito],  I.  v.  a.,  (rattle~),  chide 
(cf.  increpo),  rebuke,  taunt,  find 
fault  with,  challenge. 

increpo,-avi(-ui),-atum(-itum), 
-are,  [in-crepo],  i.  v.  a.  and  n., 
rattle,  clatter,  sound:  mails 
(gnash)  ;  sonitum  (blare).  —  Of  a 
continued  cry,  chide,  rebuke,  taunt, 
upbraid. 

incresco,  -crevi,  -cretum,  -cres- 
cere,  [in-cresco],  3.  v.  n.,  grow 
in,  grow  up.  —  Fig.,  arise,  swell. 

incubo,-avi(-ui),-atum(-itum), 
-are,  [in-cubo],  i.  v.  n.,  lie  down 
upon,  lie  upon.  —  Fig.,  fall  upon 
(of  a  storm),  brood  upon,  strike 
(of  winds,  &.C.),  burst,  bend  one's 
energies,  strive,  exert  one's  self.  — 
Esp.,  lie  upon  (to  watch),  guard 
(in  secret),  hoard. 

incultus,  -a,  -um,  [in-cultus], 
adj.,  uncultivated,  unfilled,  wild. 

—  Fig.  (cf.  colo),  unkempt,  un- 
cared  for.  —  Neut.  plur.,  wild  re- 
gions, deserts. 

incumbo,  -cubui,  -cubitum, 
-cumbere,  [in-fcumbo],  3.  v.  n., 
lie  upon,  lean  'upon,  lean  over : 
laurus  arae  (overhang).  —  Fig., 
brood  upon,  settle  on,  bend  to  (of 
oars,  &c.),  strive,  threaten,  aim  at. 

—  In  proverbial  expressions :  fato 
urgenti,  lend  one'1  s  weight  to,  urge 
on,  hasten. 

incurro,  -curri  (-cucurri), -cur- 
sum,  -currere,[in-curro] ,  3-v.n., 
rush  on,  rush  in,  rush. 

lucursus,  -us,  [in-cursus,  cf.  in- 


142 


Vocabulary. 


curro],  m.,  a  rush,  an  attack,  an 
inroad. 

incurvO,  -avf,  -atum,  -are,  [in- 
curvo],  I.  v.  a.,  bend. 

incurvus,  -a,  -um,  [in-curvus], 
adj.,  bent,  crooked. 

incus,  -udis,  [in-^cud  (as  stem)], 
{.,  an  anvil. 

incuso,  -avf,  -atum,  -are,  [in- 
fcauso,  cf.  causor],  I.  v.  n.,  ac- 
cuse, blame,  find  fault  with. 

i no usus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  incudo 
(unused),  hammered  out,  wrought. 

i nciit  i<>,  -cussi,  -cussum,-cutere, 
[in-quatio],  3.  v.  a.,  strike  into. 

—  Fig.,  dash,  lend,  inspire. 
indago,   -inis,    [findago-    (indu- 

agus,  cf.  prodigus)  -H  o],  f.,  clos- 
ingin  (of  game).  Hence,  toils,  nets. 
inde  [im  (case  of  is,  cf.  hinc)  -de 
(cf.  dehinc)],  adv.,  from  there, 
from  this,  from  that  place,  thence. 

—  Less  exactly,  then,  next,  after- 
wards. —  Phrases :    iam  inde  a 
teneris,  even  from  infancy  ;  iam 
inde  ut,  immediately  when. 

indebitus,  -a,  -um,  [in-debitus], 
adj.,  not  due,  unpromised. 

indecor  (indecoris),  -oris,  [in- 
decus,  decl.  as  adj.],  adj.,  without 
honor,  inglorious,  unhonored  :  in- 
decores  non  erimus  regno  (no 
disgrace). 

indefessus,  -a,  -um,  [in-defes- 
sus],  adj.,  unwearied,  untiring, 
unfailing. 

indeprehensus  (-prensus),  -a, 
-um,  [in-deprehensus],  adj.,  un- 
observed, undiscovered,  unper- 
ceived,  undiscoverable. 

India,  -ae,  [f.  of  adj.  fr.  Indus], 
f.,  the  country  beyond  the  Indus, 
embracing  loosely  much  more  than 
the  modern  region  of  that  name. 

Indicium,  -I  (-II),  [findic-  (in- 
dex) -j-  ium],  n.,an  information, 
a  disclosure,  a  charge,  testimony. 

—  Less  exactly,  a  sign,  indication, 
a  mark  (to  give  information). 

indico,  -dixi,  -dictum,  -dicere, 
[in-dico],  3.  v.  a.,  declare,  make 
known,  publish,  proclaim.  —  Esp. 


of  authoritative  utterance,  order, 
appoint,  enjoin  :  primis  iuvenum 
iter  {command to  make);  chores 
tibia  Bacchi  (summon). 

indictus,  -a,  -um,  [in-dictus], 
adj.,  unsaid,  unsung  (cf.  dico)  : 
nee  te  abibis  nostris  carminibus 
(unhonored"). 

indigena,  -ae,  [indu-fgena  (cf. 
Graiugena)],  m.  or  f.  (used  as 
adj.),  native  born,  native,  of  the 
country  (opp.  to  foreign). 

indigeo,  -iguf,  no  sup.,  -igere, 
[indigo- J,  2.  v.  n.,  need,  want,  re- 
quire. 

indiges,  -etis,  [indu-fges  (-v/ga» 
shorter  form  of  VSen  +  ^s>  re' 
duced)],  m.,  native.  —  Esp.,  a  na- 
tive god  or  hero  raised  to  the  rank 
of  a  local  divinity,  home-born. 

indignatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  in- 
dignor. 

indignor,  -atus,  -ari,  [indigno-], 
I.  v.  dep.,  deem  unworthy,  be  in- 
dignant at,  disdain,  scorn,  chafe 
at,  be  indignant,  be  angry. 

indignus,  -a,  -um,  [in-dignus], 
adj.,  unworthy,  undeserving, 
shameful,  unbecoming,  undeserved, 
unjust:  digna  atque  indigna 
relatu  (just  and  unjust  taunts'); 
digna  indigna  pati  (both  just 
and  undeserved  woes). 

indigus,  -a,  -um,  [indu-tegus  ? 
(cf.  egeo),  but  cf.  also  prodigus], 
adj.,  in  need,  needing:  nostrae 
opis  (requiring). 

indiscretus,  -a,  -um,  [in-discre- 
tus],  adj.,  undistinguishable  (cf. 
acceptus,  acceptable). 

indocilis,  -e,  [in-docilis],  adj., 
unteachable,  untamed,  untamable. 

indoctus,  -a,  -um,  [in-doctus], 
adj.,  untaught,  unlearned,  igno- 
rant, unskilled. 

indoles,  -is,  [indu-foles  (lost  stem 
fr.  -y/ol,  cf.  olesco)],  f.,  character 
(inborn),  native  worth,  nature, 
spirit  (as  natural  disposition). 

indomitus,  -a, -um,  [in-domitus], 
adj.,  untamed,  untrained,  unbro- 
ken, wild,  savage,  rude.  —  Less  ex- 


Vocabulary. 


actly,  untamable,  indomitable.  — • 
Fig.,  fierce,  untamed,  invincible. 

indorniio,  -IvI,  -Itum,  -Ire,  [in- 
dormio],  4.  v.  n.,  sleep  on. 

inclu  [in-do  (case-form  of  pron. 
•^/da)],  old  form  of  in  in  comp. 

indubito,  -avi,  -atum,  -arc,  [in- 
dubito],  i.  v.  n.,  doubt,  distrust: 
viribus. 

inducu,  -diixi,  -ductuni,  -ducere, 
[in-duco],  3.  v.  a.,  lead  on,  lead, 
bring  in  :  fluvium  (let  in) ;  onus 
Aurora.  —  Less  exactly,  draw  on, 
draw  over  :  caestus  manibus.  — 
So  by  change  of  point  of  view: 
inducitur  artus  tunica,  clothes 
his  frame  with  &c. ;  fontes  um- 
bra, cover  with.  —  Fig.,  induce  : 
inductus  pretio  (bribe). 

inductus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  induco. 

indulge  ntia,  -ae,  [findulgent  + 
ia],  f.,  favor,  indulgence. 

indulged,  -ulsi,  -ultuni,  -ulgere, 
[?,  prob.  fr.  noun-stem,  perh.  akin 
tovolgus,  cf.  first  example],  a.v.n., 
give  room  to  :  ordinibus.  —  Also, 
with  unc.  connection  of  ideas, 
favor,  be  complaisant,  indulge,  be 
indulgent.  —  Esp.,  indulge  in,  give 
way^  to  :  vino ;  choreis. 

i n< lux,  -ui,  -n tu in,  -uere,  [?,  cf. 
exuo],  3.  v.  a.,  put  on,  assume, 
take  on.  —  With  change  of  point 
of  view,  clothe  (one's  self  or  an- 
other), deck  with,  adorn  :  quos  ex 
facie  hominum  in  voltus  fera- 
rum  (change  from  &c.,  clothing  in 
&c.);  se  nux  in  florem  (clothe 
itself  in  bloom).  —  Esp.  in  pass., 
put  on,  clothe  one's  self  with  :  lori- 
cam;  indutus  exuvias  (clad in); 
vestes  indutae  (on  the  body). 

induresco,  -duriii,  no  sup.,  du- 
rescere,  [in-duresco],  3.  v.  n. 
\ncvpt.,gr<rwhard,harden,  congeal. 

Indus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'IvSJs],  adj., 
of  India,  Indian.  —  Plur.,  the  In- 
dians, people  of  India. 

Indus  trio,  -ae,  [findustri-(  ?,  indu 
+unc.stem)  +  ia,  cf.  industrius], 
diligence,  industry. 

iiidutus,  -a,  -inn,  p.p.  of  induo. 


Ineluctabilis,  -e,  [in-eluctabilis], 

adj.,  inevitable. 

i  MI-HI  p<  us  (-emtus),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
emptus],  adj.,  unbought,  of  no 
cost:  dapes. 

inermis,  -e  (-us,  -a,  -um),  [in- 
farmo-  (weakened  and  decl.  as 
adj.)],  adj.,  unarmed,  defenceless. 

ineo,  -Ivi  (-ii),  -itum,  -ire,  [in-eo], 
irr.  v.  a.  and  n.,  go  in,  come  in, 
enter,  enter  upon,  go  into.  —  Less 
exactly  and  fig.,  enter  upon,  fall 
into,  take  up,  take  part  in  :  pro- 
scenia ludi  (come  upon) . 

iners, -ertis,  [in-ars,  decl.  as  adj.], 
adj.,  {without  skill),  helpless,  in- 
active, idle,  sluggish,  cowardly, 
spiritless :  oculi  (heavy)  ;  voces 
(useless)  ;  corpora  (lifeless,  dead) ; 
umor  (stagnant). 

inexcitus,  -a,  -um,  [in-excitus], 
adj.,  unmoved,  undisturbed. 

inexhaustus,  -a,  -um,  [in-ex- 
haustus],  adj.,  unexhausted,  in- 
exhaustible. 

inexorabilis,  -e,  [in-exorabilis], 
adj .,  inexorable  :  fatum. 

inexpertus,  -a,  -um,  [in-exper- 
tus],  adj.,  untried,  unaltempted. 

inexpletus,  -a,  -um,  [in-exple- 
tus],  adj.,  unsatisfied,  insatiable. 
—  Neut.  as  adv.,  insatiably  :  lacri- 
mans  (not  to  be  sated  with  weep- 
ing). 

inexsaturabilis,  -e,  [m-exsatu- 
rabilis],  adj.,  insatiate. 

inextricabilis,  -e,  [in-extricabi- 
lis],  adj.,  inextricable. 

infabricatus,  -a,  -um,  [in-fabri- 
catus] ,  adj .,  unwr ought,  unformed. 

infandus,  -a,  -um,  [in-fandus], 
adj.,  unspeakable.  —  Less  exactly, 
horrible,  dreadful,  accursed.  — 
Neut.,  in  apposition  with  the  sen- 
tence, 0  horror!  —  As  adv.,  hor- 
ribly. 

iiit'fins,  -anils,  [in-fans.  p.  of  for], 
adj.,  speechless.  —  As  subst.,  an  in- 
fant, a  child. 

i  n  r.»  ii  si  n-,  -a,  -um,  [in-faustus], 
adj.,  ill-omened,  ill-fated:  omen 
(evil,  ill-boding). 


144 


Vocabulary. 


Infectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  inficio. 

Infectus,  -a,  -um,  [in-factus], 
adj.,  not  made,  not  done,  undone, 
incomplete,  unfinished :  aurum 
(unwrought);  foedus  (invalid}. 

infccundus  (foe-),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
fecundus],  adj.,  sterile,  unfruit- 
ful. 

Infelix,  -Ids,  [in-felix],  adj.,  tin- 
fruitful  (cf.  felix),  sterile. — Also, 
unlucky,  unfortunate,  ill-omened, 
•wretched,  ill-fated :  equus  infelix 
studiorum  (disappointed  in  his 
favorite  pursuit). 

Inf  ensus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  finfen- 
do,  cf.  defendo],  adj.,  (dashed 
against  ?),  hostile,  deadly,  danger- 
ous, inimical.  —  Esp.  of  weapons, 
levelled,  at  charge  :  tela ;  spicula 
vertunt  (level). 

Inferiae,  -arum,  [finfero-  (re- 
duced) -f  ia  (prob.  a  noun  omit- 
ted, victimae?)],  f.  plur.,  a  sacri- 
fice (to  the  gods  below  in  honor 
of  the  dead) ,  funeral  rites. 

infernus,  -a,  -um,  [finfero-  (re- 
duced) +  nus],  adj.,  of  the  lower 
world,  of  the  gods  below,  of  Hades. 

Infero,  intuli,  inlatum,  inferre, 
[in-fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  bring  in,  bring 
to,  bear  on,  bring,  introduce  :  bel- 
lum  (make,  of  offensive  war) ; 
deoa  (introduce}  ;  acies  (lead)  ; 
gressus  (turn);  ignes  (hurl); 
rates  (urge  on).  —  Esp.  of  offer- 
ings, offer,  sacrifice  :  honores.  — 
With  reflexive  or  in  pass.,  rush, 
advance,  proceed. 

infer  us,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  stem+rus], 
adj.,  (inferior,  infimus,  iiiius  . 
low,  below,  beneath.  —  Comp.,  infe- 
rior, less:  inferiora  secutus  (a 
lower  destiny)  :  numero  (weaker 
in  numbers).  —  Superl.,  lowest, 
deepest,  nethermost,  the  bottom  of, 
the  depths  of,  innermost :  ad  pedes 
(even  to  the  very  feet)  ;  manes  (the 
lowest  depths') . —  Phrases :  ab  imo, 
ex  imo,  from  the  bottom,  utterly, 
from  the  foundations. 

infcstus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  fin- 
fendo,  cf.  infensus],  adj.,  hostile, 


destructive,  fatal: 
volnus  (deadly  thrust). 

inficio,  -feci,  -fectum,  -ficere, 
[in-facio],  irr.  v.  a.,  (work  in  ?), 
dye,  stain.  —  Also,  mix,  poison, 
taint,  infect,  impregnate.  —  in- 
fectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
stained,  impregnated.  —  Also,  po- 
etically :  venenis  Allecto,  over- 
flowing; scelus,  ingrown,  of  the 
earthly  taint  of  crime. 

infidus,  -a,  -um,  [in-fidns],  adj., 
faithless,  treacherous. 

infigo,  -fixi,  -fixum,  -figere, 
[in-figo],  3.  v.  a.,  fix  in,  fasten 
in  :  cornua  (interlock). 

infindo,  -fidi,  -fissum,  -findere, 
[in-findo],  3.  v.  a.,  cleave. — Of  the 
effect,  cleave  (make  by  cleaving). 

infit  [in-fit,  of  no],  defective  v.  n., 
begin.  —  Esp.  (cf.  incipio),  begin 
to  speak,  &c. 

infixus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  infigo. 

inflammatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  in- 
tl a  m mo. 

inflammo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [in- 
flammo],  I.  v.  a.,  set  on  fire. — 
¥ig.,_fire,  excite,  inflame. 

inflatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  inflo. 

inflo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [in-flo], 
I.  v.  a.,  blow  into,  fill  (with  wind), 
swell  (of  sails)  :  calamos  (play) ; 
classica  (sound);  ebur  (blow). 

—  Less  exactly,  puff  up,  swell. 
Inflecto,   -flexi,   -flexum,    -flec- 

tere,    [in-flecto],  3.  v.  a.,  bend. 

—  Fig.,  move,  affect,  touch.  —  In- 
flexus,    -a,    -um,   p.p.   as   adj., 
curved,  crooked,  bent. 

infletus,  -a,  -um,  [in-fletus],  adj., 

unwept,  unmourned. 
Inflexus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  inflecto. 
inflictus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  infligo. 
infligo,    Hi xi,  -flictum,  -fligere, 

[in-fligo],    3.   v.    a.,   dash   upon, 

dash  against. 
influo,   -fluxi,  -fluxum,  -fluere, 

[in-fluo],  3.  v.  n.,  fiow  in,  fioT.o 

into,  empty  (of  rivers) . 
infodio,  -fodi,  -fossum,  -fodere, 

[in-fodio],  3.  v.  a.,  dig  in,  plant. 

—  Esp.,  bury. 


Vocabulary. 


infoecundus,  see  infecundus. 

informatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  in- 
formo. 

inforinis,  -e,  [in-forma  (weakened 
and  clecl.  as  adj.)],  adj.,  shapeless. 
—  Also  (cf.  forma),  unsightly, 
misshapen,  hideous,  horrid :  letum 
(shameful,  by  hanging). 

informo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [in- 
formo],  I.  v.  a.,  shape,  form, 
fashion. 

infra  [prob.  abl.  of  finfero-,  cf. 
supra],  adv.,  below,  beneath  : 
mare  quod  alluit  infra  (of  the 
Tuscan  Sea). 

infractus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  in- 
fringo. 

infracno,  see  Iiifreno. 

infraemis,  see  infrenia. 

iiifremS,  -fremui,  no  sup.,  -f re- 
mere,  [in-fremo],  3.  v.  n.,  growl, 
roar. 

inf  rendeo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -f  ren- 
dere,  [in-frendeo],  2.  v.  n., 
gnash  (the  teeth). 

infrenis,  -e,  (-us,  -a,  -um),  [in- 
ffreno-  (decl.  as  adj.)],  unbri- 
dled:  Numidae  (with  unbridled 
horses^,  perhaps  in  a  double  sense. 

infrenoj  -are,  I.  v.  a.,  harness. 

infringo,-fregi, -fractum,-frln- 
gere,  [in-frango],  3.  v.  a.,  break 
off,  break,  crush,  shiver.  —  Fig., 
crush,  shatter,  break  down,  van- 
quish. —  infractus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  shattered,  broken, 
crushed,  overborne. 

infula,  -ae,  [perh.  akin  to  Gr.  <f>a- 
AOJ],  f.,  a  fillet  (a  head-band  of 
wool  used  in  sacred  rites). 

inf  undo,  -fudi,  -fasum,  -fun- 
dere,  [in-fundo],  3.  v.  a.,  pour 
on,  pour  out,  pour  down :  latices 
(administer}  ;  sol  infusus  (shed- 
ding its  light);  populus  (crowd- 
ed) ;  nix  mfusa  (fallen)  ;  mens 
infusa  per  artus  (permeating, 
diffused) ;  infusua  gremio  (ly- 
ing languidly,  of  Vulcan). 

infusco,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [in- 
fusco],  i.  v.  a.,  darken,  stain. 

infusus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  inf  undo. 


ingeminatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  in- 
gemino. 

ingemiuo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [in- 
gemino],  i.  v.  a.  and  n.,  redouble, 
repeat,  renew:  vulnera  lateri 
(strike  thick  and  fast) ;  vox  in- 
geminata  (echoed);  ingeminans 
Creusam  vocavi  (with  repeated 
cries) . — Without  obj.,  redouble,  in- 
crease,be  repeated:  ignes  (flash  re- 
peatedly) ;  Troes  hastis  (redouble 
their  showers  of  spears) ;  Austri 
(freshen);  plausu  (redouble). 

ingemo,  -gemui,  no  sup.,  -genie- 
re,  [in-gemo],  3.  v.  n.  and  a.  (cf. 
doleo),  groan,  sigh,  mourn,  la- 
ment, moan.  —  Also,  of  animals, 
roar,  low,  bellow. 

ingenium,  -i  (-ii),  [in-fgenium 
(y'gen  +  ium,  cf.  genius),  cf. 
ingeno],  n.,  nature,  intelligence. 
—  Less  exactly,  of  things,  nature, 
character :  arvorum. 

ingens,  -entis,  [in-gens,  decl.  as 
adj.,  out  of  its  kind~],  adj.,  enor~ 
mo  us,  huge,  vast,  immense,  great : 
argentum  (a  vast  amount  of) ; 
rura ;  fumus.  —  Less  exactly,  of 
intangible  objects,  great,  deep, 
severe,  intense,  mighty,  marvel- 
lous, loud:  pectus  (mighty  heart) ; 
umbra  (dense) ;  gemitus ;  ruina 
(mighty)  ;  pluvia  (heavy)  ;  nox 
(thick);  ex.iiM&(great,important) ; 
manus  (stout) ;  volnus.  —  Also, 
as  in  English,  of  men,  great, 
mighty,  famous,  illustrious  :  genus 
a  proa  vis ;  animis  corpore  ar- 
mis_Herminius. 

ingero,  -gessi,  -gestum,  -gerere, 
[in-gero],  3.  v.  a.,  heap  up,  hurl. 

inglorius,  -a,  -um,  [in-fgloria 
(decl.  as  adj.)],  adj.,  without  hon- 
or, inglorious,  unhonored. 

ingluvies,  -ei,  [in-fgluvies  (  Vglu 
•f  ies,  cf.  glutio,  gula)],  f.,  the 
gullet,  the  crop,  the  maw. 

ingratus,  -a,  -um,  [in-gratus], 
adj.,  utipleasing,  disagreeable,  un- 
grateful.—  Also,  ungrateful,  un- 
heeding, thankless: 
ing  no  return) . 


146 


Vocabulary. 


ingravo,  -avi,  -Stum,  -are,  [in- 
gravo], I.  v.  a.,  weigh  down.  — 
Fig.,  aggravate. 

ingredior,  -gressus,  -gredi,  [in- 
gradior],  3.  v.  dep.,  walk,  proceed, 
go,  enter,  land  (from  a  vessel)  : 
altius  (step  higher,  of  a  horse) .  — 
Fig.,  enter  upon,  begin,  undertake, 
enter  on  a  way,  proceed,  go  on. 

ingressus,  -a,  -uin,  p.p.  of  ingre- 
dior. 

ingressus,  -as,  [in-gressus,  cf.  in- 
gredior], m.,  an  entrance,  a  be- 
ginning, a  rise. 

ingruo,  -ui,  no  sup.,  -uere,  [?], 
3.  v.  n.,  rush  upon,  assail,  make 
an  inroad  upon.  —  Less  exactly 
and  fig.,  come  on,  fall  upon,  assail 
one,  burst  forth  :  umbra  vitibus 
{break  over} ;  horror  annorum 
(roll  on) ;  imber. 

inguen,  -inis,  [?],  n.,  the  groin.  — 
Plur.  in  same  sense. 

inhaereo,  -haesi,  -haesum,  -hae- 
rere,  [in-haereo],  2.  v.  n.,  cling  to. 

inhibeo,  -ui,  -ituni,  -ere,  [in- 
habeo],  2.  v.  a.,  hold  in,  check, 
restrain,  stay. 

i  nil  in,  -avi,  -at  um,  -are,  [in-hio], 
I.  v.  n.,  gape  at,  stand  open- 
mouthed  (with  sudden  emotion). 
—  Also,  from  the  expression  of  the 
face,  gaze  open-mouthed,  pry  into, 
gaze  at. 

inhonestus,  -a,  -um,  {in-hones- 
tus],  adj.,  inglorious,  dishonor- 
able. 

inhorreo,  -ui,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [in- 
horreo],  2.  v.  n.,  bristle,  grow 
rough,  roughen :  messis  campis 
(wave  trembling).  —  So  also,  irr. 
as  causative  :  aper  armos,  bristle 
up. 

inhospitus,  -a,  -um,  [in-hospitus, 
see  hospitus],  adj.,  inhospitable, 
dangerous. 

iiihiiiiiat  us,  -a,  -um,  [in-huma- 
tus],  adj.,  unburied. 

inicio  (inii-),  -ieci,  -iectum, 
-icere,  [in-iacio],  3.  v.  a.,  throw 
upon,  cast  upon,  hurl.  —  With  re- 
flexive, throw  one's  self,  rush. 


inimicus,  -a,  -um,  [in-amicus], 
adj.,  unfriendly,  hostile,  of  an  en- 
emy, of  the  foe,  as  an  enemy. 

iniquus  (-os),  -a,  -um,  [in-ae- 
quus],  adj.,  unequal,  uneven : 
silvae  (rough).  —  Also  (cf.  ae- 
quus),  unfair,  unjust,  hostile, 
unfavorable,  unfortunate  :  sol  (op- 
pressive) ;  sors  {unhappy);  fata 
(ttnlucky)  ;  spatia  (insufficient). 

iniectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  inicio. 

iniicio,  see  inicio. 

iniuria,  -ae,  [in-fius  +  ia,  cf.  in- 
iurius],  f.,  injustice,  wrong,  out- 
rage :  longa  (tale  of  wrong) ; 
sceleris  nostri  (guilt). 

iniussus,  -a,  -um,  [in-iussus],  adj., 
unbidden,  unforced. 

iniustus,  -a,  -um,  [in-iustus],adj., 
unjust,  unfair,  unreasonable. 

in  labor  (ill-),  -lapsus,  -labi,  [in- 
labor],  3.  v.  dep.,  glide  in,  move 
in.  —  Fig.,  of  a  divinity,  enter,  Jill, 
inspire :  nostris  animis. 

inlacrimo  (ill-),  -avi,  -atuin, 
-are,  [in-lacrimo],  i.  v.  n.,  weep. 

—  Poetically,  of  statues,  weep,  dis- 
til tears. 

i nl act :ib His  (ill-),  -e,  [in-laeta- 
bilis],  adj.,  joyless,  mournful. 

in  la  IK  la  (us  (ill-),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
laudatus],  adj.,  detested  (cf.  im- 
iii it  is ;,  execrated. 

inlecebrae  (illec-),  -arum,  [fin- 
lece-  (cf.  iniicio)  +  bra],  f.,  en- 
ticements, allurements,  charms. 

inlido,  -lisi,  -lisum,  -lidere,  [in- 
laedo],  3.  v.  a.,  dash  in  (to  some- 
thing), dash  upon.  —  Also,  dash 
in  (to  itself,  crush). 

inligatus  (ill-),  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of 
inligo. 

inligo  (ill-),  -avi,  -atum,  -are, 
[in-ligo],  i.  v.  a.,  bind  on,  tie  up. 

—  Less  exactly,  entangle,  hamper, 
fetter. 

inlisus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  inlido. 
inlotus  (ill-)>  •*»  -um»  [in-lotus], 

adj.,  unwashed,  not  cleansed. 
inlucesco    (ill-),    -luxi,    no   sup., 

-IBcescere,  [in-lucesco] ,  3.  v.  n. 

incept.,  dawn,  break  (of  day) . 


Vocabulary. 


147 


Inludo  (ill-),  -lusi,  -lusum,  -la- 
dere,  [in-ludo],  3.  v.  n.  and  a., 

mock  at,  make  sport  of.  —  Also, 
destroy  (as  if  in  sport),  waste,  in- 
jure.— Also, //ay  upon,  sport  with  : 
vestes  \\\M&a.e(ivroughtwith  sport- 
ive designs') . 

inlustris  (ill-),  -c,  [in-flustro- 
(  weakened  and  decl.  as  adj.)],  adj., 
famous,  noble,  illustrious. 

inlusus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  inludo. 

inluvies  (ill-),  -ei,  [in-fluvies 
( Vlu>  i°  luo  +  ies)],  f.,  dirt, filth. 

inm-,  see  irnm-. 

innascor,  -natus,  -nasci,  [in- 
nascor],  3.  v.  dep.,  grow  in,  be 
born  in. —  innatus,  -a,  -uin,  p.p., 
inborn,  innate. 

innato,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [in- 
nato],  i.  v.  n.  and  a.,  swim  on, 
float  on. 

innatus,  -a,  -11111,  p.p.  of  innascor. 

innecto,  -nexui,  -nexum,  -nec- 
tere,  [in-necto],  3.  v.  a.,  entwine, 
bind,  enwrap.  —  Fig.,  weave,  en- 
twine, devise,  invent, ^plan  :  fraus. 

inncxus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  innecto. 

in ii it  or,  -nisus  ^-nixus),  -niti, 
[in.-ni.tor],  3.  v.  dep.,  lean  -upon, 
rest  on,  be  supported  by. 

i  inn  x  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  innitor. 

i  ii  MM.  -navi,  -natum,  -nare,  [in- 
no],  i.  v.  n.  and  a.,  swim  in  or 
into,  float,  swim,  sai/. 

innocuus,  -a,  um,  [in-nocuus], 
adj.,  harmless,  innocent,  unoffend- 
ing:  litus  {that  will  do  no  harm). 
—  Also,  actively,  unharmed. 

innoxius,  -a,  -um,  [in-noxius], 
adj.,  harmless,  innocent. 

innumerus,  -a,  -um,  [in-numerus, 
decl.  as  adj.],  adj.,  without  num- 
ber, numberless,  unnumbered. 
finnuptus,  -a,  f-um,  [in-nuptus], 
adj.,    unmarried  (of  a   woman), 
maiden.  —  As  subst.,  a  maid. 
inoffensus,  -a,  -um,  [in-offensus], 
adj.,  unbroken,  unimpeded,  unhin- 
dered. 

inolesco,  -levi,  -litum,  -lescere, 
[in-olesco,  cf.  adulesco],  3-v.  n., 
grow  in  {into),  become  implanted. 


inopinus,  -a,  -um,  [in-fopinus,  cf. 
opinor],  adj.,  unexpected. 

mops,  -opis,  [in-ops,  decl.  as  adj.], 
adj.,  without  resources,  helpless, 
poor,  destitute  :  senecta ;  inops 
animi  (bereft  of  sense,  frenzied} ; 
res  {scanty  fortune). 

J  nous,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  "\v<aoi\,  adj., 
of  Ino  (the  daughter  of  Cadmus 
and  wife  of  Athamas  of  Thebes. 
Flying  from  her  husband,  she 
threw  herself  into  the  sea  and  be- 
came a  divinity),  son  of  Ino. 

inquam  (,-io),  [?],  v.  def.,  say. 

inremeabilis  (irr-),  -e,  [in-reme- 
abilis],  adj.,  irretraceable. 

inreparabilis  (irr-),  -e,  [in-re- 
parabilis],  adj.,  irrecoverable,  ir- 
reparable. 

inrideo  (irr-),  -risi,  -risum,  -ri- 
dere,  [in-rideo],  2.  v.  a.,  laugh 
at,  scorn,  ridicule.  —  inrisus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.,  mocked,  scorned,  in- 
sulted, with  ridicule. 

inrigo  (irr-),  -avi,  -atum,  -are, 
[in-rigo],  I .  v.  a.,  drop  upon,  pour 
down  upon,  shed.  —  With  change 
of  point  of  view,  bedew  with,  mois- 
ten, bathe,  water.  —  Also  fig.  in 
both  senses. 

inriguus  (irr-),  -a,  -um,  [fin- 
rignus],  adj.,  moistening,  water- 
ing. 

ii.  nl  at  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  inrito. 

inrlto  (irr-),  -avi,  -atum,  -are, 
[fin-rito-  (cf.  inrfo,  snarl,  of 
dogs)],  i.  v.  a.,  excite,  anger,  in- 
cense. 

inritus  (irr-), -a,  -um,  [in-ratus], 
adj.,  invalid,  annulled,  —  Less 
exactly,  useless,  ineffective,  idle,  in 
vain,  empty :  sceleris  vestigia 
(harjnless} . 

inrord  (irr-),  -Svi,  -atom,  -fire, 
[in-roro],  I.  v.  a.,  bedew,  sprinkle, 
shed  moisture. — Less  exactly,  flood 
(of  light)  :  terras  sole. 

inrumpo  (irr-),  -rupi,  -ruptum, 
-rumpere,  [in-rumpo],  3.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  break  in,  burst  in,  break 
through,  force. 

inruo   (irr-),  -rui,  no  sup.,  -ru- 


148 


Vocabulary. 


ere,  [in-ruo],  3.  v.  n.  and  a.,  rush 
in,  rusk  on,  fall  down. 

i us; 1 1  iii at  i is,  -a,  -um,  (separate, 
inque  salutatus),  [in-saluta- 
tus],  adj.,  not  saluted :  hanc  in- 
salutatam  relinquo  (without  say- 
ing farewell}. 

insania,  -ae,  [finsano-  (reduced) 
+  ia],  f.,  madness,  insanity,  frenzy, 
rage  :  scelerata  belli. 

iiisaiiio,  -Ivi  (-ii),  -itum,  [fin- 
sano-  (as  if  insani-)],  4.  v.  n.,  be 
insane,  rave,  play  the  fool. 

insanus,  -a,  -uin,  [in-sanus],adj., 
unsound  (Q{ mind),  mad,  wild,  in- 
sane, frantic,  crazy.  —  Less  exact- 
ly, inspired.  —  Fig.,  wild,  violent, 
mad, crazy,  insane  :  cupido ;  nuc- 
tus ;  amor  ;  forum  (turbulent) . 

inscius,  -a,  -urn,  [in-fscius,  cf. 
nesclus],  adj.,  unconscious,  igno- 
rant, untaught,  unaware,  bewil- 
dered (not  understanding)  :  baud 
inscius  (with  full  knowledge}. 

inscribe,  -scrips!,  -scriptum, 
-scribere,  [in-scribo],  3.  v.  a., 
write  upon,  inscribe,  mark  (of  the 
tracing  of  a  spear)  :  pulvis  hasta. 

inscriptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  in- 
scribo. 

insector,  -at  us,  -ari,  [in-sector, 
cf.  insequor],  I.  v.  dep.,  pursue. 
—  Fig.,  harass,  worry,  persecute, 
pursue :  rastris  terrain  {ply}. 

insequor,  -secutus,  -sequi,  [in- 
sequor], 3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  follow  up, 
pursue  :  ilium  Pyrrhus ;  comi- 
nus  arva  (in  a  strong  poetical 
figure) .  —  Fig.,  pursue,  follow  ttp, 
harass,  be  close  upon  :  quid  te  ca- 
sus. — Neut.,  follow,  come  next,  en- 
sue.— With  inf.,  continue,  proceed. 

insero,  -rui,  -rtum,  -rere,  [in- 
sero],  3.  v.  a.,  put  in,  insert. 

insero,  -sevi,  -situm,  -serere, 
[in-sero],  3.  v.  a.,  implant,  plant, 
set  out,  engraft,  graft  (both  of  the 
stock  and  the  graft)  :  insere  pi- 
ros  ;_arbutus  ex  fetu  nucis. 

inserto,  -avi,  -atuin,  -are,  [in- 
serto, cf.  insero],  i.  v.  a.,  put  in, 
thrust  in,  insert. 


insertus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  insero. 
insideo,  -sedi,  -sessum,  -sidere, 

[in-sedeo],  2.  v.  n.  and  a.,  sit  up- 
on, sit  down  on. —  Esp.,  settle  on, 
settle,  occupy.  —  Also,  lie  in  wait 
(cf.  insidiae),  plot.  (In  perf. 
tenses  undistinguishable  from  in- 
sido.) 

insidiae,  -arum,  [finsid-  (or  in- 
sido-  reduced)  +  ia  (cf.  dcscs, 
desidia)],  f.  plur.,  an  ambush, 
an  ambuscade,  a  lying  in  wait.  — 
Less  exactly,  treachery,  a  strata- 
gem, wiles,  a  trick,  secret  mischief. 

—  Personified,    Craft,   Treachery. 

—  Poetically,  secret  flight  (of  Nisus 
and  Euryalus  through  the  enemy's 
camp) . 

insidiatus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  in- 
eidior. 

insidior,  -atus,  -ari,  [finsidia-], 
I.  v.  dep.,  lie  in  wait :  ovili  lu- 
pus^ prowl  around}. 

insido,  -sedi,  -sessum,  -sidere, 
[in-sido],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  settle  on, 
sit  on,  alight  upon. 

insignio,  -ivi  (-ii),  -itum,  -ire, 
[finsigni-],  4.  v.  a.,  mark,adorn, 
deck. 

insignis,  -e,  [fin-signo-  (weak- 
ened, decl.  as  adj.)], adj., marked, 
conspicuous,  adorned,  splendid, 
decked,  brilliant.  —  Fig.,  conspicu- 
ous, famous,  renowned,  glorious, 
noble,  remarkable,  distinguished, 
extraordinary.  —  Neut.  sing,  and 
plur.  as  subst.,  insigne  (insig- 
nia), a  device,  an  ornament,  a 
decoration,  an  ensign,  trappings, 
insignia. 

insincerus,-a,-um,  f  in-sincerus] , 
adj.,  impure,  corrupt,  tainted,  pu- 
trid. _ 

liisinuu,  -avi,  -atuin,  -are,  [in- 
sinuo],  i.  v.  a.  and  n.,  work  in 
(by  winding  or  bending).  —  With 
reflexive  (or  without),  work  one's 
way  in,  steal  in.  —  Fig. :  pavor 
per  pectora  (steal  over}. 

insisto,  -stiti,  no  sup.,  -sisterc, 
[in-sisto],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  stand 
upon,  set  foot  upon,  tread,  enter 


Vocabulary. 


149 


upon,  begin. — Actively,  plant,  set  : 
vestigia. 

insitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  insero. 

insolitus,  -a,  -um,  [in-solitua], 
adj.,  unwonted,  unaccustomed  to. 
—  Also,  unusual,  strange,  un- 
wonted:  phocae  fugiunt  (against 
their  wont) . 

insomnis,  -e,  [in-faomno-  (weak- 
ened and  decl.  as  adj.)],  adj., 
sleepless,  unsleeping. 

insuinniiiiii,  -I  (-ii),  [finsomni-  ? 
(reduced)  +  ium],  n.,  a  dream,  a 
vision. 

insono,  -sonui,  no  sup.,  -sonare, 
[in-sono],  I.  v.  n.,  sound,  re- 
sound, roar :  flagello  (crack}  ; 
ilia  demissa  per  auras  (come 
with  a  dang};  verbera  (cog. 
ace.,  rattle  blows,  crack  the  lash}. 

insons,  -sontis,  [in-sons],  adj., 
innocent,  unoffending,  guiltless. 

insperatus,  -a,  -um,  [in-spera- 
tus],  adj.,  unhoped  for,  unlocked 

f°r-    x 

inspicio,  -spexi,  -spectum,  -spi- 
cere,  [in-spicio],  3.  v.  a.,  look  in 
upon,  overlook,  spy  out. 

inspico,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [in- 
fspicp],  I.  v.  a.,  sharpen,  point. 

inspiro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [in- 
spire], I.  v.  a.,  breathe  in,  breathe 
upon.  —  Fig.,  inspire,  infuse  :  ig- 
nem  (enkindle), 

inspoliatus,  -a,  -um,  [in-spolia- 
tus],  adj.,  undespoiled,  unspoiled. 

instabilis,  -e,  [in-stabilis],  adj., 
unsteady,  unstable.  —  Fig.,  Jickle, 
•wavering,  vacillating. 

instar  [akin  to  in-sto],  n.  indecl., 
an  image,  a  likeness,  a  resem- 
blance.—  In  appos.,  as  adj.,  like, 
equal:  mentis  equus  (huge  as}; 
agminis  Clausus  (the  equal). 

instauratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  In- 
stauro. 

instauro,  -avi,  -atum,  -arc,  [in- 
tstauro  (fstauro-,  cf.  Gr.  <r-rav- 
p6s),  cf.  restanro],  l.v.  a.,  (set 
up),  renew,  repeat,  begin  anew, 
rally:  acies ;  diem  donis  (re- 
feat  another  day);  talia  Oraia 


(repeat,  requite);  instaurati ani- 
mi  (courage  restored}. 

insterno,-stravi,  -stratum,-ster- 
nere,  [in-sterno],  3.  v.  a.,  spread 
over :  pontes  (throw  out) .  — 
With  change  of  point  of  view, 
cover,  spread :  instratum  cubile 
{strewn  with} ;  instrati  ostro 
alipedes  (housed). 

instigo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [in- 
fstigo,  cf.  instinguo,  Gr.  <rr/£«], 
I.  v.  a.,  goad  on.  —  Fig.,  stimu- 
late, encourage,  incite,  urge  on. 

instituu,  -tui,  -t  fit  um,  -tuere, 
[in-statuo],  3.  v.  a.,  set  up,  build, 
foiuid.  —  Less  exactly,  establish, 
ordain,  introduce  a  custom,  teach 
(a  custom)  :  vestigia  nuda  (have 
by  long  established  custom) ;  dapes 
(prepare). 

insto,  -stiti,  -statum,  -stare,  [in- 
sto],  I.  v.  n.  and  a.,  stand  on, 
stand  over.  —  Less  exactly  (of 
military  action),  press  on,  pursue, 
assail,  attack,  threaten :  iugis 
(threaten,  make  a  demonstration). 

—  Also   in  other   connections,  be 
busy,    urge    on,    be    troublesome, 
threaten,  impend,  be  urgent,  be  at 
hand,  be   ready,  press  on,  ply,  be 
eager,  strive,  be  bent  on  :  currum 
(cog.  ace.,  busily  prepare) ;  aris- 
tia  (be  devoted  to) ;  operi ;  tumul- 
tus  (be  imminent)  ;  aquae  {over- 
hang, of  a  figurehead). 

instratus,    -a,   -um,   p.p.   of  In- 

sterno. 
instrepo,   -ui,   -itum,   -ere,   [in- 

atrepo],  3.  v.  n.,  rattle,  creak. 
instructus,  -a,   -um,  p.p.  of  in- 

struo. 
instruo,-struxi,-8tructum,-stru« 

ere,  [in-struo],  3.  v.  a.,  (pile  up 

on),  pile  up:  mensas  (spread}. 

—  Less  exactly,    arrange,    draw 
up,  array,  prepare,  set  in  order, 
furnish.  —  With  change  of  point 
of  view,  provide  (with^),  furnish, 
arm  :  ar mis  socios ;  instructus 
Eois  adversis  (in  array  with); 
instructus  dolia  (armed  with). 

insuetus,  -a,   -um,    [in-suetus], 


150 


Vocabulary. 


adj.,  unaccustomed  to,  unused,  not 
•wont.  —  Passively,  unaccustomed, 
unusual,  unwonted,  unfamiliar. 
—  Neut.  plur.  as  adv.,  in  un- 
wonted wise,  unusually,  beyond 
one's  wont. 

insula,  -ae,  [in-stem  akin  to  sal], 
f.,  an  island. 

iiisulto,  -avi,  -atuin,  -are,  [in- 
salto,  cf.  insllio],  I.  v.  a.  and  n., 
bound  upon,  leap  upon,  dance  on, 
prance  (on)  :  solo;  floribus  hae- 
di ;  aequore  sonipes.  —  Fig.,  ex- 
ult over,  insult.  —  Also,  bound 
into,  rush  into. 

in  sum,  infill,  inesse,  [in-sum], 
irr.  v.  n.,  be  in,  be  on,  be  there. 

insuo,  -sui,  sut  inn,  -suere,  [in- 
suo], 3.  v.  a.,  sew  in,  stitch  in. 

in  super  [in-super],  adv.,  above, 
over,  over  all.  —  Less  exactly, 
moreover,  besides,  in  addition  to. 

insuperabilis,-e,[in-superabilis], 
adj.,  unconquerable,  invincible. 

insurgo,  -surrexi,  -surrectum, 
-surgere,  [in-surgo],  3.  v.  n., 
rise  upon.  —  Less  exactly,  rise, 
arise :  campis  tenebrae  (over- 
spread). 

insutus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  insuo. 

intact  us,  -a,  -um,  [in-tactus], 
adj.,  untouched,  unhurt,  un- 
harmed:  seges  (without  touch- 
ing) ;  silvas  (unvisited,  an  un- 
tried theme).  —  Esp.  of  domestic 
animals,  unbroken,  ignorant  of 
the  yoke. — Also  of  women,  mai- 
den, chaste,  pure. 

Integer,  -gra,  -grum,  [in-ftagro- 
(\/tag  +  rus),  cf.  intactus], 
adj.,  (untouched},  unbroken,  en- 
tire, whole.  —  Fig.,  fresh,  vigorous, 
unimpaired.  —  ab  integro,  as 
adv.,  anew,  afresh. 

integro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [tin- 
tegro-],  I.  v.  a.,  renew  (cf.  ab  in- 
tegro), repeat,  begin  anew. 

intemeratus,  -a,  -um,  [in-teme- 
ratus],  adj.,  unpolluted,  untaint- 
ed, pure,  chaste :  vinum  (un- 
mixed").—  Fig.,  inviolate,  pure: 
Camilla  (#  maid). 


intempestus,  -a,  -um,  [in-ftem- 
pestus  (cf.  honestus),  cf.  tem- 
pestivus],  adj.,  untimely,  unsea- 
sonable :  nox  (a  technical  exp., 
the  dead  of  night). —  Also,  nox 
(with  reference  to  the  orig.  mean- 
ing, gloomy,  unpropitious) .  —  Also 
(cf.  temperies),  unwholesome, 
unhealthy. 

intemptatus  (inten-),  -a,  -um, 
[in-temptatus],  adj.,  untried. 

intendo,  -tendi,  -tentum  (-ten- 
sum),  [in-tendo],  3.  v.  a.,  stretch 
upon,  stretch  to,  stretch,  strain  : 
arcum  (bend,  from  stretching  the 
string) ;  vela  (spread)  •  sagittam 
(aim,  cf.  arcum  above)  ;  vincula 
(strain) ;  vela  Zephyri  (swell ) . 

—  With  change  of  point  of  view, 
stretch  ivith,  hang  with,  cover  with: 
bracchia  tergo ;  bracchia  velis ; 
locum  sertis. — Poetically :  vocem 
corn\i(strain  with);  numeros ner- 
vis  (strain  the  strings  with  notes). 

—  intentus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
strained,  stretched.  — Fig.,  on  the 
stretch,  strained,  straining,  intent, 
tiger. 

intentatus,  -a,  -um ;  see  intemp- 
tatus. 

intento,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fin- 
tento-  (but  cf.  tento)],  i.  v.  a., 
stretch  out :  angues  (hold  threat- 
eningly, brandish).  —  Fig.,  threat- 
en, menace. 

intentus, -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  intendo. 

intepeo,  -tepui,  no  sup.,  -tepere, 
[in-tepeo],  2.v.  n.,  become  warm, 
be  warmed :  mucro  (taste  blood). 

inter  [in  +  ter  (reduced  from  -tero, 
cf.  subter,  interior),  comp.  of 
in],  prep,  and  adv.  Prep.,  between, 
among,  amid,  in  among,  into  the 
midst  of.  —  Sometimes  from  a  dif- 
ferent conception  in  Latin,  in, 
through,  on  :  inter  valles  (of  the 
two  sides);  arva  inter  opima. 

—  Esp.  :    inter   manus,   in    the 
hands,  in  the  power.  —  With  ge- 
rund, while :  inter  bibendum.  — 
With  reflexive  (as reciprocal),  with 
each  other,  on,  from,  by,  to,  &c.,  in 


Vocabulary. 


all  reciprocal  relations :  inter  vos 
(with  each  other} ;  inter  sese  {al- 
ternately'} .  —  Adv.  in  composition, 
between,  off,  away,  among,  together, 
cf.  intercipio,  intercludo,  in- 
tereo,  intermisceo,  internecto. 

intercipio,  -cepi,  -ceptum,  -ci- 
pere,  [inter-capio],  3.  v.  a.,  in- 
tercept. ^ 

intercludo,  -clusi,  -clusum,  -clu- 
dere,  [inter-cludo],  3.  v.  a.,  shut 
off,  cut  off,  detain. 

interdum[inter-dum,cf.interim], 
adv.,  sometimes. 

interea  [inter-ea  (prob.  abl.  of  is, 
cf.  supra)],  adv.,  meanwhile, 
meantime.  —  Less  exactly,  in  these 
circumstances,  at  that  time. 

intereo,  -Ivf  (-ii),  -itum,  -Ire, 
[inter-eo],  irr.  v.  n.,  perish,  die, 
be  slain,  fall  (in  battle). 

interf  atus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  inter- 
for. 

interficio,  -feel,  -fectum,  -flcere, 
[inter-facio,  cf.  intereo],  3.  v.  a., 
kill.  —  Less  exactly,  destroy,  kill 
(of  harvests),  lay  waste. 

interior,  -fatus,  -farl,[inter-for], 
I.  v.  dep.,  interrupt. 

interfundo,  -f udl,  -fusum,  -fun- 
dere,  [inter-fundo],  3.  v.  &.,pour 
between.  —  Pass.,  flow  between.  — 
With  change  of  point  of  view, 
overflow,  suffuse,  stain,  fleck. 

interfusus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  inter- 
fundo. 

i  1 1 1  •  •  r  i  1 1 1 ",  .  •  1 1 1 1 ,  -i- 1 1 1 1  >  1 1 1 1  n ,  -inaere, 
[inter-emo,/a&?(cf.  interficio)], 
3.  v.  a.,  kill,  slay,  strike  down. 

interior,  -ius,  [fintero-  (reduced, 
cf.  inter) +ior],  comp.  adj.,  inner, 
inside:  domus  (the  interior  of, 
&c.).  —  Neut.  as  adv.,  more  deeply. 
—  Superl.,  intimus,  -a,  -um,  [in 
+  timus,  cf.  finitimus],  inmost, 
farthest. 

interltus,  -us,  [inter-itus,  cf.  in- 
tereo], m.,  death. 

interlego,  -legi,  -lectum,  -legere, 
(also  separated),  [inter- lego],  3. 
v.  a.,  cull  here  and  there,  pluck 
here  and  there. 


interlnceo,  -luxi,  no  sup.,  -lucere, 
[inter-luceo],  2.v.  n.,  shine  through. 
— Less  exactly,  show  light  through. 

interluo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -lucre, 
[inter-luo],  3.  v.  a..,  flow  between, 
wash  (of  rivers) . 

intermisceo,  -miscui,  -mixtum 
(mistum),  -miscere,  [inter- 
misceo], 2.  v.  a.,  mix  in,  inter- 
mingle. 

internecto,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -nec- 
tere,  [inter-necto] ,  3.  v.  a.,  bind 
together,  bind  up,  knot  up. 

interpres,  -etis,  [?],  comm.,  an 
agent,  a  messenger,  an  interpre- 
ter :  divum  (a  prophef) ;  harum 
curarum  {author,  of  Juno  as  agent 
in  the  marriage  relation). 

interritus,  -a,  -um,  [in-territus], 
adj.,  undaunted,  unterrifled,  fear- 
less, undismayed,  without  fear  (of 
danger). 

interrumpo,  -rupl,  -ruptum, 
-rumpere,  [inter-rumpo],  3.v.a., 
break  off,  discontinue :  ignes  (die 
out). 

interruptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  in- 
terrumpo. 

interstrepo,  no  perf.,  no  sup., 
-strepere,  [inter-strepo],  3.  v.  a., 
make  a  noise  among,  drown  (of 
noise) :  anser  (cackle  among, 
drowning  the  notes  of  others). 

intersum,  -fui,  no  sup.,  -esse, 
[inter-sum],  irr.  v.  n.,  be  engaged 
in,  join,  share. 

intertexo,  -texul,  -textum,  -tex- 
ere,  [inter -texo],  3.  v.  a.,  inter- 
weave. 

intertextus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  in- 
tertexo. 

intervallum,  -i,  [inter- vallum] ,  n., 
(space  between  pales  or  stakes  of  the 
rampart),  distance  (between),  in- 
ternal. 

intexo,  -texui,  -textum,  -texere, 
[in-texo],  3.  v.  a.,  weave  in,  in- 
terweave, entwine,  interlace.  — 
With  change  of  point  of  view,  sur- 
round, entwine  (with  something)  : 
vitibus  ulmos.  —  Of  the  effect, 
weave,  weave  in:  in  textum  opua; 


152 


Vocabulary. 


intexti  Britanm  (in  a  work  of 
art). 

intextus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  intexo. 

intimus,  see  interior. 

intono,-ui,-atum,  -are,[in-tono], 
I.  v.  n.,  thunder. 

intonsus,  -a,  -um,  [in-tonsus], 
adj.,  unshorn,  unshaven. — Less  ex- 
actly, of  mountains,  unshorn, rough. 

intorqueo,  -torsi,  -tortum,  -tor- 
quere,[in-torqueo],  2.  v.  a.,  turn, 
roll.  —  Also,  brandish,  hurl. 

intortus,  -a,  -uni,  p.p.  of  in- 
torqueo. 

iiitra  [fintero-  (syncopated),  prob. 
abl.  case,  cf.  infra],  prep.,  within 
(of  position  or  motion),  inside. 

intractabilis,  -e,  [in-tractabilis], 
adj.,  unmanageable,  fierce,  -violent. 

intractatus,  -a,  -um,  [in-tracta- 
tus],  adj.,  untried  (by  others  read 
intemptatus). 

iiitremo,  -ui,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [in- 
tremo],  3.  v.  n.,  tremble,  quake, 
quiver. 

Intro,  -avi,  -at urn,  -are,  [fintero- 
(syncopated),  cf.  intra],  I.  v.  a., 
enter  :  ripas  (sail  within) .  — 
Fig.,  enter,  penetrate,  pervade: 
calor  medullas. 

introgredior,  -gressus,  -gredi, 
[intro-gradior],  3.  v.  dep.,  enter, 
come  in. 

introgressus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  In- 
trogredior. 

intubus  (-um),  -I,  [Gr.  6ruj8oc], 
m.,  f.,  n.,  endive,  succory. 

iiifuli,  see  infero. 

intus  [in  +  tus,  cf.  divinitus], 
adv.,  -within  (cf.  a  dextra  par- 
te),  inside,  in  doors,  in  the  house. 

infybus,  see  intubus. 

inultus,  -a,  -um,  [in-ultus],  adj., 
unavenged. 

inumbro,  -avi,  at  inn,  -are,  [in- 
umbro],  I .  v.  a.,  overshadow,  shade, 
canopy. 

inundo,  -avi,  -atiuii,  -are,  [in- 
undo],  I.  v.  n.  and  a.,  overfto~M, 
flow.  —  Less  exactly,  swarm. 

inuro,  -ussi,  -ustum,  -urere,  [in- 
uro],  3.  v.  a.,  burn  in,  brand. 


inutilis,  -e,  [in-utilisj,  adj.,  use- 
less, unavailing,  impotent.  —  Less 
exactly,  injurious. 

Inuus,  -i,  [akin  to  ineo],  m.,  a  god 
identified  with  Pan  as  guardian  of 
cattle. — Castrum  Inui,  a  town 
of  Latium. 

invado,  -vasi,  -vasum,  -vadere, 
[in-vado],  3.  v.  n.  and  a.,  go  into, 
go  against,  proceed,  go  on,  begin. 
— Also,  attack,  invade,  storm,  rush 
into,  rush  in,  force :  thalamum 
(violate).  —  Fig.,  enter  upon,  un- 
dertake. 

invalidus,  -a,  -um,  [in-validus], 
adj.,  infirm,  feeble,  -weak,  power- 
less. 

invectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  inveho. 

inveho,  -vexi,  -vectum,  -vehere, 
[in-veho],  3.  v.  a.,  bear  on,  bear 
against.  —  Pass.,  ride,  sail,  be 
borne^ 

invenio,  -veni,  -ventum,  -venire, 
[in-venio],  4.  v.  a.,  come  upon, 
hit  upon,  find  (esp.  by  accident, 
cf.  reperio,  find  by  search),  dis- 
cover, find  (learn). — inventus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.- — Neut.,  a  discov- 
ery, an  invention. 

inventor,  -oris,  [in-fventor,  cf. 
invenio],  m.,  a  finder,  a  discov- 
erer, a  deviser,  a  contriver. 

inventrix,  -icis,  [in-fventrix,  cf. 
inventor  and  invenio],  f.,  a 
finder,  an  inventor  (female),  a 
discoverer,  an  originator. 

inventus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  invenio. 

invergo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -ver- 
gere,  [in-vergo],  3.  v.  a.,  turn 
downward,  empty.  —  Less  exactly, 
pour  down  upon  (a  sacrificial 
word),  pour  (by  inversion  of  a  ves- 
sel). 

inverto,  -verti,  -versum,  -verte- 
re,  [in-verto],  3.  v.  a.,  upturn, 
overturn.  —  Esp.  with  the  plough, 
turn  in  furrows.  —  Less  exactly, 
change  :  caelum  nox  {change  tht 
aspect  of) . 

invictus,  -a,  -um,  [in-victus], 
adj.,  unconquered,  unconquerable, 
invinciblt. 


Vocabulary. 


153 


Invideo,  -vidi,  -visum,  -videre, 

[in-video],  2.  v.  n.  and  a.,  {look 
askance  a/),  envy,  be  jealous  of, 
grudge,  deny  (as  if  from  jealousy). 

—  in visus,  -a,  -um,  pp.  as  adj., 
hateful,  hostile,  troublesome. — Pass- 
ively, an   object  of  haired,  hated, 
detested,    odious :    haiul    invisus 
caelestibus  (not  unfriended  by} . 

invidia,  -ae,  [finvido-  (reduced) 
-f  ia],  f.,  envy,  hatred,  malice, 
grudging,  jealousy :  quae  est  ? 
(why  grudge?).^ 

invigilo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [in- 
vigilo],  I.  v.  n.,  be  awake,  be  dili- 
gent, be  attentive  to. 

inviolabilis,  -e,  [in-violabilis], 
adj.,  inviolable,  sacred . 

i ii v iso,  -visi,  -visum,  -visere,  [in- 
viso],  3.  v.  a.,  look  upon,  view. — 
Also,  visit,  go  to  see  (cf.  vlso). 

invisus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  invideo. 

invisus,  -a,  -um,  [in- visas J,  adj., 
unseen. 

invito,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [?], 
I.  v.  a.,  invite,  allure,  persuade. 

—  Esp.,  entertain  :  Aenean  solio 
acerno  (seat  hospitably) . 

invitus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  un- 
willing, with  reluctance,  reluctant, 
against  one's  will.  —  Often  equal 
to  an  adverb. 

invius,  -a,  -um,  [in-fvia  (decl.  as 
adj.)],  adj.,  pathless,  inaccessible, 
difficult  of  access,  difficult  (of  pass- 
age), dangerous. 

invoco,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [in- 
voco],  i.  v.  a.,  call  upon,  worship, 
adore,  invoke. 

involve,  -volvi,  -volutum,  -vol- 
vere,  [in-volvo],  3.  v.  a.,  roll 
upon,  roll  over,  roll  in,  roll  along. 
— With  change  of  point  of  view, 
enwrap,  involve,  surround,  cover, 
shut  in,  engulf.  —  Often  of  fire, 
water,  and  the  like. 

16  [Gr.  <w],  interj.,  ho  !  (a  cry  of  wild 
excitement,  either  of  joy  or  grief). 

Io,  -as,  [Gr.  'Iw],  f.,  daughter  of 
Inachus,  beloved  by  Jupiter,  and 
changed  by  Juno,  from  jealousy, 
into  a  cow. 


lollas,  -ae,  [Gr.  'I^AAas],  m. :  i.  A 
shepherd ;  2.  A  Trojan. 

lonius,  -a,  -um,  [flon  -f  ius],  adj., 
(of  Ion),  Ionian  (of  the  sea  so 
called)  :  fluctus ;  mare.  — Neut., 
the  Ionian  Sea. 

lopas,  -ae,  [?],  m.,  a  Carthaginian 
bard. 

Ip lii I  us,  -i,  [Gr.  *I(J>ITOS~],  m.,  a 
Trojan. 

ipse,  -a,  -um,  -ius,  [is-pse  (cf. 
-pte,  perh.  =  potis)],  pron.  in- 
tens.,  self,  very,  even.  —  Without 
other  pronoun  or  noun,  himself, 
yourself,  &c.  —  In  special  phrases : 
ipsi  venient,  of  themselves,  volun- 
tarily ;  ipse,  the  chief,  the  leader 
(as  opposed  to  the  men) ;  ipsi, 
the  men  (as  opposed  to  the  ships). 

ira,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  anger,  wrath,  rage, 
fury  ;  angry  impulse.  —  Also  plur. 
—  Personified,  Passion  (of  wrath). 

irascor,  iratus,  irasci,  [fira-  (of 
lost  firo)  +  sco],  i.  v.  dep.,  be 
angry,  become  enrage  J.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, vent  one's  rage,  angrily  at- 
tack.—  iratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 
adj.,  angry,  enraged,  furious. 

iratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  Irascor. 

Iris,  -idls  (also  -Is),  f.,  the  messen- 
ger of  the  gods  (espec.  of  Juno), 
the  personified  rainbow. 

irremeabilis,  see  inremeabilis. 

irr-,  compounds  of  In,  see  inr-,  the 
more  approved  spelling. 

is,  ea,  id,  el  us,  [pron.  ij\\,  pron. 
dem.,  he,  she,  it,  they,  this,  that, 
these,  those,  such,  a  (with  a  correl- 
ative), so  great. 

Ismara,  -oruiii,  [cf.  Ismanis],  n 
a  town  in  Thrace  near  Mt.  Ismarus. 

Ismarlus,  -a,  -um,  [flsmaro  + 
ins],  adj.,  ofMt.  Ssmarus.  (Others 
read  Imarius.) 

Ismanis,  -i,  [Gr.  "lo-juapos],  m. : 
I.  A  mountain  of  Thrace  ;  2.  A 
Lydian  in  the  Trojan  ranks. 

isto,  ista,  1st nd,  istius,  [is-tus 
(pron.  -^  ta,  cf.  1  um,  tam,  tan- 
tus)],  pron.  dem.,  thai  (esp.  re- 
ferring in  some  way  to  the  person 
addressed),  he,  she,  they,  these, 


154 


Vocabulary. 


those.  —  Esp.  of  one's  opponent  or 
one  againstwhom  one  hasagrudge, 
such  as  you,  that,  those,  such,  that 
sort  of  . 

Ister,  -rl,  [Gr.  "la-rpos"],  (Hister, 
the  spelling  now  in  vogue],  m., 
the  Danube.  —  Less  exactly,  of  the 
nations  around  it. 

istic  [isti-ce,  cf.  hie],  adv.,  there 
(where  you  are,  or  the  like,  cf. 
iste). 

istlnc  [istim-ce,  cf.  hinc],  adv., 
from  there  (where  you  are,  cf. 
iste),  -where  you  are. 

ita  [pron.  ^/i-ta  (unc.  case  of  pron. 
•Y/ta,  cf.  tarn,  etc.)],  adv.,  so,  in 
that  way,  just  so,  thus,  such  a  : 
ita  .  .  .  ut  {just  as}  ;  baud  ita 
me  experti  (not  like  that}. — In 
asseverations  (cf.  the  form  of  oath 
in  English),  so  (and  only  so  as 
what  I  say  is  true). 

Italia,  -ae,  [fltalo-  (reduced)  -f 
ia,  f.  of  -ius],  f.,  Italy.  —  Less 
exactly,  the  people  (as  in  Eng.). 

Italis,  -idis,  [Gr.  patronymic  from 
Italus],  f.  adj.,  an  Italian  (wom- 
an), of  Italy. 


Italus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  Gr.  'lra\ds, 
bull,  cf.  vitulus],  Italian. 

item  [pron.  y'i  +  tern  (pron.  ^/i&,  cf. 
ita)],  adv.,  likewise,  also,  as  well. 

iter,  itineris,  [unc.  formation  of 
\/i],  n.,  a  way,  a  course,  a  jour- 
ney, a  passage. 

iterum  [neut.  of  fitero-  (pron.  -y/i 
+  terus,  cf.  alter)],  adv.,  a  second 
time,  again,  repeatedly,  once  more. 

Ithacus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'I0ctKrj],  adj. 
(used  as  adj.  of  Ithaca,  which  is 
properly  its  fern.),  Ithacan,  of 
Ithaca  (the  home  of  Ulysses  in  the 
Ionian  Sea).  —  Fern.,  the  island 
itself,  Ithaca. 

Ityraeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'Iri/paio], 
adj.,  of  Itur&a  (a  region  of  Syria, 
famous  for  its  bowmen). 

Itys,  -yos,  [Gr.  "\TVS\,  m.,  a  Trojan. 

lulus,  -I,  [Gr.  "loiAos],  m.,  a  name 
of  Ascanius,  son  of  /Eneas. 

Ixioii,  -onis,  [Gr.  'I|iW],  m.,a  king 
of  the  Lapithse,  who  was  bound  to 
a  wheel  in  the  world  below  as  a 
punishment  for  his  crimes. 

Ixionius,  -a,  -um,  [flxion  +  ius], 
adj.,  of ' Ixion. 


I  (consonant). 


iaceo,    iacui,    iacitum,    iacere, 

[prob.  adj.  stem  akin  to  iacio], 
2.  v.  n.,  lie,  lie  down.  —  Esp.,  lie 
dead,  lie  low.  —  Also,  lie,  be  situ- 
ated. —  Also,  lie  (remain} .  — Fig., 
lie  prostrate,  succumb,-be  exhaust- 
ed, be  overcome. — iacens,  -ntis, 
p.  as  adj.,  prostrate,  low-lying, 
fallow. 

Iacio,  ieci,  iactum,  iacere,  [  -^iac 
(of  unc.  kindred)],  3.  v.  a.,  throw, 
cast,  hurl,  fling.  —  Esp.  of  foun- 
dations, &c.,  lay,  throw,  throw  up  : 
muros.  —  Fig.,  in  similar  sense, 
found,  rest :  spem.  —  Of  sowing 
and  the  like,  cast,  sow,  scatter: 
flores ;  iacto  semine. 

iactatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  iacto. 

iacto,  -avi,  -a turn,  -are,  [fiacto-], 
I.  v.  a.,  throw,  cast,  hurl,  scatter, 
strew.  —  Also,  toss,  agitate,  throw 


(to  and  fro)  :  bidentes  (ply) ; 
iactata  tellus  (stir).  —  Fig.,  toss, 
drive,  pursue.  —  Also,  throw  out, 
emit,  send  forth,  utter,  pour  forth  : 
voces ;  odorem ;  iurgia  (bandy} ; 
volnera  (inflict} .  — Also,  revolve  : 
pectore  curas.  —  With  reflexive, 
boast, plume  one's  self,  glory,  vaunt 
one's  self,  show  one's  pride,  pride 
erne's  self. — Phrase :  prae  se  iacto, 
boast,  assert  boastfully,  vaunt.  — 
iactans,  -iiiitis,  p.  as  adj.,  boast- 
ful, arrogant. 

iactura,  -ae,  [fiactu-  (lengthened, 
cf.  flgura)  +  ra  (f.  of  -rus)],  f., 
a  throwing  away.  —  Fig.,  loss. 

iactus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  iacio. 

iactus,  -us,  [-y/iac  +  tus],  m..  a 
throwing,  a  throw,  a  cast,  a  leap, 
a  spring,  a  shot  (of  an  arrow) . 

iaculatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  iaculor. 


Vocabulary. 


155 


iaculor,  situs,  -ari,  [fiaculo-], 
I.  v.  dep.,  hurl  a  javelin.  —  Less 
exactly,  throw,  cast, fling,  dart. 

iaculum,  -i,  [fiaco-  ( ^/iac  -f  us, 
cf.  iaceo,  iacio)],  n.,  a  javelin, 
a  dart,  a  missile  weapon. 

iam  [?],  adv.,  nviv  (implying  a  con- 
tinuance, cf.  nunc,  an  immediate 
now),  already,  now  (as  soon  as), 
at  last,  now  at  length,  from  this 
time  on,  presently.  —  Often  with 
pres.  and  imperf.,  begin  to  (do  any- 
thing).—  Phrases:  nee  iam,  and 
now  no  more ;  iam  inde,  imme- 
diately ;  iam  turn,  even  then ; 
iam  dudum,  long  ago,  long  since, 
at  once  ;  iam  pridem,  long  since  ; 
iam  iam,  at  every  moment,  even 
now;  iam  nunc,  even  now.  —  In 
logical  sense,  now,  again,  more- 
over. —  With  comparatives,  still, 
even,  now. 

ia  nulii'l  n  in.  see  iam. 

iampnclem,  see  iam. 

laniculum,  -i,  [flano+culum],  n., 
the  Janicitline  (the  hill  at  Rome). 

ianitor,  -oris  [lano  (cf.  ianua) 
+  tor  (cf.  viator)],  m.,  a  door- 
keeper, guardian  (of  an  entrance). 

ianua,  -ae,  [akin  to  lanus],  f.,  a 
door,  an  entrance. —  Less  exactly, 
an  avenue,  a  means  of  access,  a 
way. 

lanus,  -i,  [akin  to  dies,  Jupiter, 
and  Diana],  m.,  an  Italian  di- 
vinity, represented  with  two  faces, 
presiding  over  doorways  and  be- 
ginnings of  things. 

iecur,  iecoris  (iecinoris),  [two 
stems  from  unc.  root,  cf.  iter],  n., 
the  liver. 

ieiunium,  -1  (-ii),  [fieiuno-  (re- 
duced) +  ium],  n.,  a  fast,  fasting. 
—  From  the  effect,  leanness. 

iHii  n  us,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  root  redupl. 
+  nus],  adj.,  fasting.  —  Less  ex- 
actly and  fig.,  barren,  scanty, 
meagre. 

lovts,  see  lupiter. 

iuba,  -ae,  [  ?],  f.,  the  mane. — Trans- 
ferred, the  crest  (of  a  helmet,  made 
of  hair) . 


iubar,  -arts,  [akin  to  iuba],  n^ 
rays  of  light,  brightness.  —  Less 
exactly,  the  dawn,  the  morning. 

iubeo,  iussi,  iussum,  iubere, 
[?,  ius  habeo,  cf.  veto],  2.  v.  a., 
bid  (in  all  shades  of  meaning), 
order,  command,  ordain.  —  ius- 
sus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  bidden, 
presented,  ordered,  directed.  — 
Neut.,  a  command,  an  order,  a 
mandate. 

iGcundus,  -a,  -um,  [perh.  akin  to 
iuvo],  adj.,  pleasant,  agreeable, 
grateful. 

index,  -icis,  [fius-dex  (v/dic  as 
stem)],  comm.,  a  judge,  an  arbi- 
trator :  iudice  te  (with  you  to 
decide) . 

indicium,  -I  (-ii),  [fiudic  +  ium]. 
n.,  a  decision,  a  judgment. 

iugalis,  -e,  [fiugo-  (reduced)  4 
alia],  adj.,  of  the  yoke. —  As  subst., 
horses.  —  Fig.,  of  the  marriage 
bond,  conjugal,  of  marriage.  — 
nuptial. 

iugerum,  -i,  [akin  to  iugum],  n., 
an  acre  (loosely ;  properly  a  little 
more  than  one-half  an  acre). 

iugo,  -avi,  -iitum,  -are,  [fiugS-], 
i.  v._a.,  unite  (in  marriage). 

iugulu,  -avi,  -atuin,  -are,  [fiugu- 
16],  i.  v.  a.,  cut  the  throat.  —  Less 
exactly,  kill,  slay,  slaughter,  sacri- 
fice. 

infill u in,  -i,  [Hugo  +  Ium],  n.,  the 
collar  bone  (forming  a  kind  of 
yoke). —  Less  exactly,  the  throat, 
the  neck. 

iugum,  -i,  [  -y/iug  +  um]»  n-»  a  yoke, 
a  team,  a  pair  of  horses.  —  From 
similarity,  a  ridge,  a  thwart.  — 
Esp.,  the  yoke  (under  which  con- 
quered soldiers  were  sent,  and  also 
used  generally  to  signify  conquest) . 

lulius,  -a,  -um,  [fluid-  (reduced) 
+  ius],  adj.,  Julian  (the  name  of 
the  gens  at  Rome  to  which  Caesar 
belonged).  —  Esp.,  Julian  (of 
Julius  Caesar).  —  Masc.,  lulius, 
the  name  of  Caius  Caesar,  and  his 
adopted  son  Augustus. 

in  net  lira,  -ae,  [fiunctu-  (length- 


I56 


Vocabulary. 


ened)  +  ra],  f.,  a  joint,  a  fasten- 
ing. 

iunctus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  iungo. 

iuncus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a  rush,  a  bul- 
rush. 

iungo,  in  MM,  in  net  inn,  iungere, 
[\/iug],  3.  v.  a.,  join,  unite,  fas- 
ten, yoke,  harness,  attach.  —  Esp. 
of  the  hand,  clasp,  join.  —  Of  trea- 
ties, join,  unite,  make,  celebrate. 
—  Of  marriage,  unite.  —  Of  the 
effect,  make  (by  joining)  :  pontes 
(throw  out). 

iuniperus,  -I,  [?],  f.,  the  juniper. 

luiio,  -oiiis,  [prob.  for  lovino, 
akin  to  lupiter],  f.,  the  queen  of 
the  gods,  wife  of  Jupiter,  patroness 
of  the  Greeks  against  the  Trojans, 
identified  with  Astarte,  the  deity 
of  the  Phoenicians.  —  Less  exactly, 
of  Proserpine,  queen. 

lunonius,  -a,  -urn,  [flunon+ius], 
adj.,  of  Juno. 

luppiter  (lupi-),  lovis,  [flovi- 
(perh.  nom.  lovis)  -pater,  akin 
to  Zeus],  m.,  Jupiter,  Jove,  the 
supreme  divinity  of  the  Romans, 
identified  also  with  the  Greek  Zeus, 
being  originally  the  same  divinity, 
though  later  with  somewhat  differ- 
ent attributes. — Also,  as  a  personi- 
fication of  the  atmosphere,  the  sky, 
the  air,  the  weather,  the  rain.  — 
Less  exactly  of  Pluto,  the  king  of 
the  lower  world. 

iurgium,  -i,  (-ii),  [fiurgo-  (ius- 
agus,  cf.  prodigus)  reduced,  -f 
iuxn],  n.,  quarrelling,  a  quarrel, 
strife,  upbraiding,  reproof,  revil- 
ing, altercation,  abuse,  a  com- 
plaint. 

iuro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fins-  (or 
fiuro,  cf.  periurus)],  i.  v.  n.  and 
a.,  swear,  swear  by. 

ius,  iuris,  [  -y/iu  (simpler  form  akin 
to  V*u£)  +us]»  n->  r*£htt  justice, 
law  (unwritten,  cf.  lex,  statute} .  — 
Concretely,  a  right,  a  privilege,  a 
claim.  —  Also,  a  tie  (of  right  that 
one  holds  over  another),  a  claim, 
a  right.  —  Abl.  iure,  as  adv.,  with 
justice,  justly,  deservedly,  rightly. 


iussum,  -i ;  see  iubeo. 

iussus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  iubeo. 

iussus,  -us,  [root  of  iubeo  +  tus], 
m.,  a  command,  a  mandate. 

i ust it  in,  -ae,  [fiusto  +  tia  (as  if 
fiustito  +  ia,  cf.  amicitia)],  f., 
justice,  right,  uprightness.  —  Per- 
sonified, Justice. 

iustus,  -a,  -um,  [fius  +  tus,  cf. 
robustus],  adj.,  just,  fitting, 
right,  regular.  —  Of  persons,  just, 
upright.  —  Less  exactly,  fair,  pro- 
portional, equal.  —  Abl.  iusto, 
with  comparatives,  than  is  right, 
than  is  just. 

luturna,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  the  sister  of 
Turnus. 

iuvenca,  -ae,  [f.  of  iuvencus],  f., 
a  heifer. 

iuvencus,  -i,  [fiuven-  (earlier  form 
of  fiuveni)  +  cus],  m.,  a  bullock, 
a  steer,  a  bull. 

in  vein  Us  (-alls),  -e,  [fiuveni- -fr- 
ills (-alis)J,  adj.,  of  youth,  of  a 
youth,  youthful. 

iuvenis,  -e,  [?,  stem  orig.  without 
the  i,  cf.  gen.  plur.  iuvenum  and 
iuvencus],  &&}.,  young,  youthful. 

—  As  subst,  a  young  man  (in  the 
prime  of  life,  up  to  forty-five  years) . 

—  Also,    of   animals,   young   cat- 
tle. 

iuventa,  -ae,  [fiuven  +  ta  (f.  of 
tus?)],  f., youth. 

iuventus,  -  fit  is  ;  t  as,  t  at  is, 
[tiuven  +  tus  (or  -tas),  cf. 
senectus],  f.,  youth.  —  Con- 
cretely, as  in  Eng.,  the  youth, 
young  men.  —  Also,  the  young 
(of  cattle.) 

iuvo,  iuvi,  iutum,  iuvare,  [prob. 
akin  to  iuvenis,  iocus,  and  iu- 
cundus],  i.  v.  a.  and  n.,  help,  aid, 
assist,  profit,  avail,  be  of  use.  — 
Also,  please,  give  pleasure,  delight. 

—  Often  impers.  with  an  inf.,  it  de- 
lights, one  is  pleased,  one  rejoices, 
one  is  glad. 

iuxtu  [case-form  of  fiuxto-  (superl. 
of  fiugo-,  cf.  Gr.  -IO-TOS)],  adv. 
and  prep.,  near  by,  near,  closely, 
next  to,  next,  by  one's  side. 


Vocabulary. 


157 


L. 


labans,  -ant is;  see  labo. 
labefacio, -fecf,-factum,-facere, 

[flabe-  (unc.  form,  cf.  labes)  fa- 
cio],  3.  Y.  a.,  make  to  totter. — 
Esp.,  crumble  (of  the  soil,  by  dig- 
ging) .  —  Fig.,  -weaken,  cause  to 
waver.  —  labefactus,  -a,  -urn, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  shaken,  agitated,  over- 
come, shattered,  crumbled. 

labefactus,  -a,  -uin,  p.p.  of  labe- 
facio. 

labellum,  -I,  [flabro-  (cf.  ager) 
•f  lum],  n.,  a  lip  (dim.  of  affec- 
tion). 

labes,  -Is,  [  ^/lab  (cf.  labor)  -f  es], 
f.,  a  fall,  a  slide,  a  giving  away  : 
primamali  (Jirst  stroke  of  misfor- 
tune) . 

labes,  -Is,  [?,  perh.  same  word  as 
preceding],  f.,  a  taint,  a  spot,  a 
stain,  a  plague  spot. 

Labici,  -orum,  [?],  m.  plur.,  name 
of  a  people  of  Latium,  of  the  town 
of  Labicum. 

labo,  -avi,  -a turn,  -are,  [-y/lab 
(prob. through  noun-stem)],  i.  v.n., 
totter,  stagger.  —  Fig.,  waver,  vac- 
illate.—  labitns,  -antis,  p.,  totter- 
ing, wavering,  vacillating,  yield- 
_ing. 

labor,  lapsus,  labi,  [-y/lab,  cf. 
labo,  labes],  3.  v.  dep.,  slide, 
glide,  fall,  slip,  float,  descend,  sink, 
swoop  (of  birds),  penetrate. — 
Fig.,  glide  on,  glide  away,  slip 
away,  pass  away,  fall,  fail,  de- 
cline.—  labens,  -entls,  p.  as  adj. 
with  participial  meanings;  also, 
slippery :  oleum. 

labor,  -oris,  [^/lab-for  (OB)], 
m.,  toil,  labor,  exertion,  strength. 
—  Also,  less  exactly,  sorrow,  pangs, 
trial,  trouble,  misfortune. —  Also, 
of  the  effect,  fatigue,  training; 
also,  fruit  of  toil.  —  Esp.  of  travail, 
pangs,  throes,  labor.  —  Also,  task, 
care,  business.  —  Of  the  sun  and 
moon,  struggle,  eclipse.  —  Personi- 
fied, Toil. 

labdratus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  laboro. 


laboro,  -avi,  -at inn,  -are,  [fla- 
bor-],  I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  elaborate, 
work  out,  work,  labor,  take  pains. 

—  laboratus,    -a,     -um,     p.p., 
wrought,    worked,    wrought     out. 

—  laborans,  -antis,  p.  as  subst., 
one  struggling. 

1.  labrum,  -I,  [?],  n.,  a  lip. —  Less 
exactly,  an  edge. 

2.  labrum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  a  vat,  a  tub, 
a  vessel,  a  vase. 

labrusca,  -ae  (-um,  -I),  [?],  f.  and 
n.,  a  wild  vine. 

labyrinth  us,  -i,  [Gr.  Ka&vpivQos] , 
m.,  a  labyrinth.  —  Esp.,  the  laby- 
rinth at  Crete. 

lac,  lactis,  [perh.  akin  to  yd\a],  n., 
milk.  —  Less  exactly,  milky  juice. 

—  Phrase :  pressum  lac,  cheese. 
Lacacnus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  AOKCUJ'OS], 

adj.,    Lacedamonian,    Laconian. 

—  Esp.  in  fern.,  the  Spartan  dame, 
Helen. 

Liacedaemon,  -onis,  [Gr.  A(uce8ai- 
p.(av~\,  f.,  Lacedamon,  or  Sparta. 

Lacedaemonius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr. 
Acuc«8aj/x<f PJOS]  ,  adj .,  Spartan,  Lace- 
damonian. 

lacer, -era,  -erum,  [ylac  (dac?, 
cf.  lacrima)  +  rus],  adj.,  torn, 
mangled,  maimed,  bruised,  disfig- 
ured. 

lacero,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [flace- 
ro-],  I.  v.  a.,  tear,  rend,  tear  in 
pieces,  mangle. 

lacerta,  -ae  (-us,  -I),  [?],  f.  and 
m.,  a  lizard. 

lacertus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  the  forearm, 
the  arm.  —  Less  exactly,  a  claw,  a 
leg  (of  any  creature). 

lacessitus,-a,  -um,  p.p.  of  lacesso. 

lacesso,  -si  v  i,  -sltum,  -sere,  [  y/lac 
(in  laclo?)  +  esso  (prob.  through 
noun-stem)],  3.  v.  a.,  provoke,  chal- 
lenge, irritate,  excite,  rouse,  en- 
courage, —  Also  (perh.  in  original 
meaning),  assail,  attack,  invade, 
beat,  strike,  smite:  ventos  icti- 
bua  ;  manibus  pectora  (pat)  : 
laceasita  sole  aera. —  Poetically: 


I58 


Vocabulary. 


bellum  {stir  up} ;  ferrum  {bare} ; 
pugnam  {provoke,  by  sparring,  of 
boxers). 

Lac-inius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Aeucfpioi/], 
adj.,  of  Lacinium  (a  promontory 
of  Southern  Italy,  on  which  was  a 
temple  of  Juno,  a  land-mark  for 
sailors).  The  name  of  the  prom- 
ontory is  the  neut.  of  the  adj. 

lacrima,  -ae,  [perh.  stem  akin  to 
Gr.  oaKpv  +  ma  (f.  of  mus)],  f.,  a 
tear,  weeping.  —  Poetically  :  nar- 
cissi, nectar  (of  flowers). 

lacrimabilis,  -e,  [flacrima-  (cf. 
lacrimo)  +  bilis],  adj.,  tearful, 
mournful,  melancholy  :  bellum ; 
gemitus. 

lacrimo,  -avi,  -Stum,  -are,  [tla- 
crima-],  I.  v.  n.  and  a.,  weep, shed 
tears,  mourn,  -weep  for,  lament. 

lacrimosus,  -a,  -um,  [flacrima- 
(reduced)  +  osus],  adj.,  tearful, 
mournful.  —  Less  exactly,  plaint- 
ive :  voces. 

lacteo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -ere, 
[flact-  (as  if  lacto)],  2.  v.  n., 
suck.  —  Also,  be  in  milk :  fru- 
menta. 

lacteus,  -a,  -um,  [flact  +  eus], 
adj.,  milky,  rich  in  milk. —  Less 
exactly,  milk  white. 

lacuar,  see  laquear. 

lacuna,  -ae,  [flacu-  (lengthened) 
-f  na,  cf.  Fortuna],  f.,  a  pond,  a 
pool,  a  cavity,  a  hollow. 

lacus,  -us,  [perh.  akin  to  Gr.  \OLK- 
KOS],  m.,  a  lake,  a  pond,  a  pool,  a 
reservoir.  —  Less  exactly,  a  river, 
a  stream.  —  Also,  a  pool  (in  a 
stream). 

Lades,  -is,  [?],  m.,  a  Trojan. 

Ladon,  -onis,  [Gr.  AaSou/],  m.,  a 
Trojan. 

laedo,  laesi,  laesum,  laedere, 
[?],  3.  v.  a.,  strike,  dash  (cf.  com- 
pounds) .  —  Also,  hurt,  pain,  mar, 
wound,  damage.  —  Less  exactly, 
injure,  trouble, hurt,offfnd,  thwart, 
break  (of  a  treaty),  violate. 

laeiia,  -ae,[Gr.  xAoiVa],  f.,  (a,  coarse 
outer  garment),  a  cloak,  a  mantle. 

Ljaertius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr. 


adj.,  of  Laertes  (the  father  of 
Ulysses). 

laesus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  laedo. 

laetatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  laetor. 

laetitia,  -ae,  [flaeto  4-  tia,  cf. 
amicitia],  i.,joy,  gladness,  cheer- 
fulness, enjoyment. 

laetor,  -at us,  -ari,  [flaeto-],  i. 
v.  dep.,  rejoice,  be  glad,  sport. 

laetus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  for  hlaetus, 
akin  to  Eng.  £/W],adj.f glad,  joy- 
ous, cheerful,  merry,  joyful,  happy, 
delighting  in,  proud  of,  exultant 
with. — Also  of  things  (as  in  Eng.)  : 
spes ;  carmina ;  saecula  {happy} ; 
tempora  {bright} ;  columba ;  lae- 
ti  auxilio  {cheered  by}  ;  fortuna 
{smiling,  propitious} ;  res  {fortu- 
nate}.—  Also  (perh.  in  orig.  mean- 
ing), of  productiveness,  rich,  fer- 
tile, productive, prolific,  luxuriant, 
copious  ;  —  rich  in,  abounding  in. 
—  So  of  animals,  fat,  sleek,  in  good 
condition,  fine.  —  Also  (cf.  Eng. 
glad},  pleasing,  grateful,  agree- 
ably :  aestas ;  imber. 

laevo,  see  levo. 

laevus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  akin  to  Acucis], 
adj.,  left,  on  the  left  hand.  — Also, 
from  inferior  readiness  of  the  left 
hand,  foolish,  silly,  awkward.  — 
From  science  of  auspices,  ominous, 
boding,  unpropitiotts.  —  But  also 
(fr.  the  Roman  usage),  fortunate, 
propitious.  —  Fern.  (sc.  manus), 
the  left  hand.  —  Neut.  sing,  and 
plur.,  the  left  hand,  places  on  the 
left.  — Neut.  as  adv.,  on  the  left. 

lageos,  -1,  [Gr.  \dycios],  f.,  a  vine 
(of  a  special  kind),  lageos. 

Lagus,  -i,  [Gr.  Actyos],  m.,  a  Latin. 

lambo,  Iambi,  lambitum,  lam- 
bere, [ -v/lab, cf .  labrum],  3-v.a., 
lick.  —  Less  exactly,  of  fire  and  the 
like,  play  around,  lick. 

lameiitabilis,  -e,  [tlamenta-  (cf. 
]  a  n  K' nt  u  m)  +  bilis],  adj.,  lamen- 
table, pitiable. 

lamentum,  -i,  [unc.  root  +  men- 
tain],  n.,  a  shriek,  a  groan,  a  cry, 
a  lamentation,  a  wailing. 

lamina,   -ae,    [unc.    root  +  mina 


Vocabulary. 


159 


(cf.   columna)],  f.,  a  plate  (of 
metal),  a  blade. 

lampas,  -ad  is,  [Gr.  Ao/uircij],  f.,  a 
light,  a  lamp,  a  torch  (both  for 
light  and  as  a  weapon  of  war),  a 
burning  brand.  —  Poetically,  of 
the  celestial  bodies. 

Lamus,  -i,  [Gr.  Aa/uos],  m.,  a  war- 
rior of  Turnus. 

Lamyrus,  -i,  [Gr.  Ao/uup^s],  m.,  a 
warrior  of  Turnus. 

hum,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  wool,  fleece. — 
Less  exactly  (cf.  "cotton  wool"), 
cotton,  down.  —  Also  fig.,  of  the 
clouds. 

lance; i,  -ae,  [prob.  Gr.  A.J-yx7?])  f., 
a  lance,  a  spear. 

laneus,  -a,  -um,  [flana-  (reduced) 
+  eus],  adj.,  woollen,  woolly,  of 
wool. 

langueo,  -ui,  no  sup.,  -uere, 
[ylang,  through  adj.  stem,  cf. 
languidus],  2.  v.  n.,  grow  faint, 
languish,  fail.  —  languens,  -eii- 
tis,  p.,  tired,  feeble,  fading,  lan- 
guid :  pelagus  (subsiding) ;  hya- 
cynthus  (drooping). 

languesco,  -langui,  no  sup.,  -es- 
cere,  [flangue-  (cf.  langueo)  + 
sco], 3.  v.  n.,  languish, faint, droop. 

languidus,  -a,  -um,  [flanguo- 
(cf.  langueo)  -f  dus],  adj.,  lan- 
guid, fainting.  —  Transferred,  re- 
laxed, inactive,  restful :  quies. 

la niat  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  laiiio. 

lanlclum  (-itium),  -1  (-li),  [fla- 
na  +  cium,  prob.  through  inter- 
mediate stem,  perh.  landed-],  n. 
(of  adj.),  wool. 

laniger,  -era,  -erum,  [flana- 
(weakened)  -ger  (v/ges+us,  cf. 
gero)],  adj.,  wool-bearing,  fleecy, 
tufted  (with  wool). 

lanlo,  -avf,  at  um,  -are,  [flame-], 
i.  v.  a.,  tear,  rend,  mangle,  muti- 
late, disfigure  (by  tearing). 

lanugo,  -inis,  [  tlanu-  (akin  to 
lana)  +  go],  f.,  woolliness,  down. 

lanx,  lands,  [perh.  akin  to  irA.ct£], 
f.,  a  dish  (flat  and  broad),  a  plat- 
ter, a  charger.  —  Plur.,  pans  (of  a 
balance),  scales. 


Laocoon,  -ontls,  [Gr.  Aoo^wc], 
m.,  a  priest  of  Apollo,  killed  by 
two  serpents  on  the  day  of  the  de- 
struction of  Troy  for  his  supposed 
sacrilege  in  violating  the  wooden 
horse. 

La o( lamia,  -ae,  [Gr.  Aao5a/x«ja], 
f.,  wife  of  Protesilaus,  who  killed 
herself  for  love  of  him. 

Laomedontiades,  -ae,  [Gr.  patro- 
nymic of  Laomedon],  m.,  son  (de- 
scendant) of  Laomedon.  —  Plur., 
the  Trojans  (descendants  of  him 
as  founder  of  the  race). 

Laomedontius,  -a,  -um,  [fLao- 
medont  +  ins],  adj.,  of  Laomedon, 
descended  from  Laomedon.  —  Less 
exactly,  Trojan. 

lapidosus,  -a,  -um,  [flapid  -f 
osus],  adj.,  stony,  gritty. — Less 
exactly,  hard  as  stone,  stony: 
corna. 

laplllus,  -1,  [flapid  + lus],  m.,  a 
small  stone,  gravel,  a  pebble. 

lapis,  -idis,  [?],  m.,  a  stone,  stone, 
a  rock  :  Parius  (marble} .  —  Less 
exactly,  a  statue:  Parii  lapides 
(marbles  of  Paras') .  —  Esp. :  incu- 
sus  (of  a  millstone). 

Lapithae,  -arum,  [Gr.  Aain'flai], 
m.,  a  tribe  of  Thessaly,  famous  for 
their  battle  with  the  Centaurs. 

lappa,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  bur. 

lapse,  -avi,  -at um,  -are,  [flap- 
so-],  I.  v.  a.,  slip. 

lapsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  labor. 

lapsus,  -us,  [^/lab-f  tus],  m.,  a 
falling,  a  fall,  a  slip,  a  gliding 
motion,  a  swoop  (of  birds),  course 
(of  stars) :  rotarum  (rolling 
wheels') . 

laquear  (-are),  (also  lacuar), 
-ar is,  [flacu+are  (n.  of  aris)], 
n.,  (a  lakelike place),  a  hollow  (in 
a  ceiling  made  by  the  crossing  of 
beams),  a  ceiling:  tecti  (fretted 
ceiling) . 

I  u<  i  n  rus,  -i,  [perh.  flacti-(- eus], 
m.,  (pitfall  ?),  a  springe,  a  trap, 
a  noose,  a  gin,  a  snare. 

Lar,  Ijaris,  [?,  orig.  las],  m.,  a 
household  god,  a  tutelary  divinity, 


i6o 


Vocabulary. 


—  Usually  in  the  plur.,  the  special 
protectors   of  the   household,  the 
spirits   of  deceased   ancestors,  or 
some  deified  persons,  represented 
as  youths  in  a  short  tunic,  gener- 
ally pouring  a  libation,  and  wor- 
shipped with  flowers,  fruit,   wine, 
incense,  and   fine  grain  or  cakes. 

—  Less  exactly,  hearth  (as  in  Eng. 
for  home),  home,  house,  habitation. 

largior,  -itus,  -Iri,  [flargo-  (as  if 
largi-)],  4.  v.  dep.,  bestow  freely, 
freely  accord  (a  boon). 

largus,  -a,  -urn,  [perh.  akin  to 
longus,  Gr.  5oAtx^y]>  adj-,  wide, 
spacious:  largior  aether  {freer, 
less  confined,  as  opposed  to  the 
earthy  atmosphere).  —  Less  ex- 
actly, copious, plenteous,  abundant: 
fletus  {flood  of  tears) ;  aanguis 
(a  stream  of  blood};  fetus  {pro- 
lific} ;  copia  fandi  (a  ready  flow). 

—  Also,  of  persons,    rich,  lavish, 
generous. 

Larides,  -ae,  [?],  m.,  a  Rutulian. 

Larina,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  companion 
of  Camilla. 

Larissaeus,  -a,  -urn,  [Gr.  Aap«r- 
o-cuos],  adj.,  of  Larissa  (a  town  of 
Thessaly,  the  supposed  abode  of 
Achilles),  Larissaan. 

Larius,  -I  (-ii),  [?],  m.,  a  lake  of 
Cisalpine  Gaul,  Lake  Co/no. 

lasclvus,  -a,  -uin,  [?],  &&}.,  frisky, 
frolicsome,  sportive,  wanton  :  ca- 
pellae;  puella. 

lassus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  p.p.  (unc. 
root  +  tus)],  adj.,  weary,  worn, 
tired,  fatigued.  —  Of  things:  res 
{broken  fortune)  ;  collum  {droop- 
ing, of  a  poppy) . 

Latagus,  -I,  [Gr.],  m.,  a  Trojan. 

late  [abl.  of  latus],  adv.,  broadly, 
widely,  far  and  wide,  afar,  in  all 
directions,  far  and  near:  disce- 
dere  late  {leave  a  wide  passage) . 

latlbra,  -ae,  [flate-  (of  lateo)  + 
bra],  f.,  hiding-place,  lurking- 
place,  covert,  cavern,  retreat,  place 
of  ambush.  —  Plur.  in  same  sense. 

latebrosus,  -a,  -um,  [flatebra- 
(reduced)  +  osus],  adj.,  full  of 


hiding-places,  apt  for  concealment, 
cavernous. 

lateo,  -ul,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [y/lat, 
akin  to  Gr.  \av6aine],  2.  v.  n.  and 
a.,  lie  concealed,  be  hidden,  skulk, 
hide,  be  covered,  be  unseen,  lurk, 
hide  one's  self,  take  {find)  shelter. 

—  Fig.,  be  hidden,  be  unknown,  be 
unknown   to,   lie  hid.  —  latens, 
-entis,  p.  as  adj.,  hidden,  secret, 
unknown. 

latex,  -icis,  [?],  m.,  a  fluid,  a 
liquid.  — Esp.,  water  or  wine. 

Latinus,  -a,  -um,  [flatu-  (or  -o), 
akin  to  irXarvs  (reduced)  +  inus, 
cf.  Latium],  adj.,  of  Lalium  (the 
plain  between  the  Tiber,  the 
Apennines,  and  the  sea),  Latin. 

—  As  subst.,  masc.  sing.,  Latinus 
(king  of  the  region).  —  Masc.  or 
fern,   plur.,   the    Latins    (men   or 
women). 

Latium,  -I  (-ii),  [flatu-  (or  o), 
akin  to  wXarus,  +  ium  (n.  of  ius), 
cf.  Latinus],  n.,  the  plain  of  Italy 
south  of  the  Tiber. 

Latona,  -ae,  [Gr.  Ayrd  +  na,  cf. 
Diana,  Neptun  us] ,  f .,  the  mother 
of  Apollo  and  Diana. 

Lilt  on  ins,  -a,  -um,  [fLatona-  (re- 
duced) +  ins],  adj.,  of  Latona, 
son  {daughter)  of  Latona,  La- 
Ionian  (connected  with  Latona). 

—  As   subst.,    fern.,    daughter   of 
Latona  (Diana). 

latrator,  -oris,  [flatra-  (of  latro) 

+  tor],  m.,  a  barker.  —  In  appos. 

as  adj.,  the  barking :  Anubis  (with 

a  dog's  head). 
latratus,  -5s,  [flatra-  (of  latro) 

+  tus],  m.,  a  barking,  a  yelping, 

a  cry  (of  hounds). 
latro,  -avi,  -a turn,  -are,  [?],  I. 

v.  n.  (and  a..),' bark, yelp,  roar. 
latro,  -onis,  m.,  a  robber,  a  hunter. 
latus,  -a,  -5m,  p.p.  of  fero. 
latus,  -a,  -um,  [for  stlatus,  akin  to 

sterno],  adj.,  {spread  out),  broad, 

wide :     agri  ;    umeri  ;     lancea 

Abroad-pointed) . 
latus,  -erls,  [akin  to  Gr.  ir\arvs,  cf. 

Latium],  n.,  (orig.  width),  the 


Vocabulary. 


161 


side,  the  flank.  —  Less  exactly  (as 
in  Eng.),  the  side  (of  anything). 

laudo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [flaud-J, 
I.  v.  a.., praise,  commend,  approve, 
speak  Will  of,  extol. 

Luurens,  -entis,  [perh.  akin  to 
laurus],  adj.,  ofLaurentum,  Lau- 
rentian.  —  Masc.  plur.,  the  Lau- 
rentians. 

Laurent  inn,  -i,  [longer  form  of 
Laureiis,  cf.  argentum],  n.,  a 
town  of  Latium,  occupied  by  Tur- 
nus  as  the  chief  seat  of  the  war 
with  tineas. 

laureus,  -a,  -um,  [flaiiro-  (re- 
duced) +  ens],  adj.,  of  laurel. — 
Fern.,  laurea,  the  laurel  tree,  tke 
laurel. 

laurus,  -us  and  -i,  [  ?],  f.,  the  laurel, 
the  bay. — Also,  a  laurel  crown, 
laurel  (used  to  decorate  the  victor 
in  any  contest). 

laus,  laudls,  [?],  f.,  praise  (both 
as  given  and  enjoyed), glory,  fame, 
renown,  credit.  —  Concretely,  vir- 
tue (as  deserving  praise),  merit,  a 
noble  action. 

La  us  us,  -I,  [?],  m.,  the  son  of  Me- 
zentius. 

lautus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  lavo. 

La  viola,  see  Lavinius. 

Lavinius,  -a,  -um,  [fLavino-  (re- 
duced) -fills],  adj.,  of Lavinium 
(the  town  built  by  tineas  in  La- 
tium and  named  in  honor  of  Lavinia 
his  wife),  Lavinian.  —  Fern.,  La- 
vinia, daughter  of  King  Latinus, 
married  to  yEneas.  —  Neut.,  Lavi- 
nium,  the  town  itself. 

Lavinus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  of 
Lavinium,  Lavinian.  Many  edi- 
tojs  read  only  Lavinius. 

lavo,  lavavi  (lavi),  lavatum 
(lautum,  h»t  mi  i  ,  lavare  la- 
vere),  [akin  to  luo  andGr.  Aowu], 
I.  and  3.  v.  a.,  wash,  bathe,  wash 
off.  —  Also,  wet,  moisten,  bedew, 
bathe,  soak.  —  lautus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  clean,  elegant,  rich, 
costly,  magnificent.  —  lavandl, 
gerund,  of  bathing  (one's  self,  ab- 
solutely). 


laxatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  laxo. 

laxo,  -avi,  -at  um,  -are,  [flaxo-], 
i.  v.  a.,  loosen,  relax,  unbind, 
open  :  rudentes  (let  go) ;  foros 
(dear) ;  laxata  est  via  voci  (set 
free) ;  arva  sinus  (open  her  bosom, 
of  the  earth  as  spouse  of  Jove). — 
Fig.,  relax,  relieve,  refresh  :  som- 
no  curas ;  membra  quiete. 

laxus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  perh.  y'lag 
(cf.  \ayyd£w)  +  tus],  adj.,  loose, 
slack,  wide  (as  not  drawn  tight), 
unstrung:  casses  (Jine  spun,  thin, 
as  if  not  tightly  woven,  the  fineness 
of  the  thread  producing  the  same 
effect). 

leaena,  -ae,  [Gr.  \4aiva],  f.,  a 
lioness. 

lebes,  -etis,  [Gr.  \<F£T?S],  m.,  a  ket- 
tle, a  caldron. 

lector, -oris,  [-y/leg  +  tor],  m.,  a 
reader. 

lectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  lego. 

lectus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a  bed,  a  couch. 

Leda,  -ae,  [Gr.  ATJSTJ],  f.,  the  mother 
of  Helen  and  Castor  and  Pollux. 

Ledaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  ArjSaloj], 
adj.,  of  Leda,  descendant  of  Leda 
(child  or  grandchild). 

legatus,  -i,  [p.p.  of  lego],  m.,  an 
embassador,  a  messenger,  an  envoy. 

leglfer,  -era,  -erum,  [fleg-  (as  if 
legi-)  +  fer   (yfe 
lawgiving,  lawgiver. 

leglo,  -onls,  [  v/leg  +  io>  as  if 

(weakened)  -f  o],  f.,  (a  levy,  cf. 
lego),  a  legion  (the  regular  unit 
of  force  of  the  Roman  army). — 
Less  exactly,  a  company,  a  band, 
an  army. 

lego,  legi,  lectum,  legere,  [\/leg» 
cf.  Gr.  Af'7&>],  3.  v.  a.,  gather,  col- 
lect, pick,  pluck,  pick  up,  choose, 
elect,  select :  vela  (take  in). — Less 
exactly,  review,  contemplate,  pick 
out,  scan  ;  —  hence  read,  and  coast 
along,  skim,  pass  over,  pass  by, 
trace.  —  Esp.  (cf.  sacrllegus), 
steal :  socios  (deceive).  —  lectus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  chosen,  gath- 
ered, choice,  picked,  select,  emi- 
nent. 


162 


Vocabulary. 


legamen,  -Inls,  [flegu-  (akin  to 
flego  ?)  +  men],  n., pulse,  beans. 

Leleges,  -um,  [Gr.  Ae'A.e7es],  m.  pi., 
a  tribe  or  stock  occupying  the 
coasts  of  Greece  and  Asia  Minor 
before  the  historic  inhabitants  of 
those  countries. 

lembus,  -I,  [Gr.  Ae/ijSos],  m.,  a  skiff, 
a  boat. 

Lemnius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  A^"10*]. 
adj.,  of  Lemnos  (the  island  upon 
which  Vulcan  fell  from  heaven), 
Lemnian. — As  subst.,  theLemnian 
god  (Vulcan) . 

Lenaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  A^valcs], 
adj.,  (of  the  •wine-press'),  of  (to) 
Bacchus,  Lenaan.  —  Masc.,  Le- 
n<zus,  a  name  of  Bacchus. 

li-ni'p.  -Ivi  (-Ii),  -itum,  -Ire, 
[fleni-],  4.  v.  a.,  mitigate,  relieve, 
assuage,  soothe,  moderate. 

lenis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  moderate,  gentle. 

lens,  lentis,  [?],  f.,  a  lentil  (a  kind 
of  pulse). 

lentesco,  no  perf.,nosup.,-escere, 
[flente-  (stem  of  lost  lenteo)  + 
sco],  3.  v.  n.,  stick,  adhere. 

lento,  -avi,  -atuiii,  -are,  [flento-], 
I.  v.  a.,  bend. 

lentus,  -a,  -um,  [perh.  akin  to 
lenis],  adj.,  tenacious,  adhesive, 
sticky,  viscid,  clinging,  tough,  mal- 
leable, ductile,  flexible,  pliant,  bend- 
ing, twining,  lithe.  —  Also  slug- 
gish, slow,  tranquil,  idle,  at  ease. 

leo,  -onls,  [akin  to  Gr.  AeW],  m.,  a 
lion. 

lepus,  -oris,  [?],  m.,  a  hare. 

Lorn  a,  -ae,  [Gr.  AeppTj],  f.,  a  lake 
and  marsh  near  Argos,  where  Her- 
cules slew  the  famous  hydra. 

Lernaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Aepvouos], 
adj.,  of  Lerna,  Lernaan. 

Lesbos,  -I,  [Gr.  A*V)3os],  f.,  an 
island  in  the  ^gean  famous  for 
its  wine. 

le  tails,  -e,  [fleto-  (reduced)  -f 
alls],  adj.,  deadly,  mortal,  fatal, 
of  death. 

Lethaeus, -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Ajjflcuos], 
adj.,  of  Lethe  (the  river  of  forget- 
f ulness  in  the  world  below),  Le- 


thaean.  —  Less  exactly,  soporific : 
somnus  (lethargic). 

letlfer,  -era,  -erum,  [fleto-fer 
(v/fer  +  us)],  adj.,  mortal,  deadly, 
fatal. 

letum>  i,  [  -^/le  or  fle+  turn  (n.  of 
tus),  cf.  deleo],  n.,  death. —  Less 
exactly,  destruction,  ruin. 

Leucaspis,  Is,  [Gr.  Aeu/catr™],  m., 
a  Trojan. 

Leucate,  -«*s  (-es,  -ae),  [Gr.  Aeu- 
/car?)],  f.,a  promontory  at  the  south 
extremity  of  Leucadia,  off  the  west- 
ern coast  of  Acarnania. 

levamen,  -Inls,  [fleva-  (of  levo) 
+  men],  n.,  means  of  relief,  solace, 
comfort,  relief. 

levatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  polished. 

levis,  -e,  [fleg-j-  u  (with  added  i), 
cf.  €\ax"s].  adj.,  light,  slight,  swift, 
agile,  rapid.  —  Fig.,  slight,  trivial, 
of  little  weight,  unimportant.  — 
Also,  gentle,  mild. 

levis,  -e,  [unc.  root  +  vis  (cf.  Gr. 
Ae?os)],  adj.,  smooth,  polished. 

levo,  -avi,  -arum,  -are,  [flevi-  (as 
if  levo-)],  I.  v.  a.,  lighten,  lift  up, 
lift,  raise. —  Less  exactly  and  fig., 
lighten,  relieve,  alleviate.  —  With 
change  of  point  of  view,  relieve  of, 
assist,  free,  rescue,  disburden  :  ter- 
ras invisum  numen  (relieve  of 
its  presence) . 

lex,  legis,  [prob.  -^/leg  (of  lego) 
as  stem,  cf.  legunt  iura  magis- 
tratusque],  f.,  a  law  (written,  cf. 
lus,  prescriptive  right),  a  statute, 
a  decree,  an  ordinance.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, a  term,  a  condition,  term* 
of  peace,  a  bond,  an  institution  : 
leges  et  foedera  (conditions  of  a 
treaty);  leges  (rights). 

libamen,  -Inis,  [fliba-  (cf.  libo) 
+  men],  n.,  a  libation,  a  first  sac- 
rifice, an  offering. 

libatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  libo. 

libens,  see  libeo. 

libeo  (lub-),  libul  (libitum  est), 
libitum,  libere,  [  ^1i\>  (lub),  cf. 
English  love},  2.  v.  n.,  be  pleasing, 
please.  —  Esp.  impers.,  it  pleases, 
is  one's  pleasure. — libens,  -entis, 


Vocabulary. 


163 


p.  as  adj.,  willing ;  ready,  with  a 
free  will,  gladly. 
liber,  -bri,  [?],  m.,  bark. 

1.  liber,  -era,  -erum,  [prob.  -y/lub 
(through  stem)  +rus],  adj.,  free, 
unrestrained,  in  one's  power,  un- 
tamed. 

2.  Liber,  -eri,  [?],   m.,   an  Italian 
divinity  identified  with  Bacchus. 

libere  [abl.  of  liber],  adv.,  freely, 
generously,  of  one's  own  accord. 

libertas,  -atis,  [flibero-  (reduced) 
+  tas],  f.,  liberty,  freedom,  per- 
mission. 

libet,  see  libeo. 

Libethris,  -idis,  [Gr.  Aej#7j0pis], 
f.  adj.,  of  Libethra  (a  fountain  in 
Macedonia,  a  favorite  haunt  of  the 
Muses) . 

libo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [flibo- 
(cf.Aoij3ii,libum,andalsoAei/3<;i>)], 
I.  v.  a., pour  (a  libation),  make  a 
libation.  —  As  the  libation  was  the 
beginning  of  drinking,  drink,  quaff. 
—  Also,  sip,  taste  :  oscula  (gently 
kiss).  —  With  change  of  point  of 
view :  pateris  altaria  (sprinkle 
with  a  libation) .  —  Less  exactly, 
offer,  sacrifice. 

libra,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  balance. — 
Esp.,  Libra  (the  constellation). 

libro,  -avi, -atum,  -are,  [flibra-], 
I.  v.  a.,  balance,  poise. — Also, 
swing,  brandish  ;  —  hence,  hurl, 
cast,  throw,  Jling. 

libum,  -i,  [Vlib  (cf-  libo>  9r- 
Aei/8o>)],  n.,  a  cake  (of  a  peculiar 
kind  used  in  sacrifice). 

Liburnus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  of  the 
Liburni  (a  nation  of  Illyria,  on 
the  eastern  side  of  the  Adriatic), 
Liburnian.  —  Plur.,  the  Liburni 
(the  people  themselves). 

Libya,  -ae,  [Gr.  AJ^I/TJ],  f.,  a  region 
of  Africa. 

Libycus,  -a,  -um,  [fLibya-  (re- 
duced) -f  cus],  adj.,  Libyan,  of 
Libya.  —  Less  exactly,  African. 

Libystis,  -idis,  [Gr.  Aiflwm'j],  f. 
adj.,  Libyan,  of  Libya.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, African. 

licSnter  [flicent-  (p.  of  liceo)  + 


ter  (n.  of  terus,  reduced)],  adv., 
freely,  with  freedom. 

liceo,  licui  (licitum  est),  lici- 
turn,  licere,  [V^c  (akin  to  lin- 
quo?)  through  adj.  stem,  cf.  reli- 
quus  and  Eng.  "leave "],  2.  v.  n., 
be  allozued,  be  permitted.  —  Esp. 
impers.,  it  is  allowed,  it  is  permit- 
ted, it  is  granted,  it  is  lawful,  it  is 
possible,  one  may.  —  licet,  al- 
though (cf.  Eng.  "may"},  though. 
—  licitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  conceded, 
lawful,  permitted,  allowable. 

Lie  has,  -ae,  [Gr.  Ai'x<w],  rn.,  a 
Latin. 

licitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  liceo. 

lie  in  in,  -i  (-ii),  [cf.  bllix],  n.,  a 
leash  (a  string  attached  to  each 
thread  of  the  warp  to  draw  it  back 
and  forth,  making  what  is  called 
"the  harness").  —  a  thread. 

Licymnia,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  slave. 

Ligea,  -ae,  [Gr.  Aiytia],  f.,  a  wood- 
nymph. 

Liger,  f-eris,  [?],  m.,  a  Rutulian. 

lignum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  wood,  timber.  — 
Less  exactly,  a  trunk  (of  a  tree) , 
ajtock,  a  stump.  [fasten. 

ligo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  I .  v.  a.,  bind, 

Ligur  (-us),  -uris,  [?],  adj.,  Ligu- 
rian.  —  Sing.,  a  Ligurian.  —  PL, 
the  Ligurians  (a  people  of  Cisal- 
pine Gaul,0  about  modern  Genoa 
and  the  neighborhood). 

ligustrum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  privet. 

Iiliuiii,  -i  (-ii),  [Gr.  \tlpiov~\,  n.,  a 
lily. 

Lilybaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  AjA«5y3at- 
oj/],  adj.,  of  Lilybceum  (a  promon- 
.  tory    on    the    southern    coast   of 
Sicily) . 

limbus,  -i,  [poss.  akin  to  libo,  from 
the  resemblance  to  drops?],  m.,  a 
fringe,  a  border. 

limen,  -inis,  [unc.  root  (in  limus 
and  limes)  -f-  men],  n.,  (the  cross- 
piece "}),  a  lintel,  a  threshold. — 
More  generally,  a  house,  a  palace, 
a  temple,  a  chamber,  a  home,  a  hab- 
itation, an  abode.  —  Less  exactly, 
an  entrance,  a  passage-way,  a  door, 
a  gate. —  Fig.,  the  border  (of  a 


164 


Vocabulary. 


country),  the  starting-post  (of  a 
race),  the  beginning,  threshold  : 
in  limine  {close  at  hand). 

limes,  -itis,  [prob.  akin  to  limus 
and  limen],  m.,  a  cross-path,  a 
boundary  (in  form  of  a  path),  a 
limit.  —  Less  exactly,  a  path,  a 
by-way,  a  passage,  a  road.  —  Fig., 
a  track  (of  a  meteor,  &c.),  a  path  : 
limitem  agit  ferro  {hews  a  path) . 

llmosus,  -a,  -um,  [flimo-  (re- 
duced) +  osus],  adj.,  muddy,  miry, 
swampy. 

limus,  -i,  [y'li  +  mus],  m.,  mud, 
slime,  clay,  soil. 

limus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a  girdle  (of 
thread,  worn  by  priests). 

llneus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  flax. 

lingua,  -ae,  [  V^ng  (c^-  Gr.  Ae'Xw) 
+  a],  f.,  a  tongue  (of  men  and 
animals) . — Fig.,  language,  tongue, 
note,  voice. 

lino,  levi,  lltum,  linere,  [V^]' 
3.  v.  a.,  besmear,  anoint,  daub.  — 
Less^exactly,  spatter,  spot. 

linquo,  liqui,  llctum,  linquere, 
[  y'lic  (-qu),  cf.  Gr.  Aenrco],  3-v.a., 
leave,  abandon,  forsake,  quit:  ani- 
mas  (lose);  habenas  (let  go); 
alitibus  feris  (expose) .  —  Fig., 
cease,  leave  off,  desist  from. 

linter,  -trls,  [?],  f.,  a  boat,  a  skiff, 
a  canoe.  , 

llnteum,  -i,  [flino-  (through  stem 
in  -to)],  n.,  canvas,  a  sail. 

liiiuni,  -i,  [perh.  Gr.  \(vov~\,  n., 
flax.  —  Less  exactly,  a  thread,  a 
line,  a  net,  linen,  linen  cloth. 

Linus,  -i,  [Gr.  AiVos],  m.,  a  famous 
musician,  instructor  of  Orpheus 
and  Hercules. 

Ldpare,  -es,  [Gr.  Anropij],  f.,  Lipa- 
ra,  one  of  the  ^olian  islands  (now 
Lipari) . 

liquefaciS,  -f  eci,  -factum,  face- 
re,  [case-form  of  fliquo-  (or  stem, 
cf.  liquidus)  -facio],  3.  v.  a.,  melt, 
dissolve,  liquefy.  —  Esp.,  putrefy. 

liquefactus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  lique- 
faclo. 

liquens,  -entis,  p.  of  liqueo. 

liquens,  -entls,  p.  of  liquor. 


liqueo,  liqui,  no  sup.,  liquere, 
[fliqao-],  2.  v.  n.,flow,  be  clear,  be 
limpid. — liquens,  -entis,p.,<r/«zr, 
liquid,  limpid. 

liquescS,  licui,  no  sup.,  liques- 
cere,  [flique-  (cf.  liqueo,  fr. 
•fliquus,  cf.  liquidus)  +  sco], 
3.  v.  n.,  begin  to  melt,  soften,  be 
smelted. 

liquidus,  -a,  -um,  [fliquo-  (^/li 
+  CMS,  cf.  liqueo,  liqucfacio)  + 
das],  adj.,  liquid,  flowing,  clear, 
pure,  limpid.  —  Less  exactly,  pure, 
clear,  serene  :  nox  ;  nubes ;  iter 
(liquid,  as  in  Eng.)  ;  voces ;  aes- 
tas ;  odor ;  nox  ;  electrum. 

liquor,  no  perf.,  -i,  [fliqao-  (cf. 
liquidus)  as  verb-stem],  3.  v.  n., 
dissolve,  flow,  liquefy,  flow  with, 
be  bathed. 

liquor,  -oris,  [fliquo-  (cf.  liqui- 
dus, reduced)  as  root  +  or],  m., 
fluid,  water,  moisture,  humor  (of 
the  body). 

Liris,  -is,  [?],  the  river  dividing 
Latium  and  Campania  (now  Sari- 
gliano). 

lis,  litis,  [for  stlis  (unc.  root  +  tis,} 
cf.  Eng.  slrife\,i., strife,  a  dispute, 
a  contest,  rivalry. 

litatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  Hto. 

lito,  -avi,  -a tu in,  -are,  [?],  i.v.  a. 
and  n.,  sacrifice  (with  favorable 
omens),  appease  an  offended  divin- 
ity (by  sacrifice).  — Act.,  offer  suc- 
cessfully, perform  acceptably. 

litoreus  (litt-),  -a,  -um,  [flitor  + 
eus],  adj.,  of  the  shore,  of  the  beach. 

littus,  etc.;  see  litus,  etc. 

litus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  lino. 

litus  (litt-),  -oris,  [unc.  root+us], 
n.,  the  shore,  a  beach,  the  strand, 
the  coast,  a  bank  (of  a  river) . 

lituus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a  staff  (curved 
at  the  end,  used  in  augury). — 
From  the  shape,  a  trumpet,  a  horn. 

liveo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [flivo- 
(cf.  lividus)],  2.  v.  n.,  be  blue  or 
lead  color.  —  livens,  -entis,  p.  as 
adj.,  blue,  black  and  blue,  lead-col- 
ored. 

lividus,  -a,  -um,  [flivo-  (cf.  li- 


Vocabulary. 


165 


veo)  +  dua],  adj.,  dark  blue,  livid, 
dusky,  leaden  (lead-colored). 

loco,  -avi,  -at  u  in,  -are,  [floco-], 

I .  v.  a.,  place,  put,  set,  set  up,  build, 

fix,  station,  settle,  dispose  :  in  par- 

tem  caeli  (give  a  share  in,  give  a 

place  in). 

Locri,  -orum,  [Gr.  \6icpoi],  m. 
plur.,  a  race  of  Greece  who  settled 
in  Southern  Italy. 

locus,  -i,  [orig.  stlocus,  remotely 
akin  to  Y/sta],  m.  (also  n.  in  plur.), 
a  place,  space,  room,  a  region,  a 
site,  a  situation,  a  position,  a  spot 
(of  ground),  a  tract.  —  Fig.,  con- 
dition, situation,  state.  —  Esp.: 
dare  locum  (give  way,  make 
way) ;  loco  cedere  (give  way,  de- 
cline) ;  loco  movere  (dislodge) ; 
hie  tibi  Fortunaeque  locus 
(chance,  opportunity). 

locutus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  loquor. 

lolium,  -i  (-ii),  [?],  n.,  darnel, 
cockle,  tares  (or  some  similar  weed 
infesting  grain). 

longaevus,  -a,  -um,  [flongo-aevo- 
(declined  as  adj.)],  adj.,  of  great 
age,  aged,  in  one's  old  age. 

longe  [abl.  of  longus],  adv.,  afar, 
far  off,  at  a  distance,  far  away.  — 
Also,  from  afar,  from  a  distance. 
—  Of  degree,  by  far,  far.  —  Of 
time,  long,  at  great  length. 

longinquus,  -a,  -um,  [stem  akin 
to  longus  +  cus,  cf.  propin- 
quus],  adj.,  distant,  remote,  far 
off.  —  Of  time,  ancient,  long-con- 
tinued.—  Neut.,  a  distant  land,  a 
distant  region. 

longus,  -a,  -um,  [akin  to  largus 
and  Gr.  So\tx6s~],  adj.,  long,  spa- 
cious, wide,  extensive,  extended, 
extending,  prolonged,  distant. — 
Of  time,  long,  continued,  long-con- 
tinued, lingering.  —  Neut.  as  adv., 
far,  long,  a  long  time. 

loquax,  -acis,  [  -v/loQ11  +  axf  as  if 
floqua  -f  cus  (reduced)],  adj., 
talkative,  loquacious,  garrulous.  — 
Less  exactly,  noisy,  chattering, 
croaking. 

loquela  (-ella),  -ae,  [yloqu  +ela, 


as  if  floque  +  la  (f.  of  -Ins)],  f., 
speech,  discourse,  words  (in  plur.). 

loquor,  locutus,  loqui,  [^/loqu, 
of  unc.  kindred],  3.  v.  dep.,  speak 
(in  any  form  of  utterance). 

lorica,  -ae,  [floro-  (reduced,  or  a 
kindred  stem  in  i)  +  ica  (f.  of 
icus)],  f.,  (perh.  orig.  a  cuirass  of 
leather  straps),  a  coat  of  mail,  a 
cuirass. 

lor  u  in,  -I,  [?],  n.,  a  thong,  a  strap,  a 
rein,  a  bridle. 

lotus  (-os),  -I,  [Gr.  \<ar6s],  f . : 
i.  Name  of  a  fruit-tree ;  2.  Name 
of  a  kind  of  water-lily. 

lubricus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  stem  akin  to 
luo  +  cus],  adj.,  slippery,  slimy. 

—  Fig.,  deceitful,  tricky,  false.  — 
Neut.     plur.     lubrica,     slippery 
ground. 

Lucagus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a  Rutulian. 

luceo,  luxi,  no  sup.,  lucerc,  [fin- 
ed- (cf.  noctiluca)],  2.  v.  n., 
shine,  gleam,  be  bright.  — Less  ex- 
actly, be  resplendent,  be  splendid. 

—  Fig-,    appear,    show     itself.  — 
lucens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj.,  bright, 
splendid,  brilliant. 

lucesco,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -escere, 
[fluce-  (of  luceo)  +  sco],  3.  v.  n., 
clear  up,  shine  out,  shine. 

LiQcetius,  -1  (-ii),  [akin  to  luceo], 
m.,  a  Rutulian. 

lucidus,  -a,  -um,  [fined-  (cf.  lu- 
ceo) +  dus],  adj.,  bright,  shining, 
brilliant,  glittering,  radiant. 

Lucifer,  -era,  -erum,  [flue-  (as  if 
luci)  -fer(^fer+us)],  adj.,  light- 
bringing.  —  Masc.  as  subst.,  the 
morning  star. 

lucifiigus,  -a,  -um,  [flue-  (as  if 
luci)  -fugus  ( -v/fug-f-  us)],  adj., 
light-shunning,  avoiding  the  light. 

Liu- in  a,  -ae,  [flue  +  inua  (as  if 
tluci  +  na,  f.  of  nus)],  f.,  a  name 
of  Diana,  applied  also  to  Juno,  as 
protectress  of  child-bearing  women. 
— Also,  bearing  (as  Ceres, grain), 
breeding. 

Lucrinus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Aogptrof], 
adj.,  Lucrine. — Masc.  (sc.  lacus), 
tht  Lucrine  Lake  (the  north-west 


1 66 


Vocabulary. 


end  of  the  Gulf  of  Pozzuoli,  an- 
ciently cut  off  by  a  dam  and  made 
a  kind  of  inland  sea). 

luctamen,  -inis,  [flucta-  (stem  of 
luctor)  +  men],  n.,  struggling, 
wrestling,  toil. 

1  net  if  if  us,  -a,  -um,[fluctu-  (weak- 
ened) -ficus  (-^/fac  +  us)],  adj., 
grief-bringing,  bringer  of  grief . 

luctor,  -atus,  -ari,  [lost  noun- 
stem],  i.  v.  dep.,  struggle,  wrestle, 
strive. 

1  net  us,  -us,  [  -^lug+tus,  cf.  lugeo], 
m.,  grief,  sorrow,  mourning,  dis- 
tress;  -wailing,  mournful  com- 
plaint. —  Personified,  Grief. 

lucus,  -I,  [prob.  -^luc  (cf.  luceo) 
+  us  (orig.  opposed  to  thick,  dark 
woods)],  m.,  a  sacred  grove. — 
Less  exactly,  a  wood,  a  thicket. 

ludibrium,  -I  (-ii),  [fludibri-  (re- 
duced, cf.  lugubris,  Mulciber) 
+  ium],  n.,  sport.  —  Concretely  (of 
things),  the  sport  (as,  of  the  winds). 

ludicer,  -era,  -crum,  [as  if  (pern, 
really)  fludico-  (reduced)  +  rus, 
cf.  volucris,  sepulcrum],  adj., 
sportive,  in  sport,  trifling :  prae- 
mia  (of  sportive  games) . 

1  udo,  lusi,  1  usiiiii,  ludere,  [  x  lud, 
unc.  kindred],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,play, 
sport,  frolic,  do  in  sport :  carmina 
(sing  in  sport}  ;  colon!  versi- 
ons ;  in  sicco  fulicae ;  iubae  per 
colla ;  Aeneas  parvulus  in  aula ; 
calamo.  —  Also,  mock,  deceive,  de- 
lude, cheat,  trick :  vana  spem 
amantem. 

Indus,  -I,  [y^ud-fus],  m.,  sport, 
play,  a  game,  a  pastime.  —  Esp.,  a 
play  (on  the  stage),  a  festival 
game.  —  Plur.,  games  (a  set  festi- 
val), sports. 

lues,  -Is,  [?],  f.,  a  plague,  a  pesti- 
lence, a  blight.  —  Also,  a  pest,  a 
bane. 

lugeo,  luxl,  luctum,  lugere,  [?, 
cf.  Gr.  \vyp6s,  6\o\vfa~],  2.  v.  n. 
and  a.,  mourn,  lament.  —  Esp. : 
Lugentes  Campi,  the  Fields  of 
Mourning. 

lugubris,  -e,  [fluge-  (or  kindred 


stem)  +  bris   (cf.  ludibrium)], 

adj.,  mournful.  —  Less  exactly, 
ominously  (boding  grief  ). 

lumbus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  the  loin. 

lumen,  -inis,  [  ^/luc  +  men],  n., 
light,  a  glare.  —  Esp.,  the  light  of 
life.  — A\so,alamp. — Transferred, 
the  eye.  —  Phrases :  lumina  du- 
cum,  bright  stars  ;  caeli  spirabile 
lumen,  light  and  air. 

I  n  1 1;  i,  -ae,  [-y/luc  +  na  (f.  of  nus)], 
f.,  the  moon,  —  moonlight.  —  Per- 
sonified, Luna,  Diana.  —  Also,  a 
lunation,  a  moon. 

lunatus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  luno], 
adj.,  half-moon  shaped,  crescent- 
shaped. 

1.  luo,  -ui,-uitum(-utum),  -uere, 
[akin  to  lavo],  3.  v.  a.,  -wash. — 
Fig.,  wash  out,  atone  for,  expiate. 

2.  luo,  -ui,  -uitum  (-utum),  -uere, 
[cf.  \vw,  solvo],  3.  v.  a.,  pay,  pay 

for.  —  Also,  undergo. 

lupa,  -ae,[f.  of  lupus],  i.,a  she-wolf, 

1  u  pa  t  us,  -a,  -um,  [flupa  +  tus,  cf. 
auratus],  adj.,  set  with  wolfs 
teeth. —  Neut.  plur.  (sc.  frena),  a 
curb  bit,  a  curb. 

Iiupercal,  -alls,  [fLuperco-  (re- 
duced)  +  alls],  n.  of  adj.,  Luper- 
calis,  a  grotto  sacred  to  Lupercus. 

Liupercus,  -i,  [flupo-arcus  (cf. 
arceo)],  m.,  usually  plur.,  priests 
of  Pan,  the  Luperci. 

lupin  us  (-um),  -i,  [?],  m.,  a  lu- 
pine (a  kind  of  pulse). 

lupus,-!,  [  ?,  cf.  Gr. A.VKOS],  m.,a  wolf. 

lustralis,  -e,  [flustroj  (reduced) 
+  alls,  cf.  also  lustro],  adj.,  ex- 
piatory. 

lustro,  -avi,  at  um,  -are,  [flus- 
tro-],  I.  v.  a.,  purify  (by  lustra- 
tion), sprinkle  (with  holy  water). 
—  Pass.,  purify  one's  self,  sacrifice 
for  expiation.  —  From  the  process 
of  lustration,  traverse,  pass  over, 
pass  around,  encircle,  rove  over, 
pass  through,  sail  over.  —  Also,  ex- 
amine, search,  reconnoitre,  track, 
trace,  observe,  survey,  review.  — 
Of  the  sun,  &c.,  encompass,  encir- 
cle, illuminate. 


Vocabulary. 


167 


lust  rum,  -1,  [stem  from  -flu,  wash, 
+  trum],  n. :  I.  A  purification. 

—  From  the  periodic  purification 
at  Rome,  a  lustre  (period  of  five 
years).  —  Less  exactly  (in  plur.), 
years,  time ;    2.   Prob.  a  different 
word,  a  bog,  a  den,  a  forest. 

luteolus, -a,  -um,  [fluted  +  lus], 
adj.,  yellowish,  yellow. 

lutcus,  -a,  -um,  [fluto-  (reduced) 
+eus],  adj.,  saffron-colored, yellow. 

lutum,  -I,  [?],  n.,welJ  (a  yellow 
plant  used  in  dyeing). 

lux,  lucis,  [^/luc  (increased)  as 
stem],  f.,  light,  splendor,  daylight, 
sunlight,  dawn,  morning,  .day- 
break, day.  —  Also,  a  day  ;  —  the 
light  of  life,  life  ;  —  light  (solace, 
stay).  —  Also,  the  upper  light,  the 
upper  world. 

luxuria  (-ies),  -ae  (-el),  [tluxuro 
or  i  (fluxu  +  rus  or  ris],  f.,  rank- 
ness,  luxuriance  (of  growth) . 

luxurio,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,[fluxu- 
ria-],  I.  v.  n.,  frisk,  wanton, 
prance.  —  Also,  be  rank,  luxuri- 
ate, swell,  be  full. 

luxus,  -us,  [poss.  akin  to  Gr.  \o£6s] , 
m.,  luxury,  debauchery,  dalliance, 
wantonness. — £As>o,splendor,pomp, 
magnificence. 

Lyaeus,  -i,  [Gr.  Auouos],  m.,  a  name 
of  Bacchus. 

Lyaeus,  -a,  -um,  [same  word  as 
last],  adj.,  of  Bacchus. 

Lycaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Awceuos], 
adj.,  Lyccean,  of  Mt.  Lycceus  (in 
Arcadia,  a  favorite  resort  of  Pan) . 

—  Masc.,  Lycaus  (the  mountain). 
Lycadn,  -on is,  [Gr.  AUKCIWV],  m.,  a 

Cretan  worker  in  metals. 
Lycaonius,   -a,  -um,    [Gr.  Au/ca- 

&vios],  adj.,  son  of  Lycaon  (or  else 

Lycaoniari},   of  Lycaonia :   Eri- 

cetes. 
ly chnus,    -i,    [Gr.  \vxvos~],  m.,   a 

lamp. 
Lye  Idas,  -ae,  [Gr.  At//a'5as],  m.,  a 

shepherd. 


Lycimnia,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  Phrygian 
slave.  See  Llcymnia. 

Lycisca,  -ae,  [Gr.  \VKIO »dj],  f.,  the 
name  of  a  dog. 

Lycius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Au/cios],  adj., 
Lycian,  of  Lycia.  —  Fern.,  Lycia, 
a  division  of  Asia  Minor  famous, 
for  its  bowmen,  and  in  alliance 
with  Troy.  —  Plur.,  the  Lycians 
(the  people). 

Lycorias,  -adis,  [Gr.  Au/ccoptos],f., 
a  sea-nymph. 

Lycoris,  -idis,  [Gr.  Au/co>pij],  f.,  a 
girl  loved  by  Cornelius  Gallus. 

Lyctius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  AUKTIOJ], 
adj.,  of  Lyctos  (a  city  of  Crete), 
Lyctian. —  Less  exactly,  Cretan. 

Lycurgus,  -I,  [Gr.  Au/coOpyoj],  m., 
a  Thracian  king  who  persecuted 
the  worshippers  of  Bacchus. 

Jjycus,  -I,  [Gr.  Awco'j],  m. :  I.  A 
river  of  Colchis  ;  2.  A  companion 
of  yEneas. 

Lydius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Aufrjos],  adj., 
Lydian,  of  Lydia.  —  Fern.,  Lydia, 
the  country.  —  Less  exactly  (from 
supposed  kindred),  Tuscan,  Etru- 
rian. 

Lydus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  ACSos],  adj., 
of  Lydia  (a  province  of  Asia  Mi- 
nor), Lydian.  —  PL,  the  Lydians. 

ly  niphu,  -ae,  [  ?,  but  cf.  limpidus], 
f.,  (perhaps  confounded  with  Gr. 
vvptyri),  water. 

lymphatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  lym- 
pho.^ 

lympho,  -avi,  -atum,  -are, 
[•flympha-,  but  the  connection  of 
ideas  is  not  clear,  cf.  Gr.  yu/^pjj], 
I.  v.  a.,  distract,  craze,  madden. 

Lynceus,  -el,  P.  Gr  Awv»tl}y],  m^  a 
Trojan. 

lynx,  -ncis,  [Gr.  Xi^yf],  comm.,  a 
lynx. 

Lyrneslus  (-esalus),  -a,  -um,  [Gr. 
\vprl\aios~\,  adj.,  of  Lyrnesus,  Lyr- 
nesian. 

Liyrnesus  (-essus),  -i,  [Gr.  Aup- 
rt)a&s~\,  f.,  a  town  of  Troas. 


i68 


Vocabulary. 


M. 


macer,  -era,  -crum 

cf.  maceo.  The  roots  MAC,  MAG, 
and  MAGH  are  exceedingly  con- 
fused, and  have  probably  been 
confounded  with  each  other  in 
their  developed  forms;  see  mag- 
nus,  macto],  adj.,  lean,  thin, 
meagre. 

Machaon,  -onis,  [Gr.  Maxacuv], 
m.,  a  famous  surgeon  and  warrior 
of  the  Trojan  war. 

iiiiicliiiia,  -ae,  [Gr.  /uijx*'")]?  f->  a 
crane,  an  engine,  a  derrick. 

macies,  -el,  [y'm.ac  (cf.  macer) 
-fies],  f.,  leanness,  emaciation,  a 
pinched  appearance. 

mart af  us,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  macto. 

macte  [abl.  of  mactus  (whence 
macto)],  adv.  (only  with  esto 
expr.  or  supplied),  increased,  ad- 
vanced:  macte  nova  virtute, 
puer  (a  blessing  on  &c.,  success 
attend} . 

macto,  -avi,-atum,  -are,[tmacto- 
(ytaag  +  tus,  cf.  magnus),  but 
perh.  confused  with  ^/MAG  and 
-y/MAGH,  cf.  macer,  macellum], 

1 .  v.  a.,  (magnify*) .  —  Transferred 
(of  the  victim  sacrificed,  cf.  ma- 
cellum),   sacrifice,   offer.  —  Less 
exactly,  slay,  kill,  slaughter. 

macula,  -ae,  [lost  stem  fmaco  -f 
la],  f.,  a  spot,  a  stain. 

maculo,  -avi,  -Stum,  -are,  [fma- 
cula-],  I.  v.  a.,  spot,  stain,  defile, 
sully. 

maculosus,  -a,  -uin,  [fmacula- 
(reduced)  +  osus],  adj.,  spotted, 
marked  with  spots. 

madefacio,  -fed,  -xactum,  -fa- 
cere,  [fmade-  (cf.  madeo,  ma- 
dldus)],  3.  v.  a.,  wet,  soak,  stain 
(of  blood). 

madeo,  -ul,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [fmado- 
(cf.madidus),  ^/mad,  cf.  /uaSaco], 

2.  v.  n.,    be   -wet,  flow,   drip,    be 
soaked.  —  madeits,  -entis,  p.  as 
adj.,   wet,    soaked,   drenched,    be- 
smeared. 

madesco,    mudui,  no  sup.,  ma- 


descere,  [fmade-  (of  madeo)  -f 

SCO],  3.  v.  n.,  become  moist,  moisten. 

madid  us,  -a,  -um,  [fmado-  (cf. 
madeo)  +  dus],  adj.,  moist,  wet, 
dripping,  soaking. 

Maeander,  -dri,  [Gr.  MafaySpos], 
m.,  a  river  of  Lydia  famous  for  its 
windings. — Fig.,  a  winding  border. 

Maecenas,  -ae,[an  Etruscan  word], 
m.,  C.  Cilnius  Miecenas,  the  great 
patron  of  Virgil  and  Horace,  and 
the  friend  of  Augustus. 

Maenalius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Mcuya- 
Aios],  adj.,  ofM(znalus,M(Enalian. 
—  Less  exactly,  Arcadian. 

Maenalus,  -I  (-a,  -orum),  [  ],  m. 
and  n.,  a  mountain  of  Arcadia. 

Ala  con,  -onls,  [Gr.  McuW],  m.,  a 
Rutulian. 

Maeonides,  -ae,  [Gr.  Maioi/^s], 
m.,  of  Maonia  (a  part  of  Lydia), 
a  Maonian.  —  Less  exactly  (cf. 
Lydius),  an  Etrurian. 

Maeonius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  McuoVios], 
adj.,  Mizonian. —  Less  exactly, 
Lydian.  —  Fern.  (cf.  Gr.  Maiovia), 
M<eonia,  Lydia. 

Maeotius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  MOICOTIOJ], 
adj.,  of  the  McEotce  (a  people  of 
Scythia),  Mceotian. 

maereo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -ere, 
[•y/mis  (cf.  miser)  through  adj. 
stem],  2.  v.  n.,  be  sad,  mourn,  la- 
ment. 

maestus,  -a,  -um,  [root  of  maereo 
and  miser  +  tus,  p.p.],  adj.,  sad, 
mournful,  sorrowful,  anxious. — 
Also,  gloomy,  stern  (cf.  tristis) . — 
Also,  sorrowful  (causing  sorrow). 

Maevius,  -I  (-ii),  [?],  m.,  a  poet- 
aster, an  enemy  of  Virgil. 

magalia,-ium,[aPhcenicianword], 
n.  plur.,  huts. 

mage  (reduced  form  of  magis), 
see  magis. 

magicus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  /xayi/fJs], 
adj.,  magic. 

magis  (-e),  [  v/mag  (cf.  magnus) 
+  ius  (syncopated),  a  comparative 
neut.],  adv.,  more,  rather. 


Vocabulary. 


169 


maglster,  -tri,  [magis  (for  magi- 
us)  +  ter  (for  -terns,  cf.  Gr. 
-Tfpos)],  m.,  a  chief,  a  leader,  an 
overseer,  a  herdsman,  a  master, 
a  keeper,  a  captain,  a  steers- 
man, a  pilot.  —  Esp.,  a  master,  a 
teacher. 

magistra,  -ae,  [f.  of  magister], 
f.,  a  mistress.  —  Of  things,  as  adj., 
of  a  master,  masterly  :  ars. 

magistra  tus,  -us,  [fmagistra-  (as 
if  of  magistro,  fr.  maglster)  + 
.tus],  m.,  office,  a  magistracy. — 
Concretely,  a  magistrate. 

magnanimus,  -a,  -inn,  [fmagno- 
animus,  declined  as  adj.],  adj., 
great-souled, generous,  noble-mind- 
ed. —  Of  animals,  high-spirited, 
spirited.  —  Poetically,  of  bees : 
magnanimi  duces  (spirited  lead- 
ers, preserving  the  figure). 

magnus,  -a,  -urn,  [y'mag  (cf. 
macte  and  Gr.  jteyos)  +  nus  (cf. 
plenus)],  comp.  maior  [^/mag 
+  ior],  superl.  maxinius  [-y/mag 
+  timus,  cf.  finitimus],  adj.,  (in- 
creased), great  (in  almost  all  Eng. 
senses),  large,  spacious,  vast,  huge, 
mighty,  high,  lofty.  —  Less  exact 
and  fig.  uses,  of  degree  and  the 
like,  great,  loud,  powerful,  mighty, 
fearful,  rich,  immense,  intense, 
ardent,  distinguished,  serious,  im- 
portant, portentous,  long,  power- 
ful, weighty,  dire.  —  magno,  at  a 
great  price.  —  magnum,  as  adv., 
greatly,  loudly  :  magnum  fluens 
Nilus  (mighty  river). — maior, 
older, more  ancient,  ancestors  (pi.) . 
—  maiora,  n.plur.as  subst.,  nobler 
deeds,  more  important  matters, 
worse  sufferings.  —  inaxiimis, 
oldest,  eldest.  —  Masc.,  Maximus, 
a  name  of  several  Roman  families, 
esp.  Q.  Fabius  Maximus,  a  hero 
of  the  second  Punic  war. 

Magus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a  Rutulian. 

Mala,  -ae,  [Gr.  Mala],  f. :  I.  The 
mother  of  Mercury,  daughter  of 
Atlas ;  2.  The  same  person  as  one 
of  the  Pleiades. 

males  tas,  -atis,  [  tmaius  (see  mag- 


nus)  +  tas],   f.,    dignity,   honor, 

grandeur. 

maior,  maiores;  see  magnus. 
mala,  -ae,  [  ?  for  maxilla,  cf.  ala], 

f.,  the  cheek-bone,  the  jaw.  —  Less 
exactly,  the  cheek. 

male  [abl.  of  malus],  adv.,  bidly, 
ill,  not  very,  not  well,  not  much  : 
male  temperat  (little  spares); 
male  defendet  (insufficiently) ; 
male  erratur  (it  is  not  very  safe  to 
wander) ;  male  fidus  (^untrust- 
worthy); male  sanus  (distract- 
ed) ;  male  pinguis  (too  solid). 
Malea  (-ea),  -ae,  [Gr.  MoAe'a 
(-Aeta)],  f.,  a  dangerous  headland 
at  the  south-eastern  extremity  of 
Peloponnesus. 

malesuadus,  -a,  -um,  [male-sua- 
dus  (cf.  suadeo)],  adj.,  tempting 
to  ill. 

malifer,  -era,  -erum,  [fmalo-fer 
(  •v/fer  +  us)]>  adj.,  apple-bearing. 
malignus,  -a,  -um,  [fmalo-tge- 
nns],  adj.,  spiteful,  ill-disposed, 
malicious,  envious.  —  Fig.  (from 
idea  of  grudging?) :  colles  (stub- 
born, of  soil);  aditus  (narrow); 
lux  (scanty). 

malo,    malui,     no    sup.,    malic, 

[mage-volo],  irr.  v.  a.,  wish  more, 

choose  rather,  choose,  prefer,  would 

rather,  wish  rather. 

inaluni,   -I,    [Gr.   /ufjAof],    n.,    an 

apple  ;  —  a  quince,  a  citron. 
malus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  akin  to  /teXoj], 
comp.  peior  [?],  superl.  pessl- 
mus  [cf.  pessum],adj.,^<7ar,  evil. 
—  Of  moral  qualities,  evil,  wicked, 
vicious,  dad,  spiteful :  lingua  (re- 
ferring to  enchantment)  ;  falx 
(transferred  from  the  owner). — 
Of  things,  dad,  injurious,  trouble- 
some, pernicious,  fatal,  noxious, 
poisonous.  —  Masc.,  a  wicked  per- 
son. —  Plur.,  the  wicked.  —  Neut., 
an  evil,  a  disaster,  a  misfortune, 
mischief,  a  pest,  a  plague,  a  poison, 
venom,  adversity,  misery,  hard- 
ship, disaster. 

I .  mains,  -I,  [prob.  same  word  as 
mSlum],  m.,  a  mast. 


170 


Vocabulary. 


2.  mains,  -I,  [cf.  I.  mains],  f.,  an 

apple-tree. 

mamma,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  the  breast,  a 
breast,  the  dugs  (of  an  animal). 

mandatus,  -a,-um,p.p.of  mando. 

mando,  -a  vi,  -a  turn,  -are,  [  fmanu  - 
and  do,  but  through  adj.  stem, 
•fmando- ?],  I.  v.  a.,  entrust,  com- 
mand, order,  enjoin.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, consign,  commit :  foliis  car- 
mina ;  liordea  sulcis ;  terrae 
corpora;  humo  solita  (inter). — 
mandatum,  -i,  p.p.  neut.,  a  com- 
mand, an  injunction,  an  order, 
an  instruction. 

mando,  mandi,  mansum,  man- 
dere,  [?],  3.  v.  a.,  chew,  champ  ; 
pecus  (devour);  humum  (" bite 
the  dust"). 

mane  [prob.  loc.  of  fmani  (-^/ma 
+  ni,  cf.  maturus,  Matuta)], 
adv.,  in  the  morning,  early.  —  As 
subst,  the  morning,  the  dawn. 

maneo,  mansi,  mansum,  ma- 
nere,  [ytaian  (cf.  Gr.  /*«Voi), 
through  adj.  stem  ?,  perh.  akin  to 
memini,  mensj,  2.  v.  a.  and  n., 
remain,  continue,  linger,  await, 
abide,  remain  unchanged.  —  Also, 
abide  by,  stand  by.  —  Act.,  await, 
wait  for. 

manes,  -ium,  [  ?,  cf.  obs.  manus, 
good~\,  m.  plur.,  the  gods  belovt  (spir- 
its of  the  departed),  the  blessed 
dead.  —  Hence,  the  lower  world, 
the  regions  below.  —  Also,  the  spir- 
its of  the  departed,  a  ghost,  a  shade, 
a  spirit.  —  Esp. :  quisque  suos 
patimur  manes,  destiny  in  the 
world  below  (considered  as  a  state 
of  each  departed  spirit). 

manica,  -ae,  [fmanu-  (weakened) 
+  ca  (f.  of  cus)],  f.,  a  sleeve  (com- 
ing down  to  the  hands).  —  Plur., 
manacles,  chains. 

manifesto  [abl.  of  manifest  us], 
adv.,  clearly,  manifestly,  obviously, 
plainly. 

manifestus,  -a,  -um,  [fmanu- 
(  weakened)  -festus  (p.p.  of  fen- 
do)],  adj.,  (struck  or  seized  with 
the  hand,  hence  caught  in  the  act, 


of  crime,  as  opposed  to  circumstan- 
tial evidence) . — Fig.,  clear,  plain, 
evident,  obvious,  made  plain,  clear- 
ly visible. 

manlplus  (-pulus),  -I,  [tmanu- 
(  weakened)  -plus  (akin  to  pleo)], 
m.,  a  handful.  —  Esp.,  a  handful 
of  straw. —  Hence,  a  company 
(with  a  handful  of  straw  tor  a 
standard),  a  troop,  a  band. 

Manlius,  -I  (-ii),  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name.  —  Esp.,  M.  Manlius 
Capitolinus,  who  saved  the  Capi- 
tol Jrom  the  Gauls. 

maiio,  -avi,  •atuin,  -are,  [?,  but 
cf.  madeo],  i.  v.  n.,  flow,  run, 
drip. 

mansuesco,-suevf,  -suetum,-su- 
escere,  [fmanu-  (reduced)  su- 
esco,  become  wonted  to  the  hand~\, 
3.  v.  n.,  become  tame.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, be  subdued  (by  cultivation), 
be  improved.  —  Fig.,  soften,  become 
gentle,  become  mild. 

mantele  (-He),  -is,  [fmanto-  (or 
other  form  in  t,  akin  to  manus) 
+  lis,  n.  of  adj.],  n.,  a  towel,  a 
napkin. 

Manto,  -us,  [Gr.  Ma«rt6],  f.,  an 
Italian  nymph,  supposed  to  have 
founded  Mantua. 

Mantua,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  city  of 
Gallia  Transpadana,  near  Virgil's 
birthplace. 

manus,  -us,  [?],  f.,  a  hand. — Also 
fig.  in  many  senses,  as  in  English, 
might,  force,  violence,  force  of 
arms,  deeds  of  might,  valor,  bear- 
ing in  arms.  —  art,  skill,  effort, 
labor.  —  Corresponding  to  English 
arms:  inter  manus  (in  one's 
grasp) ;  effugit  imago  (grasp)  ; 
pacem  orare  manu  (call  for  peace 
with  uplifted  hands) .  —  Also  (cf. 
tnaniplus),  a  band,  a  company, 
a  troop.  —  Phrases :  manus  com- 
mittere  Teucris,  join  battle  &c. ; 
manus  ferre,  enter  on  a  work, 
also,  raise  the  hands  (in  boxing)  ; 
conierre  manum  (manus),  join 
battle;  impono  extremam  ma- 
num, the  last  hand,  the  jinisning- 


Vocabulary. 


touch ;  manna  dare,  surrender  ; 
in  manibus,  in  one's  possession, 
in  one's  power,  at  hand ;  inter 
manus,  in  one's  grasp ;  medica 
manus,  the  healing  hand  (skill) ; 
larga  manus,  a  generous  hand 
{generosity')  ;  manus  artificum, 
handiwork. 

mapalia,  -ium,  [said  to  be  Phoeni- 
cian], n.  plur.,  huts,  cottages. 

Marcellus,  -i,  [fmarculo-  (fmar- 
co-,  hammer,  -\-  lus)  +  lus,  second 
dim.  of  Marcus],  m.,a  family  name 
in  the  Claudian  gens.  —  Esp.,  M. 
Claudius  Marcellus,  who  conquered 
the  Gauls,  Germans,  and  Insubri- 
ans,  slew  Viridomarus,  the  German 
king,  with  his  own  hand,  gaining 
the  technical  spolia  opima,  and 
took  Milan.  He  afterwards  was 
successful  against  Hannibal,  and 
captured  Syracuse. — A\so,M.  Mar- 
cellus, the  nephew  of  Augustus, 
who  died  young. 

mare,  -is,  [?],  n.,  a  sea,  the  sea,  the 
waves, 

Mareotis,  -idis,  [Gr.  adj.  from  Mo- 
ptia],  f.  adj.,  of  Mareotis  (or  Ma- 
rea~),  (a  lake  and  city  of  Egypt 
famous  for  excellent  wine),  Mare- 
otic. 

Marica,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  an  Italian 
nymph,  wife  of  Faunus,  and  mother 
of  King  Latinus. 

ma  n  n  us,  -a,  -um,  [fmari-  (length- 
ened) +  nus],  adj.,  of  the  sea,  sea-, 
marine,  of  the  deep  :  casus ;  canes. 

maritus,  -i,  [stem  akin  to  mas  + 
tus],  m.,(prob.  masculine},  a  mar- 
ried man,  a  husband,  a  bridegroom, 
a  lord  (of  women  in  slavery). — 
Less  exactly,  a  suitor. — Of  ani- 
mals, a  mate,  a  he-goat,  a  stallion : 
pecori  (lord,  of  the  male  of  a 
flock). 

Marl  us, -i  (-ii),  [prob.  fmas-f-  ius], 
m.,  the  name  of  a  humble  Roman 
family.  —  Esp.,  C.  Marius,  the 
conqueror  of  the  Cimbri  and  Ju- 
gurtha,  and  opponent  of  Sulla  in 
the  civil  war.  —  Plur.,  Marti,  men 
of  Marios'  stamp. 


manner,  -orls,  [unc.  root  redupl.], 
n.,  marble.  —  Fig.,  the  sea. 

iiiariiiorcus,  -a,  -um,  [fmarmor 
+  eus],  adj.,  of  marble.  —  Fig., 
smooth,  marble  (of  the  sea,  also  of 
a  man's  neck). 

Marpesius  (-essius),  -a,  -um, 
[Gr.  Mapirf]o-o-tos],  adj.,  of  Mar- 
pesus  (a  mountain  of  1'aros),  Mar- 
pesian.  —  Less  exactly,  Parian. 

Marruvins  (-bius),  -a,  -um,  [?], 
adj.,  of ' Marruvium  (a  city  of  La-  • 
tium,  capital  of  the  Marcian  terri- 
tory), Marruvian.  —  Neut.,  Mar- 
ruviwn  (the  city  itself). 

Mars,  Martis,  [prob.  contracted  fr. 
Mavors],  m.,  the  Latin  god  of 
war.  —  Fig.,  war,  battle,  conflict, 
warfare. — Phrases:  adverse  Mar  - 
te,  defeat,  unsuccessful  conflict  ; 
secundo  Marte,  success,  prosper- 
ous issue;  aequo  Marte,  unde- 
decided combat;  praesenti  Marte, 
with  threats  of  immediate  war. 

Marsus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  of  the 
Marsi  (a  Sabellian  mountain  race 
of  Italy,  famed  for  magic  rites), 
Marsian.  —  Plur.,  the  Marsi  (the 
nation  itself). 

Marl  his,  -a,  -um,  [fMart  +  ius], 
adj.,  of  Mars,  of  war,  martial, 
warlike  :  lupus  {sacred  to  Mars). 

mas,  maris,  [?],  m.,  a  male. 

masculus,  -a,  -um,  [fmas+culus], 
adj.,  male:  tura  {coarse,  large 
grains  of). 

1 1  iassa ,  -ae,  [  -y/mag  +  ya,  cf.  Gr. 
f*d(a],  f-»  a  fnass  (orig-  of  dough), 
a  lump. 

Massicus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  of 
Aft.  Afassicus  (a  mountain  on  the 
borders  of  Latium  and  Campania, 
famous  for  its  wine),  Massic. — 
Masc.  (with  or  without  mons), 
the  mountain  itself.  —  Neut.  plur., 
the  Massic  land,  the  soil  of  Ml. 
Massicus.  —  Also,  Massicus,  name 
of  a  king  of  Clusium. 

Massylus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Ma<r<ru- 
A«os],  adj.,  of  the  Massylii  (a  na- 
tion of  northern  Africa),  Massy- 
ban.  —  Masc.  pi.,  the  nation  itself. 


172 


Vocabulary, 


mater,  -tris,  [  ?,  y/ma  +  ter  (cf. 
pater)],  f.,  a  mother,  a  matron. 

—  Less  exactly,  as  an  appellative 
of  gods  and  as  a  term  of  respect, 
mother,   venerable   dame,  lady. — 
Also,  a  dam,  a  breeding  animal. 

—  Of  plants,  the  parent,  the  mother. 

—  Also  of  a  country  as  the  parent 
of  her  children. 

materies,  -ei,  [fmater-  (unsynco- 
pated)  +  ies],  f.,  stuff",  material. 

—  Esp.,  timber. 

maternus,  -a,  -um,  [fmater-  (un- 
syncopated)  +  nus],  adj.,  of  a 
{one's)  mother,  maternal. 

matrona,  -ae,  [fmatro-  (akin  to 
mater,  cf.  aegrotus)  +  na,  cf. 
patronus],  f.,  a  matron,  a  dame, 
a  woman  (married). 

mitt  u  ro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fma- 
turo],  i.  v.  a.,  hasten. —  Esp., 
hasten  to  prepare. 

mat  urns,  -a,  -um,  [fmatu-  (akin 
to  mane,  cf.  Matuta)  +  rus], 
adj.,  early.  —  Also,  by  some  un- 
certain connection,  ripe,  mature, 
full-grown.  —  Transferred :  soles 
(at  their  height). 

matutinus,  -a,  -um,  [fMatuta- 
(reduced,  or  stem  akin)  +  inus], 
adj.,  early,  morning:  Aeneas 
(early  in  the  morning'). 

Maurusius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Mavpov- 
fTios],  adj.,  of  the  Maziri  (a  race 
of  northern  Africa),  Moorish.  — 
Less  exactly,  African,  of  Africa. 

MSvors,  -ortis,  [?,  cf.  Mars],  m., 
Mars.  —  Also,  war,  conflict,  fight- 
ing, deeds  of  arms. 

Mavortius,  -a,  -um,  [fMavort  + 
ius],  adj.,  of  Mars,  martial,  of 
war,  warlike,  son  of  Mars,  sacred 
to  Mars. 

max iiuus,  see  magnus. 

me,  see  ego. 

meatus,  -us,  [fmea-  (of  meo)  + 
tus],  m.,  a  movement,  a  revolu- 
tion :  caeli  (courses  of  the  heav- 
enly bodies) . 

medeor,  -erf,  (only  pres.  stem), 
[fmedo-  (  y'm.ed  +  us,  cf.  medi- 
cus, remedium)],  2.  v.  dep.,  treat 


(medically),  heal,  cure :  raedendi 
usus  (the  healing  art) ;  medendo 
aegrescere  (by  treatment). 

Media,  -ae,  [fMedo-  (reduced)  + 
ius,  prop,  adj.],  f.,  a  country  of 
Asia  south  of  the  Caspian,  used 
loosely  for  the  whole  region  there- 
about. 

medicatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  medi- 
co. 

medicina,  -ae,[tmedico-(reduced) 
+  ina,  prop.  adj.  (sc.  ars?)],  f., 
medicine,  the  art  of  healing.  — 
&\s>Q,j-emedy,  cure. 

medico,  -avi,  -a  turn,  -are,  [  fmedi- 
co-],  I.  v.  a.,  medicate,  give  (me- 
dicinal') virtue  to,  prepare  'with 
drugs,  steep  (of  seeds).  —  Pass,  as 
dep.,  treat,  cure,  heal.  —  medi- 
catus, -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  pre- 
pared (with  drugs),  scented,  medi- 
cated. 

Medicus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Mij5«c<fo], 
adj.,  Median.  —  Fern.,  (sc.  herba, 
cf.  /U7j5i/cr)),  clover,  lucerne  (intro- 
duced into  Greece  by  the  Persians) . 

medicus,  -a,  -um,  [fmedo-  (cf. 
medeor,  remedium)  +  cus], 
adj.,  healing:  manus. 

meditatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  medi- 
tor. 

meditor,  -tutus,  -tari,  [fmedito- 
(p.p.  of  medeor?)],  i.  v.  dep., 
practise,  experiment,  play  (on  an 
instrument).  —  Also,  contrive,  in- 
vent, intend,  purpose,  think  of, 
premeditate. 

medius,  -a,  -um,  [same  root  as 
modus  +  ius,  cf.  Gr.  /ueVos],  adj., 
middle,  the  middle  of,  the  midst  of. 
central,  between,  mid,  midway  be- 
tween, in  the  centre,  in  the  midst, 
in  the  middle,  the  thickest  of,  the 
depth  of,  the  height  of,  the  extreme 
of,  in  the  thickest  of,  in  the  centre, 
just  between,  right  among  :  est  via 
media  nobis  (we  are  half  way 
there) ;  vallum  (the  inside  of) ; 
medio  de  cortice  (from  the  smooth 
bark,  opposed  to  regular  knots)  ; 
medio  in  conspectu  (right  in 
one's  sight) ;  medios  cursus  tor- 


Vocabulary. 


173 


qnet  nox  (midway  in  her  course) ; 
medium  mare  (depths  of  the  sea) ; 
mediusdies(//4<f  South');  medium 
se  offert  (a  mediator)  ;  in  medio 
ictu  (just  at  the  stroke)  ;  medium 
per  femur  (straight  through}. — 
Neut.,  as  subst. :  in  medio,  in  the 
middle;  in  medium,  for  the  com- 
mon advantage. 

Medon,  -ontis,  [Gr.  Me'Swi/],  m.,  a 
Trojan  warrior  or  ally  of  theTrojans. 

medulla,  -ae,  [akin  to  medius,  cf. 
Gr.  diminutives  in  -uAAoi/],  f.,  the 
marrow  of  the  bones,  the  marrow, 
the  inmost  frame. 

Medus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  M$j5oi],  adj., 
Median,  of  the  Medes.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, Persian.  —  Masc.  plur.,  the 
Medes,  the  Persians. 

Megaera,  -ae,  [Gr.  Mfyaipa],  f., 
one  of  the  Furies. 

Megarus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Mtyapos, 
or  kindred  form],  adj.,  of ' Megara 
(a  city  of  Sicily,  also^called  Hybla), 
Megarian. 

mel,  mellis,  [cf.  Gr:  u(\t,  English 
mead'],  n.,  honey  :  pabula  melli 
(for  making  honey) . 

Mela,  see  Mella. 

Melampus,  -odls,  [Gr.  MeA^irous], 
m.,  a  famous  physician  and  seer, 
who  was  fabled  to  understand  the 
songs  of  birds. 

Meliboeus,  -i,  [Gr.  MeA.f/foios],  m., 
a  shepherd. 

Meliboeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  MeAi- 
/3o/oj],  adj.,  of  Melibcea  (a  town  of 
Thessaly,  whence  came  Philocte- 
tes),  Melibaan. —  Fern.,  Melib&a 
(the  town  itself). 

Melicerta  (-es),  -ae,  [Gr.  MeA«- 
/ct'prijs],  m.,  the  son  of  Ino  and 
Athamas.  Being  drowned  with 
his  mother,  he  was  changed  into  a 
sea-god. 

mellor,  see  bonus. 

mellsphyllum,  -i,  [Gr.  /«AtoW- 
<pt;AAoi/],  n.,  balm  (?),  mint  (?), 
an  aromatic  herb,  a  favorite  flower 
for  bees.  Lat.  apiastrum. 

Melite,  -es,  [Gr.  M«  AITTJ],  f..  a  sea- 
nymph. 


Mella  (Mela),  -ae,  [?J,  m.,  a  river 
of  Cisalpine  Gaul  flowing  through 
Brescia. 

membrum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  a  limb,  a. 
member,  the  frame,  the  body,  the 
form,  the  person. 

memini,  -isse,  (only  perf.  stem  in 
sense  of  present),  [-y/men,  cf. 
mens,reminiscor],  v.  a.,  remem- 
ber, recollect,  recall,  call  to  mind  . 
quorum  poetae  (mention}.  —  Less 
exactly,  think  of,  care  for.  —  With 
inf.,  remember  to,  not  forget,  take 
care  to.  —  With  negatives,  forget, 
neglect. 

Memmius,  -i  (-ii),  [?],  m.,  a  Ro- 
man gentile  name. 

Mem  no  M,  -on  is,  [Gr.  yif/j.vwv'],  m., 
son  of  Aurora  and  king  of  the 
Ethiopians.  His  arms  were  fabled 
to  have  been  made  by  Vulcan  at 
the  request  of  Aurora. 

memor,  -oris,  [prob.  y'sMAR  (re 
duplicated)  as  stem],  adj.,  remem- 
bering, mindful,  with  a  good  mem- 
ory, thoughtful,  careful,  provident, 
caring  for  :  memor  esto  {remem- 
ber) ;  ira  (unrelenting,  that  can- 
not forget)  ;  a.evum(unforgetfifl)  ; 
dum  memor  ipse  mei  (so  long  as 
I  retain  a  remembrance  of  my- 
self}; ipsae  redeunt  in  tecta 
(without  fail)  ;  memor  es  referte 
(carefully)  ;  apud  memores  stat 
gratia  (memory  remains  in  grate- 
ful hearts).  —  With  negatives,  heed- 
less, unmindful,  careless,  without 
thought  of. 

memorabllis,  -e,  [fmemora  (of 
memoro)  +  bills],  adj.,  memor- 
able, glorious. 

memoratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  inc. 


^ 

memoro,  -avi,  -a  turn,  -are,  [fme- 
mor-  (as  if  memoro-)],  i.  v.  a., 
call  to  mind,  tell,  say,  narrate, 
relate,  speak  of,  tell  of,  mention, 
call.  —  memorandus,  -a,  -um, 
ger.  p.  as  adj.,  memorable,  famous, 
deserving  of  mention.  —  memo- 
ratus, -a,  -um,  p.p,  as  adj.,  re- 
nowned,  much  talked  of. 


174 


Vocabulary. 


Menalcas,  -ae,  [?],  m.,  a  shepherd. 

mcnclax,  -acis,  [stem  akin  to  men- 
da,  mendum  +  ax  (cf.  audax), 
cf.  also  mentior,  which  has  how- 
ever a  different  stem  formation], 
adj.,  false,  lying,  untruthful,  de- 
ceitful. 

Menelaus,  -i,  [Gr.  MeveAaos],  m., 
the  husband  of  Helen  of  Greece, 
and  brother  of  Agamemnon. 

Menestheus  (Mnes-),  -el  (-eos), 
[Gr.  MeveiTflfus],  m.,  a  Trojan, 
companion  of  ^Eneas. 

Menoetes,  -ae,  [Gr.  MepofrTjs],  m., 
a  Trojan,  companion  of  yEneas. 

metis,  mentis,  [-^/men  (cf.  me- 
mini)  +  tis  (reduced)],  f.,  the 
mind  (cf.  animus,  the  soul  and 
intellect  together),  the  intellect, 
the  intelligence,  the  memory,  the 
senses,  sense,  reflection  (as  an  act, 
perh.  the  orig.  meaning),  thought. 
—  Less  exactly,  an  idea,  a  mind, 
a  purpose,  a  resolution.  —  Often 
not  differing  from  animus,  heart, 
soul,  feelings,  desire. 

tnensa,  -ae,  [fern,  of  p.p.  of  metior, 
sc.  tabula?],  f.,  a  table.  —  Less 
exact \y,food,  banquet,  feast. 

tnensis,  -is,  [akin  to  Gr.  ^v,  Eng. 
moon,  month],  m.,a  month  :  caeli 
(the  phases  of  the  moon). 

menstruus,  -a,  -um,  [fmensi-  (of 
unc.  termination)],  adj.,  monthly. 

mentior,  -itus,  -iri,  [prob.  fmenti- 
(through  idea  of  imagination)], 
4.  v.  a.  and  n.,  lie,  pretend  falsely  : 
lanacolores  (assume  false  colors') ; 
mentita  tela  (counterfeit,  lying). 

mentitus,  -a,-um,  p.p.  of  mentior. 

men  turn,  -i,  [vmen,  in  mineo  + 
tuni  (n.  of  tus)],  n.,  the  chin. 

mephitis,  -is,  [?],  i.,foul  air,  an 
exhalation. 

mercatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  mercor. 

merces,  -edis,  [fmerce-  (as  if  of 
fmerceo,  cf.  merx,  mercena- 
rius)  +  dus  (reduced)],  f.,  pay, 
•wages,  hire,  reward. — With  change 
of  point  of  view,  cost,  price,  loss. 

mercor,  -at us,  -Sri,  [fmerc-], 
I.  v.  dep.,  buy,  purchase,  pay  a 


price  for:  magno  mercentur 
Atridae  {pay  a  great  price  for). 

Mercurius,  -I  (-ii),  [stem  in  -ro  or 
-ri  from  fmerc-  (reduced)  +  ius] , 
m.,  Mercury,  the  god  of  gain 
among  the  Romans.  On  account 
of  some  similar  attributes  he  was 
identified  with  the  Greek  Hermes, 
and  as  such  regarded  as  the  son 
of  Jupiter  and  Maia,  grandson  of 
Atlas,  messenger  of  the  gods,  and 
conductor  of  souls  to  the  infernal 
world,  in  which  last  capacity  he 
carried  the  rod  twined  with  ser- 
pents, or  caduceus,  identical  with 
the  herald's  staff. 

meres, -ul,-itum, -ere,  [?],  2.v.a., 
earn,  win,  gain,  deserve,  deserve 
wW/(or  iir),merit.  — Pass,  as  dep., 
same  sense.  —  meritus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  act.,  well-deserving, 
useful,  faithful,  —  but  also,  ill- 
deserving,  offending.  —  Pass.,  de- 
served, well  won,  due,  as  one  de- 
serves, just.  —  Neut.,  a  service,  a 
merit,  desert,  a  favor. 

merges,  -itis,  [?],  f.,  a  sheaf. 

inergo,  mersi,mersum,  merger  e, 
[•^/merg,  cf.  mergus],  3.  v.  a., 
plunge,  drown,  overwhelm,  swallow 
up.  —  Also  fig. :  me  mails. 

mergus,  -i,  [-^/merg  +  us],  m.,  a 
sea-bird,  gulf(  ?) ,  cormorant^  ?) . 

merito  [abl.  of  meritus],  adv., 
deservedly,  as  one  deserves,  justly, 
rightly. 

meritus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  mereo 
and  mereor. 

Meropes,  -ae,  [Gr.  Mep&n?],  m.,  a 
Trojan. 

merops,  -opis,  [Gr.  /xepo\J/],  f.,  "a 
bee-eater"  some  kind  of  bird  that 
attacks  bees. 

merso,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fmer- 
so-],  i.  v.  a.,  plunge,  drown,  over- 
whelm, wash,  dip. 

mersus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  mergo. 

morns,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  pure, 
unmixed,  unadulterated.  —  Neut. 
(sc.  vinum),  unmixed  wine,  pure 
wine. 

merx,  mere  is,  [perh.  root  of  mereo 


Vocabulary. 


175 


+  CUB  (reduced)],  f.,  merchandise, 
wares. 

Messapus,  -I,  [a  foreign  word, 
fmesso-  (akin  to  medius)  -apus 
(apia  akin  to  aqua)],  m.,  a  king 
of  Messapia  (the  country  forming 
the  heel  of  the  boot  of  Italy,  be- 
tween the  Adriatic  and  the  Gulf  of 
Otranto). 

messis,  -is,  [^/met  (in  meto)  + 
tis],  f.,  a  harvest.  —  Less  exactly, 
a  crop,  standing  grain,  a  gather- 
ing (of  other  products).  — Of  time, 
harvest,  harvest-time. 

messor,  -oris,  [^/met  (in  meto) 
+  tor],  m.,  a  reaper,  a  harvester. 

messus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  meto. 

met  [pron.  -y/ma,  cf.  me],  insep. 
intens.  particle  used  with  pronouns, 
self,  own. 

meta,  -ae,  [akin  to  metior],  f.,  a 
goal,  a  limit,  a  boundary,  the  end : 
media  {middle  point). 

Metabus,  -1,  [?],  m.,  a  Volscian, 
father  of  Camilla. 

metallum,  -I,  [Gr.  /teTaAAoi/],  n., 
a  mine.  —  Less  exactly,  metal,  ore. 

Methymnaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  MTJ- 
Ovfj.vaios'],  adj.,  of  Melhymna  (a 
city  of  Lesbos  famous  for  its  wine), 
Methymnian. 

metior,  mensus,  metiri,  [akin  to 
modus  through  noun-stem],  4.  v. 
dep.,  measure.  Hesperiam iacens 
(of  a  warrior  slain).  —  Less  exact- 
ly, traverse,  pass  over. 

Metiscus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  the  charioteer 
of  Turnus. 

Metius,  see  Mettus. 

meto,  messui,  messum,  metere, 
[•^/met,  prob.  akin  to  Gr.  d/uaoi, 
Eng.  mow],  3.  v.  a.,  mow,  reap, 
cut.  —  Less  exactly,  gather,  sip  (of 
bees) .  —  Fig.,  of  slaughter,  mow 
down. 

metor,  -atus,  -firi,  [fmeta-J, 
I.  v.  dep.,  measure,  lay  out,  survey. 

Mettus  (-tius),  -i,  [?],  m.,  an  Al- 
ban  name.  —  Esp.,  Mettus  Fuffe- 
tius,  an  Alban  dictator  who  on 
account  of  treachery  was  drawn 
asunder  by  horses. 


metuo,  metul,  metOtum,  metu- 

ere,  [fmetu-],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
fear,  dread,  be  alarmed,  be  afraid 
of;  —  be  in  fear,  be  concerned  for. 
—  metuens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj., 
fearful,  dreading,  apprehensive, 
concerned  for . 

metus,  -us,  [?],  m.,  fear,  dread, 
alarm,  terror,  consternation  ;  — 
awe,  reverence. — Personified,  Fear. 

meus,  -a,  -um,  [pron.  -y/ma  +  iua], 
poss.  adj.,  my,  mine,  my  own. — 
Masc.  sing,  and  plur.,  my  son 
(friend,  follower,  countryman, 
subject,  kindred,  &c.).  —  Neut.,  my 
{fortune,  destiny,  resources,  &c.). 

Mezentius,  -I  (-ii),  [?],  m.,  an 
Etruscan  king,  famous  for  his  cru- 
elty, whose  subjects  revolted  and 
joined  ^Eneas. 

mi co,    -avi,    -at u in,    -are,    [?],        / 
i.  v.  n.,  quiver,  dart,  move  (rap- 
idly  to   and    fro) .  —  Also,  flash, 
sparkle,  gleam. 

>Ii<-uii,  -onis,  [Gr.  M//CCOC],  m.,  a 
shepherd. 

migro,  -avi,  -atiim,  -are,  [?], 
I.  v.  n.,  move  (in  a  body),  migrate, 
depart. 

miles,  -itis,  [fmile-  (as  root,  cf. 
mille)  +  tus  or  tis  (reduced)], 
comm.,  a  soldier.  —  Collectively, 
soldiery,  soldiers,  troops. 

Milesius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  MiA^inoj], 
adj.,  of  Miletus  (a  city  of  Asia  Mi- 
nor famous  for  its  wool),  Milesian. 

militia,  -ae,  [fmilit  +  ia],  f.,  mil- 
itary service,  warfare. 

iniliuni,  -i  (-ii),  [?],  n.,  millet. 

mille,  plur.  milia,  -lum,  [petrified 
formation  from  ^/va\,  cf.  miles], 
a  thousand  (either  definitely,  or 
indefinitely  as  a  large  number). 

Mimas,  -ant is,  [Gr.  Mf/tas],  m.,  a 
Trojan. 

in ina<>,  -arum,  j\/min,cf.mln<M>], 
f.  plur.,  threats,  menaces,  threaten- 
ing perils.  —  Poetically  (perh.  in 
orig.  meaning)  :  minae  murorum, 
threatening  walls  ;  tollentem  mi- 
nas,  raising  his  angry  head,  of  a 
serpent. 


176 


Vocabulary. 


minax,  -acts,  [fmina-  (cf.  minor) 
+  cus  (reduced)],  adj.,  threaten- 
ing, menacing,  ill-boding :  arma 
minacis  (of  his  threalening  en- 
emy). 

Mincius,  -I  (-ii),  [?],  m.,  the  Min- 
cio,  a  river  of  Cisalpine  Gaul,  near 
Mantua,  a  branch  of  the  Po. 

Minerva,  -ae,  [?,  pern,  akin  to 
mens],  f.,  the  Roman  goddess  of 
wisdom,  partially  identified  with 
the  Greek  Pallas  Athene.  She 
was  reckoned  as  the  daughter  of 
Jupiter,  the  patroness  of  all  arts 
and  sciences,  especially  the  house- 
hold arts,  and  the  inventress  of  the 
olive.  —  Also  (cf.  Ceres,  grain}, 
spinning,  -weaving. 

minime  [abl.  of  minimus],  adv., 
leasL 

Minio,  -onis,  [?],  m.,  a  river  of 
Etruria. 

minister,  -tri,  [tminus+  ter,  cf. 
magister],  m.,  a  servant,  an  at- 
tendant. —  Esp.,  an  attendant 
priest. — In  apposition  (as  adj.), 
aiding,  abetting:  Calchante  mi- 
nistro  (by  the  aid  of). 

minis! crium,  -i  (-ii),  [fministro 
+  ium],  n.,  a  service,  an  office. 

miiiistra,  -ae,  [f.  of  minister],  f., 
an  attendant  (female). 

ministro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [tmi- 
nistro-],  i.  v.  a.  and  n.,  attend, 
serve.  —  Also,  serve,  supply,  afford. 

minitor,  -atus,  -ari,  [tminito- 
(as  if  p.p.  of  minor)],  i.  v.  dep., 
threaten,  menace. 

minium,  -i  (-ii),  [?],  n.,  cinnabar, 
red  lead. 

Minoius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Mtvtatos], 
adj.,  of  Minos. 

minor,  -atus,  -ari,  [fmina-  (mi- 
nae)],  I.  v.  n.  and  a.,  threaten, 
menace,tower  (threateningly),  bode, 
portend,  threaten  to  fall :  mortem 
mini  (me  with  death,  changing  the 
construction) . 

minor,  see  parvus. 

Minos,  -ois,  [Gr.  MiVo>s],  m.,  a 
king  of  Crete,  made  a  judge  in  the 
world  below. 


Minotaurus,  -I,  [Gr.  Mivdravpos'], 
m.,  the  Minotaur,  a  monster,  half 
man,  half  bull,  killed  by  Theseus. 

minus,  see  parvus. 

iniiiiitatiiii  [as  if  ace.  of  tmirmta- 
(cf.  minutus)  +  tis],  adv.,  piece- 
meal, bit  by  bit,  by  degrees,  grad- 
ually. 

mirabilis,  -e,  [fmira-  (of  miror) 
+  bills],  adj.,  wonderful,  marvel- 
lous, admirable. 

miraculum,  -i,  [fmira-  (miror) 
+  culum,  as  if  fmiraco-  (mira  + 
cus)  +  Ium],  n.,  a  marvel,  a  prod- 
igy, a  wonder. 

miratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  miror. 

miror,  -atus,  -ari,  [fmiro-],  i.  v.a. 
and  n.,  wonder,  marvel.  —  Act., 
marvel  at,  wonder  at,  admire,  sec 
with  surprise,  gaze  at  with  admi- 
ration. 

mirus,  -a,  -um,  [y'SMi  +  rus,  cf. 
fj.fi5d.ia~],  adj.,  strange,  marvellous, 
wondrous,  surprising,  extraordi- 
nary. 

misceo,  miscui,  mi.xtiim  (mis- 
turn),  miscere,  [fmisco  (cf. 
promiscuus),  akin  to  Gr.  /tiVyo)] , 
2.  v.  a.,  mingle,  mix,  confuse,  con- 
found, unite,  blend:  operi  metum; 
maria  caelo;  inter  nemora  (dis- 
perse) ;  lilia  rosa.  —  Passive,  or 
with  reflexive,  mingle,  unite,  be 
united,  be  joined:  se  corpore(of  the 
soul  of  the  world,  permeate,  be  dif- 
fused} . — Of  any  conf  usion,jisturl>, 
confound,  embroil,  trouble:  tellu- 
iemdHu.vio(ov£r'wAe'm);  agmina 
(scatter);  se  maria  (are  thrown 
into  confusion) .  —  Of  the  effect, 
cause  (confusedly),  raise:  proe- 
lia  (raise  wild  warfare) ;  in- 
cendia  (spread);  inter  se  vol- 
nera  (exchange);  inania  mur- 
mura  (spread  confused  and  mean- 
ingless murmurs) ;  acies  (form  a 
motley  line).  —  mixtus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.,  mingled,  often  with  change 
of  point  of  view,  mingled  with, 
with  mingled,  &c. :  laetitia  mix- 
toque  metu  (with  mingled  joy 
and  fear) ;  mixto  pulvere  fumus 


Vocabulary. 


(smoke  mingled  -with  dust). — Also 
(cf.  third  division  above)  :  mixtae 
glomerantur  (of  bees,  swarm- 
ing) ;  miscentur  (swarm,  of  bees) . 
Misenus,  -I,  [Gr.  MHTTJI/OS],  m. : 
I.  The  trumpeter  of  ^Eneas;  2.  (sc. 
inons),  Misenum,  the  promontory 
north  of  the  Bay  of  Naples  (now 
Miseno). 

miser,  -era,  -erum,  [fmise  as  root 
(cf.  maereo)  +  rus  (reduced)], 
adj.,  wretched,  pitiable,  itn fortu- 
nate, ill-fated,  unhappy,  distressed. 
—  As  subst.,  a  wretch,  unhappy 
man,  a  wretched  being.  —  Neut.,  a 
'pity,  a  wretched  thing.  —  In  a  kind 
of  apposition,  Oh  misery!  Oh 
pitiable  fate  ! 

miserabilis,  -e,  [fmisera-  (stem  of 
miseror)  +  bilis],    adj.,   miser- 
able, pitiable,  unhappy,  deplorable, 
wretched,  shocking,  lamentable. 
miseratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  mise- 

ror. 

misereo,  -ui,  -itum,  -ere,  [tmise- 
ro-],  2.  v.  a.  and  n.,  feel  pity,  take 
pity  on,  have  compassion  on.  — 
Impersonal  (with  person  as  object, 
cf.  "it  repenteth  him"),  pity,  feel 
compassion,  commiserate  :  te  lap- 
sorum  (you  pity  the  fallen). — 
Pass.,  as_dep.,  in  same  sense. 
miseresco,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -ere, 
[tmisere-  (of  misereo)  +  sco], 
3.  v.  n.,  pity,  have  compassion  on, 
take  pity  on. 

miseror,  -atus,  -ari,  [fmisero-], 
I.  v.  dep.,  pity,  have  compassion 
on,  take  pity  on. 

missilis,  -e,   [fmisso  +  lis],   adj., 
missile,  flying.  —  Neut.,  a  missile, 
a  weapon  (hurled). 
missus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  mitto. 
missus,  -us,  [v/mit  ( mitto) +tus], 

in.,  a  sending,  a  command. 
mist  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  misceo. 
mitesco,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,-escere, 
[finite-  (as  if  stem  of  miteo,  cf. 
mitis)  +  sco],  3.  v.  incept.,  grow 
mild,  soften,  become  gentle. 
mitlgo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fmiti- 
g6-  (tmiti-agus,  cf.  prodigus1), 


cf.   iiavigo],   i.  v.  a.,  soften,  ap- 
pease. 

mitis,  -e,  [  ?],  adj.,  mellow  (of  fruit 
or  wine),  soft,  ripe.  —  Also,  gentle, 
calm,  still. 

mitra,  -ae,  [Gr.  fin-pa],  f.,  a  cap  (of 
the  Phrygian  form,  with  lappets 
tied  under  the  chin). 
mitto,  misi,  missum,  mitterc, 
[?],  3.  v.  a.,  let  go  (cf.  omitto), 
dismiss,  suffer  to  go,  omit,  send  (\\\ 
any  direction),  despatch,  consign, 
send  forth,  throw,  shoot,  let  in,  ad- 
mit:  funera  Teucris  (spread 
among) ;  se  in  foedera  (submit 
to);  sub  leges  orbem  (subject 
to} ;  signa  Bootes  (give,  afford") ; 
se  (throw  one's  self,  descend} ; 
fulgura  (emit)  ;  alnus  missa 
Pado  (sent  down);  sub  amnem 
(admit  within);  animas  in  pe- 
ricula  (risk) ;  sub  pericula  (ex- 
pose to) ;  certamen  (dismiss.)  — 
Esp.  of  funeral  offerings :  sollem- 
nia,  offer  ;  quos  umbris  inferias, 
sacrifice. 

mi  \  t  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  misceo. 
Mnasylus,  -I,  [Greek],  in.,  a  young 

satyr. 

Mnestheus,  see  Menestheus. 
mobilis,  -e,  [fmovi-  (in  moveo, 
cf.  motus)  +  bilis],  adj.,  free  to 
move.  —  Fig.,  changeable,  varying, 
flexible,  pliable. 

mobilitas,  -tatis,  [fmobili-f  tas], 
f.,  freedom  of  motion,  swiftness, 
rapidity  of  motion. 
modo  [abl.  of  modus],  adv.,  (in  a 
measure  or  minute  portion,  of  time 
or  degree),  just  now,  lately,  a  lit- 
tle while  ago. —  Of  degree,  only, 
merely:  modo  non  (all  but,  at' 
most) .  —  Esp.,  with  hortatory  subj. 
or  similar  construction,  only,  pro- 
vided, so  long  as.  —  So  also  with 
dum,  tantum,  in  same  sense. 
modulor,  -atus,  -ari,  [fmodulo- 
(dim.  of  modus)],  I.  v.  dep.,  set 
to  measure,  sing,  play. 
modus,  -I,  [pern,  akin  to  metior, 
^/mod  (cf.  modlus)  +  us],  m.,  a 
measure,  a  note  (measured  inter- 


I78 


Vocabulary. 


val),  a  strain,  a  song  (in  plur.),  a 
limit,  a  bound,  an  end.  —  Hence 
also,  prescribed  method,  manner, 
way,  mode,  fashion,  form,  habit, _ 
law  (of  nature) . 

moenia,  -um  (-drum),  [stemmoe- 
ni-  (muni-),  akin  to  munus,  cf. 
eommimis,  orig.  assigned  parts 
or  tasks,  cf.  the  mode  of  building 
country  roads],  n.,  only  pi.,  walls, 
fortifications. — Less  exactly,  a  city, 
a  citadel. 

moereo,  see  maereo,  the  proper 
spelling. 

Moeris,  -is,  [?],  m.,  a  farm-servant. 

moerus,  see  mums. 

mola,  -ae,  [-y/mol-f  a,  cf.  molo], 
f.,  meal  (coarse-ground,  used  in 
sacrifices) . 

in olaris,  -is,  [fmola  +  ris],  m., 
(adj.,  of  meal,  sc.  lapis),  a  mill- 
stone. —  Less  exactly,  a  rock  (huge 
as  a  mill-stone). 

moles,  -is,  [?,  two  stems  in  -us  and 
-i],  f.,  a  mass,  bulk,  a  heap,  a 
weight,  a  mass  of  rocks  (or  other 
material),  size,  weight,  a  massive 
structure,  a  massive  pile,  a  huge 
frame,  a  burden,  massy  waves, 
mass  (array  of  men).  —  Esp.,  a 
wall,  a  dyke,  a  mole. — Fig.,  trouble, 
labor,  toil. 

molior,  -itus,  -Iri,  [fmoli-  (cf. 
moles)],  4.  v.  &&^.,pile  up,  heap, 
build{ff\\h  toil  or  difficulty) ,  frame, 
construct :  fugam  (undertake") ; 
terram  molitus  {turning  the 
massiveearth) ;  bipennem(W<?A/) ; 
insidias  {plot,  contrive}  ;  moram 
{cause} ;  talia  (undertake)  ;  la- 
\)orem{engage in} ;  viam {force} ; 
iter  (pursue) ;  locum  {fortify) ; 
habenas  {handle);  morbos  (send); 
labor  em  (undertake). 

mollio,  -Ivi,  -Itum,  -ire,  [fmolli-], 
4.  v.  a.,  soften.  —  Less  exactly,  im- 
prove,domesticate,  mellow  (of  fruits 
by  cultivation).  —  Fig.,  soothe, 
calm,  appease. 

mollis,  -e,  [?,  perh.  for  MARDUIS 
(cf.  tenuis),  -y/mar  (cf.  molo) 
+  du  (cf.  lacrima)],  adj.,  soft, 


tender,  mellow,  delicate,  pliant, 
flexible  :  aurum  {ductile) ;  pecus 
{tender, young) . — Y\g.,gentle,  easy, 
mild :  baud  mollia  iussa  {by  no 
means  easy,  cf.  immitis)  ;  flam- 
ma  {pleasing,  of  love) ;  Sabaei 
{effeminate} ;  umbra  {pleasant) ; 
collum  {submissive,  tractable) ; 
vina  {mellow)  ;  baud  mollia  fa- 
tu  {no  easy  things  to  say) ;  pilen- 
ta  {easy). 

molliter  [fmolli  +  ter,  (prob.  -te- 
rum,  reduced)],  adv.,  softly,  gent- 
ly :  excudent  alii  spirantia 
mollius  aera  (gracefully,  sofllv- 
Jlowing,  of  the  lines  in  art). 

mollitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  mollio. 

Molorchus,  -i,  [Gr.  Mo'\opx<>*]» 
m.,  the  entertainer  of  Hercules 
when  he  killed  the  Nemean  lion : 
luci  Molorchi  (of  the  haunt  of 
the  lion). 

Molossus,-a,-um,  [Gr.  MoXooWs], 
adj.,  of  the  Molossi  (a  nation  of 
Crete),  Molossian.  —  Masc.  (sc. 
canis),  a  Molossian  dog,  a  mastiff. 

moneo,  monui,  monitum,  mo- 
m-re, [-y/man  (cf.  memini), 
prob.  an  old  causative],  2.  v.  a., 
remind,  advise,  warn,  admonish, 
teach,  show,  suggest,  advise,  direct  : 
menstrua  luna  {forebode) . 

monile,  -is,  [unc.  stem  +  ilis],  n., 
a  necklace.  —  Less  exactly,  a  col- 
lar. 

moii  i  men  1  uiii,-.      m  on  11  men  I  ii  m. 

monitum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  moneo], 
n.,  a  warning,  advice,  a  command, 
a  precept,  an  admonition,  a  proph- 
ecy (divine  suggestion). 

monitus,  -us,  [fmoni-  (weaker 
stem  of  moneo)  -f  tus],  m.,  a 
suggestion,  a  warning,  advice, 
counsel,  a  command,  a  mandate. 

monitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  moneo. 

Monoecus,  -i,  [Gr.  MJj'owcos],  m., 
a  name  of  Hercules. — Also:  arx 
Monoeci,  a  town  in  Liguria  (now 
called  Monaco),  so  called  from  a 
legend  of  Hercules. 

iiions,  montis,  [y'man  (cf.  mi* 
neo)  +  tia  (reduced)],  m.,  a 


Vocabulary. 


179 


mountain,  a   hill.  —  Used    poeti- 
cally for  other  things,  as  in  Eng. 

monstrator,  -oris,  [fmonstra- 
(stem  of  inonstro)  +  tor,]  m., 
pointer-out:  aratri  (discoverer, 
inventor}. 

monstratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  mon- 
stro.  _ 

monstro,  -avf,  -Stum,  -are, 
[fmonstro-],  I.  v.  a.,  point  out, 
show.  —  Less  exactly,  appoint,  di- 
rect, impel,  teach,  command. 

monstrum,  -I,  [fmon  (as  root)  + 
trum  (the  s  is  of  doubtful  origin, 
cf.  lustrum)],  n.,  a  prodigy  (as 
an  indication  from  the  gods),  a 
marvel,  a  wonder,  a  portent,  a  por- 
tentous sight.  —  Less  exactly,  a 
hideous  creature,  a  monster,  a  pest, 
a  fiend,  vermin.  —  Also,  plur., 
spells  (dreadful  magic  arts). — 
Poetically,  of  the  sea. 

montanus,  -a,  -uin,  [fmont-  (re- 
duced stem  of  mons  i  -f  anus], 
adj.,  of  the  mountain,  mountain-. 

montosus,  -a,  -um,  [fmont-  (re- 
duced stem  of  mons)  +  osus], 
adj.,  mountainous.  —  Less  exactly, 
on  a  mountain,  high-perched. 

monument um  (moni-),  -I,  [fmo- 
ni-  (weaker  stem  of  inoneo)  + 
mentum],  n,.,  a  memorial,  a  sou- 
venir, a  monument,  a  record,  a 
relic,  a  reminder. 

Mopsus,  -I,  [Gr.  M<tyos],  m.,  a 
shepherd. 

mora,  -ac,  [prob.  akin  to  memor, 
•y/SMAR  +  a,  hesitation!],  f.,  delay, 
hesitation,  reluctance,  objection, 
loitering,  stay,  pause,  respite. — 
Concretely,  a  hindrance,  an  ob- 
stacle, a  defence :  pretium  morae 
(worth  the  time) ;  castigant  mo- 
ras (punish  the  laggards).  — 
Phrases  (cf.  derivation)  :  rumpe- 
re  moras,  break  off  delay  ;  prae-  • 
cipitare  moraa,  speed  without 
delay;  trahere  moras,  prolong 
delay. 

moral  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  moror. 

morbus,  -I,  [^/mor  (cf.  morior) 
-f  bus  (cf.  superbus,  turba)], 


m.,  sickness,  illness,  a  disease,  a 
malady,  a  disorder:  caeli  (an 
epidemic).  —  Personified,  plur., 
Diseases. 

mordeo,  momordi,  morsum, 
mordere,  [fmordo-  (cf.  mor- 
dosus,  inordicus)],  2.  v.  a.,  bite. 
—  Fig.,  clasp  (of  a  buckle). 

moribundus,-a,-um,  [as  if  fmori- 
(of  morior) +bundus,  prob.  fmo- 
ribon  +  dus,  cf.  rubicundus], 
ad  j . ,  dying,  in  the  agony  of  death .  — 
Less  exactly,  doomed  to  die,  mortal. 

Morini,  -drum,  [a  Celtic  word, 
akin  to  mare],  m.  plur.,  a  people 
of  Gaul,  in  the  extreme  west. 

morior,  mortuus  (moriturus), 
morl  (moriri),  [y'mor,  cf. 
mors],  3.  v.  dep.,  die,  be  slain, 
fall  (in  battle),  perish.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, wither,  die  (of  plants). — 
moriens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj.,  dying, 
failing.  —  Masc.  as  subst.,  a  dying 
man,  the  dying. 

moror,  -a (us,  -ari,  [fmora-],  i.  v. 
dep.,  delay,  linger,  loiter,  lag,  be 
detained,  be  delayed,  pause,  wait, 
be  hindered,  be  held  back,  stay, 
cling  to.  —  Act.,  slay,  retard,  hold 
back,  delay,  put  off,  stay  for.  — 
Also,  prolong.  —  With  negatives, 
care  for,  prize,  desire,  care. 

mors,  mortis,  [-^/mor  +  tis  (re- 
duced), cf.  morior],  f.,  death  : 
mortis  honos  (honors  due  to  death, 
burial}.  —  Plur.,  kinds  of  death. 
—  Less  exactly,  annihilation, 
death  (as  destruction  of  matter). — 
Personified,  Death  (as  an  object  of 
worship). 

inorsus,  -5s,  [mord-  (reduced  stem 
of  mordeo  as  root)  +  tus],  m., 
a  bile.  —  Often  rendered  in  Eng. 
by  jaws,  teeth,  fangs,  fluke  (of  an 
anchor).  —  Less  exactly,  clasp, 
hold  (of  wood). 

morl  a  I  is,  -e,  [fmort-  (shorter  stem 
of  mors)  +  alis],  adj.,  mortal, 
liable  to  death,  human,  of  man,  of 
a  mortal  man,  of  mortals. — Masc., 
a  mortal.  —  Neut.  plur.,  mortal 
affairs,  affairs  of  men. 


i8o 


Vocabulary. 


mortifer,  -era,  -erum,  [fmorti- 
ffer  (Vfer  +  us)],  adj.,  deadly, 
fatal. 

mortuus,  -a,  -um,  [-^mor+tuus], 
p.p.  of  morior. 

morns,  -I,  [Gr.  pApov],  f.,  a  mul- 
berry. 

mos,  moris,  [?],  m.,  a  manner,  a 
habit,  a  custom,  a  usage,  a  fashion, 
a  form,  a  rite,  an  institution  : 
caeli  {the  weather} ;  supra  mo- 
rem.  —  Plur.,  character,  habits.  — 
Also,  a  law,  a  precept,  a  rule,  re- 
straint, limit:  sine  more  (without 
restraint,  wildly);  pacis  (terms). 

moto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fmoto-], 
I .  v.  a.,  agitate,  move,  shake,  wave. 

motus,  p.p.  of  moveo. 

motus,  -us,  [fmovi-  (weaker  stem 
of  moveo)  +  tus],  m.,  motion,  a 
movement,  an  impulse,  a  shock, 
commotion:  pedum  (activity). — 
Esp.  (for  motus  terrae),  earth- 
quake. —  Fig.,  commotion,  disturb- 
ance, tumult.  —  Esp.  (for  motus 
animi),  emotion. 

moveO,  movi,  motum,  movere, 
[?],  2.  v.  a.  and  n.,  set  in  motion, 
move,  agitate,  shake,  stir,  brandish, 
disturb,  break  up,  plough  (of  the 
earth).  —  Esp.:  castra,  break 
camp,  march;  signa,  advance; 
pubem  portis,  set  in  motion.  — 
With  reflexive  or  in  pass.,  move, 
proceed.  —  Also,  remove,  change, 
disturb.  —  Fig.,  stir  up,  agitate, 
excite,  rouse,  disturb,  set  on  foot, 
cause,  revolve  (in  the  mind),  med- 
itate, intend,  begin,  disclose  (dis- 
turb what  is  quietly  concealed)  : 
arma  (prepare  for  fight) .  —  Also 
esp.,  influence,  affect,  attract,  move  : 
motus  tumultu  (struck  by) . 

mox  [?],  adv.,  presently,  soon,  here- 
after, later  on. 

mucro,  -onis,  [?],  m.,  the  edge,  the 
point  (of  a  sword,  &c.),  a  sword. 

mugio,  4.  v.  n.,  bellow,  roar. 
mugitus,  -us,  [fmugi-  (of  mugio) 
+  tus],  m.,  a  bellowing,  a  lowing. 
mulcatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  mulco. 
mulceo,  mulsi,  mulsum  (mulc- 


tum),  mulcere,  [akin  to  mul- 
geo],  2.  v.  n.,  stroke,  soften  (by 
stroking),  caress. — Fig.,  soothe, 
allay,  mollify,  assuage,  calm.  — 
Poetically :  aethera  cantu,  cheer, 
delight. 

Mulciber,  -bri,  [as  if  tmulci- 
(weaker  stem  of  mulceo)  +  her 
(perh.  fmulcibo  +  rus)],  m.,  a 
name  of  Vulcan  (the  softener  of 
iron). 

mulco,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [?,  perh. 
fr.  same  stem  as  mulceo],  i.  v.  a., 
beat,  bruise,  mangle. 

mulctra, -ae,  [fmulg  +  tra],  f.,  a 
milk-pail. 

mulctrale,  -Is,  [fmulctra  +  le  (n. 
of  -lis)],  n.,  a  milk-pail. 

mulctrarium,  -I  (-11),  [as  if 
fmulctra-  (reduced)  -f  arium],  n., 
a  milk-pail. 

mulgeo,  mulsi,  mulsum  (mulc- 
tum),  mulgere,  [-^/mulg,  akin 
to  mulceo  and  Gr.  cijueA/yw],  2.  v.  a., 
milk.  —  Of  the  effect,  wz7^(obtain 
by  milking). 

mullebris,  -e,  [fmulier  + bris  (cf. 
-ber,  -bruin),  cf.  Mulciber],  adj., 
womanly,  a  woman's,  of  a  woman. 

mulier,  -eris,  [?],  f.,  a  woman. 

in ult ;il  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  multo. 

multiplex,  -icis,  [fmulto-plex  (cf. 
duplex)],  adj.,  many  fold,  mani- 
fbU. 

multo  (mulcto),  -avi,  -atum, 
-are,  [fmulta-  (fine}~},  \.  v.  a., 
fine,  punish,  visit  (with  a  penalty) . 

multus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  cf.  mille, 
miles],  adj.,  many,  many  a,  much. 
—  Translated  by  numerous  words 
of  quantity,  size,  and  degree,  great, 
full,  numerous,  plentiful,  copious, 
thick,  loud,  a  great  deal  of,  heavy, 
constant.  —  Masc.  plur.,  many, 
many  men.  —  Fern,  plur.,  many, 
many  women.  —  Neut.  sing,  and 
plur.,  much,  many  things  (often 
with  a  defining  word  to  be  sup- 
plied from  the  context)  :  multuin 
est  (it  is  a  great  thing) ;  —  adver- 
bially, much,  greatly,  deeply,  loud- 
ly.—  Abl.  multo,  as  adv.,  much, 


Vocabulary. 


181 


a  great  deal,  far:  multo  ante 
(long  before). — Comparative  plus, 
[fple-  (cf.  pleo)  +  ius],  n., 
(plures,  pi  lira,  plur.),  more, 
greater,  more  numerous.  —  Also, 
many,  several,  much.  —  As  adv., 
more,  much.  — Superlative,  pluri- 
mus,  -a,  -um,  [fplus  +  imus], 
•very  much,  very  many,  very  large, 
very  great,  very  many  a  (cf.  mul- 
tus),  in  large  numbers,  very  deep, 
very  high,  very  thick,  and  the  like. 

mundus,  -I,  [translation  of  Gr.  K6<r- 
fjios,  lit.  well-ordered,  clean\,  m., 
the  universe,  the  luorld,  the  earth. 

munimen,  -inis,  [fmuni-  (of  mu- 
nlo)  +  men],  n.,  a  protection,  a 
defence. 

muniu,  -Ivi  (-11),  -Itum,  -ire, 
[fmuni-  (cf.  moenia)],  4.  v.  a., 
fortify,  protect. 

mu  mis  (moen-),  -eris,  [y'min  (cf. 
moenia,  communis),  strength- 
ened, +  us],  n.,  (distributive 
share  ?),  office,  duty,  function.  — 
Also,  an  honor,  a  dignity. — a  rile, 
a  religious  service,  a  sacrifice,  an 
offering.  —  Less  exactly,  a  gift,  a 
favor,  a  boon,  a  prize,  a  present,  a 
service:  haec  ipsa  ad  mime r a 
(for  this  purpose) . 

in  n  [iiisciiluiii,  -1,  [fmunus  +  cu- 
lum],  n.,  a  little  gift,  a  modest  gift. 

muralis,  -e,  [fmuro-  (reduced)  + 
alia],  adj.,  of  (for)  walls:  tor- 
mentum  (battering-engine). 

mi! rex,  -icis,  [?],  m.,  a  shell-fish 
(used  for  dyeing  purple) .  —  Less 
exactly,  a  jagged  rock.  —  Also, 
purple  dye,  purple. 

murmur,  -uris,  [unc.  root  redupl.], 
n.,  a  murmur,  a  whisper,  mur- 
muring, a  humming,  a  muttering 
(of  thunder) . 

murmuro,  -iivi,  -iitum,  -are, 
[tmunnur-],  I.  v.  n.,  murmur. 

murra  (myrrha),  -ae,  [Gr.jtuJp^a], 
f.,  myrrh  (a  gum  as  a  perfume). 

Murranus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a  Latin. 

mums  (moer-),-i,  [perh.  remotely 
akin  to  moenia],  m.,  a  wall  (less 
general  than  moenia). 


mus,  muris,  [akin  to  Gr.  uv*  and 
Sk.  mush,  steal~\,  comm.,  a  mouse. 

Musa,  -ae,  [Gr.  /j.ov<ra],  f.,  a  muse. 
—  Also  (cf.  Ceres,  grain),  a  song, 
a  lay,  verses. 

Musaeus,  -I,  [Gr.  Mowratos],  m.,  a 
pre-IIomeric  Athenian  bard  and 
musician. 

muscosus,  -a,  -um,  [fmusco-  (re« 
cluced)  +  OSU8],  adj.,  mossy. 

muscus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  moss. 

musso,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [perh. 
akin  to  mutus],  i.  v.  n.,  murmur, 
mutter  (with  compressed  lips), 
hesitate,  hum  (of  bees),  low  u<ilh 
fear  (of  cattle). 

must  um,  -i,[  ?],  n.,  new  -vine,  must. 

mutabilis,  -e,  [fmuta-  (of  muto) 
+  bills],  adj.,  changeful,  change- 
able, fickle,  inconstant,  changing. 

mu  tat  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  muto. 

muto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [perh. 
fmuto-  (for  movito-),  cf.  moveo, 
and  mutuus],  I.  v.  a.,  change, 
alter,  transform,  exchange,  remove 
(change  place):  vellera  luto  (dye, 
change  the  color)  ;  mutata  flu- 
mina  (reversed).  —  Esp.  of  traffic. 
exchange,  barter,  sell,  buy. 

mutus,  -a,  -um,[  -^/mu  (cf.  musso, 
muttlo)  +tus]  ,  adj.,  dumb,  speech- 
less, mute,  silent. 

Mutusca,  -ae,  f.,  a  Sabine  town. 

mutuus,  -a,  -um,  [akin  to  muto, 
cf.  mortuus],  adj.,  exchanged, 
reciprocal,  mutual,  on  both  sides 
(reciprocally).  —  Phrase:  per  mu- 
tua,  with  each  other,  mutually. 

Mycenaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr. 


ya<bf],adj.,  of  Mycene,  Mycenaan. 
31ycene,  -es  (-ae,  -Srum;  -a,  -ae), 

[Gr.    Mvxrivai,  -TJ],  f.,  the  city  of 

Agamemnon  in  Greece.  —  Less  ex- 

actly, Greece. 
Mycon,  see  Mlcon. 
Myconos  (-us),  -I,  [Gr.  Mwcovoi], 

f.,  one  of  the  Cyclades.    Also  read 

Mycone,  -es. 
Mygdonldes,  -ae,[Gr.  patronymic], 

m.,  son  of  Mysrdon. 
myrica,  -ae,   [Gr.  /j.vpix>)],  f.,  the 

tamarisk  (a  shrub). 


182 


Vocabulary. 


My r mi<Ioiies,  -um,  [Gr.  Mup/uiSJ- 
i/er],  m.  plur.,  a  tribe  of  Thessaly, 
subjects  of  Achilles. 

myrrha,  see  murra,  the  more  cor- 
rect spelling. 

myrtetum  (mur-),  -I,  [tmyrto- 
(reduced)  +  etum],  n.,  a  myrtle 
grove. 

myrteus,  -a,  -um,  [tmyrto-  (re- 
duced) +  eus],  adj.,  of  myrtle. 

myrtum,  -I,  [Gr.  JUNTOS],  n.,  a 
myrtle  berry. 


myrtus,  -i  (also,  -us),  [Gr.  yuupror], 
f.,  a  myrtle  tree,  n  myrtle.  —  Less 
exactly,  myrtle  (leaves),  a  myrtle 
staff.  —  Collectively,  myrtles. 

Mysius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  MI/O-IOS],  adj., 
of  Mysia  (a  district  of  Asia  Mi- 
nor), Mysian.  —  Fern.,  Mysia  (the 
country) . 

mysticus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  fj.van>c6i\, 
adj.,  mystic,  mystical. 

Mysus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Mu<ros~],  adj., 
Mysian,  of  Mysia. 


nactus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  nan- 
ciscor. 

Nais,  -idos,  [Gr.  Ha.is~\,f.,aNaiad, 
a  water-nymph. 

nam  [pron.  \/na,  in  ace.  fern.  (?), 
cf.  tarn,  quam],  conj.,  (explana- 
tory of  a  preceding  statement), 
for.  —  Also  with  interrogatives 
(usually  appended  as  one  word, 
but  sometimes  preceding  or  sepa- 
rated), making  the  question  em- 
phatic, pray,  now,  'why,  tell  me, 
indeed :  quaenam  vos  fortnna 
implicuit  {pray  what  ?*) ;  quis 
est  nam  Indus  in  undis  (what 
sport  can  there  be  ?) ;  nam  quis 
te  iussit  (why,  who,  &c.). 

namque  [nam-que,  cf.  etenim], 
conj.,  (stronger  than  nam),  for 
surely,  for  mind  you,  for  I  say, 
for  no  doubt,  for  in  fact.  —  Also, 
assuredly,  Pin  sure. 

nanciscor,  nactus  (nanctus), 
nancisci,  [-y/nac],  3.  v.  dep.,  get, 
find,  light  upon,  catch :  ver  (be 
favored  with} . 

napaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  i/avaib?], 
adj.,  of  the  dell.  —  Plur.  fern.,  the 
wood-nymphs. 

Nar,  -aris,  [?],  m.,  a  tributary  of 
the  Tiber. 

narcissus,  -I,  [Gr.  vapi<iffffos~\,  m., 
tht  narcissus. 

nares,  -ium,  [fnasi-,  akin  to 
fnaso-],  f,  tht  nostrils,  the  nose. 

narro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [for 
gnarigo(old),tgnarigo-(tgnar6- 


fagus,  cf.  prodlgus)],  i.  v.  a., 

tell,  relate,  recount. 

Narycius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  NO/WKIOS], 
adj.,  of  Narycium  (a  city  of  the 
Locri  on  the  Euboean  Sea,  the 
birthplace  of  Ajax  Oileus ;  also 
another  city  of  the  same  name  in 
Bruttium),  Narycian. 

nascor,  natus,  nasci,  [-v/gna  + 
sco],  3.  v.  n.,  be  born.  — Less  ex- 
actly, spring  ttp,  arise,  grow. — 
Fig.,  begin,  spring  up,  arise,  suc- 
ceed. —  nascens,  -entis,  p.  as 
adj.,  new-born,  at  birth,  growing, 
early:  ortus  (rising  dawii). — 
Plur.  as  subst.,  the  young  (of  ani- 
mals). —  natus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 
subst.,  son,  daughter,  offspring,  a 
young  one  (according  to  the  con- 
text). 

iiata  (gna-),  see  nascor. 

natalis,  -e,  [fnato-  (reduced)  + 
alis],  adj.,  of  birth. —  Masc.,  (sc. 
dies),  birthday. 

nato,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fnato- 
(p.p.  of  n§)],  i.v.  n., swim, float. — 
Less  exactly,  be  submerged,  swim, 
•be  flooded.  —  natans,  -ant is,  p.  as 
adj.,  swimming,  floating,  waving 
(of  grain).  —  Neut.  plur.,  fish. — 
So  also  (as  in  English)  :  lumina 
(swimming). 

iiatu  (only  in  abl.),  [x/gna+  tusj, 
m.,  by  birth.  —  Regularly  used  to 
define  maior  and  maximus, 
older,  eldest. 

natura,   -ae,    [fnatu  +  ra   (f.  of 


Vocabulary. 


183 


-rus),  cf.  figura],  f.,  birth.  — 
Fig.,  nature,  character  (innate), 
disposition,  quality  :  natura  loci 
{position  of  the  ground) .  —  Also, 
the  power  of  growth,  nature  (natu- 
ral phenomena). 

natus  (gna-),  see  nascor. 

naufragus,  see  navifragus. 

nanta,  -ae,  [prob.  borrowed  fr.  Gr. 
vavHjs],  (also  navita),  [perhaps 
original  fr.  fnavi-,  or  worked  over 
bypopular  etymology], m. , a  sailor, 
a  seaman,  a  mariner,  a  boatman, 
a  ferry-man. 

Nautes,  -is,  [?],  m.,  a  Trojan,  com- 
panion of  Tineas. 

nauticus,  -a,  -um,[tnauta- (weak- 
ened) +  cus],  adj.,  of  sailors  : 
clamor  (of  the  sailors) ;  pinus 
(manned by  seamen). 

naval  is,  -e,  [fnav-  (earlier  form?) 
+  alia],  adj.,  of  ships,  naval,  nau- 
tical:  corona  (made  in  form  of 
beaks  of  ships,  the  honor  of  a 
naval  engagement).  —  Neut.  plur., 
(sc.  castra),  ship-yards,  docks; 
also?  (as  subst.),  ship  stores,  ma- 
terials, rigging. 

navifragus,  -a,  -urn,  [fnavi-fra- 
gus  ( .y/frag  +  us,  cf.  frango)], 
adj.,  wrecking  ships,  dangerous.  — 
—  Pass.,  shipwrecked. 

navigium,  -1  (-11),  [fnavigo-  (see 
navigo)  reduced  +  ium],  n.,  a 
boat,  a  vessel,  a  ship. 

navigo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fna- 
vigo-  (fnavi-agus,  cf.  prodl- 
gus)],  I.  v.  n.,  sail,  set  sail,  em- 
bark. —  With  cognate  ace.,  sail 
upon,  navigate,  traverse. 

mi  vis,  -Is,  [  Y/nu  (strengthened)  as 
stem,  with  added  -i,  cf.  i/aCs],  f.,  a 
ship,  a  boat,  a  vessel,  a  Jleet  (in 
plural). 

navita,  see  nauta. 

Naxus  (-os),  -I,  [Gr.  Nt£{oy],  f.,  one 
of  the  Cyclades. 

ne  (ni),[unc.  case-form, pron.  -v/na]> 
adv.  (only  in  special  forms  of 
speech),  no,  not.  — With  quidem, 
not  even,  not  either.  —  With  dum 
and  dummodo  (cf.  modo  ne), 


so  long  as  not,  provided  not.  — 
With  other  particles  requiring  the 
subjunctive,  ut,  utinam.  —  In 
composition, cf.  neque,  nemo,etc. 
— In  hortatory  forms  of  speech : 
ne  crede  colori. —  Conj.,  with  sub- 
junctive (orig.  the  adverb  with  hor- 
tatory forms),  that  not,  that  no, 
&c.,  lest,  not  to. —  With  verbs  of 
feanng  (perh.  hortatory  in  origin), 
that  lest. 

-ne  (n')  [prob.  same  word  as  ne, 
cf.  -ne  in  sense  of  nonne],  en- 
clitic interrogative,  whether  (but 
usually  omitted  in  Eng.  in  direct 
questions).  —  Also  in  double  ques- 
tions in  second  place,  or.  —  Also, 
=  nonne,  whether  not,  is  not,  do 
not,  &c. 

Neaera,  -ae,  [Gr.  Neoipa],  f.,  a 
rustic  maid. 

Nealces,  -ae,  [Gr.],  m.,  a  Trojan. 

nebula,  -ae,  [stem  akin  to  nubes 
+  la],  f.,  a  mist,  a  fog,  a  cloud. 

nee  (neque) ,  [ne  (shortened)  -que] , 
conj.,  and  not,  neither,  nor,  and 
yet  not.  —  With  et,  not .  .  .  and, 
not .  .  .  and  yet,  not  .  .  .  but.  — 
nee  non  (et),  and  also,  nor  less, 
so  too,  then  too,  as  well. 

necdum,  see  nee  and  dum. 

necesse  (-um,  -us,  -is),  [petrified 
case-form  of  unc.  origin],  adj.  and 
adv.,  necessary,  fated,  required. — 
With  est,  it  is  necessary,  it  must 
be  that,  one  cannot  but. 

neco,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fnec- 
(of  nex)],  i.  v.  a.,  kill,  put  to 
death. 

nectar,  -arts,  [Gr.  vtKrap],  n., 
nectar  (the  drink  of  the  gods).  — 
Less  exactly,  of  other  drinks. 

nee to,  nexui,  nexum,  nectere, 
[  -y/nec,  cf.  plecto],  3.  v.  a.,  bind, 
tie,  twine.  —  Of  the  effect,  tie 
(make  by  tying),  twine.  —  Fig., 
spin  out,  frame,  weave.  —  With 
change  of  point  of  view  (cf.  clr- 
cumdo),  encircle,  twine  with.  — 
nexus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
close-twined,  clinging. 

nefandus,    -a,    -um,    [ne    (short- 


1 84 


Vocabulary. 


ened)  -fandus  (see  for)],  adj., 
unspeakable  (cf.  iiifaiulus),  hor- 
rible, accursed,  impious,  criminal 
(cf.  nefas),  godless  :  gens ;  enses ; 
odia  (unutterable).  —  Neut.  as 
subst.,  crime,  -wrong. 

nefas  [ne  (shortened)  -fas],  n.  in- 
decl.,  impiety, -wrong,  crime,  sacri- 
lege, an  impious  deed :  nefas  dic- 
ta (horrible  to  tell).  —  With  est 
(often  omitted),  it  is  impious  (a 
crime,  wrong,  &c.).  —  Concretely, 
an  impious  creature,  a  curse,  a 
tale  of  crime.  —  In  a  kind  of  appo- 
sition as  an  exclamation,  oh  hor- 
ror !  (cf.  infandum) . 

nego,  -avi,  -a  turn,  -are,  [?,  perh. 
ne-aio,  in  its  earlier  form,  through 
noun-stem],  I.  v.  n.  and  a.,  (say 
no),  say  .  .  .  not,  deny,  say  that 
no,  &c.  —  Also,  refuse,  deny  (one 
anything),  decline. 

Xemea,  -ae,  [Gr.  Nejie'rj],  f.,  a  city 
of  Argolis,  near  which  Hercules 
killed  the  Nemean  lion. 

nemo,  -inis,  [ne-homo  (hemo)], 
m.,  no  man,  no  one,  nobody.  Al- 
most degenerated  into  a  pronoun. 

nemorosus,  -a,  -urn,  [fnemor  -f 
osus],  adj.,  woody,  well-wooded. 

nempe  [nam-pe,  of  unc.  orig.,  perh. 
dialectic  form  of  que,  cf.  quippe], 
conj.,  no  doubt,  surely,  certainly. 
—  Also  in  answer  to  a  question  or 
statement,  that  is  to  say,  why  !  in 
sooth. 

nemus,  -oris,  [-y/nem  (cf.  nume- 
rus,  Gr.  v6p.os,  r^M»)J,  n.,  (as- 
signed grazing-ground),  a  wooded 
pasture.  —  Less  exactly,  a  grove,  a 
forest,  a  vineyard(cf.  arbustum). 

ileo,  nevi,  netum,  nere,  [Vne> 
cf.  Gr.  vyQai],  2.  v.  a.,  spin.  — Less 
exactly,  weave,  interweave. 

Neoptolemus,  -i,  [Gr.  Neoirr<$Ae- 
/ioy],  m.,  a  name  of  Pyrrhus,  the 
son  of  Achilles. 

nepos,  -otls,  [?],  m.,  a  grandson,  a 
nephew.  —  Less  exactly  (in  plur.), 
descendants,  progeny,  offspring, 
posterity. 

Neptanius,  -a,  -um,  [fNeptund- 


(reduced)  +  ius],  adj.,  of  Nep- 
tune :  Troia  (built  by  Neptune} . 

Neptunus,  -I,  [fneptu-,  akin  to 
Eng.  naphtha  (a  Persian  word)  + 
nus,  cf.  Fortuna,  Portunus], 
m.,  the  god  of  the  sea,  brother  of 
Jove  and  Pluto.  —  Also  (cf.  Ceres, 
grain),  the  sea. 

neque,  see  nee. 

neque<5,  -quivi  J>ii),  -quitum, 
-quire,  [ne-queo],  4.  v.  irr.,  can- 
not, not  be  able,  be  unable. 

nequicquam  (-quidquam),  see 
nequiquam,  the  spelling  now  in 
vogue. 

nequiquam  (nequic-,  nequid-, 
prob.  both  forms  of  diff.  orig.  were 
once  in  use),  [ne-quiquam  (quid 
quam,  cf.  quisquam)],  adv., 
(not  in  any  manner),  in  -vain, 
uselessly,  to  no  purpose,  without 
effect,  -without  reason. 

ne  qjiis,  etc. ;   see  ne  and  quis,  etc. 

Nereis,  -idis,  [Gr.  Nrjpefs,  f.  patro- 
nymic of  Nereus],  f.,  a  daughter  of 
Nereus,  a  Nereid,  a  sea-nymph. 

Nereius,  -a,  -um,  [fNereu-  (re- 
duced) +  ius],  adj.,  of  Nereus, 
child  of  Nereus. 

Nereus,  -ei,  [Gr.  N7?pevs],m.,  a  sea- 
god,  father  of  the  Nereids.  —  Less 
exactly,  the  sea,  the  water. 

Nerine,  -es,  [Gr.  NTJ/H'J/TJ],  f.,  daugh- 
ter of  Nereus,  a  Nereid. 

Neritos,  -i,  [Gr.  N^piros],  f.,  a 
mountain  of  the  island  of  Ithaca. 

Nersae,  -arum,  [?],  f.  plur.,  a  city 
of  the  ^Jqui  (sometimes  read  Nur- 
sae,  which  see). 

nervus,  -i,  [  -^SNAR  -f  vus,  cf.  Gr. 
vfvpov,  Eng.  snare~\,  m.,  a  sinew, 
a  tendon.  —  From  the  original  ma- 
terial, a  bowstring,  a  string. 

Nesaee,  -es,  [Gr.  N^o-oh?],  f.,  a  sea- 
nymph. 

nescio,  -ivi  (-11),  -itum,  -ire,  [ne- 
scio],  4.  v.  a.,  not  know,  knmu  not, 
be  ignorant,  be  unaware,  be  unac- 
quainted with  :  nescit  quis  aras 
(has  not  heard  of) ;  puellae  hie- 
mem  (learn  to  know) .  —  Also, 
not  know  ho-w  to,  be  unable  to.  — 


Vocabulary. 


185 


nescio  quis,  some  one  or  other, 
some  one  I  know  not  who,  some  one, 
some. 

nescius,  -a,  -um,  [ne-scius,  cf. 
conscius,  inscius],  adj.,  not 
knowing,  ignorant,  unaware,  in 
ignorance,  untaught  (cf.  nescio), 
unable  to.  —  With  negative,  well 
aware,  well  taught,  not  without 
knowledge,  not  in  ignorance. 

neu,  see  neve. 

neve  (neu),  [ne-ve],  conj.,  or  not, 
and  not.  —  The  regular  connective 
with  ne,  and  so  equivalent  to  ne- 
que  in  clauses  which  require  ne. 

nex,  necis,  [y'nec  as  stem  (cf. 
pernicies,  noceo)],  f.,  death, 
slaughter. 

nexo,  nexui,  no  sup.,  nexare, 
[fnexo-],  I.  v.  a.,  twine,  bind. 

nexus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  necto. 

ni,  see  ne. 

ni  [prob.  same  word  as  ne,  used  in 
concessive  clauses],  conj.,  (equal 
to  nisi),  if  not,  unless. 

nidor,  -oris,  [unc.  root  +  or,  cf. 
Gr.  Ktntrd],  in.,  odor  (of  burnt  flesh 
in  sacrifice) .  —  Less  exactly,  odor 
(of  any  kind). 

nidus,  -i,  [?],  in.,  a  nest.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, young  (of  birds  in  a  nest), 
cells  (of  bees) . 

niger,  -gra,  -grum,  [?],  adj.,  black 
(opp.  to  candidus,  cf.  ater,  opp. 
to  albus),  dark,  dusky,  swarthy, 
gloomy,  blackened. 

nlgresco,  nigrui,  no  sup.,  nigres- 
cere,  [fnigre-  (of  nigreo)+  sco], 
3.  v.  incept.,  blacken,  grow  black, 
turn  black. 

nigro,  -avi,  -atum,  -fire,  [  fnigrS-] , 
I.  v.n.,i>e  black. — nigrans,-antis, 
p.  as  adj.,  black,  dark. 

niliil  niliiliim,  nil),  [ne-hilum 
(a  spot!,  a  trifle),  cf.  not,  ne  pas'], 
n.  indecl.,  nothing.  —  As  adv.,  not 
at  all,  not  in  the  least,  not  a  whit, 
not.  —  With  partitives,  no,  none. 

nil,  see  nihil. 

Nilus,  -i,  [Gr.  N«Aos],  m.,  the  Nile, 
the  famous  river  of  Egypt. 

aimbusus,  -a,  -um,  [fmmbd-  (re- 


duced) -f  osus],  adj.,  cloudy,  cloud- 
capped,  stormy  (bringing  storms) . 

nimbus,  -i,  [perh.  akin  to  nubes], 
m.,  a  storm-cloud,  a  cloud,  a  dark 
cloud,  a  storm,  a  tempest,  rain.  — 
Also,  a  bright  cloud  (enclosing  the 
gods).  —  I'ig.,  a  cloud,  a  great 
number,  a  swarm. 

nimirum  [ne-mirum,  no  wonder], 
adv.,  doubtless,  no  doubt,  surely. 

nimis  [?],  adv.,  too  much,  too,  over 
mtich  :  nota  (too  well  known). 

nimius,  -a,  -um,  [akin  to  nimis], 
adj.,  too  much,  excessive,  too  great, 
immoderate.  —  Without  idea  of 
excess,  very,  exceedingly.  —  Neut. 
as  subst.,  too  much.  —  Neut.  as  adv., 
loo,  too  much,  all  loo;  —  also,  very, 
most  indeed. 

ningo,  ninxi,  no  sup.,  ningere, 
[•y/nig,  cf.  nix],  3.  v.  n.,  snow.  — 
Usually  impersonal,  it  snows. 

Niphates,  -ae,  [Gr.  NH^TTJS],  m., 
a  high  snowy  mountain  in  Arme- 
nia. —  Less  exactly,  for  the  people 
near  it. 

Niphaeus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a  Rutulian. 

Nisa,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  rustic  maiden. 

Nisaee,-es,  [  ?],  f.,  a  sea-nymph  (see 
also  Nesaee). 

nisi  [ne-si],conj.,  unless,  if  not,  ex- 
cept :  nisi  fata  locum  dedissent 
(had  nol,&.c.). 

Nisus,  -i,  [Gr.  NiVoj],  m. :  I.  A 
king  of  Megaris,  betrayed  by  his 
daughter  Scyllaa  and  robbed  of  a 
fatal  hair  upon  which  his  life  de- 
pended. He  was  changed  into  a 
hawk ;  2.  A  Trojan  who,  with  his 
companion  Euryalus,  was  slain  in 
attempting  to  pass  the  enemy's 
lines. 

nisus,  -us,  f  Y/nit -4- tus],  m.,  an 
ejfort :  rapidus  (flight,  plunge} ; 
idem  (position,  poise). 

niteo,  (nitui,  referred  to  nitesco), 
no  sup.,  nite"re,  £?],  2.  v.  n.,shine, 
glisten,  sparkle.  —  nitens,  -entls, 
p.  as  adj.,  shining,  bright,  sparkling, 
sleek  (in  good  condition),  well- 
tilled  (cf.  Eng.  foul),  bright,  flour- 
ishing. 


186 


Vocabulary. 


nitesco,  nitul,  no  sup.,  nltescere, 
[fnite-  (cf.  niteo)  +  sco],  3.  v.  n., 
shine. 

n  Hid  us,  -a,  -uiu,  [adj.  stem  fr.  wh. 
niteo  +  dus],  adj.,  bright,  shin- 
ing, blooming,  sleek. 

nitor,  nisus  (nlxus),  niti,  [poss. 
for  gnitor,  from  fgenu  or  some 
stem  akin],  3.  v.  dep.,  lean  against, 
brace  against,  struggle,  strive,  rest 
on,  lean  on,  step  on,  climb,  climb 
up:  paribus  alls  (be  poised  on). 

nitrum,  -i,  [Gr.  virpov],  n.,  soda  (a 
mineral  alkali,  properly  carbonate 
of  soda,  used  for  potash  by  the  an- 
cients). 

nivalis,  -e,  [fniv-  (nix)  +  alls], 
adj.,  snowy,  snow-clad.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, snowy-white,  snoivy. 

niveus,  -a,  -um,  [fniv  +  eus],  adj., 
of  snow,  snowy  ;  —  snowy-white, 
pure  white. 

nix,  nivis,  [-v/nig~  (as  stem),  cf. 
ningo],  f.,  snow. 

nixus,  -a,  -uiu,  p.p.  of  nitor. 

iiixus,  -us,  [some  form  of  -^/nit  + 
tus],  m.,  an  effort,labor  (of  travail). 

no,  navl,  no  sup.,  nare,  [cf.  Gr. 
veto],  I.  v.  n.,  swim.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, float,  sail,  fly. 

nobilis,  -e,  [ VSno  (cf-  nosco)  + 
bills],  f.,  well~kn<rwn,  famous. 

nobilitas,  -tatis,  [fnobili-t-  tas], 
f.,  high  birth,  illustrious  origin. 

noceo,  nocui,  nocitum,  nocere, 
[adj.stemin-6,  cf.  nocuus  ( y'nec, 
cf.  pernicies)],  2.  v.  n.,  do  mis- 
chief, be  hurtful,  be  injuriotis,  in- 
jure, harm,  do  harm  :  baud  ig- 
nara  nocendi  (of  mischief). — 
nocens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj.,  harm- 
ful, pernicious. 

noctivagus,  -a,  -um,  [fnocti-  (un- 
reduced stem  of  nox)  +  vagus], 
adj.,  night-roving. 

noctua,  -ae,  [fnoctu  +  a  (f.  of 
us),  bird  of  nighf\,  f.,  an  owl. 

nocturnus,  -a,  -um,  [tnoctu-  (as 
if  noctus,  cf.  diurnus)  +  nus], 
adj.,  of  the  night,  nocturnal,  night- 
ly.—  Often  rendered  as  if  an  ad- 
verb, by  night,  in  the  night. 


nodo,  -avi,  -at  um,  -Sre,  [fnod6-], 
I.  v.  a.,  knot,  tie  up,  bind  in  a  knot. 

nodus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a  knot  (of  a 
cord,  &c.,  or  of  a  branch),  an  eye 
(of  a  plant),  a  fold  (of  a  serpent), 
a  clasp  (of  the  arms)  :  pugnae 
nodum  moramque  (the  centre  and 
bulwark). 

Noemon,  -onis,  [?],  m.,  a  Trojan. 

Nomas,  -adis,  [Gr.  Nonas'],  m.,  a 
Nomad  (one  of  a  wandering,  pas- 
toral people).  —  Plur.,  the  Numid- 
ians. 

nomen,  -inis,  [VSno  (c^-  nosco) 
+  men],  n.,  a  name,  a  word.  — 
As  in  Eng.,  a  hero  (cf.  "great 
names"'),  a  family,  a  race.  —  Fig., 
renown,  name,  glory,  distinction, 
reputation. 

Nomentum,  -I,  [?],  n.,  a  Sabine 
city. 

non  (old  noenum),  [ne-unum,  cf. 
"  nought,'"  "  not"],  adv.,  no,  not. 

noml  n  m,  see  i!  n  in . 

nonne,  see  non  and  ne. 

IK  m  M  n  II  us,  -a, -um,  [non-nullus] , 
adj.  (aspron.),  some,  some  or  other. 

nouns,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  stem  (of 
novem)  +  nus],  adj.,  the  ninth. 

Noricus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  of 
Noricum  (a  mountainous  country 
north  of  the  Alps,  west  of  Panno- 
nia,  and  south  of  the  Danube), 
Nor  i  can. 

nos,  plur.  of  ego,  which  see. 

nosco,  novi,  notum,  noscerc, 
[ -y/gno  (cf.  know)  +  sco],  3.  v.  a., 
learn,  recognize, —  (in  perf.,  &c.), 
know  (a  thing,  cf.  scio,  know  a 
fact),  be  acquainted  with,  be  sensi- 
ble of,  experience. —  Less  exactly, 
knnv  (a  fact,  like  scio) .  —  notus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  well  known, 
familiar,  wonted,  usual,  custom- 
ary,habitual; — -famous, renowned, 
famed  :  notum  quid  femina  pos- 
sit  (the  knowledge,  &c.). 

noster,  -tra,  -trum,  [nos  (as  stem) 
+  terus  (reduced),  cf.  uter],  adj. 
pron.,  our,  my,  of  us,  of  me,  in  my 
power.  —  Also,  favorable  (to  us), 
prosperous. — As  subst.  (in  plur.)v 


Vocabulary. 


187 


our  (my)  friends  (countrymen, 
&c.). 

nota,  -ae,  [ -^^0+  ta],  f.,  a  mark, 
a  sign.  —  Less  exactly,  a  spot,  a 
scar,  a  mark  (of  wounds). 

not h us,  -I,  [Gr.  v66os~],  m.,  an  ille- 
gitimate son,  a  bastard.  —  Of  ani- 
mals, a  mongrel,  a  cross-breed. 

noto,  -avi,  -a tu in,  -are,  [fnota-], 
I.  v.  a.,  mark.  —  Of  the  effect, 
mark  down,  inscribe.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, mark,  observe,  notice. 

Notus,  -i,  [Gr.  N<{TOJ],  m.,  the  South 
Wind.  —  Less  exactly,  the  wind. 

notus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  nosco. 

novalis,  -e,  [fnovo-  (reduced)  + 
alls],  adj.,  (new).  —  Fern.,  (sc. 
terra),  fallow  land(\&{\.  to  be  re- 
newed by  lying).  —  Neut.,  fallow 
land,  (less  exactly)  fields  (culti- 
vated) . 

iiovellus,  -a,  -urn,  [fnovo-  (re- 
duced) +  ellus,  as  if  fnovulo  + 
lus],  adj.,  young,  tender,  new. 

novcni  [unc.  case-form  petrified,  cf. 
Gr.  Ivvfci,  Eng.  nine'],  indecl.  adj., 
nine. 

noverca,  -ae,  [?,  akin  to  novus], 
f.,  a  stepmother. 

noviens  (-ies),  [stem  of  novem, 
with  unc.  term.],  num.  adv.,  nine 
times. 

no  vitas,  -tatis,  [fnovo-  (weak- 
ened) +  tas],  f.,  newness:  regni 
(infancy'). 

novo, -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fnovo-], 
I.  v.  a.,  renew,  make  new,  repair, 
refit,  repeat. — Fig.,  change  :  fidem 
(break). 

novus,  -a,  -uin,  [akin  to  Gr.  vcos], 
adj.,  new,  fresh,  strange,  young: 
ver  (new,early} ;  sol  (new  risen}; 
soles  (of  early  spring) .  —  novis- 
simus,  -a,  -um,  superl.,  newest, 
latest,  last,  rear. 

nox,  noctis,  [perh.  ^/noc  (cf.  no- 
ceo)  +  tis  (reduced),  cf.  Gr.  v\i^, 
Eng.  night],  f.,  night,  darkness, 
the  influence  of  night. —  Personi- 
fied, Night. 

noxa,  -ae,  [y'noc -f  ta  (?)],  f., 
(harni),  a  fault,  guilt. 


noxlus,  -a,  -um,  [fnoxa- (reduced) 

+  ius],  adj.,  harmful,  guilty. 

nubes,  -Is,  [  -y/nub-  (cf.  nubo)  + 
es  (and -is)],  f.,  a  cloud. —  Fig., 
a  cloud,  a  swarm  :  facia  nube 
(gathering  like  a  cloud,  of  birds)  ; 
belli  (storm-cloud}.  —  Also,  the 
region  of  clouds,  the  clouds,  the 
heavens. 

nubigena,  -ae,[fnubi-(see  nubes) 
-gena  (  v/gen  +  a,  cf.  Graiuge- 
na)],  m.,  cloud-born,  a  centaur,  a 
cloud-born  monster. 

IHI !>i la,  -orum,  [fnubi-  (see  nu- 
bes) +  la  (n.  plur.  of  lus)],  n., 
prop,  adj.,  the  clouds,  the  region  of 
clouds. 

nubilis,  -e,  [fnubo-  (cf.  pronuba, 
ro  nu  bin  m)  +  lis],  adj.,  mar- 
riageable, 

nudatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  nudo. 

nudo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fnudo-], 
I.  v.  a.,  strip,  make  bare,  lay  bare, 
bare,  uncover.  —  nudatus,  -», 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  bared,  stripped, 
naked,  uncovered. 

nudus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  for  tnug- 
dus,  cf.  Eng.  naked],  adj.,  naked, 
bare,  uncovered,  stripped,  exposed, 
defenceless  :  aetheris  axis  (open); 
ensis  (alone).  —  Less  exactly,  in 
a  single  garment  (without  an  outer 
garment),  uncloaked. 

null  us,  -a,  -um,  [ne-ullus],  adj , 
no,  none: non  nullis  oculis  (with- 
out regard}.  —  Masc.  and  fern., 
none,  no  one,  nobody.  —  nonnul- 
lus,  -a,  -um,  some,  some  one. 

num  [pron.  v^na,  ace.,  cf.  turn, 
cum,  dum],  conj.,  interrog., 
whether  (often  not  expressed  in 
Eng.,  but  indicated  by  the  order, 
is  any,  does  any,  &c.).  —  Regu- 
larly expecting  the  answer  "  no." 

Xuma,  -ae,  [?],  m.,  a  Roman  name. 
—  Esp.,  Numa  Pompilius,  the  sec- 
ond king  of  Rome,  to  whom  were 
attributed  the  religious  institutions 
of  the  Romans;  2. Two  Ruiuiians. 

Numainus,  -i,  [fNuma+  nus],m., 
a  Rutulian,  with  the  surname 
Remulus. 


i88 


Vocabulary. 


uuinen,  -inis,  [  ^/nu  (lengthened, 
cf.  nuo)  +men],  n.,  (a  nod). — 
Esp.,  the  divine  will,  power  (of 
the  gods),  authority,  permission, 
purpose,  consent,  approval,  decree, 
inspiration,  presence  (of  a  god), 
divine  nature,  divine  interposi- 
tion or  protection  ;  oracle.  —  Also 
divinity,  divine  essence,  deity  (with 
genitive  of  the  god  used  con- 
cretely) :  lunonis ;  Fauni ;  ves- 
tra  (of  the  stars) .  —  Also  con- 
cretely, a  divinity,  a  divine  being  : 
numina  magna  Deum  (forms); 
media  inter  numina  (images'). 

numero,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fnu- 
mero-],  i.  v.  a.,  count,  reckon  up, 
recount. 

numerus,  -I,  [stem  akin  to  vopos 
(cf.  iiuiiius)  +  rus],  m.,  number, 
a  number.  —  Esp.,  a  large  num- 
ber, a  number.  —  Also,  order,  pro- 
portion :  pares  numeri  (equal 
dimensions') ;  compositi  numero 
in  turmas  (in  equal  numbers) ; 
stellis  numeros  fecit  {places,  by 
calculation) ;  nee  numero  nee 
honore  cremant  (without  distinc- 
tion).—  Also,  musical  measure, 
time,  tune,  the  notes  of  the  scale  (pi.) . 

—  Phrases :  in  numerum,  in  time, 
in   order,  in  turn,  in  measure ; 
sideris  in  numerum,  to  the  place 
of  a  star ;   neque  est  numerus, 
it  is  impossible  to  count,  there  is 
no  numbering. 

\  u in ic  us,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a  river  of  La- 
tium,  where  tineas  was  said  to 
have  disappeared. 

Numidae,  -arum,  [Gr.  vop.ds],  m. 
plur.,  the  Numidians  (a  people  of 
Northern  Africa). 

Numttor,  -oris,  [?],  m. :  I.  The 
grandfather  of  Romulus  and  Re- 
mus ;  2.  A  Rutulian. 

mine [num-ce  (cf.  hie)],  adv.,  now. 

—  Repeated,  now  .  .  .  now,  some- 
times .  .  .  again. 

nuncios,  etc.;  see  mint  ins. 

nunquam  [ne-unquam],  adv., 
never.  —  Less  exactly,  not  at  all, 
by  no  means  (see  hodie) . 


mint  ia,  -ae,  [f.  of  mint  iu.sl,  f.,  a 
messenger  (female). 

n ii  n  t  i<»,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fnun- 
tio-],  I.  v.  a.,  report,  announce, 
bring  tidings. 

nuntiiis,  -i  (-11),  [prob.  fnovo- 
fventius  (fvento  +  ins)],  m.,  a 
messenger,  a  reporter.  —  In  appos., 
as  adj.,  bringing  tidings,  reporting. 
—  Also,  news,  message,  tidings,  re- 
port. 

nuper  [prob.  novum-per,  cf.  pa- 
rum  per],  adv.,  lately,  just  now, 
not  long  ago. 

Nursae,  -arum,  [?];  see  Nersae, 
the  approved  spelling. 

Nursia  (Nurt-),  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  town 
of  the  Sabines  (now  Norcid) . 

nurus,  -us,  [akin  to  Gr.  w6s  (for 
SNUSUS)],  f.,  a  daughter-in-law. 

nusquam  [ne-usquam],  adv.,  no- 
where.—  Also  equal  Eng.  never 
(with  a  different  conception). 

ii.ii  •..  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fnuto- 
(cf.  abnuo)],  I.  v.  n.,  nod,  totter, 
swing,  wave. 

nut  i-in  icnt  u  in,  -I,  [fnutri-  (of 
nutrio)  +  mentum],  n.,  food, 
nourishment.  —  Less  exactly,  fuel. 

nutrio,  -ivi  (-ii),  -itum,  -ire, 
[?,  cf.  nutrix],  4.  v.  a.,  nurse, 
nourish,  suckle.  —  Less  exactly, 
bring  up,  rear.  —  Pass,  as  dep., 
cultivate,  raise. 

nutrior,  see  nutrio. 

mitrlx,  -icls,  [unknown  root  (cf. 
nutrio)  +  trix],  f.,  a  nurse. 

nutus,  -us,  [tnu-  (as  root)  +  tus, 
cf.  abnuo,  numen],  m.,  a  nod. — 
Fig.,  will,  an  order,  a  command. 

nux,  nucis,  [?],  f.,  a  nut  (of  vari- 
ous kinds).  —  Also,  an  almond- 
tree. 

nymph  a,  -ae,  [Gr.  vvfufrri],  f.,  a 
nymph  (a  goddess  of  the  sea  or 
woods,  more  or  less  allied  to  the 
human  race).  —  Less  exactly,  a 
muse  (as  the  muses  proper  were 
of  this  general  class) . 

Nysa,  -ae,  [Gr.  NCcra],  f.,  a  city  of 
India,  said  to  have  been  built  by 
Bacchus  in  his  expedition  to  India. 


Vocabulary. 


189 


O. 


O,  interj.  (of  all  emotions),  oh!  0 ! 
—  With  ace.,  nom.,  or  voc. 

Oaxes,  -is,  [Gr.  vOo£is],  m.,  a  river 
in  Crete. 

ob  (obs),  [akin  to  Gr.  «V/],  prep., 
towards  (archaic). — near,  around. 
— Fig.  (cf.  the  provincial "  all  along 
of"),  on  account  of,  for,  for  the 
sake  of,  through.  —  In  comp.,  to, 
towards,  jigainst,  before,  over,  &c. 

obambulo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are, 
[ob-ambulo],  i.  v.  n.,  walk  about, 
roam  about. 

obduco,  -duxi,  -ductum,  -duce- 
re,  [ob-duco],  3.  v.  a.,  draw  over, 
spread  over.  —  With  change  of 
point  of  view,  overspread,  cover, 
overgrow,  choke.  —  obductus,  -a, 
-urn,  p.p.,  overspread,  surround- 
ing; —  hidden,  covered. 

obductus, -a,  -um, p. p. of  obduco. 

obeo,  -ivi  (-11),  -itum,  -Ire,  [ob- 
eo],  irr.  v.  a., 'go  to,  go  over,  go 
around,  visit:  pugnas  (engage 
in) ;  terras  maria  (wash,  encom- 
pass) ;  omniavisu  (yiew,survey) ; 
mortem  (suffer,  meet). —  Also, 
surround,  encircle,  cover. 

obesus,  -a,  -um,  [ob-esus],  adj., 
fat,  swollen. 

obex,  -icis,  [ob-ylac  (as  stem)], 
m.  or  f.,  a  bar,  an  obstacle,  a  bar- 
rier. 

obfero  and  compounds  of  ob  with 
f,  see  oflfero. 

obicio  (obli-),  -led,  -iectum, 
-Icere,  [ob-iacio],  3.  v.  a.,  throw 
against,  throw  to,  expose,  throw  in 
the  way  of,  offer  :  clipeos  ad  tela 
(oppose,  present) ;  equites  sese 
(array  themselves  in  opposition)  ; 
portas  (shut  against  one) .  —  Fig., 
expose,  offer  to  the  sight,  throw  out 
against,  throw  at  (of  taunts,  &c.)  : 
rabiem  canibus  (inspire).  —  ob- 
iectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
thrown  in  the  way,  lying  in  the  way, 
opposing. 

oblecto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ob- 
iacto,  cf.  obicio],  I.  v.  a.,  throw 


against. — Fig.,  expose,  risk,  sac- 
rifice (in  war) . 

obiectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  obicio. 

obiectus,  -us,  [ob-iactus,  cf.  obi- 
cio], m.,  a  throwing  in  the  way  : 
laterum  (opposition,  obstacle,  of 
an  island). 

obitus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  obeo. 

obitus,  -us,  [ob-itua  (cf.  obeo)], 
m.,  a  going  down,  setting,  death 
(cf.  obire  mortem),  dissolution. 

oblatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  offero. 

obllmo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ob- 
limo],  i.  v.  a.,  clog  (orig.  with 
mud),  stop. 

obliquo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ob- 
liquo-j,  i.  v.  a.,  turn  obliquely ; 
sinus  in  ventum  (brace,  swing). 

obliquus  (-cus),  -a,  -um,  [ob- 
fliquus  (cf.  limns  and  Gr.  At'x- 
pios)~\,  adj.,  sidewise,  slantwise, 
slanting,  sidelong,  oblique :  in 
obliquum  (across,  transversely); 
obliqua  invidia  (with  eyes  as- 
kance). 

oblitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  oblivis- 
cor. 

obliviscor,  oblitus,  oblivisci, 
[foblivi-  (of  verb  akin  to  lividus 
compounded  with  ob)  +  sco,  be- 
come dark  to  (?)],  3.  v.  dep.,  for- 
get, think  no  more  of.  —  oblitus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.,  forgetting,  forgetful, 
careless  of,  heedless  of:  sucos  po- 
ma  (losing) .  —  Also,  forgotten. 

oblivium,  -i  (-ii),  [foblivo-  (cf. 
obliviscor  and  llveo)],  n.,  for- 
getfulness. 

obloquor,  -locutus,  -loqui,  [ob- 
loquor],  3.  v.  dep.,  speak  against. 
—  Also,  sing  to  (with  accompani- 
ment of). 

obluctor,  -atus,  -ari,  [ob-luctor], 
I.  v.  dep.,  struggle  against. 

obmutesco,  -mutui,  no  sup.,  -mu- 
tescere,  [ob-mutesco],  3.  v.  n. 
incept.,  hush,  become  speechless,  be 
silent. 

obnitor,  -nisus  (-nixus),  -nitl, 
[ob-nitor],  3.  v.  dep.,  struggle 


190 


Vocabulary. 


against,  lean  against,  lean  on, 
struggle,  strive. 

obnix  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  obnitor. 

obnoxius,  -a,  -um,  [ob-noxius, 
guilty  towards'],  adj.,  guilty.  — 
From  ancient  mode  of  administer- 
ing justice,  bound  to,  subject  to,  ex- 
posed to, 

olnnibo,  -mips?,  -nuptum,  -nn- 
bere,  [ob-nubo,  in  its  orig.  sense, 
veil],  3.  v.  a.,  veil,  cover. 

oborior,  -ortus,  -oriri,  [ob-orior], 
4.  v.  dep.,  rise  against,  rise  over. 
—  obortus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
rising,  flowing  (of  tears)  ,  blind- 
ing. 

obortus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  oborior. 

obruo,  -rul,  -rut  u  in,  -ruere,  [ob- 
ruo],  3.  v.  a.,  overwhelm,  bury. 

obrutus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  obruo. 

obscenus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  obs-  (see 
ob)  fcaeno-  (decl.  as  adj.)],  adj., 
filthy,  foul.  —  Less  exactly,  un- 
sightly, ugly,  hideous,  horrible.  — 
Esp.,  ill-omened,  ill-boding. 

obscurS,  -avi,  -Stum,  -are,  [fob- 
scuro-j,  I.  v.  a.,  darken,  obscure. 

obscurus,  -a,  -um,  [ob-fscurus 
(cf.  scutum),  covered  over,  shut 
in],  adj.,  dark,  dim,  gloomy,  dusky. 


little  known,  in  the  dark,  unseen  : 
fama  (doubtful,  dimmed}  ;  baud 
obscura  signa  (no  uncertain 
signs}  ;  obscuris  vera  involvens 
(dark  hints}  ;  sub  obscurum  noc- 
tis  (under  the  darkness  of  night}. 

obserB,  -sevi,  -situm,  -serere, 
[ob-sero],  3.  v.  a.,  plant  over.  — 
obsitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  covered, 
beset,  overgrown  :  aevo  (heavy 
with,  full  of  years)  . 

observatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  ob- 
servq. 

observo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ob- 
servo],  I.  v.  a.,  watch,  mark,  ob- 
serve, notice,  trace.  —  Esp.,  honor  : 
regem. 

obsessus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  obsideo. 

obsideo,  -sedl,  -sessum,  -sidere, 
[ob-sedeo],  2.  v.  a.,  blockade,  be- 
set, guard,  besiege,  occupy.  —  ob- 


sessus,   -a,    -um,   p.p.    as    adj., 

blocked  up,  beset,  choked. 

obsidio,  -onls,  [fobsidio-  (re- 
duced) +  o],  f.,a  blockade,  a  siege. 

obsido,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -sidere, 
[ob-sido],  3.  v.  a.,  beset,  occupy. 

obsitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  obsero. 

obstipesco  (-stupesco),  -stipul, 
no  sup.,  -stipescere,[ob-sti(stu)- 
pesco]  ,3.  v.  n.,  be  amazed,  be  struck 
with  astonishment,  be  stunned,  be 
dazed,  be  struck  dumb,  stand 
amazed,  be  thunderstruck,  be  para- 
lyzed. 

obsto,  -stiti,  -statum,  -stare, 
[ob-sto],  I.  v.  n.,  stand  in  the 
way  of,  hinder,  withstand,  stay, 
retard:  obstitit  quibus  Ilium 
(be  obnoxious,  be  an  offence).  — 
Also, Congeal  (of  blood). 

obstruo,  -struxi,  -structum, 
-struere,  [ob-struo],  3.  v.  a., 
block  tip,  choke,  obstruct,  seal  (of 
the  ears). 

obstnpesco,  see  obstipesco. 

obsum,  -ful,  -esse,  [ob-sum],  irr. 
v.  n.,  be  opposed  (cf.  prosum), 
injure,  harm. 

obtectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  obtego. 

obtego,  -texi,  -tectum,  -tegere, 
[ob-tego],  3.  v.  a.,  cover  over, 
cover,  ^obscure. 

obtendo,  -tendi,  -tentum,  -ten- 
dere,  [ob-tendo],  3.  v.  a.,  spread 
before,  outspread,  shed:  obtenta 
nox  (spreading}. 

obtentus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  ob- 
tendo. 

obtentus,  -us,  [ob-tentus,  cf.  ob- 
tendo], m.,  a  spreading  out. — 
Concretely,  a  canopy :  frondis. 

obtestor,  -atus,  -ari,  [ob-testor], 
I.  v.  dep.,  entreat  (by  some  sacred 
object  called  to  witness),  beseech, 
adjure. 

obtexo,  -texui,  no  sup.,  -texere, 
[ob-texo],  3.  v.  a.,  weave  over. — 
With  change  of  point  of  view, 
overspread. 

obtorqueo,  -torsi,  -tortum,  -tor- 
quere,  [ob-torqueo],  2.  v.  a., 
twist. 


Vocabulary. 


191 


obtortus,  -a,  -HIM,  p.p.  of  obtor- 
queo.  ^ 

obtruncS,  -avi,  -atuni,  -are,  [ob- 
trunco],  i .  v.  a.,  cut  down,  butcher, 
slay. 

obtuli,  see  offero. 

obtundo,  -f  mil,  -iii-niii,  -tun- 
dere,  [ob-tundo],  3.  v.  a.,  dull 
(orig.  by  beating),  blunt.  —  ob- 
tusus,  -a,  -HIM,  p.p.,  dulled,  blunt- 
ed, dull,  dim,  less  vigorous.  —  Fig., 
obtuse,  unfeeling. 

obtusus,  -a,  -uni,  p.p.  of  obtundo. 

ob  tutus,  -us,  [ob-tutus,  cf.  ob- 
tueor],  m.,  a  gaze,  a  fixed  stare. 

obumbro,  -avi,  -tit uni,  -are,  [ob- 
umbro],  I.  v.  a.,  overshadow. 

<>  I)  ii  MCI  is,  -a,  -inn,  [ob-uncus], 
adj.,  hooked,  curved. 

obustus,  -a,  -um  [ob-ustus  (see 
uro)],  adj.,  burnt  around,  hard- 
ened in  the  Jire. 

obversus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  ob- 
verto. 

obverto,  -verti,  -versum,  -ver- 
tere,  [ob-verto],  3.  v.  a.,  turn 
towards,  turn.  —  obversus,  -a, 
-urn,  p.p.,  in  opposition,  facing, 
standing  in  front,  firm  (as  un- 
flinching), resolute:  hue  obversus 
et  hue  (turning  this  way  and 
that). 

obvius,  -a,  -um,  [ob-fvia  (decl.  as 
adj.),  cf.  obviam],  adj.,  in  the 
way,  opposed,  exposed,  in  front, 
before,  to  meet. 

occasus,  -us,  [ob-casus,  cf.  occi- 
do],  m.,  a  fall,  ruin.  —  Esp.,  the 
setting  (of  a  heavenly  body)  :  soils 
(sunset).  —  Also  (cf.  last  division), 
sunset,  the  west. 

occido,  -cidi,  -casum,  -cidere, 
[ob-cado],  3.  v.  n.,  fall,  perish, 
be  slain,  disappear,  be  lost,  be  un- 
done.—  Esp.,  set. 

occido,  -cidi,  -cismii,  -cidere, 
[ob-caedo],  3.  v.  a.,  slay,  kill. 

occisus,    a,  -um,  p.p.  of  occido. 

occubo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -are, 
[ob-cubo],  i.  v.  n.,  lie  (dead  or 
buried),  lie  low  in :  occubat  um- 
bria. 


occulo,  -cului,  -cultum,  -culere, 
[  ?,  cf.  clam],  3.  v.  a.,  bury,  cover, 
hide,  conceal. — occultus,-u,-um, 

p.p.  as  adj.,  concealed,  secret,  hid- 
den :  sapor  (slight,  scarcely  dis- 
tinguishable}. 

occulte  [abl.  of  occultus],  adv., 
secretly,  privately. 

occulto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [foc- 
culto-,  cf.  occulo],  I.  v.  a.,  hide, 
conceal. 

occultus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  occulo. 

occumbo,  -cubui,  -cubltum, 
-cumbere,  [ob-cumbo],  3.  v.  n., 
fall,  die,  be  slain  :  morti  {fall  a 
prey\ 

occupo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [foe- 
cup-,  cf.  faucup-  (ob-^/cap  as 
stem)],  I.  v.  a.,  take  in  advance 
(as  against  somebody  else),  seize, 
take  possession  of,  assail,  strike, 
fill:  manicis  (bind).  —  Fig.,  over- 
spread, Jill,  seize:  aures  (meet). 

occurro,  -curri,  -cursum,  -cur- 
rere,  [ob-curro],  3.  v.  n.,  run  to 
meet,  rush  to,  rush  in,  come  in  the 
way,  meet:  medius  (come  in  to 
interrupt} .  —  Fig.,  appear,  meet 
one's  eyes. 

occurso,  -avi,  -atum,  -fire,  [ob- 
curso,  cf.  occurro],  i.v.  n.,  rush 
in  the  way,  fall  in  the  way  of, 
meet. 

Oceanitis,  -idis,  [Gr.  patronymic], 
f.,  daughter  of  Ocean. 

oceanus,  -i,  [Gr.  flKewcfe],  m.,  the 
ocean.  —  Personified,  Ocean,  con- 
ceived by  the  ancients  as  the  uni- 
versal parent. 

ocior,  -us,  [focu-  (cf.  Gr.  WKVS)  -f- 
ior,  compar.  of  lost  positive],  adj., 
swifter.  —  Neut.  as  adv.,  more 
swiftly,  quicker.  —  Also,  quickly, 
forthwith,  at  once. 

Ocnus,  -I,  [Gr.  "OKfoj],  m.,  the 
founder  of  Mantua. 

ocrea,  -ae,  [focri-  (cf.  ocrls, 
Ocriculum)  +  ea,  f.  of  -eus],  f.. 
a  legging,  a  greave  (usually  plur.}. 

octo  [akin  to  Gr.  iirrw,  Eng.  eight  J. 
indecl.,  num.  adj.,  eight. 


192 


Vocabulary. 


oculus,  -i,  [foc5-  (akin  to  Gr.  uaat, 
for  o/cye,  Eng.  eye,  y  ac,  cf.  acies) 
+  Ins,  a  dim.],m.,  an  eye.  —  Also, 
from  similarity  (cf.  Eng.  "  eye  "), 
a  bud. 

odi,  odisse,  osiis,  [  ?,  perf.  of  lost 
pres.],  v.  a.,  hate  :  diem  (curse). 

odium,  -1  (-ii),  [akin  to  odi],  n., 
haired,  hate,  a  grudge.  —  est  odio, 
is  hateful. 

odor,  -oris,  [  -y/od  (cf.  Gr.  o&>)  + 
or  (os)],  m.,  an  odor,  a  fragrance, 
a  perfume. 

odoratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  odoro. 

odorifer,  -era,  -eruin,  [fodor-  (as 
if  odori-)  -f  fer  (V^er  +  us)]> 
adj.,  sweet-smelling,  fragrant. 

odoro,  -avi,  -at  um,  -are,  [fodor-], 
I .  v.  a.,  perfume.  —  odoratus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.,  perfumed,  sweet-smell- 
ing, fragrant. 

odorus,  -a,  -um,  [perh.  fodor  -f 
us,  but  cf.  canorus],  adj.,  sweet- 
smelling.  —  Also  (see  etymology 
above),  keen-scented. 

Oeagrius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Oldypios], 
adj.,  ofCEagrus  (a  Thracian  king). 
—  Less  exactly,  Thracian. 

Oebalius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Oi'/8aA.«os], 
adj.,  of  (Ebalus  (a  king  of  Sparta, 
the  founder  of  Tarentum).- —  Fern., 
CEbalia  (sc.  terra),  a  name  of 
Tarentum. 

Oebalus,   -I,    [Gr.   Of/faAos],    m. : 

1.  A  king  of  Sparta  (see  above) ; 

2.  A  king  among  the  Campanians. 
Oechalia,   -ae,    [Gr.    O»xoAfo],   f. 

(prop,  adj.),  a  city  of  Euboea. 

Oenotrius,  -a,  -um,  [fOenotro- 
(  reduced)  +  ius],  adj.,  CEnotrian 
(of  the  southern  part  of  Italy).  — 
Less  exactly,  Italian. 

Oenotrus,  -a,  -um,  [perh.  akin  to 
Gr.  olvos,  cf.  ofva>Tf>os,  a  vine  prop], 
adj.,  of  (Enotria  (the  southern 
part  of  Italy),  CEnotrian. 

oestrus,  -I,  [Gr.  oTorpos],  m.,  a  gad- 

fly- 

Oeta,  -ae  (-e,  -es),  [Gr.  OfrTj],  f., 
a  mountain  range  of  Thessaly  run- 
ning from  Pindus  easterly  to  the 
coast. 


offa,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  ball  of  dough,  a 
cake.  ^ 

offendo,  -fendi,  -fensum,  -fen- 
dere,  [ob-fendo,  cf.  defendo], 
3.  v.  a.,  strike  against,  Jash  against. 
—  offensus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  strik- 
ing against,  striking:  exsultat 
imago  vocis. 

offensus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  offendo. 

offero  (off-),  obtuli  (optull), 
oblatum,  offerre  (obf-),  [ob- 
fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  bring  to,  present, 
hold  out.  —  With  reflexive  or  in 
pass.,  appear,  present  one's  self, 
come  in  one's  -way,  expose,  offer 
one's  self.  —  Less  exactly  and  fig., 
offer,  sho~M,  grant. 

offlcio,  -feci,  -fectum,  -ficere, 
[ob-facio],  3.  v.  n.,  (do  something 
towards  or  to  some  one,  cf.  ofli- 
cium). —  Esp.,  act  against,  hin- 
der, thwart,  injure. 

officium,  -I  (-ii),  [joffic-  (ob-fac, 
as  stem,  cf.  artifex)  -f  ium],  n., 
a  service,  a  kind  office. — Also,  a 
duty,  a  task. 

Oileus,  -el  (-el,  -eos),[Gr.  'OiXt vs], 
m.,  a  king  of  Locris,  father  of 
Ajax.  The  name  was  added  to 
that  of  Ajax  either  in  the  genitive 
or  nominative,  or  as  an  adj.,  to 
distinguish  him  from  Ajax  son  of 
Telamon. 

olea,  -ae,  [akin  to  Gr.  t\ata,  poss. 
borrowed],  f.,  an  olive  (berry  or 
tree). 

oleaginus  (-neus,  -nius),  -a,  -um, 
[foleagin-  (fr.  olea,  cf.  virago) 

_  +  us],  adj.,  of  the  olive. 

Olearos,  -I,  [Gr.  'OAeopos],  f.,  one 
of  the  Cyclades  (now  Antiparos) . 

oleaster, -tri,  [folea  +  term.  akin 
to  comparative]  ,m.,  a  wild  olive. 

ole<>,  olui,  no  sup.,  olere,  [folo- 
(cf.  olidus),  prob.  -y/od  in  odor, 
ufa,  cf.  lacrima],  2.  v.  n.  and  a., 
smell.  —  olens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj./ 
smetting(good,bad,or  indifferent), 
fragrant,  odoriferous  ;  —  rank,  ill- 
smelling,  noisome. 

oleum,  -1,  [see  olea],  n.,  oil. 

olim  [case-form  of  oil  us  (ille),  cf. 


Vocabulary, 


193 


hlnc],  adv.,  at  that  time,  formerly, 
once,  just  now :  iam  olim  cum 
(now  at  last,  at  the  time  when).  — 
Of  future  time,  hereafter,  at  some 
time,  at  any  time.  —  Indefinitely, 
sometimes,  often. 

oliva,  -ae,  [prob.  same  stem  as 
olea,  cf.  Achivus],  f.,  the  olive- 
tree. —  Less  exactly,£«  olivetrunk, 
an  olive  branch,  olive  leaves. 

olivifer,  -era,  -erum,  [foliva- 
(weakened)  -fer  (-^/fer  +  us)], 
adj.,  olive-bearing. 

olivum,  -i,  [see  oliva],  n.,  oil. 

ollus,  -a,  -um ;  see  ille. 

olor,  -oris,  [?],  m.,  a  swan. 

olorinus,  -a,  -um,  [folor+  inus], 
adj.,  of  the  (a)  swan. 

olus,  -eris;  see  holus,  the  better 
spelling. 

Olympiacus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'O\v/j.- 
Tria/coY],  adj.,  of  Olympia  (the  city 
of  Elis,  where  the  Olympic  games 
were  held),  Olympian. 

Olympus,  -1,  [Gr.  'OAujuiros],  m.,  a 
mountain  on  the  northern  frontier 
of  Thessaly. — From  a  notion  of  the 
ancients,  the  heavens Jieaven,the  sky. 

omen,  -inis,  [?,  but  cf.  oscines], 
n.,  an  omen,  a  portent,  a  prodigy  : 
in  omen  (as  an  omen};  primis 
ominibus  (Jirst  marriage,  on  ac- 
count of  the  ancient  custom  of 
taking  omens);  regibus  omen 
erat  (sacred  custom,  which  was 
an  omen  of  prosperity,  and  the 
omission  of  which  would  be  an 
evil  omen) ;  omina  (auspices} . 

omnigenus,  -a,  -um,  [fomni-ge- 
nus  ( •v/gen+  us,  cf.  benlgnus)], 
adj.,  of  all  kinds,  of  all  sorts,  of 
every  kind. 

oinnino  [abl.  of  fomnino-  (fomni 
+  nus)],  adv.,  altogether,  entirely, 
utterly. 

omniparens,  -entis,  [fomni-pa- 
rens],  adj.,  all-producing,  parent 
of  all. 

omnipotens,  -entis,  [fomni-po- 
tens]  ,adj  .,all-powerful,  all-mighty, 
omnipotent.  —  As  subst,  the  All* 
powerful  (Jupiter). 


omnis,  -is,  [  ?],  adj.,  all,  every  :  cura 
(the  utmost) .  —  Often  like  tot  u  s, 
the  whole,  the  entire.  —  Neut.  plur., 
everything.,  all,  all  things  (often 
to  be  rendered  in  Eng.  by  a  defin- 
ing word) . 

Omole,  see  Homole. 

onager,  -gri,  [Gr.  ovaypos],  m.,  a 
wild  ass. 

onerattis,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  onero. 

onero,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [foner- 
(onus)],  I.  v.  a.,  load,  burden, 
Jill,  cover,  heap,  pile :  aggere 
ossa ;  sulcos  proventu ;  epulis 
mensas ;  iaculo  palmas  (seize  the 
heavy  javelin,  cS:c.) ;  membra  se- 
pulcro  (cover  deep) .  —  Fig.,  bur- 
den, ovenvhelm  :  his  onerat  dictis 
(heap  reproachful  words,  &c.) ; 
me  malis  (heap  troubles  upon)  ; 
aethera  votis  (fill).  —  With 
change  of  point  of  view,  load 
(into),  pile,  put  up.  —  oneratus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  heavy-laden. 

onerosus,  -a,  -um,  [foner-  (onus) 
+  osus],  adj.,  burdensome,  heavy, 
weighty. 

onus,  -eris,  [?],  n.,  a  burden,  a 
weight,  a  load. 

onustus,  -a,  -um,  [fonus  +  tus, 
cf.  honestus],  adj.,  laden,  loaded. 

Onytes,  -is,  [?],  m.,  a  Rutulian. 

opaco,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fopa- 
co-] ,  I .  v.  a.,  darken,  shade,  over- 
shadow, throw  a  shadow  on. 

opacus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  dark, 
shaded,  shady,  overshadowed:  fri- 
gus  (cool  shade).  —  Less  exactly, 
overshadowing,  shady.  —  Neut.  pi . : 
opaca  locorum  (dark places'). 

opera, -ae,  [foper-  (of  opus)  +  a], 
f.,  labor,  service,  attention  :  ope- 
ram  dare  (do  service). 

operatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  operor. 

operlo,  operui,  opertum,  ope- 
rlre,  [ob-pario,  cf .  aperio],4.  v.  a., 
cover,  enshroud.  —  opertus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.,  covered,  secret,  hidden  : 
telluris  operta  (depths). 

operor,  -at us,  -ari,  [fopera-],  i.  v. 
dep.,  lie  busied.  —  Esp.  p.p.,  en~ 
gaged  in  (rites),  sacrificing. 


194 


Vocabulary. 


Opheltes,  -ae,  [Gr.  'O^fA-TTjs],  m., 
a  Trojan,  father  of  Euryalus. 

opimus,  -a,  -uin,  [stem  akin  to 
ops+mus],  adj.,  fruitful,  rich, 
fertile  :  arva  ;  dapes.  —  Esp. : 
spolia  {princely,  technically  of 
spoils  taken  by  a  commander-in- 
chief  from  a  commander-in-chief 
in  personal  combat) . 

Opis,  Opis,  [Gr. 'flw»s],  f.:  I.  A 
nymph  of  Diana ;  2.  A  naiad. 

oportet,  oportuit,  no  sup.,  opor- 
tere,  [?,  cf.  opportunus],  2.  v. 
impersonal,  it  behooves,  it  befits, 
one  ought. 

opperior,  -peritus  (-pertus),  -pe- 
riri,  [ob-perior,  cf.  experior], 
4.  v.  dep.,  wait  for,  await,  expect. 

oppeto,  -petivi  (-11),  -petituin, 
-petere,  [ob-peto],  3.  v.  a.,  fall 
to,  fall  upon,  assail,  meet,  encoun- 
ter.—  Esp.  (sc.  mortem),  fall, 
perish,  lie  slain,  meet  death. 

oppidum,  -I,  [prob.  ob-pedum, 
solid  ground  (cf.  Gr.  ireSov  and 
oppido)],  n.,  (a  fastness  ?),  a 
tmvn  (fortified,  as  opposed  to  a 
mere  hamlet  or  a  large  city),  a  city. 

—  Fig.,  of  bees,  fortress,  abode. 
oppono,  -posul,  -positum,   -po- 

nere,   [ob-pono],  3.  v.  a.,  place 
towards,  set  against,  array  against. 

—  In  pass.,  or  with  reflexive,  turn 
against,  set  one's  self  in  the  way, 
offer  one's  self,  expose  one's  self, 
oppose,   stand   in    the  way,   face 
(something).  —  oppositus,    -a, 
-uin,  p.p.,  opposing,  coming  in  the 
way,  in  opposition,  facing,  in  front, 
before  one,  opposite,  resisting. 

opportunus,  -a,  -um,  [ob-portu- 
nus,  cf.  importunus],  adj.,  op- 
portune, fit,  favorable,  well  suited, 
advantageous. 

opprlmo,  -pressi,  -pressum,  -pri- 
mere,  [ob-premo],  3.  v.  a.,  press 
against,  overwhelm,  crush,  subdue. 

oppugno,  -avi,  -at  um,  -are,  [ob- 
pugno],  I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  fight 
against,  attack,  assail,  lay  siege  to. 

Ops,  opis,  [-v/op  as  stem,  cf.  op- 
timus,  opto],  f.  sing.  (exc.  nom.), 


wealth,  means,  aid,  help,  assistance  : 
non  opis  est  nostrae  (it  is  not 
in  our  pmver) .  —  Personified,  the 
goddess  of  plenty  and  resources. 

—  Plur.,  means,  resources,  power, 
riches,  might. 

optato  [abl.  of  optatus],  adv., 
opportunely,  as  one  could  wish. 

optatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  opto. 

optimus,  -a,  -um  ;  see  bonus. 

opto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fopto- 
(p.p.  of  v'op,  cf.  Ops,  optimus)], 
I.  v.  a.,  wish,  desire,  long,  long 
for,  — pray,  hope,  choose,  prefer. 

opulentia,  -ae,  [fopulent  +  ia],  f., 
wealth,  riches. 

opulentus,  -a,  -um,  [fop-  (as  if 
opu-)  +  lentus],  adj.,  wealthy, 
rich. 

opus,  -eris,  [unc.  root  +  us],  n., 
work  (in  reference  to  its  results, 
cf.  labor),  labor,  toil,  activity. — 
Concretely,  a  work,  a  task,  a  labor, 
an  undertaking,  an  employment, 
a  deed  of  action.  —  Of  the  result,  a 
work,  a  production  :  operum  labor 
(the  labor,  as  a  burden,  of  the 
works,  as  a  production). 

opus  [same  word  as  preceding,  pet- 
rified as  a  predicate],  indecl.  (with 
esse  expr.  or  implied),  there  is 
need,  one  needs,  one  requires  :  non 
niihi  opus  est,  /  need  not. 

ora,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  an  edge,  a  border, 
an  extremity:  loricae  (joints). 

—  Hence,   a    coast  (the   extreme 
edge,  cf.  litus,  the  whole  shore}, 
a  shore. —  Less  exactly,  from  the 
maritime  habits  of  the  ancients,  a 
country,  a  region,  a  shore :  lumi- 
nis  orae  (the  regions  of  light,  as 
opposed  to  the  world  below). 

oraculum,  -I,  [fora-  (of  oro,  speak) 
-f  culum],  n.,(a«  announcement). 

—  Esp.  of  the  gods,  a  response, 
prophetic  words,  a  prophecy,  in- 
spired words,  a  divine  command. 

—  Less  exactly,  an  oracle  (place 
or  source  of  prophetic  words). 

orator,  -oris,  [fora  (of  oro)  + 
tor],  m.,  a  speaker.  —  Also  (cf. 
oro),  an  embassador,  a  messenger. 


Vocabulary. 


195 


orbls,  -is,  [  ?],  m.,  a  circle,  a  circuit, 
a  course  (circular),  a  ring,  a  disc,  a 
wheel,  a  winding,  a  coil :  oculorum 
(ball).  —  Esp.,  a  region,  the  circle 
of  (he  world,  the  world,  the  heav- 
ens. —  Also,  a  circular  cluster.  — 
Fig.,  a  cycle  (of  time),  a  revolu- 
tion (of  the  heavenly  bodies). 

orbita,  -ae,  [forbi  +  ta  (cf.  Gr. 
-TTJS)],  f.,  a  track,  a  path. 

orbus,  -a,  -urn,  [cf.  Gr.  op<pavos'j, 
adj.,  deprived,  bereft. 

orchas,  -a<lis,  [Gr.  opx«]»  f-»  an 
olive  (of  a  peculiar  kind). 

Orcus,  -I,  [perh.  akin  to  arceo], 
m.,  a  god  of  the  lower  world 
identified  with  Pluto,  Death.  — 
Also,  the  "world  below,  Hades. 

orclior,  orsus,  ordiri,  [fordi-, 
cf.  ordo],  4.  v.  dep.,  begin,  com- 
mence, undertake,  enter  upon. — 
Esp.,  begin  (to  speak).  —  orsus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.,  beginning.  —  Neut. 
plur.,  undertakings.  —  Also  (cf. 
ordior),  -words,  speech. 

ordo,  -Inis,  [fordi-  (whence  or- 
dior, cf.  exordium)  +  o],  m., 
a  row,  a  rank,  a  series,  a  line. 
—  Abstractly,  order,  array,  ar- 
rangement, sequence:  uno  habe- 
tis  Achivos  (estimation)  ;  fa- 
torum  (fixed  order};  vertitur 
(succession  of  events) .  —  Phrases : 
ordine,  regularly,  in  detail ;  ex 
ordine,  continuously  ;  in  ordine, 
in  regular  series. 

Oreades,  -um,  [Gr.  'Opctrfs],  f.  pi., 
mountain-nymphs. 

Orestes,  -ae  (-is),  [Gr.  'OpearTjs], 
m.,  the  son  of  Agamemnon.  He 
killed  his  mother  Clytemnestra, 
and  was  driven  mad  by  the  Furies. 
His  career  was  a  favorite  subject 
for  the  dramatic  art. 

orgia,  -oriim,  [Gr.  opytd],  n.  plur., 
the  orgies  (feast  of  Bacchus,  cele- 
brated with  wild  frenzied  revelry), 
feast  of  Bacchus. 

orichalcum,  -i,  [Gr.  opefxoAKos], 
n.,  mountain  bronze  (a  peculiar 
mixture  of  copper  used  by  the  an- 
cients). 


Oricius,  -a,  -um,  [fOricS-  (re- 
duced) -f-  ius],  adj.,  of  Oricum  (a 
town  of  Epirus).  —  Less  exactly, 
of  Epirus. 

origo,  -inis,  [fori-  (of  orior)  + 
go,  cf.  imago],  f.,  a  beginning, 
an  origin,  a  source,  a  common 
cement,  a  first  production,  a  birth. 

—  Also,  a  race,  a  stock,  —  an  an- 
cestor, a  progenitor.  —  Phrase  :  ab 
origine,  from  (he  foundation,  ut- 

a  terly,  root  and  branch. 

Orion,  -onis  (-onis),  [Gr.  'Hp/cov], 
m.,  a  mythic  hunter  of  antiquity 
placed  in  the  heavens  as  a  constel- 
lation. —  Also,  Orion  (the  constel- 
lation, whose  rising  and  setting 
were  attended  by  storms). 

orior,  ortus,  oriri,  [?,  cf.  Gr.  opvv- 
jtai],  3.  and  4.  v.  dep.,  rise,  begin, 
appear,  originate,  be  born,  spring. 

—  oriens,  -entis,  p.,  rising.  —  As 
subst.,  the  rising  sun,  the  dawn, 
the  East,  the  East  (country). 

Orithyia,  -ae,  [Gr.  'ftptftfota],  f., 
a  daughter  of  King  Erechtheus  of 
Athens. 

ornatus,  -us,  [forna-  (of  orno)  + 
tus],  m.,  adornment,  ornament, 
attire,  ornaments  (collectively,  of 
a  headdress). 

ornatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  orno. 

orno,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [prob.  fr. 
a  stem  in -no-,  of  unc.  root],  l.v.a., 
adorn,  deck,  equip,  furnish. 

ornus,  -I,  [?],  f.,  an  ash-tree,  an 
ash. 

Ornytus.,  -I,  [?],  m.,  an  Etruscan. 

oro,  -avi,  -atum,  -fire,  [for-(os)], 
I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  (speak), plead, beg, 
beseech,  entreat,  implore,  beg  for, 
supplicate. 

Orodes,  -is,  [Gr.  'Op^Srjs].  ™-»  a 
warrior  in  the  army  of  ./Eneas. 

Orontes,  -is  (-1),  [Gr.  'Opoirns], 
m. :  I.  A  river  of  Syria;  2.  The 
commander  of  ^Eneas'  Lycian  al- 
lies. 

Orpheus,  -el  (-eos),  [Gr.'Op^t^s], 
m.,  a  mythic  bard  of  antiquity.  He 
rescued  his  wife  from  the  world 
below  by  his  skill  in  music,  but 


196 


Vocabulary. 


was  afterwards  torn  in  pieces  by 
the  Thracian  women. 

orsa,  see  ordior. 

Orses,  -is,  [?],  m.,  a  Trojan. 

Orsilochus,  -i,  [Gr.],  m.,  a  Trojan. 

orsus,  -a,  -uni,  p.p.  of  ordior. 

ortus,  -a,  -uni,  p.p.  of  orior. 

ortus,  -us,  [ -v/or  (°f  orior)  +  tus], 
m.,  a  rising,  the  dawn. 

Ortygia,  -ae,  [Gr.  'Oprvyta,  Quail 
island},  f . :  I.  A  name  of  Delos ; 
2.  An  island  in  the  harbor  of  Syra- 
cuse, forming  part  of  the  city. 

Ortygius,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a  Rutulian. 

os,  oris,  [?],  n.,  the  mouth.  —  Less 
exactly,  the  face,  the  countenance, 
the  lips,  the  jaws  ;  language,  words, 
speech  :  ante  ora  (before  the  eyes) ; 
ora  discordia  {language) ;  ma- 
nus  inter  -que  ora  (under  the 
hands  and  before  the  face) ;  ora 
exsertans  (head);  vinun  dif- 
fundit  in  ora  (spread  abroad  in 
the  mouths  of  men) ;  ora  implet 
(ears) ;  formidinis  ora  {phan- 
toms') ;  tria  Dianae  {fortns)  ; 
tali  ore  locutus  (words) ;  uno 
ore  (with  one  accord);  magno 
ore  (voice) ;  summo  ore  {Just  with 
the  lips);  omitted  with  words  of 
speech.  —  Less  exactly,  an  opening, 
mouth  (of  a  river),  aperture,  head 
(of  an  ulcer),  door  (of  a  house). 

os,  ossis,  [cf.  Gr.  ocrrfov~\,  n.,  a 
bone.  —  Plur.,  the  bones,  the  frame, 
the  inmost  frame,  the  remains. 

Osci,  -orum,  [?],  m.  pi.,  the  early 
inhabitants  of  Campania,  the  Os- 
cans. 

oscillum,  -I,  [fosculo  +  lum],  n., 
a  little  face,  a  little  mask. 

osculum,  -I,  [fos  +  culum,  dim.], 
n.,  a  lip,  the  mouth,  a  kiss. 


Osinius,  -I  (-ii),  [?],  m.,  a  king  of 
Clusium. 

Osiris,  -idis  (-is),  [Gr.  "Otnpts], 
m. :  I .  An  Egyptian  divinity ;  2.  A 
Rutulian. 

Ossa,  -ae,  [Gr.  *O<nra],  f.,  a  moun- 
tain of  Thessaly. 

ostendo,  -tendl,  -tensum  (-ten- 
tiiin),  -tendere,  [obs-tendoj, 
3.  v.  a.,  stretch  before,  stretch  out, 
expose,  raise,  show,  exhibit,  point 
out.  —  With  reflexive  or  in  pass., 
show  one's  self,  appear. 

ostento,  -avi,  -at  inn,  -are,  [obs- 
tento,  cf.  ostendo],  i.  v.  a.,  show, 
display,  point  out. 

nst  in  in,  -1  (-11),  [perh.akin  to  os], 
n.,  the  mouth.  —  Less  exactly,  a 
door,  a  gale,  an  entrance.  —  Plur., 
the  mouth  (of  a  river),  a  harbor. 

ostrifer,  -era,  -erum,  [fostro-fer 
( -y/fer  +  us)],  adj.,  oyster-bearing, 
rich  in  oysters. 

ostrum,  -I,  [prob.  borrowed  fr.  Gr. 
offrpeov},  n.,  (a  shell-fish).  —  Less 
exactly,  purple  (a  color  made  from 
the  fish) ,  purple  (purple  fabrics). 

Othryades,  -ae,  [Gr.  'O0/>ua5r;»], 
m.,  son  of  Othrys. 

Othrys,  -yos,  [Gr.  "Oflpw],  m.,  a 
mountain  in  Thessaly. 

otium,  -I  (-ii),  [?],  n.,  rest,  ease, 
idleness,  quiet,  leisure,  repose. 

ovile,  -is,  [fovi-  (lengthened) +le  (n. 
of  lis),  prop,  adj.],  n.,  a  sheep-fold. 

ovis,  -is,  [cf.  Gr.  o'is,  Eng.  ewe'],  f., 
ajsheep. 

ovo,  -avi,  -Stum,  -are,  [?],  i.  v.  n., 
rejoice,  triumph,  exult,  express 
one's  joy.  —  ovans,  -antis,  p.  as 
adj.,  rejoicing,  delighted,  glad. 

ovum,  -i,  [prob.  akin  to  avis,  cf. 
Gr.  aiJcj,  n.,  an  egg. 


P. 


pabulum,  -I,  [as  if  -^pa  (inpasco) 
+  bulum,  but  cf.  cingulum  and 
ferculum],  n.,  food,  fodder,  pas- 
turage, nourishment. 

paciltus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  paco. 

Pachynus  (-um),-i,  [Gr. 


m.  and  n.  (f.),  the  southeastern  ex- 
tremity of  Sicily  (Capo  di  Passaro) . 
pacifer,  -era,  -erum,  [fpac-  (as  if 
paci-)  -fer  (V^r  +  us)],  adj., 
peace-bringing:  oliva  {peaceful, 
the  emblem  of  peace'). 


Vocabulary. 


197 


pacisco,  no  perf.,  pactum,  pa- 
ciscere,  [VP3-0!  bind,  cf.  obs. 
paco,  pax,  pecus],  3.  v.  a.,  (ar- 
chaic exc.  p.p.),  agree,  bargain, 
agree  upon,  promise.  —  pactus, 
-a,  -urn,  p.p.,  stipulated,  agreed 
upon,  betrothed,  promised,  plighted. 

—  Fern.,  a  bride,  an  affianced  wife, 
a   betrothed  (wife).  —  Neut.,    an 
agreement. — Less  exactly  (in  abl.), 
a  manner,  means,  a  way,  a  method. 

—  paciscor,  pass,  as  dep.,  bar- 
gain, stipulate,  agree,  barter  :  vi- 
tam  pro  laude  ;  letum  pro  laude 
{pay  the  price  of). 

paciscor,  see  pacisco. 

paco,  -avi,  -MI  inn,  -are,  [fpac-], 
I .  v.  a.,  reduce  to  peace,  give  peace 
to.  —  pacatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p., 
brought  to  peace,  peaceful,  freed 
from  war. 

Pactolus,  -I,  [Gr.  na/cTo>A<k],m.,  a 
river  of  Lydia  famous  for  its  gold. 

pactum,  see  pacisco. 

pactus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  pacisco. 

Padus,  -1,  [?],  m.,  the  Po,  the  fa- 
mous river  of  Northern  Italy. 

1'ad lisa,  -ae,  [akin  to  Padus],  f., 
an  artificial  mouth  of  the  Po,  or 
canal,  running  into  the  Adriatic 
near  Ravenna. 

Paean,  -anis,  [Gr.  Uaiav,  Uaitav'], 
m.,  the  physician  of  the  gods;  also 
used  as  a  name  of  Apollo,  —  Also, 
a  hymn  to  Apollo,  a  hymn  (to  any 
deity),  a  song  of  triumph,  a  song 
of  tha  nksgiving. 

paene  (pene),  [?],  adv.,  almost, 
nearly,  all  but. 

paenitet,  -uit,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [adj.- 
stem  akin  to  poena],  2.  v.  a.  im- 
pers.,  it  repents. — Translated  by 
a  change  of  construction,  one  re- 
pents, regrets,  is  ashamed,  disdains, 
feels  misgivings. 

Paeonius,  -a,  -inn,  [Gr.  Uaiiavios, 
cf.  Paean],  adj.,  of  Paon  (the  god 
of  medicine)  :  Paeonium  in  mo- 
rem  (in  medical  guise).  —  Less 
exactly,  medicinal. 

Paestum,  -I,  [Gr.  UaTo-rov'],  n.,  a 
city  of  Lucania,  formerly  called 


Posidonia,  famed  for  its  roses. 

Pagasus,  -I,  [  ?],  m.,  an  Etruscan. 

patina,  -ae,  [tpagi-  (as  root,  in 
pango)  +  na  (f.  of  -nus)],  f.,  a 
leaf  (of  a  book),  a  page. 

pagus,  -I,  [perh.  akin  to  pango], 
m.,  a  village  (umvalled,  cf.  oppi- 
dum)  or  farming  district,  a  town. 

Palaemon,  -onis,  [Gr.  na\ai/j.<av^, 
m.,  a  son  of  Athamas  and  Ino, 
changed  to  a  sea-god.  A  shepherd. 

palaestra,  -ae,  [Gr.  ira\aiffTpa],  L, 
a  palcestra  or  place  for  wrestling, 
a  '•ring.'1 —  Less  exactly,  wrestling, 
games  (in  which  wrestling  predom- 
inated). 

palam  [unc.  case-form  (cf.  clam, 
coram),  perh.  akin  to  palea, 
palor],  adv.,  openly. 

Palamedes,  -is,  [Gr.  IlaXa^Srjs], 
m.,  a  famous  Grecian  hero. 

palans,  -tis,  wandering,  straggling. 

Palatinus,  -a,  -um,  [fPalatio- 
(reduced)  -f  inus],  adj.,  of  the 
Palatine  (the  frunoushillat  Rome) . 

Pa  liit  in  in,  -1  (-ii),  [tpalato-  (re- 
duced) +  ium  (n.  of  ius)],  n.,  the 
Palatine  hill  (on  which  was  the 
imperial  residence  of  Augustus). 
—  From  association,  a  palace. 

pa  la  t  inn  (-us),  -I,  [  ?,  akin  to  pa- 
lea,  palor,  the  broad  canopy  of 
the  mouthl~\,  n.  and  m.,  (a  broad 
canopy,  archaic). — Esp.,  the  roof 
of  the  mouth,  the  palate. 

palea,  -ae,  [perh.  akin  to  palor, 
palam],  f.,  chaff  (as  scattered 
abroad?). 

palear,  -aris,  [fpalea-  (or  stem 
akin)  +  re  (reduced,  n.  of  ris)], 
n.,  the  deivlap  (of  cattle) . 

Pales,  -Is,  [?,  -v/pal  (in  palea, 
palor)  +  is  (-es)],  f.  (anciently 
m.),  the  divinity  of  shepherds  (of 
the  wandering  flocks?). 

Palicus,  -i,  [?],  in.,  the  name  of 
two  sons  of  Jupiter  deified  in  Sicily. 

Palinurus,  -I,  [Gr.  HaA^oi/pos], 
m.,  the  pilot  of  /Eneas,  murdered 
on  the  coast  of  Italy  after  swim- 
ming to  land. 

paliurus,  -i,    [Gr.   ira\(oupos],  m., 


198 


Vocabulary. 


a  thorn-bush  (said  to  be  the  Rham- 
nus  paliurus) . 

palla,  -ae,  [  ?],  f.,  a  robe  (for  women, 
of  somewhat  uncertain  nature, 
prob.  a  mantle  or  shawl  of  varying 
size,  sometimes,  when  confined  by 
a  girdle,  taking  the  place  of  an 
undergarment) . 

Palladius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  IlaAAa- 
Sios],  adj.,  of  Pallas.  —  Neut.  (cf. 
Gr.  naAAe&toj/),  a  statue  of  Pallas. 

—  Esp.,  the  Palladium  (or  statue 
of  Pallas  in  Troy,  stolen  by  Ulysses 
and  Diomede). 

Pallanteus  (-ins),  -a,  -um,  [fPal- 
lant  +  eus],  adj.,  of  Pallas  (an 
ancient  king  of  Arcadia).  —  Less 
exactly,  of  Pallanteum  :  moenia. 

—  Neut.,  Pallanteum,   a    city    of 
Arcadia  whence  Evander  came  to 
Italy.  —  Also,  the  city  built  by  him 
in  Italy  on  the  site  of  Rome. 

Pallas,  -adis,  [Gr.  IlaAAas],  f.,  the 
Grecian  divinity  identified  by  the 
Romans  with  Minerva,  a  goddess 
of  war  and  of  household  arts  and 
of  learning,  the  discoverer  of  the 
olive. 

Pallas,  -aiitis,  [Gr.  waAAos,  a  young 
man},  m.,  the  son  of  Evander, 
killed  by  Turnus  while  fighting  for 
yEneas;  2.  An  Arcadian. 

Pallene,  -es,  [Gr.  IlaAA^jTj],  f.,  a 
peninsula  of  Macedonia  whence 
came  Proteus  the  sea-god. 

palleo,  pallui,  no  sup.,  pallere, 
[fpallo-,  cf.  pallidus],  2.  v.  n., 
be  pale,  be  pallid.  —  pallens, 
-entis,  p.  as  adj.,  pale,  pallid, 
colorless,  pale  green,bluey  gray,  &c. 

pallidus,  -a,  -um,  [fpallo-  (cf. 
palleo)  +dus],  adj., pale,  pallid, 
colorless,  wan. 

pallor,  -oris,  [pall-  (as  root  of 
palleo)  +  or],  m.,  paleness, pallor. 

palma,  -ae,  [perh.  y'pal  (cf.  pa- 
lea,  palor)  +  ma,  but  cf.  Gr. 
iroAo,urj],  i.,the  palm  (of  the  hand), 
the  hand.  —  Also,  from  the  shape 
of  the  leaf,  the  palm-tree,  the  palm, 
a  palm  branch. — Fig.,  victory,  a 
prize  (of  victory),  a  victor. 


palmes,  -itis,  [perh.  akin  to  pal- 
ma],  m.,  a  young  shoot  or  branch 
(of  the  vine),  a  vine. 

palmosus,  -a,  -um,  [fpalma-  (re- 
duced) +  osus],  adj.,  abounding 
in  palms,  palm-grown,  palmy. 

palmula,  -ae,  [tpalmo-  (cf.  pal- 
ma) +  la],  f.,  an  oar -blade. 

Palmus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  an  Etrurian 
slain  by  Mezentius. 

palumbes,  -is,  [?],  m.  and  f.,  a 
wood-pigeon. 

palus,  -udis,  [?],  f.,  a  marsh,  a 
pool,  a  lake,  water  (stagnant). 

paluster  (-tris),  -tris,  -tre,  [tpa- 
lud+tris  (reduced)],  adj.,  marshy, 
of  the  marsh. 

pampineus,  -a,  -um,  [fpampino- 
(reduced)  +  eus],  adj.,  of  vine 
leaves,  vine-wreathed:  auctumnus 
(crowned with  vine  leaves). 

pampinus,  -i,  [  ?],  m.  and  f.,  a  vine 
leaf,  a  vine  shoot,  a  vine  branch. 

Pan,  -os,  [Gr.  Ua.v~\,  m.,  the  god  of 
shepherds,  represented  as  half  goat 
and  playing  on  the  syrinx. 

panacea,  -ae,  [Gr.  -ira.va.Kfia],  f., 
panacea  (an  herb  famed  for  its  all- 
healing  properties). 

Panchaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Uay- 
Xafa],  adj.,  of  Panchata  (an  island 
of  Arabia  famous  for  its  frankin- 
cense). —  Fern.  Panchaia,  the 
island  itself. 

Pandarus,  -I,  [Gr.  Ua.vBapos'],  m. : 
I.  A  Lycian  archer  who  shot  an 
arrow  among  the  Greeks,  and  thus 
broke  the  treaty  between  them  and 
the  Trojans ;  2.  A  companion  of 
/Eneas. 

pando,  pandi,  pansnm  (pas- 
sum),  pandere,  [?],  3.  v.  a., 
spread  out,  unfold,  extend,  spread, 
expose,  open,  lay  open.  —  In  pass. 
or  with  reflexive,  extend,  lie  open. 
—  Fig.,  show,  disclose,  unfold,  lay 
open,  expose,  relate,  reveal. —  pas- 
sus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  spread, 
extended,  dishevelled  (of  hair), 
dried  (spread  in  the  sun) .  —  Xeut., 
raisin  wine  (made  of  grapes 
spread  to  dry  in  the  sun) . 


Vocabulary. 


199 


pandus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  pand  (as 
root  of  pando)  -fus],  adj.,  bent, 
curved :  lances  (hollow,  bent  in- 
wards). 

Pangaea,  -prum  (-us,  -I),  [Gr. 
Hyyyaiov},  n.  plur.,  a  mountain- 
range  between  Macedonia  and 
Thrace. 

pang5,  panxi  (pegi,  pepigi), 
panctum  (pactum),  pangerc, 
[  \/Pa£»  cf-  ^r-  "vhyvvpUi  perh.  pax, 
paciscor],  3.  v.  a.,  fasten,  fix.  — 
Fig.,  agree  upon,  appoint  (by  agree- 
ment), contract  (a  treaty  or  alli- 
ance).—  Also,  put  together,  con- 
trive. 

Panopea,  -ae,  (Panope-,  -es), 
[Gr.  UavoTrti},  f.,  a  sea-nymph. 

Panopes,  -is,  [Gr.  Uavoirri],  m.,  an 
attendant  of  Acestes. 

Pantagias,  -ae,  [Gr.  Uavrayias], 
m.,  a  river  of  Sicily. 

panthera,  -ae,  [Gr.  irdvO-np'],  f., 
a  panther,  especially  sacred  to 
Bacchus. 

Pa  nth  us,  -I,  [Gr.  ITai/floos],  m.,  a 
Trojan  priest  of  Apollo,  father  of 
Euphorbus. 

papaver,  -eris,  [?],  n.,  a  poppy. 
—  Used  loosely-  for  the  juice  in  a 
medical  form,  poppy. 

Paphius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  ITa^ios], 
adj.,  of  Paphos,  Paphian. — Less 
exactly,  of  Venus. 

Paphos  (-us),  -i,  [Gr.  llanos],  f., 
a  city  of  Cyprus  famous  for  an 
ancient  temple  of  Venus. 

papilla,  -ae,  [fpapula  +  la],  f.,  a 
nipple,  the  breast. 

papula,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  pimple. 

par,  paris,  [  ?,  perh.  akin  to  paro, 
pario,  as  equivalent  in  barter], 
adj.,  equal,  no  less,  like,  well- 
matched,  corresponding,  even  :  ae- 
tas  (the  same)  ;  discurrere  pares 
(in  equal  numbers);  alae  (even); 
leges  (impartial*). 

paratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  paro. 

Parcae,  -arum,  [?,  prob.  akin  to 
parco],  f.  plur.,  the  Fates,  god- 
desses of  birth  and  death  (Nona, 
Decuma,  and  Morta),  and  so  the 


arbiters  of  human  destiny,  identi- 
fied with  the  Greek  Vloipai  (Clotho, 
Lachesis,  and  Atropos). 

parce  [abl.  of  parcus],  adj.,  spar- 
ingly, carefully. 

parco,  pepercl  (parsi),  parci- 
tinu  (parsum),  parcere,  [?], 
3.  v.  n.  and  a.,  spare  (refrain  from 
using),  be  sparing  of,  save,  hus- 
band, refrain  from  (as  if  from 
using),  forbear,  cease,  restrain: 
fuiu.ro  (be  prudent,  take  thought 
for)  ;  parcite  Rutuli  (Jiold '/)  ; 
flatibus  Euri  (spare,  deal  gently 
with).  —  Also,  spare  (refrain  from 
destroying  as  if  from  wasting), 
preserve.  —  Active,  save,  keep  : 
talenta  natis. 

parcus,  -a,  -um,  [akin  to  parco], 
adj.,  frugal,  sparing,  thrifty.  — 
Transferred,  scanty,  a  little. 

parr  us,  -entis,  [aorist  part,  of  pa- 
rio, cf.  6  T6»cc6j>],  comm.,  a  parent, 
a  father,  a  mother,  a  sire,  a  dam. 
—  Less  exactly,  an  ancestor,  a 
forefather.  —  Fig.,  of  a  country  : 
magna  parens  frugum. 

pareo,  parui,  paritum,  parere, 
[?,  prob.  adj.-stem  akin  to  pario], 
2.  v.  n.,  appear,  show  one's  self : 
sidera  (be  intelligible  or  well- 
known)  .  — Esp.,  appear  (at  a  sum- 
mons?), obey,  be  subject  to,  submit 
to.  —  parens,  -entis,  p.,  obedient. 

paries,  -etis,  [?],  m.,  a  wall  (within 
a  house,  cf.  murus,  moenia,  of 
a  city). 

pario,  peperi,  paritum  (par- 
turn),  parere,  [?,  .-v/Par»  c^- 
paro,  opiparus],  3.  v.  a.,  secure, 
procure,  win  :  sibi  letum  (find  a 
means  of,  &c.) . —  Esp.,  bring  forth, 
bear.  —  Pass.,  be  born.  —  partus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.,  acquired,  secured, 
won.  —  Neut,  gain,  gathered store, 
acquired  gains. 

Paris,  -idis,  [Gr.  ndpts],  m.,  the 
son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba.  He 
awarded  the  prize  of  beauty  to 
Venus  over  Juno  (Here)  and  Mi- 
nerva (Pallas),  and  thus  won  Helen 
as  the  most  beautiful  woman  liv- 


200 


Vocabulary. 


ing.  He  is  sometimes  represented 
as  effeminate,  whence  his  name 
is  used  as  a  term  of  reproach. 

pariter  [tpari-  (of  par)  +  ter,  cf. 
acriter],  adv.,  equally,  alike,  in 
like  manner,  not  less,  as  well . . .  as, 
together,  at  the  same  time,  side  by 
side:  pariter  cum  flamma  (no 
less  swift  than). 

Parius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Ilapios],  adj., 
of  Par os,  Parian. 

parina,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  shield  (small 
and  round),  a  buckler,  a  shield (in 
general) . 

Parnasius  (-assius),  -a,  -um,  [Gr. 
Uapvdffios^,  adj.,  of  Parnassus, 
Parnassian. 

Parnasus  (-assus),  -I,  [Gr.  Uap- 
J/OCTOS],  m.,  a  mountain  in  Thes- 
saly,  the  favorite  haunt  of  the 
Muses. 

paro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fparo- 
(cf.opiparusandpareo)],  i.v.a., 
procure,  provide,  secure,  prepare, 
prepare  for,  get  ready.  —  Fig.,  pre- 
pare, begin,  endeavor,  attempt,  aim 
at,  be  about  to,  intend,  arrange  : 
parabitur  imber  (be  gathering} ; 
iussa  parat  (make  the  prepara- 
tions ordered}.  —  parat  us,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.,  prepared,  ready,  ar- 
ranged. 

Paros,  -I,  [Gr.  Ilapos],  f.,  one  of  the 
Cyclades  islands,  famous  for  its 
white  marble. 

Parrhasius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Hap'pd.- 
<nos~],  adj.,  ofParrhasia  (a  town  in 
Arcadia).  —  Less  exactly,  Arca- 
dian. 

pars,  partis,  [-v/Par  (akin  to  «iro- 
pov)  +  tis  (reduced)],  f.,  a  part,  a 
portion,  a  share,  a  place,  a  region, 
a  direction,  a  side:  naturae 
(branch) ;  pacis  (a  pledge) . — Re- 
peated, one  part .  .  .  another,  some 
.  .  .  some. 

Parthenius,  -i  (-ii),  [Gr.  Ilap84- 
vios~\,  m.,  a  Trojan. 

Parthenius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  TlapOt- 
vtos],  adj.,  of  Parlhenius  (a  moun- 
tain in  Arcadia) ,  Parthenian. 

Partbenopaeus,  -i,  [Gi. 


7ra?os],  m.,  the  son  of  Atalanta  and 
Meleager,  who  fought  in  the  The- 
ban  and  Trojan  wars. 

Parthenope,  -es,  [Gr.  napQevoirrf], 
f.,  the  ancient  name  of  Naples,  or 
of  the  city  for  which  Naples  (New 
city)  was  substituted. 

Parthus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Tldp6os], 
adj.,  Parthian,  of  the  Parthians 
(a  nation  northeast  of  the  Caspian, 
famous  as  archers).  —  Masc.  plur., 
the  Parthians,  the  nation  itself. 

partim  [ace.  of  pars],  adv.,  partly, 
in  part.  —  Distributing  a  plur. 
subj.  or  obj.,  some  .  .  .  others,  a 
part .  .  .  a  part. 

partio,  -IvI,  -it  um,  -Ire,  [fparti- 
(ofpars)],  4.  v.  a.,  (divide). — 
Pass,  as  dep.,  divide,  share  :  curas 
(impart). —  partitus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  (in  pass,  sense),  divided. 

partitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  partio 
and  partior. 

parturiS,  -Ivl  (-ii),  -itum,  -ire, 
[prob.  fparturo-  (old  fut.  p.  of 
pario)],  4.  v.  a.  desid.,  be  preg- 
nant, teem,  be  in  bloom. 

partus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  pario. 

partus,  -us,  [  v'P3'1'  (m  pario)  + 
tus],  m.,  birth,  bearing,  delivery, 
motherhood.  —  Concr.,  offspring. 

parum  [ace.  of  stem  akin  to  par- 
vus],  adv.,  little,  not  much,  not 
very  :  laetus  (  far  from) . 

parumper  [parum-per  (cf.  nuper, 
semper)],  adv.,  a  little  while,  for 
a  moment. 

parvulus,  -a,  -um,  [fparvo+lus], 
adj.,  little,  small. 

parvus,  -a,  -um,  [  -y/par  (cf.  par- 
cus,  pars)+vus],  adj.,  small, 
little,  slender,  slight,  trifling,  hum- 
ble :  pabula  (bits  of).  —  Neut, 
a  little,  humble  circumstances,  a 
small  thing.  —  Abl.,  a  small  price, 
small  tost.  Comp.,  minor,  minus. 

pasco,  pavi,  pastum,  paseere, 
[\/Pa  +  sco],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  pas- 
ture, feed,  tend.  —  Less  exactly, 
nourish,  feed,  foster,  support,  grow 
(act.).  —  Intrans.,  graze,  feed, 
browse.  —  Pass,  as  dep.,  graze,  feed, 


Vocabulary. 


20 1 


feed  on,  pluck.  —  Less  exactly  (of 
flame,  &c.),  be  fed,  be  supplied -with 
food,  play  round,  stray  about. 

pascuum,  -I,  [n.  of  adj.,  akin  to 
pasco,  cf.  nocuus],  n.,  pasture- 
land,  pasture. 

Pasipnae,  -es,  [Gr.  noo-j^arj],  f., 
the  daughter  of  Minos  king  of 
Crete,  the  mother  of  the  Minotaur. 

passim  [ace.  of  passis  ( -y/pad  + 
tis,  cf.  pando)],  adv.,  far  and 
"wide,  all  around,  everywhere,  here 
and  there,  in  all  directions. 

passus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  pando. 

passus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  patior. 

passus,  -us,  [-v/pad  + tus],  m.,  a 
step:  longi  passus  (a  long  dis- 
tance). 

pastor,  -oris,  [  ^/P3-  (with  unc.  a, 
cf.  lustrum)  +  tor  (cf.  pasco)], 
m.,  a  shepherd,  a  herdsman  :  Phry- 
gius  (i.e.  Paris). 

pas  to  rails,  -e,  [fpastSr  +  alls], 
adj.,  of  shepherds :  myrtus  (the 
shepherds'} . 

pastus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  pasco  and 
pascor. 

pastus,  -us,  [  VPa  (with  unc.  s,  cf. 
pastor)  +  tus],  m.,  feeding,  pas- 
ture. —  Concretely,  a  pasture. 

Patavium,  -1  (-ii),  [?],  n.,  Padua 
(a  city  near  the  Adriatic,  founded 
by  Antenor). 

patefacio,  -feel,  -factum,  -face- 
re,  [unc.  stem  (akin  to  pateo) 
-facio],  3.  v.  a.,  lay  open,  open. 

patefactus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  pate- 
facio. 

pateo,  patui,  no  sup.,  pate  re, 
[tpato-  (cf.  patulus),  VPa^> 
akin  to  vmbw/uu},  2.  v.  n.,  lie 
open,  be  opened,  be  open,  open,  be 
extended,  extend,  be  exposed :  Tar- 
tarus (yawn).  —  Fig.,  appear,  be 
disclosed.  —  patens,  -entis,  p., 
wide,  open,  free. 

pater,  -tris,  [  ^/pa  (in  potis)  -f 
ter,  cf.  mater],  m.,  a  father,  a 
sire,  an  ancestor,  a  forefather,  a 
parent.  —  As  a  term  of  respect  or 
worship,  of  gods,  kings,  ancient 
worthies,  &c.,  father,  venerable 


sire,  venerable.  —  Alone  of  Jupiter 
and  Vulcan,  also  of  JEneas :  Teu- 
crum  (as  the  father  of  his  people); 
Oceanus  rerum  ( parent) . — Also 
usually  in  plur.,  the  nobles,  chiefs, 
the  senate,  the  elders  :  pater  Ro- 
manus  (the  Roman  senate}. 

patera,  -ae,  [akin  to  pateo,  cf.  ira- 
rdvri,  patina],  f.,  a  bowl  (flat  like 
a  saucer,  for  libations),  a  plate,  a 
cup  (for  drinking) . 

paternus,  -a,  -um,  [fpater-  (un- 
syncopated)  +  nus],  adj.,  of  a 
father,  paternal,  hereditary,  an- 
cestral. 

patesco,  -ui,  no  sup.,  -escere, 
[tpate-  (of  pateo)  +  sco] ,  3.  v.  n., 
lie  open.  —  Fig.,  be  disclosed,  be- 
come manifest. 

patior,  passus,  pati,  [  -y/pat,  prob. 
akin  to  ircurxco],  3-  v.  dep.,  suffer, 
endure,  bear,  undergo.  —  Also, 
tolerate,  have  to  bear,  suffer,  allow, 
permit. — Absolutely,  live  in  suf- 
fering: lituos  (become  inured  to). 
—  patiens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj., 
capable  of  enduring,  enduring, 
submissive  to,  patient,  trained  to, 
broken  to. 

patrius,  -a,  -um,  [tpater  (synco- 
pated) +  ius],  adj.,  of  a  father,  a 
fathers,  of  one's  ancestors,  ances- 
tral, filial  (paid  to  a  parent) .  — 
Also  used  as  adj.  of  patria  (see 
below),  of  one'' s  country,  national, 
native.  —  Fem.  (sc.  terra),  one's 
country,  a  country  (of  one's  own), 
home,  native  city,  native  country. 

Patron,  -on is,  [?],  m.,  an  Acarna- 
nian  in  the  company  of  tineas. 

patruus,  -I,  [tpater  (syncopated) 
-f  uus],  m.,  an  uncle  (on  the 
father's  side,  cf.  avunculus,  a 
mother's  brother). 

patulus,  -a,  -um,  [fpatd-  (cf.  pa- 
teo) Ius],  adj.,  spreading,  wide, 
broad,  fiat. 

paucus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.  (mostly 
plur.),  a  few  (on\y),feiv. —  Masc. 
plur.,  a  few,  few.  —  Neut.  plur.,  a 
few  things,  a  few  words.  —  Abl., 
briefiy,  in  a  few  words. 


202 


Vocabulary. 


paulatim  [fpaulo-  (reduced)  + 
at  im .  cf.  catervatim] ,  adv.,  little 
by  little,  gradually,  slowly,  by  de- 
grees. 

paulisper  [unc.  form  of  fpaulo  + 
per,  cf.  nuper],  adv.,  a  little 
•while,  for  a  while,  a  while. 

paulus,  -a,  -inn,  [  ?,  akin  to  pau- 
cus],  adj.,  a  little.  —  paulo,  abl. 
as  adv.,  a  little,  somewhat.  —  pau- 
luin,  ace.  as  adv.,  a  little,  a  while, 
a  moment. 

pauper,  -eris,  [?],  adj.,  poor,  in 
/tumble  circumstances,  in  poverty, 
humble,  lowly.  —  Masc.,  a  poor 
man. 

pauperies,  -el,  [fpauper  +  ies] , 
f.,  poverty,  humble  circumstances. 

pausia  (-ea),  -ae,  [?],  f.,  an  olive 
(of  a  special  kind) . 

pavidus,  -a,  -um,  [fpavo-,  of  unc. 
kin.,  cf.  paveo],  adj.,  timid,  trem- 
bling, frightened,  in  alarm,  awed, 
awe-stricken,  in  awe,  anxious. 

pavito,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [tpa- 
vito-  (as  p.p.  of  paveo)],  i.  v.  n., 
tremble  (with  fear). 

pavor,  -oris,  [VPav  (cf-  paveo) 
+  or],  in.,  fear,  terror,  dread, 
anxiety  :  pavor  pulsans  (anxious 
throbbing) . 

pax,  pads,  [Y/pac  (in  paciscor, 
perh.  pecus)],  f.,  peace,  pardon, 
favor.  —  pace,  abl.,  by  permission. 

peccatum,  -I,  [n.  p.p.  of  pecco], 
n.,  a  sin,  a  fault,  a  crime. 

pecco,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [?], 
I.  v.  n.,  sin,  err,  do  wrong. 

pecten,  -inis,  [pect  (as  root  of 
pecto)  +  en  (cf.  unguen)],  m.,  a 
comb.  —  From  similarity,  a  sley  or 
reed  (the  instrument  by  which  the 
thread  is  beaten  into  place) .  — 
Perhaps  from  some  earlier  form  of 
the  instrument,  a  quill  or  plectrum 
(with  which  the  strings  of  the  lyre 
were  struck). 

pectd,  pexi  (pexui),  pexum 
(pectitum),  pectere,  [  -^/pec  (cf. 
plecto),  akin  to  WKW],  3.  v.  a., 
comb. 

pectus,  -oris,  [perh.  akin  to  pecto, 


cf.  pect  hiatus,  sloping  both  ways], 
n.,  the  breast-bone,  the  breast,  the 
chest.  —  Fig.,  for  both  soul  and 
mind  (cf.  Eng.  heart,  head},  sup- 
posed by  the  ancients  to  be  situ- 
ated in  the  chest,  the  mind,  wis- 
dom, the  heart,  the  soul,  courage. 

pecuarius,  -a,  -um,  [tpecu  + 
arius],  adj.,  of  cattle.  —  Neut.  pi., 
herds. 

peculium, -I  (-ii),  [tpeculi  (tpecu 
+  lis)  -f  ium],  n.,  (a  slave's  cat- 
tle), property  (of  a  slave). 

pecus,  -oris,  [prob.  y'pac,  bind  (in 
paciscor)  +  us],  n.,  cattle,  a 
Jlock,  a  herd,  a  stud,  sheep.  —  Less 
exactly,  a  herd  (of  wild  animals), 
a  swarm. 

pecus,  pecudis,  [prob,  tpecu  + 
dus  (reduced)],  m.  and  f.,  a  beast 
(of  any  kind  of  cattle),  a  brute. — 
Esp.,  a  sheep,  a  victim  (for  sacri- 
fice).—  Plur.,  beasts,  brutes,  flocks, 
herds. 

pedes,  -itis,  [tped  (as  if  pedi-)  + 
tis,  or  -tus  (reduced)],  comm.  or 
adj.,  on  foot,  a  foot-soldier.  —  Col- 
lectively or  in  plur.,  infantry,  foot- 
soldiers,  the  foot. 

pedester  (-tris),  -tris,  -tre,  [tpe- 
dit  +  tris],  adj.,  of  the  foot  (sol- 
diers) :  acies  (of  the  foot);  pugna 
(infantry}. 

pedica,  -ae,  [tped  (as  if  pedi-)  + 
ca,  cf.  manica],  f.,  a  fetter,  a 
slip-noose,  a  springe, 

pedum,  -i,  [perh.  akin  to  pes],  n., 
a  crook  (of  a  shepherd),  a  staff 
(with  a  hooked  end). 

Pegasus,  -i,  [Gr.  n^yoo-os],  m.,  the 
winged  horse  of  the  Muses. 

peior,  see  mains. 

pelagus,  -i,  [Gr.  ir (\ayos~],  n.,  the 
sea,  a  sea,  the  deep. 

Pelasgus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  rieXoo-yot], 
adj.,  Grecian  (from  the  supposed 
ancient  inhabitants).  —  Masc.  pi., 
the  Greeks. 

Pelethronii,  -orum,  [Gr.  IleAe- 
6p6vioi],  m.  plur.,  a  name  of  the 
Lapithce  from  a  town  or  tribe  in 
Thessaly  where  the  Lapithae  dwelt. 


Vocabulary. 


203 


Pellas,  -ae,  [Gr.  IleAfas],  m.,  a 
Trojan. 

Pelides,  -ae,  [Gr.  IlTjAe/STjs],  m.,  son 
{descendant)  of  Peleus. —  Esp.,  of 
Achilles  his  son,  and  Pyrrhus  his 
grandson. 

Pelion,  -ii,  [Gr.  n^Awy],  n.,  a 
mountain  of  Thessaly,  fabled  to 
have  been  used  by  the  giants  in 
scaling  Olympus.  Saturn  also  fled 
thither  in  the  form  of  a  horse. 

Pellaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  neAAoTos], 
adj.,  of  Pella  (the  birthplace  of 
Alexander  of  Macedon).  —  Also, 
Alexandrian  (of  Alexandria  in 
Egypt,  founded  by  Alexander) .  — 
Less  exactly,  Egyptian. 

pellax,  -acis,  [per-lax  (root  of 
lacio  as  stem,  cf.  pellicio],  adj., 
alluring,  enticing,  deceitful. 

pc His,  -Is,  [akin  to  TreAAa,  weAaj], 
f.,  a  skin,  a  hide. 

pello,  pepuli,  pulsum,  pellere, 
[?,  akin  to  iraAAco],  3.  v.  a.,  strike, 
thrust,  beat.  —  Also  of  the  effect, 
drive  away,  drive  back,  overcome, 
conquer,  beat,  chase,  repel,  repulse, 
expel,  banish,  reject.  —  Fig.,  dis- 
pel, banish,  remove,  drive  out  : 
lacrimas  {dry  up) ;  pestis  pulsa 
{heal);  hiemem  {put  to  flight). 
—  Also,  set  in  motion,  move,  im- 
pel, strike. —  pulsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
in  all  meanings.  —  Also,  echoing, 
clashing,  flying,  a  fugitive,  strick- 
en :  quo  amor  nostri  (whither 
fled,  &c.). 

Pelopeius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  FUAo- 
irijtosj,  adj.,  ofPelops:  moenia(of 
Argos,  the  chief  city  of  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus). 

Pelops,  -opis,  [Gr.  iWAoij/],  m.,  the 
son  of  Tantalus  and  father  of 
Atreus.  He  was  served  up  as  food 
for  the  gods  by  his  father,  restored 
to  life  by  Jupiter,  and  furnished 
with  an  ivory  shoulder  in  place  of 
the  one  eaten  at  the  banquet.  He 
gained  control  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesus, which  was  named  for  him. 

Pelorus  (-um),  -I,  [Gr.  n«Ao>pos], 
m.  and  n.,  a  promontory  on  the 


northeast  coast  of  Sicily,  now  Capo 
di  Faro,  one  of  the  headlands  of 
the  Straits  of  Messina. 

pelta,  -ae,  [Gr.  WATTJ],  f.,  a  shield 
(small  and  light  and  curved,  used 
by  barbarians,  cf.  clipeus,  the 
round  shield  of  the  Greeks,  and 
scutum,  the  oblong  shield  of  the 
Romans). 

Pelusiacus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  IlTjAou- 
0ia/c(fs],  adj.,  ofPelusium  (a  city  of 
Egypt).  —  Less  exactly,  Egyptian. 

penates,  -him,  [prob.  fpenu-  (re- 
duced) +  atis,  dwellers  in  the  inner 
house\,  m.  plur.,  the  Penates,  the 
household  gods,  gods  of  the  house- 
hold, or  of  the  state  considered  as 
a  household.  What  particular  di- 
vinities, if  any,  they  represented  is 
uncertain,  as  is  also  their  relation 
to  the  Lar  or  Lares,  with  whom 
they  have  much  in  common.  Their 
images,  apparently  of  small  size, 
were  kept  in  the  interior  of  the 
house  and  carried  with  the  family 
in  migrations.  —  Fig.,  a  home,  a 
house,  a  habitation,  an  abode,  a 
dwelling. 

pendeo,  pependi,  no  sup.,  pen- 
dere,  [fpendo-  ( -y/pend  +  us,  cf. 
pendulus)],  2.  v.  n.,  hang,  be  sus- 
pended, overhang,  hover,  lean  for- 
ward, swing,  droop,  be  perched.  — 
Also,  linger,  be  suspended  (oi  work). 

pendo,  pependi,  pensum,  pen- 
dere,  [  ?,  cf.  pendulus,  pendeo, 
^/pend],  3.  v.  a.,  (hang,  suspend} . 
— Esp.,  weigh  (hang  on  steelyards). 
—  Fig.,  pay,  suffer  (a  penalty). 

pene,  see  paene,  the  proper  spelling. 

Peneius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  n^tos], 
adj.,  of  the  Peneus,  Peneian. 

Peneleus,  -ei  (-eos),  [Gr.  nqvf- 
A«vs],  m.,  a  leader  of  the  Boeotians 
in  the  Trojan  war. 

penes  [prob.  ace.  n.  of  adj. -stem 
akin  to  penitus,  penetro],  prep., 
in  the  power  of:  impermm  te 
penes  {depends  on  you). 

penetrabilis,  -e,  [fpenetra-  (of 
penetro)  +  bills],  adj.,  penetra- 
ble. —  Act.,  piercing,  penetrating. 


2O4 


Vocabulary. 


penetralia,  -e,  [tpenetro-  (cf. 
penetro,  reduced)  +  alia],  adj., 
of  the  interior,  inner,  interior, 
inmost,  within.  —  Neut.  plur.,  the 
interior,  the  inmost  recesses,  the 
inner  shrine,  a  sanctuary. 

penetro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [  tpene- 
tro- (fpene  +  trus,  cf.  penes, 
penitus,  penus)],  I.  v.  a.,  set 
•within,  put  inside.  —  Without  im- 
mediate object,  but  with  ace.  of 
end  of  motion,  penetrate,  enter,  go 
•within,  make  one's  way  into. 

Peneus,  -I,  [Gr.  n?j»>eids],  m.,  a 
river  of  Thessaly  flowing  through 
the  vale  of  Tempe. 

penitus  [stem  akin  to  penes  -f  tus, 
cf.  divinitus],  adv.,  from  within. 
—  Also  (cf.  nine),  within,  far, 
far  dcnun,  far  away,  deeply. —  Fig., 
utterly,  wholly,  entirely. 

penna  (pin-),  -ae,  [-^pet  (inpeto, 
cf.  irfrcrjjUt)  +  na],  f.,  a  wing,  a 
feather,  a  plume. 

pennatus,  -a,  -um,  [fpenna  +  tus, 
cf.  armatus],  adj.,  feathered, 
winged. 

pensum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  pendo],  n., 
wool  (weighed  out  as  a  task  for 
spinning),  a  task. 

Penthesilea,  -ae,[Gr.  nev0efft\ftd], 
{.,  the  queen  of  the  Amazons  who 
fought  in  the  Trojan  war. 

Pentheus,  -el  (-eos),  [Gr.  riecflevs], 
m.,  a  king  of  Thebes  who  despised 
the  rites  of  Bacchus,  and  was  torn 
in  pieces  by  his  mother  and  sisters. 
He  was  also  supposed  to  have  been 
driven  mad  by  the  Furies,  and  this 
myth  was  often  dramatically  treated. 

penuria,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  poverty,  scar- 
city:  edendi  (want  of  food}. 

penus,  -us  (-1),  [?,  akin  to  penes, 
penitus,  Penates,  prob.  inner 
store-room],  m.  and  f.,  provisions, 
store. 

peplum,  -I,  [Gr.  WirAov],  n.,  a  robe 
(for  women,  a  large  and  splendid 
outer  mantle).  —  Esp.,  the  state 
robe  carried  in  procession  at  Athens 
and  offered  to  Pallas  Athene  every 
five  years. 


per  [petrified  case-form,  cf.  irapa], 
prep.,  through,  by,  over,  through- 
out, along,  among,  across,  during  : 
per  aras  (by) ;  per  aures  (to) ; 
per  annos  {for) ;  per  augurium 
(into). —  Fig.  (cf.  ob),  through, 
by  means  of,  by,  on  account  of.  — 
In  adjurations,  by.  —  As  adv.  in 
comp.,  through,  thoroughly,  over, 
&c.,  see  perago,  percurro,  per- 
eo,  perfidus. 

peractus,  -a,  -uin,  p.p.  of  perago. 

perago,  -egi,  -actum,  -agere, 
[per-ago],  3.  v.  a.,  perform  (to  the 
vs\&),  finish,  complete,  accomplish^). 
—  Also,  go  over  (cf.  ago),  con- 
sider.^ 

peragro,  -avi,  -iitiini,  -are,  Ltper- 
agro-(cf.peregre,  peregrinus)], 
I.  v.  a.,  wander  over,  roam  over, 
traverse,  proivl  around. 

percello,  -culi,  -culsum,  -cellere, 
[per-fcello  (cf.  procella,  ce- 
lox)],  3.  v.  a.,  strike  (through), 
strike  down,  fell,  overwhelm.  — 
Fig.,  lay  prostrate.  —  Also,  move, 
affect,  strike.  —  perculsus,  -a, 
-uin,  p.p.,  stricken,  smitten, filled, 
inspired. 

percipio,  -cepi,  -ceptum,  -cipere, 
[per-capio],  3.  v.  a.,  take  in, 
gather,  receive. —  Fig.,  hear,  no- 
tice, understand,  learn. 

perculsus,  -a,  -HIM,  p.p.  of  per- 
cello. ^ 

percurro,  -cucurri(-curri),  -cur- 
sum,  -currere,  [per-curro],  3. 
v.  a.,  run  over  or  through  (lit.  and 
fig.)  :  nomina  ;  pectin  e  telas  ; 
nimbos  {pierce,  traverse). 

percussus,  -a,  -uin,  p.p.  of  per- 
cutio.^ 

percuti5,  -cussi,  -cussum,  -cu- 
tere,  [per-quatio],  3.  v.  a.,  strike 
(with  violence),  beat. — Fig.,  strike, 
move,  affect. 

perditus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  perdo. 

perdo,  -didi,  -ditum,  -dere,  [per- 
do, cf.  pereo,  intereo,  and  Gr. 
irepi~\,  3.  v.  a.,  destroy,  ruin. — Also, 
lose.  —  perditus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 
adj.,  ruined,  desperate,  wretched. 


Vocabulary. 


205 


perduco,  -dnxi,  -ductum,  -<1Q- 
cere,  [per-duco],  3.  v.  a.,  lead  to, 
bring  to. — Also,  cover  over,  anoint. 

peredo,  -edi,  -esum,  -edere,  [per- 
edo],  3.  v.  a.,  devour,  consume, 
•waste  away,  gnaw. 

peregrinus,  -a,  -urn,  [fperegro- 
(cf.  peregre)  +  inus],  adj.,  from 
far  away,  from  abroad,  foreign. 

peremptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  per- 
imo. 

perennis  (-ennius),  -e,  [per-fan- 
no-  (weakened  and  decl.  as  adj.)], 
adj.,  eternal,  perpetual,  everlast- 
ing, undying. 

pereo,  -Ivi  (-ii),  -itum,  -Ire,  [per- 
eo,  cf.  perdo],  irr.  v.  n.  (a  kind 
of  pass,  of  perdo),  go  to  ruin, 
perish,  be  destroyed,  fall,  die,  be 
slain.  —  Esp.  of  love,  die  of  love, 
pine  away.  —  Less  exactly,  be  un- 
done, be  ruined. 

pererratus,  -a,  -UIH,  p.p.  of  per- 
erro.^ 

pererro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [per- 
erro],  I.  v.  a.,  wander  over,  roam 
over. — Less  exactly  and  fig.,  spread 
through,  scan,  examine,  search, 
survey. 

peresus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  peredo. 

perfectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  perficio. 

perfero,  -tuli,  hit  um,  -ferre, 
[per-fero],  irr.v.  a.,  carry  through, 
maintain  (to  the  end),  keep  up, 
retain.  —  Also,  bring,  carry  off, 
convey,  bear,  bring  news  :  perfer 
te  {proceed,  go  on) ;  hasta  per- 
lata  {forced  through) . — Also,  bear 
(to  the  end),  endure,  suffer,  have 
to  bear. 

perficio,  -feel,  -fectum,  -ficere, 
[per-facio] ,  3.  v.  a.,  perform,  com- 
plete, finish,  accomplish.  — -  Also, 
make,  work,  fashion. 

perfidus,  -a,  -um,  [per-fidus,  cf. 
periurus],  adj.,  false,  perfidious, 
treacherous. 

perflo,  -avi,  -atum,  -5re,  [per- 
flo],  i^v.  a.,  blow  over. 

perfodio,  -f  odi,  -fossum,  -fodere, 
[per-fodio],  3.  v.  a.,  pierce,  pene- 
trate, make  a  breach  in,  burst  open. 


perforo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [per- 
foro],  I.  v.  a.,  pierce,  penetrate. 

perfossus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  per- 
fodio. 

perfractus,  -a,  -u m,  p.p.  of  per- 
fringo. 

perfringd,  -fregi,  -fractum, 
-fringere,  [per-frango],  3.  v.  a., 
break  through,  crush. —  Also,  force 
through,  accomplish  (by  force). 

perfundo,  -fudi,  -fnsum,  -fun- 
dere,  [per-fundo],  3.  v.  a.,  pour 
over.  —  With  change  of  point  of 
view,  drench,  drown,  bedew,  sprin- 
kle, bathe,  plunge,  moisten,  wash, 
dip,  dye. 

perf  uro,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -furere, 
[per-furo],  3.  v.  n.,  rave  wildly. 

Pergameus,  -a,  -um,  [fPergamo 
+  eus],  adj.,  of  Pergamum,  of 
Troy,  Trojan.  —  Fern.,  Pergamea, 
the  name  given  by  ^Eneas  to  his 
city  in  Crete  (Pergamum). 

Pergamum,  -I,  (-a,  -orum),  [Gr. 
n 6/770/101/3,  n.,  the  citadel  of  Troy. 

pergo,  perrexi,  perrectum,  per- 
gere,  [per-rego],  3.  v.  n.,  keep  on, 
proceed,  advance,  go  on. 

perhibeo,  -hibui,  -hibitum,  -hi- 
bere,  [per-habeo],  2.  v.  a.,  hold 
out,  bring  forward.  —  Esp.,  report, 
assert,  say,  declare,  call. 

periculum  (-clum),  -i,  [tperi- 
(of  perior,  cf.  experior)  +  cu- 
lum],  n.,  a  trial,  an  attempt.  — 
Also,  peril,  hazard,  risk,  danger. 

Peridia,  -ae,  [Gr.  TlepiSla],  f.,  the 
mother  of  Onytes. 

perimo,  -eini,  -emptum,  -ere, 
[per-emo],  3-v.a.,  destroy,  kill,  slay. 

Periphas,  -antis,  [Gr.  ri€/>fy>as], 
m.,  a  companion  of  Pyrrhus  at  the 
sack  of  Troy. 

peritus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  fperior, 
see  experior],  adj.,  experienced, 
skilled,  skilful. 

periurium,  -i,  [  tperiuro-  (reduced) 
+  ium],  n.,  perjury. 

periurus, -a, -um,  [per-fiur-,  decl. 
as  adj.,  cf.  perfidus],  adj.,  per- 
jured. 


2O6 


Vocabulary. 


perlfibor,  -lapsus,  -labi,  [per-la- 
bor],  3.  v.  dep.,  glide  over,  glide 
through.  —  Fig.,  spread  to,  reach. 

perlatus,   -a,  -um,   p.p.   of  per- 


^ 

perlegQ  (pellego),  -legi,  -lectum, 
-legere,  [per-lego],  3.  v.  a.,  sur- 
vey, scan. 

permensus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  per- 
metior. 

Permessus,  -i,  [Gr.  nep/njoreros], 
m.,  a  river  of  Bceotia  flowing  from 
Mt.  Helicon,  sacred  to  Apollo  and 
a  favorite  haunt  of  the  Muses. 

permitior,  -mensus,  -nietiri, 
[per-metior],  4.  v.  dep.,  measure 
over,  traverse. 

permisceo,  -miscui,  -mixtum 
(-raistum),  miscere,  [per-mis- 
ceo],  2.  v.  a.,  mix  (thoroughly), 
mingle.  —  •  permixtus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.,  mingled,  mixed,  mingling, 
united. 

permissus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  per- 
rnitto.^ 

permit  to,  -misi,  -missum,  -mit- 
terc,  [per-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  let  go 
by  or  through,  give  up,  give  over, 
co  mm  it,  consign  .  —  Fig.  ,  allow,  per- 
mit, grant:  permisso  nomine 
{using  the  name  by  permission). 

permixtus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  per- 
misceo. ^ 

permulceo,  -mulsi,  -mulsum 
(-ctum),  -mulcere,  [per-mul- 
ceo],  2.  v.  a.,  stroke.  —  Fig.,  soothe. 

permuto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [per- 
muto],  I.  v.  a.,  exchange  (some- 
thing with  one). 

pernix,  -icls,  [?],  adj.,  active,  agile, 
swift. 

pernox,  -noctis,  [per-fnocti-  (decl. 
as  adj.)],  adj.,  through  the  night 
(with  force  of  adverb). 

pero,  -6'nis,  [?J,  m.,  a  boot  (rough 
and  heavy,  used  by  soldiers  and  the 
like). 

perodi,  -osus,  -odiase,  [per-odi], 
def.  v.  a.,  utterly  hate,  execrate, 
curse.  —  perosiis,  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
in  act.  sense. 

perosus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  perodi. 


perpessus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  perpe- 
tior. 

perpetior,  -pessus,  -peti,  [per- 
patior],  3.  v.  dep.,  suffer,  endure, 
undergo.  —  Also,  allow,  permit, 
suffer. 

perpetuus,  -a,  -um,  [per-tpetuus 
(^/pet,  in  peto  +  uus)],  adj., 
continuing,  continuous,  entire. — 
Of  time,  continual,  constant,  inces- 
sant. 

perplexus,  -a,  -am,  [per-plexus 
(p.p.  of  plecto)],  adj.,  confused, 
entangled,  intricate. 

perrumpo,  -rupl,  -ruptum,  -rum- 
pere,  [per-rumpo],  3.  v.  a.,  break 
through,  break  across :  tellurem 
{plough^  across). 

persentio,  -sensi,  -sensum,  -sen- 
tire,  [per-sentio],  4.  v.  a.,  feel 
(deeply) ,  perceive. 

persequor,  -secutus,  -sequi,  {per- 
sequor],  3.  v.  AQ^., follow  tip,  pur- 
sue. ^ 

persido,  -sedi,  -sessum,  -sidere, 
[per-sido],  3.  v.  n.,  settle  through, 
penetrate,  sink  in. 

Persis,  -idis,  [Gr.  Heidi's],  f.,  the 
original  country  of  the  Persians.  — 
Less  exactly,  Persia,  the  whole 
region  occupied  by  the  kingdom  of 
the  Persians. 

persolv5,  -solvi,  -solutum,  -sol- 
vere,  [per-solvo],  3.  v.  a.,  pay  in 
full,  pay,  render,  give  in  payment. 

persono,  -m,  -itum,  -are,  [per- 
sono],  I.  v.  n.  and  a.,  sound 
through  or  over,  cause  to  resound, 
sound:  cithara  (play). 

persto,  -stiti,  -statum,  -stare, 
[per-sto],  I.  v.  n.,  stand  firmly. 
—  Fig.,  persist,  remain  unmoved, 
remain  fixed. 

perstringo,  -strinxi,  -strictum, 
-stringere,  [per-stringo],  3-v.a., 
graze,  touch  lightly. 

persuade5,-suasi,  -suasu  m,  -sua- 
dere,  [per-suadeo],  2.  v.  n.  and  a., 
induce  (by  persuasion),  induce  to 
believe,  persuade. 

pertaesum,  see  taedet. 

pertempto  T-tento),  -avi,  -atum, 


Vocabulary. 


207 


-fire,  [per-tempto],  i.  v.  a.,  try 
(thoroughly).  —  Fig.,  pervade, 
seize,  Jill,  possess  :  gaudia  pectus  ; 
sensus  lues  ;  corpora  tremor. 

perterreS,  -terrui,  -territum, 
terrere,  [per-terreo],  2.  v.  a., 
terrify,  alarm,  frighten.  —  per- 
territus,  -a,  -uin,  p.p.,  panic- 
stricken,  in  alarm. 

perterritus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  per- 
terreo. 

pervenio,  -veni,  -ventum,  -ve- 
nire, [per-venio],  4.  v.  n.,  come 
through,  arrive,  come,  reach  :  per- 
venimus  vivi  ut,  etc.\livedto  see)  . 

perventus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  per- 
venio. 

perversus,  -a,  -inn,  p.p.  of  per- 


^ 

perverto,  -verti,  -versum,  -ver- 
tere,  [per-verto],  3.  v.  a.,  over- 
turn, turn  awry.  —  perversus, 
-a,  -urn,  p.p.  as  adj.,  awry.  —  Fig., 
perverse,  wrong-headed,  obstinate, 
bad:  perverse  numine  (by  a  fatal 
impulse). 

pervigilo,  -avi,  -a  turn,  -are,  [per- 
vigilo],  i.  v.  n.,  watch  (continu- 
ally), keep  watch. 

pervius,  -a,  -um,  [per-fvia-,  decl. 
as  adj.],  adj.,  passable  :  usus  tec- 
torum  (a  much-used  passage,  &c.). 

pervolit5,-avi,  -atum,  -are,  [per- 
volito],  i.  v.  a.,  flit  around,  fly 
about. 

pervolo,  -avi,  -atiun,  -are,  [per- 
volo],  i.  v.  a.,  fly  through. 

pes,  pedis,  [x/ped  as  stem,  cf. 
iroi/s,  Eng.  foot],  m.,  the  foot. 
—  Also  of  animals,  a  foot,  a  hoof, 
a  claiu,  a  paw,  a  leg  (of  an  in- 
sect) .  —  Often  represented  in  Eng. 
by  step  :  ferte  pedem,  come  ;  re- 
ferens  pedem,  retreating  ;  pedem 
tulisset,  turn  the  steps  ;  pedem 
reportat,  retrace  his  steps  ;  aequo 
pede,  with  equal  pace  ;  pede  se- 
cundo,  with  favoring  steps;  re- 
trahit  pedes,  withdraws;  revo- 
cat  pedem,  draws  back.  —  Also, 
the  rope  at  the  lower  corner  of  a 
sail,  the  sheet:  facere  pedem, 


make  a  tack  (drawing  in  first  one 
and  then  the  other). 

pessimus,  -a,  -um ;  see  malus. 

pestifer,  -era,  -erum,  [fpesti-fer 
( -^/fer  -f  us)],  adj.,  plague-bring- 
ing, pestilent. 

pestis,  -is,  [?],  f.,  a  plague,  a  pest, 
an  infection,  a  taint.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, a  calamity,  ruin, destruction, 
mischief,  trouble.  —  Concretely,  a 
pest,  a  plague,  a  curse,  a  nuisance, 
vermin. 

Petilia  (-elia),  -ae,  [Gr.  nerijA.ia], 
f.,  a  city  on  the  Gulf  of  Tarentum, 
founded  by  Idomeneus. 

peto,  petivi  (-11),  petitum,  pete- 
re,  [  -y/pet,  akin  to  TTITTTCD],  3.  v.  a., 
{fall, fly,  in  various  modifications), 
go  to,  assail,  attack,  make  for,  fall 
upon,  aim  at,  seek  (go  to),  pursue: 
Troianos  monstra  (be  aimed  at) ; 
me  fraude  (aim  at) ;  peteretur 
Troia  (sail to  {seek)  Troy);  ter- 
rain (Jail  to) ;  exscidiis  urbem 
{plot  destruction  against)  ;  aethe- 
ra  sol  (rise  in)  ;  thorax  petitus 
(hit).  —  From  the  idea  of  aiming 
at,  seek,  search  for,  look  for,  ask 
for,  ask,  beg,  desire,  want,  be  in 
search  of:  quidve  petat  (what 
his  purpose) ;  petentur  praemia 
(be  in  question). 

petulcus,  -a,  -um,  [fpetulo-  (re- 
duced, cf.  petulans)  +  cus],  adj., 
butting,  wanton. 

Phaeaces,  -um,  [Gr.  *ai'euc«s],  m. 
plur.,  the  PhcEacians,  the  mythic 
inhabitants  of  Corcyra,  famed  for 
their  luxury. 

Phaedra,  -ae,  [Gr.  4>oI8po],  f.,  the 
wife  of  Theseus  and  daughter  of 
Minos.  She  became  enamored  of 
her  stepson  Hippolytus. 

Phaethon,  -ontis,  [Gr.  *o«'0&>»'], 
m.,  a  son  of  the  Sun  who  drove  his 
father's  horses  to  prove  his  lineage. 
They  became  unmanageable,  and 
he  was  destroyed  by  a  thunder- 
bolt. His  sisters  mourning  for  him 
were  changed  into  poplars.  —  Also 
(perhaps  in  its  original  sense,  the 
bright  one),  a  name  of  the  Sun. 


208 


Vocabulary, 


Phaethontiades,  -um,  [Gr.  patro- 
nymic], f .  pi.,  the  sisters  ofPh&thon. 

phalanx,  -angis,  [Gr.  (poAa-yl],  f., 
a  phalanx  (a  body  of  Grecian 
troops) .  —  Less  exactly,  an  army, 
a  force,  a  battalion,  a  funeral  es 
cort,  a  train,  a  fleet. 

phalarica  (fal-),  -ae»  [?]»  f->  a 
falarica,  a  huge  spear  (used  by 
barbarian  nations). 

phalerae,  -arum,  [Gr.  <f>d\apd],  f. 
plur.,  an  ornament  (of  metal  plates 
worn  on  the  breast  of  soldiers),  a 
decoration.  —  A  similar  decoration 
on  horses,  trappings. 

Phaleris,  -is,  [?],  m.,  a  Trojan. 

Phanaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  GavcSos], 
adj.,  of  Phantz  (a  place  in  Chios 
famous  for  its  wine).  —  Masc., 
Phancean  (Chian)  -wine:  rex  ip- 
se  Phanaeus  (Phanaus  king  of 
wines). 

pharetra,  -ae,  [Gr.  ^opc'rpa],  f.,  a 
quiver. 

phurctr.it  us,  -a,  -um,  [fpharetra 
+  tus,  cf.  armatus],  adj.,  armed 
with  a  quiver,  quiver-bearing. 

Pharus,  -i,  [Gr.  *apos],  m.,  an 
Italian. 

phaselus,  -I,  [Gr.  $iai)\oi\,  m.  and 
f.,  a  bean.  — Also,  a  skiff "(used  by 
the  Egyptians). 

Phasis,  -idis,  [Gr.  *S<ns],  m.,  a 
river  of  Colchis. 

Phegeus,  -ei  (-eos),  [Gr.  frnyevs'], 
m. :  I.  A  slave  of  Aneas ;  2.  A 
Trojan  (perhaps  two  of  the  same 
name). 

Pheneus,  -I,  [Gr.  *eVeos],  f.,  a  town 
and  lake  in  Arcadia. 

Phergs,  -etis,  [Gr.  *e'p7js],  m.,  a 
Trojan. 

PhillppI,  -drum,  [Gr.  *i\nnr<«], 
m.  plur.,  a  town  of  Macedonia  near 
the  foot  of  the  range  of  Hsemus. 
It  was  famous  for  the  battle  be- 
tween Brutus  and  Cassius  on  the 
one  side  and  Octavius  and  Antony 
on  the  other,  by  which  the  Caesarian 
party  was  established  in  power. 

Philoctetes,  -ae,  [Gr.*iAoKTT)Ti7s]» 
m.,  a  celebrated  archer,  son  of 


Paean  king  of  Meliboea.  He  re- 
ceived from  Hercules  the  famous 
poisoned  arrows  on  which  depend- 
ed the  destruction  of  Troy.  Ac- 
cording to  a  legend  he  came  to 
Italy  after  the  Trojan  war  and 
founded  Petilia. 

Philomela,  -ae,  [Gr.  *,AO^ATJ], 
f.,  a  daughter  of  Pandion  king  of 
Thebes,  who  with  her  sister  Procne 
served  up  to  Tereus,  her  sister's 
husband,  his  son  Itys  prepared  for 
food.  They  were  all  changed  into 
birds,  Philomela  into  a  nightin- 
gale, for  which  bird  her  name  often 
stands. 

Philyrides,  -ae,  [Gr.  patronymic], 
m.,  son  of  Philyra  (beloved  by 
Saturn,  by  whom  she  became  the 
mother  of  the  centaur  Chiron). 

Phineus,  -ei  (-eos),  [Gr.  4>»'ei$s], 
m.,  a  king  of  Thrace,  who  was 
struck  blind  and  afterwards  tor- 
mented by  the  Harpys. 

Phineius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  *u^ioj], 
adj.,  of  Phineus. 

Phlegethon,  -ontis,  [Gr.  $\tye- 
<?&>»>],  m.,  a  river  of  fire  in  Hades. 

Phlegyas,  -ae,  [Gr.  #\e7uos],  m., 
a  king  of  Orchomenus  in  Boeotia, 
father  of  Ixion,  who  burned  the 
temple  of  Apollo  to  avenge  the 
seduction  of  his  daughter  by  that 
divinity,  and  who  was  punished  in 
the  Infernal  regions  for  this  act  of 
impiety. 

phoca,  -ae,  [Gr.  <pt«»c7j],  f.,  a  seal,  a 
sea-calf.  . 

Phoebe,  -es,  [Gr.  WjSTj],  f.,  a  name 
of  Diana  (Artemis)  as  goddess  of 
the  moon  (cf.  Phoebus). 

Phoebeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  4>oi'£eios], 
adj.,  of  Phoebus  (Apollo  or  the 
Sun). 

Phoebigena,  -ae,  [fPhoebo-  (weak- 
ened) -fgena  (cf.  nubigena)], 
m.,  son  of  Phcebus  (y£sculapius). 

Phoebus,  -i,  [Gr.  *<>r£os],  m.,  a 
name  of  Apollo  as  god  of  the  sun 
(jthe  Bright  one).  — Also,  the  Sun. 

Phoenices,  -um,  [Gr.  *oiV«ces],  m. 
plur.,  the  Phoenicians  (the  inhab- 


Vocabulary. 


209 


itants  of  Phoenicia,  the  coast-land 
east  of  the  Mediterranean.) 

Phoenissa,  -ae,  [Gr.  ^oiviaaa,  f.  of 
Qoivit'],  f.  adj.,  Phoenician.  —  As 
subst.,  a  Phoenician  -woman  (used 
of  Dido). 

Phoenix,  -icis,  [Gr.  4>cnVi|],  m.,  the 
instructor  of  Achilles  and  his  com- 
panion in  the  Trojan  war. 

Pholoe,  -es,  [Gr.  Qo\6r)],  f.,  a  fe- 
male slave. 

Pholus,  -i,  [Gr.  *u>\os],  m. :  I.  A 
centaur,  the  host  of  Hercules,  but 
accidentally  slain  by  one  of  his 
guest's  arrows ;  2.  A  Trojan. 

Phorbas,  -antis,  [Gr.  *<5pj8as],  m., 
a  sailor  of  yEneas'  fleet. 

Phorcus, -i(-ys),[Gr.*<$pKos(-i/s)]> 
m. :  i.  A  sea-divinity;  2.  A  Latin. 

Phrygius,  -a,  -urn,  [Gr.  */>i>ytos], 
adj.,  Phrygian.  —  Less  exactly, 
Trojan. — Fern.  (sc.  terra),  Phry- 
gia,  the  country  of  Asia  Minor  of 
which  Troy  was  a  small  district. — 
Fern.  plur.(as  subst.),  the  Phrygian 
women,  the  Trojan  women. 

Phryx,  Phrygls,  [Gr.  *pv£],  m., 
a  Phrygian.  —  Less  exactly,  a 
Trojan. 

Phthia,  -ae,  [Gr.*0/a],  f.,  a  district 
of  Thessaly,  the  home  of  Achilles. 

Phyllis,  -idls,  [Gr.  *v\Ais],  f.,  a 
rustic  woman. 

Phyllodoce,  -es,  [Gr.  *vAAo8J/c7?], 
f.,  a  Nereid. 

piaculum,  -I,  [tpia-  (of  pio)  -f 
culum],  n.,  an  expiatory  rife  or 
offering,  a  purification:  commissa 
piacula  (atonement  for  guilt  in- 
curred}. 

piceus,  -a,  -um,  [tpic-f  eus],  adj., 
oj 'pitch,  pitchy. — Less  exactly,  da r& 
(like  the  smoke  of  pitch),  thick, 
lurid,  smoky  :  flumen  {thick  and 
dark,  of  sweat  and  dust) ;  turbo 
{pitch-black  wreaths}  ;  caligo  (of 
burning  pitch).  —  Fern.,  (sc.  ar- 
bor), a  pine  tree. 

pictara,  -ae,  [fpictu  +  ra  (f.  of 
rus),  cf.  fig  lira],  f.,  a  painting,  a 
picture. 

pii-t  unit  us,  -a,  -um,  [fpictura  -f 


tus,  cf.  armatus],  adj.,  embroi- 
dered, wrought  with  designs. 

pictus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  pingo. 

Picus,  -i,  [picus,  woodpecker],  m., 
a  mythic  king  of  Italy,  son  of  Sa- 
turn and  father  of  Faun  us,  changed 
into  a  woodpecker  by  Circe. 

Pierides,  -um,  [Gr.  HupiSts],  f.  pi., 
the  Muses,  so  called  from  their 
haunt  Pieria  in  Thessaly. 

pietas,  -tatis,  [tpio  +  tas],  I., filial 
affection,  dutiful  love,  filial  piety. 
— Hence,  reverence  (tor  the  gods), 
piety,  devotion. — Also  ( reciprocal- 
ly) >  justice  (recognition  of  piety). 

piger,  -gra,  -grum,  [y/pig  (in 
piget)  +  rus  (reduced)],  adj., 
slothful,  slow,  sluggish. 

piget,  -uit,(-itum  est),  -ere,  [unc. 
adj.-stem,  cf.  piger],  2.  v.  impers., 
it  irks,  one  regrets,  one  is  loth,  one 
loathes,  it  is  irksome. 

pignus,  -oris,  [prob.  pang  (as  root 
of  pango)  +  us],  n.,  a  pledge  (de- 
posited as  security) . — Less  exactly, 
a  wager,  a  stake.  —  Fig.,  a  security, 
a  pledge,  a  sign  (as  by  giving  the 
hand), a  token  (as  a  gift).  —  So  of 
children,  pledges. 

pila,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  pier,  a  mole. 

pilatus,  -a,  -um,  [tpilo  +  tus,  cf. 
armatus],  adj.,  armed  with  the 
javelin. 

pilentum,  -i,  [prob.  akin  to  pileus, 
on  account  of  the  wool  or  felt  cov- 
ering], n.,  a  carriage }  with  four 
wheels  and  covered,  used  for  car- 
rying sacred  emblems,  utensils, &c., 
and  later  employed  by  Roman 
women. 

pilum,  -i,  [perh.  akin  to  pinso], 
n.,  a  pestle.  —  Also,  a  javelin  (the 
heavy  spear  used  by  the  Romans). 

Pilumiius,  -i,  [tpilo  +  mnus,  cf. 
Gr.  -juei/os],  m.,  an  old  Latin  di- 
vinity or  deified  king,  an  ancestor 
of  Turnus,  represented  with  a 
pestle. 

Plnarius,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  a  Ro- 
man gentile  name  (which  are  all 
originally  adj.)  :  domus  (the  fam- 
ily of  the  Pinarii,  who  with  the 


2IO 


Vocabulary. 


Potjtii  first  assisted  at  the  rites  of 
Hercules). 

Pindus,  -i,  [Gr.  nfcSos],  m.,  a  moun- 
tain in  Thessaly. 

pineus,  -a,  -um,  [fpino-  (reduced) 
-f-  eus],  adj.,  of  pine,  of  pines. 

pingo,  pinxi,  pictum,  pingere, 
[^/pig],  3.  v.  a.,  paint,  dye,  color, 
embroider  (with  or  without  acu), 
ornament  (with  color) .  —  pictus, 
-a,  -uin,  p.p.  as  adj.,  embroidered, 
painted,  particolored,  spotted,  va- 
riegated, wrought  (with  color), 
ornamented  (with  designs). 

pinguesco,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -esce- 
re,  [fpingui  +  sco,  cf.  pinguis], 
3.  v.  n.  incept.,  grow  fat,  grow  rich, 
become  fertile,  be  enriched. 

pinguis,  -e,  [  ?],  adj.,/a/,  rich,  resin- 
ous, pitchy,  oily,  unctuous,  fertile, 
thick,  milky  (of  herbs) :  oves  (well- 
fed};  ara  (rich  in  victims). 

pinifer,  -era,  -erum,  [fpinS-fer 
[•^/fer  +  us)],  adj.,  pine-bearing, 
pine-clad. 

pinna,  -ae,  [same  word  as  penna], 
f.,  a  turret  (part  of  a  fortification), 
a  battlement.  See  also  penna. 

pi ii us,  -I  (-us), [akin  to  pix,  ITI'TVS], 
f.,  a  pine  tree,  a  pine.  —  Of  things 
made  of  pine,  a  ship,  a  torch,  a 
shaft._ 

pio,  -avi,  -a tu in,  -are,  [tpio-], 
I.  v.  a.,  purify. — Also,  appease, 
propitiate. — Hence,  expiate,  atone 
for. 

PIrithous,  -I,  [Gr.  DwpMMtJ,  m., 
a  son  of  Ixion  who  attempted  to 
carry  off  Proserpine  from  the  world 
below. 

pirns,  -i,  [?],  f.,  a  pear-tree. 

Pisa,  -ae,  [Gr.  mW],  f.,  a  city  of 
Elis  near  Olympia,  with  which 
town  it  was  sometimes  identified. 

Pisae,  -arum,  [?],  f.  plur.,  Pisa,  a 
city  of  Etruria,  supposed  by  the 
ancients  to  have  been  colonized 
from  Elis. 

pise  is,  -is,  [?],  m.,  a  fish.  —  Also 
(usually  in  plur.),  Pisces,  the  con- 
stellation. 

piscusus,  -a,    -um,    [fpisci-    (re- 


duced) +  osus],  adj.,  full  offish, 
fish-haunted. 

pistrix,  -icis,  [Gr.  irto-Tpts],  f.,  a 
sea-monster.  —  As  name  of  a  ship, 
the  Pistrix. 

plus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  filial,  de- 
voted'(to  parents), pious,  virtuous, 
just.  —  Also,  pure,  holy,  sacred  : 
amor  (devoted) ;  far  (consecrat- 
ed); sanguis  (innocent);  pio- 
rum  concilia  (of  the  blest) ;  iiu- 
mina  (righteous,  cf.  pietas); 
manus  (pure). 

pix,  picis,  [akin  to  pinus  and 
irirus,  cf.  iriaffa],  f.,  pitch. 

placabilis,  -e,  [fplaca-  (of  placo) 
+  bilis],  adj.,  easy  to  be  entreated, 
placable,  gentle  :  ara  {propitious, 
where  sacrifices  easily  appease  the 
divinity) . 

placatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  placo. 

placed,  placui,  placitum,  pla- 
cere,  [tplaco-(cf.placidus,pla- 
co,  Viriplaca)],  2.  v.  n.,  please, 
delight,  give  pleasure.  —  Often  to 
be  translated  by  a  change  of  con- 
struction, approve,  delight  in,  adopt. 
—  Also  impersonally,  it  is  one's 
will,  one  determines,  it  is  deter- 
mined, it  is  thought  best.  —  placi- 
tus,  -a,  -HIM,  p.p.  in  act.  sense, 
pleasing,  agreeable,  determined  on, 
decided  :  placida  paci  oliva  (fa- 
vorable); sic  placitum  (50  it  is 
fated);  ultra  placitum  (more 
than  is  agreeable). 

placide  [abl.  of  placidus],  adv., 
quietly,  gently,  peacefully. 

placidus,  •  -a,  -um,  [fplaco-  (cf. 
placeo)  +  dus],  adj.,  calm,  quiet, 
peaceful,  gentle,  placid,  kindly, 
propitious  :  palus  (gently-fiowing, 
slow) ;  aequora ;  pax ;  aures ; 
urbes ;  pectus ;  os ;  caput ;  pla- 
cidum  ventis  mare  (stilled). 

placitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  placeo. 

placo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fplaco- 
(cf.  Viriplaca)],  I.  v.  a.,  appease, 
pacify,  calm,  quiet. 

i.plaga,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  region,  a 
quarter,  a  zone,  a  tract. 

2.  plaga,   -ae,   [Gr.   TTAJJT^],  f.,  a 


Vocabulary. 


211 


blow,  a  stroke,  a  lash,  a  thrust,  a 
wound. 

3.  plaga,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  hunting- 
net,  a  snare. 

plango,  planxl,planctum,plan- 

gere,  [\/Pla&>  a^*n  to  7r*')0"<r<«>> 
cf.  plaga],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  beat, 
strike.  —  From  beating  the  breasts 
in  mourning,  wail,  cry.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, roar,  murmur. 

plangor,  -oris,  [plang  (as  root  of 
plango)  +  or],  m.,  a  shriek,  an 
outcry. 

platiities,  -ei,  [fplano  +  ties,  cf. 
amicitia],  f.,  a  plain,  a  level. 

planta,  -ae,  [akin  to  planus],  f., 
the  sole,  the  foot. — -Also,  a  scion,  a 
slip,  a  plant,  a  shoot. 

plantarium,  -i  (-ii),  or  -are,  -is, 
[tplanta  +  arium  (n.  of  arius)], 
n.,  a  shoot,  a  scion. 

plaiuis,  -a,  -mil,  [akin  to  ir\ariis 
(perh.  Y/pal  in  palor) J,  ad)., /eve!, 
Jlat. — -Neut.  as  subst.,  a  plain,  a 
level,  level  ground. 

platanus,  -i,  [Gr.  nActTapos],  f.,  a 
plane^  tree. 

plaudo  pl<>  .  plausi,  plausuin, 
plaudere,  [  ?],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
clap,  beat  (with  the  feet  or  hands), 
fiap  (of  the  wings),  pat  (of  caress- 
ing) :  choreas  (dance  a  measure) . 

plaustrum,  -i,  [-^/plaud-f  trum], 
n.,  a  cart,  a  -wagon. 

plausus,  -us,  [plaud  (as  root  of 
plaudo)  -+-  tus],  m.,  clapping, 
flapping,  fluttering  ;  applause. 

plebs,  plebis,  [akin  to  plenus  (cf. 
plerlque),  7rA.f)0os],  f.,  the  multi- 
tude, the  common  people,  the  people, 
the  vulgar,  common  soldiers. 

Plelas,  -adis,  [Gr.  lUqufe],  f.,  a 
Pleiad,  one  of  the  seven  daughters 
of  Atlas  who  were  changed  into 
the  constellation  of  the  Pleiades. — 
Also,  one  of  the  stars.  —  Plur.,  the 
Pleiades,  the  constellation. 

Plemyrium,  -I  (-ii),  (Plemm-), 
[Gr.],  n.,  a  promontory  of  Sicily, 
near  Syracuse. 

plenus,  -a,  -urn,  [tple-  (of  pleo) 
+  nus,  cf.  plerlque],  adj.,  full, 


filled,  well-filled:  vox  (loud}; 
flumina  (swelling);  annis  (com- 
pleted, mature) ;  mensa  (laden) ; 
portae  (thronged);  ad  plenum 
(full,  to  the  top) ;  campus  (crowd- 
ed, with  sheep). 

plerusque  (masc.  not  found) ,  -aque, 
-unique,  [plerus  (tple  +  rus,  cf. 
plenus)  -que  (cf.  uridique,  quis- 
que)],  adj.,  the  greater  part. — 
Neut.  as  adv.,  for  the  most  part, 
usually,  commonly. 

plico,  -avi  (-ul),  -atum  (-itum), 
-are,  [-y/plic,  akin  to  ir\tKu~], 
l.  v.  &.,fold,  roll  up. 

plu ma,  -ae,  [?J,  i.,  feathers. 

plumbum,  -I,  [?],  n.,  lead. 

pluo,  plul  (pluvi),  no  sup.,  plu- 
ere,  [Vplu>  °f  unc-  kin.],  3.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  rain,  rain  down,  shower 
down.  —  Impersonal,  it  rains. 

plurimus,  -a,  -uni;  see  multus. 

plus,  see  multus. 

I ?lu ton  (-O),  -dnis,  [Gr.  Tl\ovruv'], 
m.,  Pluto,  the  brother  of  Jupiter 
and  Neptune,  the  king  of  the  lower 
world. 

pluviulis,  -e,  [fpluvio-  (reduced) 
+  alis],  adj.,  rainy.  —  Often  in 
the  sense  of  bringing  rain. 

pluvius,  -a,  -um,  [  VPlu  (m  pluo) 
+  ius],  adj.,  rainy,  shcnvery  :  plu- 
vium  frigus  (cold  rain).  —  Fern, 
(sc.  aqua),  rain,  a  shoiver ,  a  fall 
of  rain,  rainy  weather. 

poculum,  -i,  [  y'po  (cf.  poto)  + 
culum],  n.,  a  drinki ng-cup,  a  gob- 
let, a  bowl.  —  Less  exactly,  a  wa- 
tering-place, a  water-trough.  — 
Often,  as  in  Eng.,  for  the  liquid 
contained  in  the  vessel. 

podagra,  -ae,  [Gr.  iroSdypa],  f.,  the 
gout.  —  A  similar  disease  in  sheep. 

Podalirlus,  -I  (-ii),  [Gr.  HoSa\fi- 
pios~\,  m.,  a  Trojan. 

pocna,  -ae,  [  -v/Pu  (m  purus,  with 
stem- vowel  and  strengthened)  + 
na,  cf.  troiirfi'],  {.,  a  penalty, 
punishment,  revenge,  vengeance. 
Regularly  regarded  as  a  penalty 
by  the  ancients,  and  hence  de- 
manded, taken,  received,  &c.,  by 


212 


Vocabulary. 


the  inflicter,  and  paid, given,  owed, 
satisfied,  by  the  sufferer. 

Poenus,  -a,  -uin,  [akin  to  4>o«ci|, 
a  simpler  form  corrupted],  adj., 
Carthaginian  (pioperly  Phoeni- 
cian).—  Masc.  plur.,  the  Cartha- 
ginians. 

poenitet,  see  paenitet. 

poeta,  -ae,  [Gr.  ITOJTJTTJS],  m.,<?  poet. 

polio,  -ivi  (-ii),  -itum,  -Ire,  [?], 
4.  v.  a.,  polish. 

Polites,  -ae,  [Gr.  noAmjs],  m.,  a 
Trojan,  son  of  Priam. 

politus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  polio. 

pollex,  -icis,  [?],  m.,  the  thumb.    ' 

polliceor,  -licitus,  -licerl,  [por 
(old  prep.,  cf.  itp6s)  -hceor],  2.  v. 
dep.,  offer,  promise  (voluntarily, 
cf.  promitto,/;- <wzz.se  on  request), 
engage. 

pollicitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  polli- 
ceor. 

PolliO  (Pol-),  -onis,  [?],  m.,  a 
Roman  surname.  —  Esp.,  Caius 
Asinius  Pollio,  a  distinguished 
orator,  statesman,  and  author  of 
the  time  of  Augustus,  lie  was  an 
intimate  friend  and  a  patron  of 
Virgil. 

polluo,  -lul,  -lutum,  -lucre,  [perh. 
por-luo],  3.  v.  a.,  pollute,  infect, 
defile. — Lessexactly,z/zW«^.- pollu- 
tus amor  {blighted, disappointed}. 

Pollux,  -ucis,  [Gr.  FloAuSewcTjs,  cof- 
rupted],  m.,  one  of  the  sons  of 
Jupiter  and  Leda,  brother  of  Cas- 
tor, famed  as  a  pugilist.  Virgil 
alludes  to  his  skill  in  horsemanship, 
for  which  generally  his  brother  is 
famous.  Upon  the  death  of  Cas- 
tor, Pollux  obtained  permission  to 
relieve  his  brother  in  the  world 
below  by  alternately  taking  his 
place,  thus  sharing  with  him  his 
immortality. 

polus,  -I,  [Gr.  ii^Aos],  m.,  the  pole 
(end  of  the  earth's  axis),  the  North 
pole,  the  Heavens. 

Polybotes,  see  Polyphoetes. 

Polydorus,  -i,  [Gr.  noA.i55o.pos], 
m.,  a  son  of  Priam,  sent  to  Thrace, 
and  slain  by  Polymnester, 


Polyphemus,  -i,  [Gr.  flo 

m.,  the  Cyclops  whose  eye  was  put 
out  by  Ulysses. 

Polyphoeties  (-botes),  -ae,  [Gr. 
noAixpoiTTjs],  m.,  a  Trojan,  priest  of 
Ceres. 

Polytes,  see  Polites. 

Pometii,  -orum,  [?],  m.  plur., 
Suessa  Pometia,  a  city  of  the  Vol- 
sci,  in  the  region  of  the  Pomptine 
Marshes. 

pom  pa,  -ae,  [Gr.  Tro^uirt)],  f.,  a  sa- 
cred procession,  a  sacred  rite,  a 
funeral  train,  a  funeral. 

pomum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  a  fruit  (apple, 
pear,  plum,  &c.,  cf.  baca,  a  small 
fruit) .  —  Less  exactly,  a  fruit-tree. 

pondus,  -eris,  [x/pend+ us],  n., 
a  weight,  a  burden,  a  load,  a  heavy 
missile,  a  mass. 

pone  [perh.  akin  to  post],  adv.,  be- 
hind1. 

IKHI.I,  posui,  positum,  ponerc, 
[  unc.  stem+sino,  cf.  pone],  3.  v.  a., 
{leave  behind?),  lay  down,  put 
down. — With  idea  of  loss  (lit.  and 
hg.),  lay  aside,  lose,  abandon,  drop, 
shed,  give  up,  yield  (of  fruits). — 
With  some  purpose,  place,  put,  set, 
found, lay, set  up, put  up  (a stake), 
set  on  foot  (a  contest),  serve  up, 
plant,  fix  (a  limit,  &c.),  assign  (a 
name),  lay  down  (for  rest),  deter- 
mine,pitch  (a  camp), place  (hope), 
lay  (one's  fortunes  in  the  lap  of 
another),  lay  to  rest  (bury),  lay 
out  (a  body),  lay  low  (raze),  make 
(a  keel). —  Intrans.,  (sc.  se),  de- 
cline (of  winds),  go  down. 

pirns,  pontis,  [?],  m.,  a  bridge,  a 
gangivay,  a  drawbridge,  a  floor  (of 
a  tower). 

pontus,  -i,  [Gr.  TroWos],  m.,  (he  sea, 
a  wave. —  Esp.  (sc.  Euxinus), 
the  Euxine,  the  Black  Sea. 

Pontus,  -I,  [Gr.  noVros],  m.,  the 
region  south  of  the  Black  Sea. 

poples,  -itis,  [?],  in.,  the  ham  (the 

"  back  of  the  knee)  :  succiso  pop- 
lite  -{cutting  the  cords  of  the  knee, 
with  the  hamstrings  cut) ;  dupli- 
cate poplite  (with  bent  knees'). 


Vocabulary. 


213 


popular!*,  -e,  [fpopulo-  (reduced) 
+  aris] ,  adj..  popular,  of  the  people. 

populatus,  -a,  -uin,  p.p.  of  populo. 

populous,  -a,  -uni,  [fpopulo-  (re- 
duced) +  eus],  adj.,  of  the  poplar, 
of  poplar,  poplar. 

populo,  -avi,  -atuiu,  -are,  [proh. 
fpopulo-,  but  the  connection  is 
uncertain],  i.v.a.,  ravage,  despoil, 
lay  waste,  devastate,  plunder. — 
Also  of  animals,  ^)r<y  upon.  —  Pass, 
as  dep.  in  same  senses.  —  Of  a  river, 
devastate,  lay  waste  :  iter  (its  path) . 
—  populatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  in 
act.  and  pass,  sense :  tempora 
raptis  auribus  (despoiled). 

Populonia,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  city  on 
the  coast  of  Etruria. 

populus,  -1,  [?],  f.,  a  poplar  tree, 
poplar  (the  leaves  in  a  crown). 
This  tree  was  sacred  to  Hercules. 

populus,  -I,  [redupl.  root  in  TCO\VS 
(cf.  plebes)  +  us],  m.,  a  people,  a 
state,  a  nation,  a  tribe.  —  Also,  the 
common  people,  the  populace,  the 
crovud. — Poetically,  of  bees,  viewed 
as  social  and  intelligent. 

fpor  (port-),  [cf.  irp6s,  -irpor'i],  a 
prep,  only  found  in  obscure  com- 
position. Apparently,  to,  towards, 
cf.  porricio,  polliceor,  por- 
tendo. 

porca,  -ae,  [  ?],  f.,  a  pig  (female),  a 
sow^ 

porgo,  see  porrigo. 

porrectus,-a,  -um,  p.p.  of  porrigo. 

porricio,  -eci,  -ectum,  -icere, 
[prob.  por-iacio,  cf.  polliceor], 
3.  v.  a.,  cast  as  an  offering  (a  sacri- 
ficial word),  scatter,  offer,  cast  forth. 

porrigo  (porgo),  -rexi,  -rectum, 
-rigere,  [por-rego],  3.  v.  a.,  stretch 
out,  extend,  hold  out.  —  Pass,  or 
with  reflexive,  extend. 

porro  [unc.  form  akin  to  pro,  por, 
and  irp6a<a~\,  adv.,  forward,  afar 
off,  beyond.  —  Of  time,  hereafter, 
tn  later  times,  later,  in  succession. 

Porsena  (-enna),  -ae,  [prob.  an 
Etruscan  word],  m.,  a  king  of 
Etruria  who  attempted  to  restore 
the  banished  Tarquins. 


porta,  -ae,  f_  -y/por  (akin  to  port  us, 
Tr6pos)  +  taj,  f.,  a  gate,  a  passage, 
an  entrance,  an  exit,  a  way  (in 
or  out)^ 

portendo,  -tendi,  -tentum,  -ten- 
dere,  [por-tendo],  3.  v.  a.,  (a  re- 
ligious word,  hold  out),  portend, 
forebode,  foretell,  threaten. 

portentum,  -1,  [n.  p.p.  of  por- 
tendo],  n.,  a  prodigy,  a  portent,  a 
sign,  an  omen. 

porticus,  -us,  [porta-  (weakened) 
+  unc.  stem  or  termination],  f.,  a 
colonnade,  a  gallery,  an  arcade. 

portitor,  -oris,  [prob.  fportu-  (or 
fporta)  +  tor,  cf.  viator,  but  cf. 
also  porto],  m.,  a  boatman,  a  fer- 
ryman. —  Esp.  of  Charon,  the  fer- 
ryman of  the  Styx. 

porto,  -avi,  at  um,  -are,  [tporta- 
(or  fporto-,  or  fportu-)],  i.v.  a., 
convey  (pern.  orig.  of  merchan- 
dise), carry,  bear,  bring:  quern 
portat  equus  {who  is  borne  on, 
&c.).  —  Poet.:  te  septima aestas. 
—  Also,  carry  off,  bear  away.  — 
Fig.:  bellum  (make,  declare). 

Portunus,  -I,  [tportu-  (length- 
ened) +  nus  (cf.  Vacuna)],  m., 
the  Italian  god  of  harbors,  Gr. 
Ha\at/j.ui>. 

port  us,  -us,  [VP°r  (cf-  Porta, 
iropos)  +  tus],  m.,  (an  entrance), 
a  harbor,  a  haven.  —  Fig.,  a  ref- 
uge, a  haven. 

posco,  poposci,  no  sup.,  -poscere, 
[?,  perh.  akin  to  precor],  3.  v.  a., 
ask,  beg,  demand,  claim,  require, 
call  for,  enquire  for,  pray  for : 
ventos;  poscente  nullo  (sponta- 
neously) ;  fatis  poscentibus  (at 
the  call  of  the  fates')  •  sic  ventos 
(require);  numina  (supplicate). 

positus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  pono. 

possessor,  -oris,  [por-sessor,  cf. 
possideo],  m.,  a  possessor,  an  oc- 
cupant (by  force),  a  master  (of 
property  by  occupation). 

possum,  potui,  posse,  [potis(-e) 
-sum],  irr.  v.  n.,  can,  be  able,  have 
power.  —  Often  with  ace.  of  pron., 
have  power,  can  do.  —  potens, 


214 


Vocabulary. 


-entis,  p.  as  adj.,  powerful,  great, 
mighty,  ruling  over,  master  of, 
potent:  potentum  munera  (the 
great);  potentea  terrae  (rulers 
of) ;  potens  promissi  Dea  (hav- 
ing accomplished) ;  seditions  po- 
tens (skilful). 

post  [abl.  of  fposti-  (pos  +  ti,  cf. 
pone),  cf.  postidea],  adv.,  (from 
behind),  behind,  after.  —  Of  time, 
later,  afterwards,  next,  hereafter, 
in  after  times.— Prep.,  behind,  after. 

tposterus,  -a,  -um,  [fposti  +  rus], 
adj.,  coming  after,  following,  next. 
—  posterior,  -us,  -oris,  comp., 
later,  latter.  —  postremus  (pos- 
tumus),  -a,  -um,  [postera  + 
imus  (cf.  supremus),  post  +  ti- 
mus  (cf.  intimus)],superl.,/rtto/', 
last,  lowest,  least.  —  Neut.  plur., 
the  rear.  —  postumus,  last,  post- 
humous (born  after  a  father's 
death). 

posthabeo,  -habui,  -habitum, 
-habere,  [post-habeo],  2.  v.  a., 
hold  in  less  esteem,  neglect,  post- 
pone (in  favor  of  something  else). 

post  habitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  post- 
habeo. 

posthac  [post-hac,  cf.  postidea], 
adv.,  hereafter,  henceforth,  in  fu- 
ture. 

pos  thine  [post-hinc],  adv.,  here- 
after, then,  next,  thereupon. 

postis,  -is,  [perh.  tpos  (cf.  post, 
pone,  pono) -f  tis,  cf.  antae], 
m.,  a  doorpost,  a  pillar  (of  an  en- 
trance), a  column.  —  Less  exactly, 
a  door,  an  entrance. 

postquam  [post-quam],  adv.,  (later 
than),  after,  when,  as  soon  as,  since, 
now  that. 

postremus,  see  posterus. 

postumus,  see  posterus. 

potens,  -entis,  p.  of  possum. 

potentia,  -ae,  [fpotent  +  ia],  f., 
power, might,inftuence,  for  ce,sway, 
rule:  dura  nostra  (exercise  of 
power);  mea  magna  (source  of 
power) . 

potestas,  -tatis,[stem  akin  to  potis 
-ftas],  f.,  power,  might,  rule,  sway, 


opportunity,  chance :   potestates 
herbarum  (virtues). 

potior,  -itus,  -Iri,  (potltur,  in  3.), 
[fpoti-],  4.  v.  dep.,  become  master 
of,  gain,  possess,  win,  gain  posses- 
sion of,  seize,  occupy,  secure :  au- 
so  (succeed  in) ;  campo  equus 
(gain) ;  tellure (gain,  arrive  at ) . 

potior,  -us,  [prob.  comp.  of  potis], 
adj.,  preferable,  better,  more  de- 
sirable.—  potius,  neut.  as  adv., 
rather,  more. 

potis,  -e,  [prob.  akin  to  pater  and 
7ro'<ns],  adj.,  powerful,  able. — Usu- 
ally not  declined:  potis  (pote) 
est,  be  able,  one  can,  be  possible. 
See  also  potior. 

Potitius,  -I  (-ii),  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name  (prop.  adj.).  —  Esp. 
of  one  of  the  family  who  with  the 
head  of  the  Pinarii  assisted  at  the 
rites  of  Hercules. 

pot  it  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  potior. 

Potnias,  -adis,  [Gr.  HOTI/ICIS],  adj., 
of ' Potniae,  a  town  of  Boeotia,  the 
residence  of  Glaucus,  son  of  Sisy- 
phus, whose  horses  went  mad  and 
tore  their  master  in  pieces.  There 
are  other  forms  of  the  story. 

poto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fpoto- 
(freq.  of  lost  verb)]  I.  v.  a.,  drink. 
—  potans,  -antis,  p.  as  subst. 
(plur.),  revellers,  drinkers.  See 
also  potus  (-us),  potus,  -a,  -um. 

pot  us,  -us,  [-v/P°  (cf-  poculum) 
+  tus],  m.,  a  drinking. — Esp.  ace. 
(as  supine  of  poto),  to  drink. 

potus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  -v/P°>  c^- 
poculum],  p.p.,  act.  and  pass., 
being  drunk,  having  drunk. 

prae  [  ?,  same  stem  as  pro],  adv.  and 
prep.,  before,  in  front.  —  In  comp., 
before,  in  front,  at  the  extremity, 
very.  ^ 

praebeo,  -bui,  -bitum,  -bere, 
[prae-habeo],  2.  v.  a.,  (hold out), 
afford,  yield,  offer,  furnish. 

praecedo,  -cessl,  -cessum,  -ce- 
dere,  [prae-cedo],  3.  v.  a.  and 
n.,go  before,  precede. 

praecelsus,  -a,  -um,[prae-celsus], 
adj.,  very  high,  lofty. 


Vocabulary. 


215 


praeceps,    -clpltts,   [prae  -  caput 

(reduced,  and  decl.  as  adj.)], adj., 
head-foremost,  headlong,  in  (one's) 
haste,  with  speed,  speedy,  flying, 
swift,  hurrying,  driven  headlong, 
plunging,  pell  mell. — Transferred, 
straight  downward,  precipitous  : 
in  praeceps  (straight  downward, 
perpendicularly);  in  praecipiti 
{straight  up  on  the  very  edge}. 

praeceptum,  -I,  [n.  p.p.  of  prae- 
cipio],  n.,  an  instruction,  an  in- 
junction, a  rule,  an  order,  a  charge, 
a  precept. 

praeceptus,  a,  -um,  p.p.  of  prae- 
cipio._ 

praecido,  -cidi,  -cisum,  -cidere, 
[prae-caedo],  3.  v.  a.,  cut  off.  — 
praeclsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
sleep,  precipitous. 

praecipiS,  -cepi,  -ceptum,  -ci- 
pere,  [prae-capio],  3.  v.  a.,  take 
beforehand  :  spe  hostem  {conquer 
in  advance) ;  aestus  lac  (dry  up, 
in  advance) .  —  Also, prescribe,  en- 
join, give  instructions,  command. 

praecipito,  -avi,  -at um,  -are, 
[tpraecipit-],  I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  send 
headlong,  hurry  on,  hurl  head- 
long: moras  (break  down) .  —  In- 
trans.,  go  headlong,  fall  swiftly, 
h  urry,  hasten :  curae  (are  excited  ); 
flumina  mento  (pour). 

pruecipue,  [abl.  of  pracipuus], 
adv.,  especially,  particularly. 

praecipuus,  -a,  -um,  [prae-cep- 
uus  ( -v/cap  -f  uus,  cf.  perspi- 
cuus)],  adj.,  (taken  before),  espe- 
cial, chief,  the  greatest:  accipit 
Aenean  (with  special  honor). 

praecisus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  prae- 
cido. 

praeclarus,  -a,  -um,  [prae-cla- 
rus],  adj.,  very  bright.  —  Fig.,  dis- 
tinguished, famous,  renowned, glo- 
rious, splendid,  magnificent. 

pratH'o,  -oiiis,  [?],  in.,  a  crier,  a 
herald. 

praeeordia,  -Drum,  [prae-cord  + 
ium],  n.  plur.,  the  diaphragm,  the 
region  of  the  heart,  the  vitals,  the 
breast,  the  heart. 


praeda,  -ae,  [prob.  akin  to  pre- 
hondo],  f.,  booty,  a  prize,  plunder, 
spoil,  prey  (of  wild  beasts),  game 
(prey  of  the  hunter),  a  prize. 

praedico,  -dixi,  -dictum,  -dice- 
re,  [prae-dico],  3.  v.  a.,  foretell, 
give  warning,  prophesy,  forebode. 
—  Also,  warn,  inform. 

praedictum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  prae- 
dlco], n.,  a  prediction,  a  prophecy. 

praedisco,  -didlci,  no  sup.,  -dis- 
cere,  [prae-disco],  3.  v.  a.,  learn 
beforehand,  forecast,  recognize  in 
advance. 

praedives,  -itis,[prae-dives],  adj., 
very  rich,  wealthy. 

praedo,  -onis,  [fpraeda- (reduced) 
-f  o],  m.,  a  robber,  a  pirate,  a  ma- 
rauder. 

praedor,  -situs,  -Sri,  [fpraeda-], 
I.  v.  dep.,  prey,  prowl. 

praedulcis,  -e,  [prae-dulcis],  adj., 
very  sweet,  precious. 

praedurus,  -a,-um,  [prae-durus], 
adj.,  very  hard,  hardy,stout, sturdy. 

praeeo,  -ivi  (-ii),  -Hum,  -ire, 
[prae-eo],  irr.  v.  a.  and  n.,  go  in 
advance,  precede,  lead,  be  in  ad- 
vance. 

praefatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  prae- 
for. 

praefero,  -tuli,  -latum,  -ferre, 
'  [prae-fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  carry  in 
front  (before  one),  offer:  frons 
hominem  (represent). — Also, pre- 
fer, choose  rather,  choose  in  prefer- 
ence. 

praeflcio,  -feci,  -fectum,  -ficere, 
[prae-facio],  irr.  v.  a.,  set  over, 
put  in  charge. 

praef igo,  -fixi,  -fixnm,  -figere, 
[prae-figo],  3.  v.  a.,  fa  in  front, 
hang  tip  on,  fix  upon :  ora  prae- 
fixa  (impaled) ;  praefixa  cuspide 
(with  iron  head).  —  With  change 
of  point  of  view,  fix  (something 
with  another  in  front)  :  oracapis- 
tris  (bind').  —  So  prat-fix  us,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.,  pointed,  headed. 

praef  ix  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  prae- 
figo.  ^ 

praefodio,  -fodi,  -fossum,  -fo- 


2l6 


Vocabulary. 


dere,  [prae-fodio],  3.  v.  a.,  dig 
in  front  of,  ditch. 

praefor,  -fat us  -fari,  [prae-for], 
I.  v.  dep.,  say  before,  preface,  in- 
voke first  (beforehand). 

praefulgeo,  -fulsi,  -no  sup.,  ful- 
gere,  [prae-fulgeo],  2.  v.  n.,shine 
in  front  or  on  the  edge:  pellis 
unguibus  (glitter  with  hanging 
claws). 

praegnans  (-as),  -antis  (-atis), 
[prae-gnans  (prob.  p.  of  stem  fr. 
•y/gen,  of.  nascor)],  adj.,  preg- 
nant. 

praelabor,  -lapsus,  -labi,  [prae- 
labor], 3.  v.  dep.,  glide  by,  fly  by. 

praelatus,  -a,  -uin,  p.p.  of  prae- 
fero. 

praemetuo,  -iiiotui,  -metutum, 
-metuere,  [prae-metuo],3.  v.  n., 
fear  beforehand,  be  anxious.  - 

praemissus,  -a,  -inn,  p.p.  of  prae- 
mitto. 

praemitto,  -misi,  -missum,  -mit- 
tere,  [prae-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  send 
before,  send  in  advance,  send  for- 
ward. 

praemium,  -I  (-11),  [prob.  akin  to 
prae-emo],  n.,  a  prize,  a  reward, 
a  recompense  (in  good  or  bad 
sense),  a  prize  (in  an  ironical 
sense)  :  Veneris  (delights) ;  pug- 
nae  (prize,  taken  in  war) ;  inter 
praemia  ducet  (the  prizes  of 
battle,  to  the  battle-field). 

praenato,  -avi,  -at  u  m,  -are, 
[prae-nato],  i.  v.  a.,  swim  by,, 
float  by,  flow  by  (of  a  river). 

Praeneste,   -is,    [  ?],  f.  and  n.,   a  \ 
strongly   fortified  ancient   city  of  • 
Latium,  famous  for  an  oracle  and  a 
temple   of   Fortune   (now   Pales-  \ 
trina) . 

Praenestinus,  -a,  -uin,  [fPrae- 
nesti  +  nus],  adj.,  of  Preeneste. 

praenuntia,  -ae,  [prae-nuntia], 
f.,  forerunner,  harbinger,  bearing 
news  (in  app.  as  adj.). 

praepes,  -etis,  [prae-pes  (^/pei 
as  stem,  cf.  peto)  j,  adj.,  swiftly' 
flying,  swift. 

pracpiiiguis,  -e,   [prae-pinguis], 


adj.,    very  fat,  very  rich,  fertile, 
teeming. 
praereptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  prae- 

ripio.  ^ 

praerlpio,  -rlpui,  -rcptum,  -ri- 
pere,  [prae-rapio],  3.  y.  a.,  snatch 
away  (in  advance,  so  as  to  deprive 
some  one  of  a  thing),  wrest  away, 
wrest  from,  occupy  (against  some 
one). 

praeruptus, -a, -um,  [p.p.  of  prae- 
rumpo],  as  adj.,  (broken  off  in 
front),  precipitous,  steep,  broken. 

praesaepe  (-sepe),  -is,  [prae-sae- 
pe  (akin  to  saepio)],  n.,  a  stall, 
a  stable.  —  Poetically,  of  bees,  a 
hive. 

praesagus,  -a,  -um,  [prae-sagus, 
cf.  sagax],  adj.,  foreknowing, 
prescient,  foreboding.  —  Also,  om- 
inous, boding. 

praesclsco,  -scivi,  -scitum,  -scis- 
cere,  [prae-scisco],  3.  v.  a.,  learn 
beforehand,  see  in  advance. 

praescius,  -a,  -um,  [prae-scius, 
cf.  nescius],  adj.,  foreknowing, 
divining,  prescient,  presaging. 

praescribo,  -scrips!,  -scriptum, 
-scribere,  [prae-scribo],  3.v.  a., 
write  before,  prefix  :  pagina  sibi 
nomen  (has  written  on  its  front, 
as  a  dedication). 

praesens,  -entis,  [prae-tsens,  p. 
of  sum],  &&}.,  present,  before  one, 
immediate,  imminent,  instant: 
animus  (stout  heart).  —  Also  of 
divinities,  favorable,  propitious, 
present  to  help.  —  Also,  potent,  ad- 
vantageous, helpful,  po~,verful. 

praesentia,  -ae,  [fpraesent  +  ia], 
f.,  presence. 

praesentio,  -sensi,  -sensum, 
-sentire,  [prae-sentio],  4.  v.  a., 
feel  beforehand,  foresee,  divine,  de- 
tect, (something  about  to  be  done) . 

praesertim  [ace.  akin  to  sero], 
adv.,  especially,  particularly,  chief- 
ly, most  of  all. 

praeses,  -idis,  [prae-ses  ( -y/sed  as 
stem)],  comm.,  (presiding  over), 
a  ruler, ^an  arbiter,  an  arbitress. 

praesideo,   -sedi,    -sessum,   -si- 


Vocabulary. 


217 


dere,  [prae-sideo],  2.  v.  n.,  pre- 
side over. 

praesidium,  -I  (-ii),  [fpraesid  + 
ium],  n.,  a  defence,  a  protection,  a 
garrison. 

praestans,  -antis,  p.  of  praesto. 

praesto,  -stiti,  -stitum,  -stare, 
[prae-sto],  i.  v.  n.  and  a.,  stand 
before,  excel,  surpass.  —  Impers.,  it 
is  better. —  praestans,  -antis,  p., 
surpassing,  superior,  excellent, 
splendid^  magnificent,  skiljul. 

piMcsmiK),  -sumpsi,  -sinupfiiin, 
-sumere,  [prae-sumo],  3.  v.  a., 
anticipate. 

praetendo,  -tendi,  -tentum,  -ten- 
dere,  [prae-tendo],  3.  v.  a., stretch 
before,  hold  out,  bear  before,  put 
before  :  saepem  segeti  (throw 
around) ;  muros  morti  (keep  off 
death  by  walls) ;  fumos  manu 
(throw  a  -veil  of  smoke}. —  Fig., 
pretend,  make  a  pretence  of.  — 
praetentus,  -a,  -inn,  p.p.  as  adj., 
stretched  before,  lying  along,  oppo- 
site. 

praetentus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  prae- 
tendo. 

praeter  [prae+terum  (reduced), 
comp.  of  prae,  cf.  Inter],  adv. 
and  prep.,  along  by,  beyond,  past, 
beside,  contrary  to.  —  In  compos., 
by,  beyond. 

praeterea[praeter-ea,cf.  interea], 
adv.,  further,  besides,  moreover, 
afterwards,  again,  hereafter. 

praetereo,  -Ivi  (-ii),  -itum,  -Ire, 
[praeter-eo],  irr.  v.  a.  and  n., 
pass  beyond,  pass  by.  —  Fig.,  omit, 
pass  over. —  Intrans.,  go  by,  pass, 
pass  by.  —  praeteritus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  in  intrans.  sense,  gone  by,  past, 
bygone. 

praeteritus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  prae- 
tereo. 

praeterlabor,  -lapsus,  -labi, 
[praeter-labor],  3.  v.  dep.,  glide 
by,  flow  by,  sail  by. 

praetervehor,  -vectus,  -vehl, 
[praeter- vehor  as  dep.] ,  3.  v.  dep., 
ride  by,  sail  by 

praetexo,  -texui,  -textum,  -tex- 


ere,  [prae-texoj,  3.  v.  a.  (weave 
in  front).  —  With  change  of  point 
of  view,  cover  (with  something), 
fringe,  line.  —  Fig.,  conceal,  dis- 
guise .'  funera  sacris  (concear  by 
pretence  of,  &c.). 

praetorium,  -1  (-ii),  [fpraetor  + 
ium  (n.  of  -ius)],  n.,  (prop,  adj., 
sc.  tabernaculum),  the  general's 
tent,  headquarters.  —  Of  bees,  the 
queen 's  abode. 

praeuro,  -ussi,  -ustum,  -urere, 
[prae-uro],  3.  v.  a.,  burn  at  the 
point,  harden  in  the  Jire. 

praeustus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  prae- 
uro. 

praevalidus,  -a,  -um,  [prae-vali- 
dus],  adj.,  over  strong,  too  thrifty. 

praevenio,  -veni,  -ventum,  -ve- 
nire, (also  separate),  [prae-ve- 
nio],  4.  v.  T\.,  precede,  come  before. 

praeverto,  -verti,  -versum,  -ver- 
tere,  [prae-verto],  3.  v.  a.,  turn 
aside,  turn  off.  —  Fig.,  divert.  — • 
Intrans.  and  pass,  (as  dep.),  out- 
strip. 

praevideo,  -vidi,-visum,-videre, 
[prae-video],  2.  v.  a.,  foresee,  see 
(in  advance). 

pratum,  -!,-[?],  n.,  a  meadow. 

pravus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  crooked. 
—  Fig.  (cf.  Eng.  wrong),  false. — 
Neut.  as  subst.,  falsehood. 

precatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  precor. 

preciae,  -arum,  [?],  f.,  (adj.,  sc. 
vites),  early-ripe  grapes. 

precor,  -atus,  -Sri,  [fprec-],  i.  v. 
dep.,  pray,  supplicate,  pray  for, 
beg :  precando  (by  prayers') ; 
precantemdextram  (suppliant) ; 
precans  (precantes),  (suppliant, 
suppliants) ;  foedus  iniectum 
(pray  that  the  truce  be,  &c.) ;  cui 
(offer  prayers')  •  precanti  multa 
(offering  many  prayers) ;  precor 
(parenthetical,  7  pray)  ;  socios 
(entreat,  exhort). 

prehendo,  prehendi,  prehen- 
siiin,  prehendere,  (prendo, 
etc.),  [prae-hendo,  akin  to  xav- 
6avo>],  3.  v.  a.,  seize,  grasp,  grasp  at. 


218 


Vocabulary. 


prehenso,  -Svf,  -atnm,  -are, 
(prenso,  etc.),  [?],  I.  v.  &.tgrasp, 
catch  at,  calch,  seize. 

prelum,  -I,  [?J,  n.,  a  wine-press, 
properly  the  pressing-beam  or 
beams. 

premo,  press!,  pressum,  premie- 
re, [  ?],  3.  v.  a.,  press,  press  down  : 
pressum  lac  (cheese);  caseum; 
mella ;  pressae  mammae ;  sul- 
cum  (dig,  trace)  ;  press!  arcus 
(forced  down}  ;  pressae  carinae 
(laden);  hasta  pressa  (forced 
down) ;  presso  vomere  (deep-set) ; 
virgulta  (sink,  plant) ;  fronde 
crinew.(aa'orn,  confine) ;  vestigia 
(plant,  set,  but  see  also  below); 
mundus  premitur  (descends) ; 
partem  rostro  (overlap) ;  solo 
presso  (on  the  ground  which  one 
presses');  fauces  lingua  (stop, 
choke);  guttur  pressum  (closed). 
—  Also,  with  idea  of  repression 
(lit.  and  fig.),  repress,  confine,  hold 
in  check,  control,  keep  down,  rule, 
hold  in  subjection,  overwhelm, 
coerce  :  vocem  (check) ;  vestigia 
(check,  stay,  see  above) ;  placida 
aequora  pontus  (calm)  ;  pelago 
arva;  te  iussa  Fauni  (restrain, 
hamper)  ;  animae  '  premuntur 
nocte  (are  plunged,  hidden); 
quies  oculos  (close) ;  quies  iacen- 
tem  (overcome) ;  falce  umbras 
{prune} ;  corde  dolorem  (sup- 
press, conceal);  ore  responsa 
(keep  secret) ;  luna  lumen  (hide) ; 
presso  ore  (closed  lips) ;  habenas 
(hold  in,  tighten) ;  pressa  est 
gloria  (obscured} ;  arma  Latini 
(depreciate);  os  (control);  Au- 
soniam ;  populos  dicione ;  Simo- 
is  vivos  (rolls  under  its  waves')  ; 
mentem  pr  essus  formidine  (over- 
whelmed, weighed  down} ;  lilia 
(pluck) .  —  Also,  press  hard,  pur- 
sue, attack,  assail,  chase,  beset, 
drive:  apri  cursum;  ad  retia 
cervum;  hostem  per  auras; 
famulos  (strike  down). 

prendo,  see  prehendo. 

prenso,  see  prehenso. 


prensus,  see  prehendo. 

presso,  -avi,  -atom,  -are,  [fpres- 
so-,  cf.  premo],  I.  v.  a., press. 

pressus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  premo. 

pretium,  -I  (-H),  [?,  perh.  akin  to 
wftoftmt],  n.,  a  price,  a  reward,  a 
bribe,  a  prize,  a  ransom. 

fprex,  f-cis,  [?],  f.,  a  prayer. 

Priameius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Ilpiayu^- 
*os],  adj.,  of  Priam,  son  (daugh- 
ter) of  Priam. 

Priamides,  -ae,  [Gr.  Tlpta/j.t STJS]  , 
m.,  son  of  Priam. 

Priamus,  -I,  [Gr.  nptafjios"],  m.,  the 
aged  king  of  Troy,  father  of  Hec- 
tor and  Paris. 

Priapus,  -I,  [Gr.  Uplairos'],  m.,  a 
god  of  horticulture  and  protector 
of  gardens  against  thieves  and 
birds.  He  was  not  highly  vener- 
ated, and  his  image  served  as  a 
kind  of  scarecrow. 

pridem  [prae-dem,  cf.  idem], 
adv.,  some  time  ago,  for  some  time. 

primaevus,  -a,  -um,  [fprimo- 
aevo-  (decl.  as  adj.)],  adj.,  Jirst 
in  age,  eldest.  —  Also,  of  the  first 
age,  in  the  bloom  of  youth,  youthful. 

primitiae,  -arum,  [fprimo  +  tia, 
cf.  amicitia],  f.  plur.,  the  first 
fruits.  —  Poetically,  first  trophies, 
first  exploits,  but  cf.  ling,  figure. 

primus,  see  prior. 

princeps,  -ipis,  [fprimo-  (reduced) 
+  ceps  (-y/cap  as  stem)],  adj., 
first,  foremost,  at  the  head.  —  As 
subst.,  a  chief,  a  leader,  an  origi- 
nator, a  protector,  a  founder  (of 
a  family). 

prineipium,  -i  (-ii),  [tprincip  + 
ium],  n.,  the  beginning,  the  origin. 
—  Abl.  as  adv.,  in  the  beginning, 
in  the  first  place,  first,  first  of  all. 

prior,  -oris,  [stem  akin  to  pro 
and  prae  +  ior,  comp.  of  pro  or 
prae],  adj.,  former,  first,  ancient, 
original.  —  Of  degree,  superior. — 
Masc.  plur.,  the  ancients,  men  of 
former  times,  ancestors.  —  Neut. 
as  adv.,  before,  earlier,  first,  for- 
merly, sooner,  rather,  see  also 
priusquam  (earlier  than,before). 


Vocabulary. 


219 


—  primus,  -a,    -um,    [probably 
prae  -f  mus,  cf.   imus],  superl., 
first,  foremost,  earliest,  the  outer, 
the  end,  the  edge,  the  extremity, 
the  front,  front,    rising   (of  the 
sun,    &c.),    most    ancient:     pes 
(fore)  ;  primis  plantis  (childish 

feel).  —  Of  degree,  first,  highest, 
chief,  best,  most  noble.  —  Often 
equal  to  an  adv.  with  subj.  or  obj., 
first.  —  As  subst.  in  plur.,  the  first, 
the  best,  the  chief,  the  noblest. — 
Neut.  plur.,  first  principles,  ele- 
ments, —  the  first  place,  the  van.  — 
primo,  abl.  (of  time,  opp.  to 
iiiox,  etc.,  cf.  primum,  also  of 
order,  opp.  to  turn,  etc.},  first,  at 
first.  —  primum,  ace.  (cf.  pri- 
mo), first,  in  the  first  place,  for 
the  first  time,  in  advance,  imme- 
diately.— ut  (cum)  primum,  when 
first,  as  soon  as ,'  quam  primum, 
as  soon  as  possible;  nunc  pri- 
mum, only  now;  primum  ante 
omnia,  before  all  else ,  in  primis 
(imprimis),  especially,  chiefly; 
cum  primis,  especially,  chiefiy ; 
ad  prima,  particularly,  very,  ex- 
ceedingly. 

priscus,  -a,  -um,  [fprius-  (of 
prior)  +  cus],  adj.,«««V«/(often 
with  idea  of  approval,  or  venera- 
tion, goodold},  antique,  early,  ven- 
erable. 

pristinus,  -a,  -um,  [fprius-  (of 
prior)+tinus,cf.diutinus],adj^ 
former,  old,  original. 

pristis,  see  pistrix. 

priusquam  (often  separated)  [pri- 
us-quam],  adv.,  sooner  than,  rath- 
er than,  before. 

Privernum,  -I,  [?],  n.,  a  town  of 
the  Volsci,  the  birthplace  of  Ca- 
milla. 

Privernus,  -I,  [see  Privernum], 
in.,  a  Rutulian. 

pro  (prod)  [abl.  of  same  stem  as 
prae],  prep.,  before,  in  front  of. 

—  Hence,  in  defence  of,  on  behalf 
of,  on  account  of,  for,  for  the  saKe 
of.  —  Also,  in  the  place  of,  in  re- 
turn for,  for,  instead  of:  pro  re 


(under  the  circumstances,  for  the 
occasion);  pro  se  (according  to 
one's  ability}.  — In  compos.,  pro, 
prod,  before,  in  front,  forward, 
down,  forth,  for,  in  favor  of. 

pro  (proh),  [?],  interj.,  oh!  (of 
surprise,  grief,  or  indignation). 

proavus,  -I,  [pro-avus],  m.,  a 
great-grandfather.  —  Less  exactly, 
an  ancestor. 

probo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [tpro- 
bo-],  i.  v.  a.,  (make  good  by  test- 
ing}, test.  —  Also,  approve, permit 
(approve  of  an  action). 

Procas,  -ae,  [?],  m.,  a  king  of  Alba. 

procax,  -aeis,  [^proca,-  (of  proco) 
+  cus  (reduced),  cf.  capax],  adj., 
insolent  (in  demand). —  Trans- 
ferred, boisterous. 

procedo,  -cessi,  -cessum,  -cede- 
re,  [pro-cedo],  3.  v.  n.,  go  for- 
ward,  advance,  come  forward,  go 
on,  go,  come  forth,  proceed.  — Fig., 
glide  on,  pass,  go,  roll  on. 

procella,  -ae,  [pro-fcella,  cf.  per- 
cello,  excello],  f.,  a  storm,  a 
blast,  a  squall,  a  tempest.  —  Fig.,  of 
popular  fury,  as  in  English. 

proceres,  -um,  [  ?,  cf.  archaic  pro- 
cus],  m.  plur.,  the  chiefs,  the  lead- 
ers, the  nobles. 

procerus,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  comp. 
with  pro],  adj.,  tall,  stately,  lofty. 

processus,  -us,  [pro-cessus,  cf. 
procedo],  m.,an  advance. — Fig., 
progress,  a  course. 

Prochyta,  -ae  (-6,  -es),  [Gr.  ilpo- 
\vrr{\,  {.,  an  island  off  the  coast  of 
Campania  (now  Procida}. 

proclamo,  •  avi,  -atum,  -fire,[pro 
clamo],  i.  v.  a.,  cry  aloud,  cry  out. 

Procne,  see  Progne. 

Procris,  -is  (-Idis),  f  Gr.  UpoKpis], 
{.,  the  wife  of  Cephalus,  who  was 
accidentally  shot  by  her  husband. 

procubo,  -cubui, -cubitum,  -cu- 
bfire,  [pro-cubo],  i.  v.  n.,  lie 
along,  tie  at  length,  fall. 

prociido,-cadi,  -cusum,  -cndere, 
[pro-cudo],  3.  v.  a.,  hammer  out, 
sharpen. 

procul  [?],  adv.,  at  seme  distance, 


220 


Vocabulary. 


at  a  distance,  afar,  far,  far  away, 
from  far,  from  afar :  procul  este 
(withdraw,  come  not  near),  near 
by,  not  far  apart.  —  Also,  high,  on 

proculco,  -avl,  -at  um,  -are,  [pro- 

calco],  i^.  v.  a.,  trample  down. 

procumbo,  -cubui,  -cubltum, 
-cumbere,  [pro-cumbo],  3.  v.  n., 
lie  prostrate,  lie  at  length,  lie  down, 
lie,  be  prostrated,  fall  forward, 
fall  prostrate,  fall,  be  slain,  sink  to 
sleep.  —  Perf.,  have  fallen,  lie.  — 
Less  exactly,  bend  forwards  (cf. 
Incumbo),  bend  to  (of  oars). — 
Fig.,  be  overthrown,  fall. 

procurS,  -avl,  -alum,  -are,  [pro- 
euro],  i.  v.  a.,  take  care  of:  cor- 
pus (refresh  one's  self}. 

procurro,  -currl(-cucurrl),  -cur- 
sum,  -currere,  [pro-curro],  3. 
v.  n.,  run  forward,  advance,  rush 
against,  charge. — Fig.,  of  a  tongue 
of  land,  run  out. 

procursus,  -us,  [pro-cursus,  cf. 
procurro],  m.,  a  rush,  an  onset. 

procurvus,  -a,-um,  [pro-curvus], 
adj.,  curved,  bent,  winding. 

procus,  -I,  [?,  perh.  root  of  precor 
+  us]_,  m.,  a  suitor. 

pro. I. MI.  -ivf  (-11),  -Itum,  -ire, 
[prod-eo],  irr.  v.  n.,  go  forward, 
go  forth,  advance.  —  Fig.,  of  a  pro- 
jecting point,  run  out. 

prodiglnm,  -1  (-ii),  [poss.  pro- 
digium  (y/dic-l-  ium,  cf.  digi- 
tus)],  n.,  a  portent,  a  prophetic 
sign,  a  prodigy,  an  omen,  an  evil 
prophecy.  —  Also,  a  monster. 

prodigus,  -a,  -um,  [prod-agus 
(  VaS+us) ]»  a4J->  wasteful,  lavish. 

proditio,  -onis,  [as  if  pro-ditio,  cf. 
prodo],  f.,  treachery. 

prodo,  -didi,  -ditum,  -dere,  fpro- 
do],  3.  v.  a.,  give  forth,  put  forth, 
propagate,  found  (a  race) .  —  Also, 
give  away,  betray,  treacherously 
destroy.  —  Also,  show,  declare. 

produce,  -duxl,  -duct um,  -du- 
cere,  [pro-duco],  3.  v.  a.,  bring 
forward,  lead  forth,  bring  out  (horn 
the  house,  of  a  dead  body,  =  lay  in 


the  grave) .  —  Also,  produce,  bring 
forth.  —  Also,  prolong. 

proelium,  -I  (-11),  [?],  n.,  a  battle, 
a  combat,  fighting.  —  Less  exactly, 
a  war. 

Proetides,  -um,  [Gr.  ItyotT/Ses],  f. 
plur.,  the  daughters  of  Proteus,  king 
of  Argos,  who  were  changed  by 
Juno  into  cows. 

profanus,  -a,  -um,  [pro-fano,  decl. 
as  adj.],  adj.,  unholy,  profane. — 
Masc.  plur.  as  subst.,  the  unholy, 
the  uninitiated. 

profectd  [pro-facto],  adv.,  surely, 
truly.  —  With  hortatory  expres- 
sions, pray,  I  beg. 

profectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  pro- 
flclo. 

profectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  profi- 
ciscor. 

profero,  -tuli,  -latum,  -ferre, 
[pro-fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  carry  for- 
ward, extend,  prolong,  put  off, 
postpone. 

proficio,  -feel,  -fectum,  -flcere, 
[pro-facio],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  go  for- 
ward (cf.  proficiscor),  make 
progress :  nil  profeci  (/  have 
gained  nothing). 

proficiscor,  -fectus,  -ficisci,  [as 
if  pro-ffaciscor  (lost  incept,  of 
facio)],  3.  v.  dep.,  (go  forth,  cf. 
proficlo),  set  out,  set  out  for,  pro- 
ceed from,  come  from.  —  Also,  of 
descent,  proceed  from,  originate 
with. 

proflo,  -avi,  -at  um,  -are,  [pro- 
flo],  i.  v.  a.,  blow  forth,  breathe 
forth.^ 

prof  I  no,  -fluxi,  -fluxum,  -flucre, 
[pro-fluo],  3.  v.  •R..,flowforth,flmv 
out, flow. 

fprofor  (not  found),  -f atus,  -fari, 
[pro-for],  i.  v.  dep.,  speak  out, 
speak. 

profugus,  -a,  -um,  [pro-ffugus 
(y'fug+us)],  adj.,  flying,  in 
flight,  fugitive,  exiled. —  As  subst., 
{^fugitive,  an  exile. 

profundo,  -fudi,  -t'lisiim,  -fuii- 
dere,  [pro-fundo],  3.  v.  a.,  pour 
forth,  shed. 


Vocabulary. 


221 


profundus,-a,-um,  [pro-fundus], 

adj.,  deep, profound,  the  depths  of: 
caelum.  —  Fig.,  of  darkness,  deep- 
est.—  Neut.  as  subst.,  the  deep. 

progenies,  -el,  [tpro  -  fgenies 
(y'gen-f  ies,  cf.  series)],  f.,  off- 
spring, progeny,  a  line,  a  race.  — 
Of  individuals,  a  son,  offspring.  — 
Also  of  animals,  young,  offspring, 
a  brood,  a  swarm. 

progigno,  -genui,  -genitum,  -gig- 
nere,  [pro-gigno],  3.  v.  a.,  beget, 
bring  forth. 

Progne,  -es,  [Gr.  Tlpfavrf],  f.,  the 
wife  of  Tereus  and  sister  of  Philo- 
mela. She  was  changed  into  a 
swallow.  See  Philomela. — :  Po- 
etically, for  the  swallow  itself. 

progredior,  -gressus,-gredl,  [pro- 
gradior],  3.  v.  n..,proceed,go  forth, 
advance,  come  forth. 

progressus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  pro- 
gredior. 

proh,  see  pro. 

prohibeO,  -hibui,  -hibitum,  -hi- 
bere,  [pro-habeo],  2.  v.  a,  hold 
off,  keep  off,  drive  off,  ward  off, 
avert,  debar,  shut  out.  — Also,_/fcr- 
bid,  prevent,  restrain,  keep  from 
(some  action). 

proicio,  -ieci,  -iectum,  -icere, 
[pro-iacio],  3.  v.  a.,  throw  forth, 
throw  away,  cast  away,  cast  up, 
throw  off,  expose.  —  Also,  thrcnu 
forward,  cast,  throw  down,  throw, 
put  forward,  let  drop.  —  proiec- 
tus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  project- 
ing, lying  at  length,  prostrate, 
lying. 

proiectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  proicio. 

proinde  [pro-inde],  adv.,  hence, 
therefore. 

prolabor,  -lapsus,  -labi,  [pro- 
labor],  3.  v.  «dep.,  slide  forward, 
slide  down  (cf.  proicio),  fall  to 
ruin,  fall. 

prolapsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  pro- 
labor. 

proles,  -is,  [pro-oles,  cf.  suboles], 
f.,  progeny,  offspring,  a  line  (of 

•  descendants),  a  family,  a  race. — 
Of  individuals,  a  son,  a  descendant: 


Cyllenia  (the  son  born  on,  &c.) ; 
alia  {another yearns  offspring). — 
Also,  of  plants,  grmuth,  increase. 

pro lix i is,  -a,  -um,  [pro-laxus], 
adj.,  long:  barba  (Jlowing). 

proludo,  -lusi,  -lusum,  -ludere, 
[pro-ludo],  3.  v.  n.,  fence  before- 
hand. —  Less  exactly,  of  animals, 
prepare,  practise,  try  its  strength. 

proluo,  -lul,  -lutum,  -lucre,  [pro- 
luo],  3.  v.  a.,  wash  up,  throw  up. 

—  Also,  wash  away,  wash  out. — 
Fig. :  proluit  se,  drains  a  mighty 
draught. 

proluvies,  -ei,  [pro-fluvies  (-y/lu 
+  ies,  cf.  illuvies)],  f.,  an  over- 
flow. —  Less  exactly,  excrement. 

promereo,  -merul,  -meritum, 
-merere,  [pro-mereo],  2.  v.  a., 
deserve.  —  Pass,  as  dep.,  deserve 
(well  or  ill  of  one),  serve  one: 
plurima  te  promeritam  (the  very 
many  favors  I  owe  you) . 

Prometheus,  -el  (-eos),  [Gr.IIpo- 
jiTjflevs],  m.,  the  son  of  lapetus. 
He  stole  fire  from  heaven  to  ani- 
mate the  man  he  had  formed  of 
clay.  For  this  act  he  was  pun- 
ished by  a  vulture  on  Mt.  Caucasus. 

promissum,  -I,  [n.  p.p.  of  pro- 
mitto],  n.,  a  promise,  what  one 
has  promised,  a  promised  prize 
(boon,  &c.). 

promissus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  pro- 
mitto. 

promitto,  -misi,  -missum,  -mit- 
tere,  [pro-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  let  go 
forth,  let  grow  (of  the  hair) .  — Fig., 
give  out,  promise  (generally  on  re- 
quest, cf.  polliceor),  agree :  me 
promisi  ultorem  {promise  to  be). 

—  promissus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 
adj.,  long,flowing:  barba  (see  also 
promissum). 

promo,  prompsi,  pr5mptum, 
promere,  [pro-emo],3.v.a.,  take 
out.  —  With  reflexive,  come  forth. 

—  Esp.,  draw  out  of  the  general 
stock  for  use  (cf.  promus,  a  stew- 
ard}, bring  out,  put  forth,  employ. 
— prom  p  tus,-a,  -um,  p.p.,  drawn 
out,  ready,  at  hand,  easy. 


222 


Vocabulary. 


Promolus  (-ulus),  -!,.[?],  m.,  a 
Trojan.  ^ 

promoveo,  -movi,  -motum,  -mo- 
vere,  [pro-moveo],  2.  v.  a.,  move 
onward,  impel. 

pronubus,  -a,  -um,  [pro-fnubus 
(root of  nubo  +  us)],  adj., of 'mar- 
riage. —  Fern,  as  subst,  a  witness 
or  guardian  (the  matron  attending 
the  bride  at  a  marriage,  cf.  aus- 
pex). —  Hence  as  epithet  of  Juno 
and  poetically  of  other  divinities, 
Pronuba,  goddess  of  marriage. 

pi-onus,  -a,  -um,  [stem  of  pro  + 
nus],  adj.,  bending  forward,  head- 
long, headforemost,  forward,  down- 
ward, falling.  —  Fig.,  rapid,  swift, 
swift-flowing:  prona  aqua  (down 
stream} ;  prona  maria  (unob- 
structed} . 

propago,  -inis,  [as  if  pro-fpago 
(stem  from  -v/PaS  ^~  °)>  c^-  Pr°- 
pages,  compages],  f.,  a  layer 
(a  shoot  pegged  down  to  root 
again,  as  is  still  practised),  layers 
(collectively) .  —  Fig.,  offspring, 
progeny,  descendants,  a  line  (of 
descendants). 

prope  [prob.  pro-pe,  cf.  quippe], 
adv.  and  prep., near,  near  by,  close  to. 

properatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  pro- 
pero. 

propere  [abl.  of  properus],  adv., 
quickly,  hastily. 

propero,  -avi,  -atuiii,  -are,  [tpro- 
pero-],  i .  v.  a.  and  n.,  hasten,  make 
haste,  hasten  to  do  (to  have  done), 
do  with  haste  (what  is  indicated 
by  the  context)  :  adiungi  gene- 
rum  (be  in  haste  to  have  united, 
&c.)  ;  properanda  (to  be  done  in 
haste) ;  fM\na.na.(forgewithspeecr) ; 
properari  vides  (you  see  men 
hastening);  properata  (of seeds, 
forced) ;  arma  (bring  with  haste} ; 
mortem  (haste  to  win). 

properus,  -a,  -um,  [pro-fparus, 
whence  paro],  adj.,  hastening, 
active,  busy. 

propcxus,  -a,  -um,  [pro-pexus, 
p.p.  of  pecto],  adj.,  combed  dcnvn, 
hanging  down. 


propinquo,   -avi,    -atum,    -are, 

[fpropinquo-],  i.  v.  a.  and  n., 
bring  near.  —  Intrans.,  approach, 
be  near,  come  near,  draw  near, 
come  (to  a  place  expressed  by  the 
context) . 

propinquus,  -a,  -um,  [stem  akin 
to  prope+  cus],  adj.,  near,  neigh- 
boring, near  by,  akin,  kindred. 

propior, -us, -oris,[  prope  (or  stem 
akin)  +  ior,compar.],adj.,  nearer. 

—  Neut.  plur.,  the  nearer  space. — 
Neut.  sing,  as  adv.,  nearer,  more 
closely.  —  proximus,    -a,    -um, 
[?,   unc.  stem  +  timus],  superl., 
nearest,  next,  close  by,  most  like.  — 
Neut.  plur. :  proxima   quaeque, 
whatever  comes  nearest. 

propono,  -posui,  -positum,  po- 
nere,  [pro-pono],  3.  v.  a.,  set 
forth,  propose,  offer. 

proprius,  -a,  -um,  [?,  poss.  akin 
to  prope},  adj.,  one's  own,  of  one's 
own,  peculiar,  appropriate,  one's 
natural.  —  Hence,  lasting,  con- 
tinuing, perpetual :  propriamdi- 
cabo  (make  one's  own  forever). 

propter  [prope +  ter,  cf.  praeter], 
adv.  and  prep.,  near  by,  not  far 
from.  —  Also  (cf.  ob),  on  account 
of,  for  the  sake  of. 

propugnaculum,  -I,  [propugna- 
(stem  of  propugno)  +  culum], 
n.,  a  bulwark,  a  rampart,  a  means 
of  defence  (protection  for  defend- 
ers of  walls) . 

prora,  -ae,  [Gr.  irp<?pa],  f.,  the  prow 
(of  a  ship).  —  Less  exactly,  a 
ship.  ^ 

proripio,  -ripui,  -reptum,  -ripe- 
re,  [pro-rapio],  3.  v.  a.,  drag 
forth.  —  With  reflexive  (sometimes 
omitted),  hasten,  hurry  away. 

prorumpo,-rupi,-rjuptuni,-rum- 
pere,  [pro-rumpo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n. 
Causative  (cf.  rumpo),  cause  to 
break  forth,  belch  forth.  —  Pass,  or 
with  reflexive,  break  forth  :  pro- 
ruptum  mare  (a  raging  sea) ; 
proruptus  sudor  (bursting fortli) . 

—  Intrans.,  rush  forth,  fling  one's . 
self  forward. 


Vocabulary. 


223 


proruptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  pro- 
rurnpo. 

proscaenium  (prosce-),  -I  (-11), 
[Gr.  irpo<rK-f)t>ioi'] ,  n.,  a  stage,  prop- 
erly the  place  in  front  of  the  scene 
(see  scaena),  where  the  action 
was  performed. 

proscindo,-sctdi,  -scissum,  -scln- 
dere,  [pro-scindo],  3.  v.  a.,  tear, 
rendin  pieces,  cut. — Esp.,  plough; 
particularly  for  the  first  time,  break 
up. 

proscissus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  pro- 
scindo. 

prosequor,-secutus,  -sequi,  [pro- 
sequor],  3.  v.  dep.,  follow  out, 
follow  after,  attend,  speed  on  one's 
way,  follow,  escort.  —  Also,  pro- 
ceed, goon.  —  Also,  follow  up,  treat 
of  (cf.  "pursue  a  subject"). — 
From  last  words  at  parting,  dis- 
miss, take  leave  of,  send  on  one's 
way  (with  wishes,  &c.) ;  so,  receive, 
reply  to. 

PrOserpina,  -ae,  [prob.  corrupted 
fr.  Gr.  Utpfft<f>6vrj,  with  an  idea  of 
connection  with  proserpo],  f., 
the  wife  of  Pluto,  daughter  of 
Ceres.  She  was  stolen  by  Pluto 
from  her  mother,  who  sought  her 
over  the  world. 

prosilio,  -silui  (-ivi,  -11),  no  sup., 
-sillre,  [pro-sali§],  4.  v.  n.,  leap 
forth,  dart  forth. 

prospecto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are, 
[pro-specto],  i.  v.  a.,  look  out 
upon, gaze  at. — A.\so,expect,await. 

prospectus,  -us,  [pro-spectus,  cf. 
prosplcio],  m.,  an  outlook,  a 
prospect,  a  vie~<.v,  a  sight. 

prosper,  -era,  -erum,  [pro-fspe- 
rus,  wh.  spero],  adj.,  according 
to  one's  hopes,  favor  able,  propitious. 

prospicio,-spexi,-spectum,-spi- 
cere,  [pro-specio,  cf.  conspi- 
clo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,look  out  upon, 
behold,  espy,  gaze  at,  see,  look  out, 
gaze,  look  forth.  —  Also,  foresee, 

•    prognosticate. 

prosublgo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -igere, 
[pro-subigo],  3.  v.  a.,  tear  up. 

prosuin,  profui,  prodesse,  [pro- 


(prod-)  -esse],  irr.  v.  n.,  be  of  ad- 
vantage, profit,  avail,  be  well. 

protectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  pro- 
tego.^ 

protego,  -texi,  -tectum,  -tegerc, 
[pro-tego],  3.  v.  a.,  cover,  protect, 
defend. 

protendo,  -tendi,  -tentum  (-ten- 
sum),  -tendere,  [pro-tendo], 
3.  v.  a.,  stretch  out,  si  retch,  strain  : 
liastas  {poise);  protentus  temo 
(extending). 

prutentus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  pro- 
tendo. 

protenus,  see  protinus. 

protero,  -trivl,  -tritum,  -terere, 
[pro-tero],  3.  v.  a.,  trample  do~Mn. 

proterreo,  -terrui,  -territum, 
-terrere,  [pro-terreo],  2.  v.  a., 
frighten  away,  put  to  flight. 

Proteus, -ei  (-eos),  [Gr.  npwrcus], 
m.,  a  prophetic  "  old  man  of  the 
sea,"  having  a  view  of  the  entire 
abyss  of  the  sea,  and  shepherd  of 
the  flocks  of  Neptune,  the  sea- 
calves.  His  dwelling  was  in  the 
east  of  the  Mediterranean  (the 
island  Pharos  or  Carpathus),  near 
the  mythic  stream  ^igyptus :  and 
he  was  otherwise  associated  with 
Egypt.  He  had  to  be  caught  and 
bound  to  elicit  prophetic  answers 
from  him,  and  he  had  the  power 
of  changing  himself  into  all  kinds 
of  forms  to  avoid  capture. 

protinus  (protenus),[pro-tenus], 
adv.,  forward,  further  on,  on  : 
protinus  Mna,(continuously);  ae- 
quasset  nocti  ludum  (through- 
out) .  —  Also,  next,  then,  after- 
wards, in  after  time.  — Also,  im- 
mediately, forthwith,  at  once. 

protraho,  -traxl,  -tractum,  -tra- 
here,  [pro-traho],  3.  v.  a.,  drag 
forth. 

proturbo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [pro- 
turbo],  I.  v.  a.,  drive  away,  repel, 
force  back. 

provectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  pro- 
veho. 

proveho,  -vexi,  -vectum,  -vehere, 
[pro-veho],  3.  v.  a.,  carry  for- 


224 


Vocabulary. 


ward,  bear  on.  —  Pass,    as   dep., 

sail,  ride,  proceed. 
provenio,-veni,-ventum,  -venire, 

[pro-venio],  4.  v.  n.,  come  forth, 

spring  up.  —  Fig.,    come  to  pass, 

happen. 
proventus,   -us,    [pro-ventus,  cf. 

provenio],  m.,  a  growth,  increase, 

crop. 
provideo,  -vidi,  -visum,  -videre, 

[pro- video],  2.  v.  a.  and  n.,  take 

care  for,  take  care  of,  provide,  get 

ready. 

provlsus,-a,-um,p.p.ofprovideo. 
provoco,  -avl,  -atum,  -are,  [pro- 

voco],  I.  v.  a.,  call  forth.  —  Esp., 

challenge.  —  Fig.,    challenge,    vie 

with. 
provolvS,  -volvi,  -volutum,  -vol- 

vere,  [pro-volvo],  3.  v.  a.,   roll 

down,  roll  forward,  roll  over. 
proximus,  see  propior. 
prudens,-entis,  [pro-videns],  adj., 

wise,  far-seeing. 
prudentia,  -ae,  [fprudent  +  ia], 

f.,  wisdom,  skill. 
pruina,  -ae,  [?],f.,  hoar-frost,  snow, 

frost.  —  Poetically  for  winter. 
pruna,  -ae,  [  ?],  f.,  a  live  coal, 
priiiiuin,  -I,  [Gr.irpovvov~\,n.,  a  plum. 
prunus,  -I,  [Gr.  npovvos],  f.,  a  plum- 
tree. 
Prytanis,  -is,  [Gr.  Tlptravts'],  m., 

a  Trojan, 
psy thins,  -a,  -um,   [Gr.   VvQios], 

adj.,  psythian  (a  kind  of  vine). — 

Fern.,  the  psythia,  the  vine  itself. 
pubens,  -entis,  [p.  of  fpubeo  (fr. 

tpubi-),  cf.  pubesco],  adj.,  full 

grown,  juicy  (of  herbs  at  maturity) . 

puber,  -eris,  [?,  cf.  pubes],  adj., 

downy,  full  grown. 
pubes,  -Is,  [?],  f.,  down  (as  a  sign 

of  manhood).  —  Hence,  the  groin. 

—  Fig.,  youth,  young  men  (arrived 
at  manhood) .  —  Often  of  an  army, 
which    consisted    of    able-bodied 
males.  —  Hence,  generally,  people. 

—  Less  exactly,  the  young,  of  bul- 
locks. w 

pubesco,  pubui,  no  sup.,  pubes- 
cere,    [fpube-    (of   pubeo,    cf. 


pubens)  +  sco],  3.  v.  n.,grow  up, 
come  to  manhood.  —  Less  exactly, 
ripen. 

pudendus,  -a,  -um;  see  pudeo. 

pudeo,  -ui  (-itum  est),  -itum, 
-ere,  2.  v.  a.  and  n.,  shame,  be 
ashamed.  —  Esp.  impers.  with  ace. 
of  person,  shame  one,  one  is 
ashamed,  one  disdains :  .ffineae 
segnes  (be  ashamed  in  the  sight 
of).  —  pudendus,  -a,  -um,  p. 
ger.,  to  be  ashamed  of,  shameful. 

pudicitia,  -ae,  [fpudico  +  tia  (cf. 
amicitia)],  f.,  modesty,  chastity, 
purity  (as  a  quality,  cf.  pudor). 

—  Also,  a  feeling  of  shame. 
pudor,    -oris,    [pud    (as  root   of 

pudeo)  +  or],  m.,  a  feeling  of 
shame,  shame,  modesty,  chastity, 
honor,  decency. 

puella,  -ae,  [fpuero  (cf.  puer)  + 
la],  f.,  a  girl,  a  maid,  a  young 
bride. 

puer,  -eri,  [?],  m.,  a  child,  a  babe, 
a  boy,  a  lad,  a  youth.  Properly  not 
over  seventeen,  but  the  word  is 
naturally  not  used  with  exactness. 

—  Also,  a  slave,  a  "  boy." 
puerilis,  -e,  [fpuero-  (reduced)  + 

ills],  adj.,  childish,  of  children,  of 
boys. 

pugna,  -ae,  [  \/Pu£  On  Pu»no)  + 
na],  f.,  a  fight,  a  combat,  a  battle, 
a  contest.  —  Less  exactly,  a  'war. 

pugnator,  -oris,  [fpugna-  (stem  of 
pugno)+tor],  m.,  a  fighter. — 
In  app.  as  adj.,  pugnacious. 

pugnatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  pugno. 

pugno,  -avl,  -atum,  -are,  [tpug- 
na-],  I.  v.  n.,  fight,  wage  war,  con- 
tend. —  Fig.,  resist,  fight  against, 
struggle.  —  pugnatus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  in  pass,  sense  (derived  from 
use  of  cognate  a.cc.~),foztght. 

pugnus,  -I,  [  Vpug  (in  pugno)  + 
nus],  m.,  a  fat. 

pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum,  [?],adj., 
beautiful,  fair,  splendid,  comely.  — 
Fig.,  glorious,  noble,  excellent,  fa- 
mous. 

pullulo,  -avl,  -atum,  -are,  [tpul- 
lulo-],  I.  v.  n.,  sprout,  grow  rank. 


Vocabulary. 


225 


pullus,  -I,  [?,  cf.  Gr.  irwAos,  Eng. 
/oaf],  m.,  a  young  one,  a  foal. 

pullus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  but  cf.  ireAAos], 
adj.,  black,  dark. 

pulmo,  -orris,  [perh.  akin  to  Gr. 
irvtviuav,  perh.  borrowed],  m.,  the 
lungs. 

pulsatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  pulso. 

piilso,-avTi,-atum, -are,[fpuls6-], 
I .  v.  a.  and  n.,  beat,  strike,  batter, 
hit,  strike  against,  quiver,  palpi- 
tate, sound  (on  the  lyre)  :  ilia  sin- 
gultibus  (shake) ;  pulsantenervo 
(twanging,  as  it  snaps  and  drives 
the  arrow)  ;  pulsans  pavor  (anx- 
ious throbbing).  —  pulsatus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  wave-beaten, 
re-echoing  (struck  by  a  sound), 
insulted  (as  if  by  a  blow). 

pulsus,  -us,  [  -y/pel  +  tus,  cf.  pcl- 
lo],  m.,  a  beating,  a  stroke,  a 
trampling:  pulsu  saxa  sonant 
(with  an  echo). 

pulsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  pello. 

pulvereus,  -a,  -um,  [fpulver-  (of 
pulvis)  +  eus],  adj.,  of  dust. 

pulverulentus,  -a,  -um,  [fpulver- 
(as  if  pulveru-)  +  lentus],  adj., 
dusty,  in  a  cloud  of  dust. 

pulvis,  -erls,  [?],  m.  and  f.,  dust, 
dry  ground  (drouth),  earth,  mould: 
in  pulvere  (on  the  dusty  Jleld). 

pumex, -icis,  [ ?], m., pumice-stone, 
porous  rock. 

purriceu.s  (poen-),  -a,  -um,  [fPu- 
nico-  (reduced)  +  eus],  adj.,  red 
(made  from  Tyrian  dye,  cf.  Poe- 
nus),  crimson,  purple  (bordering 
on  red). 

Punicus  (Poen-),-a,-um,  [fPoe- 
no  +  cus],  adj.,  Punic,  Cartha- 
ginian, of  Carthage. 

puppis,  -is,  [?],  f.,  the  stern  (of  a 
ship),  the  poop.  —  Less  exactly,  a 
ship,  a  boat,  a  vessel.  —  a  puppi, 
astern. 

purgo,  -avi,  -atuin,  -arc,  [tpur- 
go-  (tpuro-fagus),  cf.  narro], 
I.  v.  a.,  clean,  clear:  se  nubes 
(clears  away). 

purpura,    -ac,    [Gr.    Ttop^pd],   f., 


purple,  crimson,  red.  —  Also,  pur- 
ple (purple  fabrics). 

purpureus,  -a,  -um,  [tpurpura- 
(reduced)  +  eus],  adj.,  purple  (of 
various  shades,  with  a  tendency 
generally  towards  red),  red,  crim- 
son :  purpurei  cristis  iuvenes 
(with  purple  crests)  ;  purpureus 
pennis  (purple-crested).  —  Hence, 
bright,  guy,  brilliant. 

purus,  -a,  -um,  [-v/Pu  (dean)  + 
rus,  cf.  putus],  adj.,  clean,  pure, 
clear,  bright,  limpid  :  vestis  (fair 
white)  .  —  Also,  unobstructed,  open  : 
per  purum  (through  the  open  air)  . 

—  Fig.,    unmixed,  pure:    hasta 
(headless)  ;    parma  (with    no  de- 
vice) . 

putator,  -oris,  [fputa-  (of  puto  ) 
+  tor],  m.,  a  pruner,  a  vine- 
dresser. 

puteus,  -I,  [poss.  fputo-  (of  putus) 
+^us],  m.,  a  well,  a  pit. 

puto,  -avi,  -at  inn,  -are,  [fputo- 
(of  putus,  x/Pu»  ^/*0«,  4-tus)], 
I.  v.  a.,  clean.  —  Esp.,  trim,  prune. 

—  Fig.,    clear    up    (accounts).  — 
Hence,  reckon,  account,  consider, 
think,    suppose,    revolve   (in    the 
mind),  ponder. 

putris  (-ter),  -is,  -e,  [\/Pu*  ('" 
puteo)  +  ris],  adj.,  rotten,  mel- 
lo~>v,  crumbly,  loose  :  fungi  (sooty)  . 

Pygmalion,  -onis,  [Gr.  niryjuo- 
\itov~\t  m.,  Dido's  brother,  who 
killed  his  sister's  husband. 

pyra,  -ae,  [Gr.  -mpa],  f.,  a  funeral 
pile,  a  pyre. 

Pyracmon,  -onis,  [Gr.  IIupebcpanQi 
m.,  a  Cyclops,  a  blacksmith  in  the 
forge  of  Etna. 

Pyrgi,  -oruin,  [Gr.  Tlvpyoi],  m. 
plur.,  a  town  of  Etruria. 

Pyrgo,  -us,  [Gr.  Tlvpyw],  f.,  the 
nurse  of  Priam's  children.  She 
accompanied  the  expedition  of 


Pyrrha,  -ae,  [Gr.  nvfipa],  (.,  the 
wife  of  Deucalion,  who  with  her 
husband  survived  the  deluge,  and 
who  by  throwing  stones  behind 
her  repeopled  the  earth. 


226 


Vocabulary. 


Pyrrhus,  -i,  [Gr.  IIu^os],  m.,  the 
son  of  Achilles  (called  also  Neop- 
tolemus).  After  fighting  in  the 
Trojan  war,  he  founded  s  kingdom 


in  Epirus.  Becoming  a  suitor  for 
the  hand  of  Hermione,  he  was 
slain  by  Orestes. 


qua,  fern.  sing,  and  neut.  plur.  of 
quis  indef. 

qua  [abl.  of  qul,  cf.  ea],  rel.  adv., 
by  which  way,  whereby,  where, 
by  which,  as. 

qua  [abl.  of  quis  (same  word  as 
preceding)],  interr.  adv.,  how?  in 
what  way  ? 

quacunqne  (also  separate),  [qua- 
cunque],  rel.  adv.,  in  whatever 
way,  whichever  way,  wherever.  — 
Also,  in  any  way  whatever,  in 
whatever  way  one  can,  by  any 
means. 

quadra,  -ae,  [some  form  of  quat- 
tuor-f  a  (f.  of  -us)],  f.,  a  square, 
a  table. — Also  of  the  square  loaves 
used  as  trenchers  and  eaten  by  the 
Trojans. 

quadrifidus,  -a,  -HIM,  [fquadro- 
(cf.  quadra)  -fidus  (ffid  in  findo 
-j-  us)],  adj.,  four-cleft,  four- 
parted. 

quadrigae,  -arum,  [perh.  fqua- 
dro-fagus,  cf.  prodigus],  f.  plur., 
a  four-horse  team,  four  horses 
(abreast),  horses  (for  the  chariot), 
a  four-horse  chariot. 

quadritugis,  -e,  —  quadrillions, 
[same  stem  weakened]. 

quadrliugus,  -a,  -uiii,  [fquadro- 
fiugo-,  cf.  iugum,  decl.  as  adj.], 
adj.,  with  four  horses,  four-horse, 
four  abreast :  equos  (double  pair 

*K 

quadro,  -avi,  -at inn,  -are,  [tqua- 
dra-],  I.  v.  a.  and  i\.,form  in  a 
square. — Intrans.,  to  fit  squarely 
with. 

quadrupedans,  -ant is,  [p.  of  obs. 
or  imaginary  quadrupedo],  adj., 
galloping:  sonitus  (sound  of  gal- 
loping feef). —  Plur.,  steeds,  horses. 

quadrupes,  -pedls,  [fquadro-pes, 
decl.  as  adj.],  adj.,  going  on  four 


feet.  —  As  subst.,  a  quadruped,  a 
horse,  a  stag. 

quaero,  quaesivi,  quaesitum, 
quaerere,  [  ?,  originally  quacso, 
y'quaes  as  root],  3.  v.  a.,  seek, 
seek  to  gain,  search  for,  look  for, 
seek  out,  go  to,  endeavor,  desire.  — 
Esp.,  seek  for  gain,  seek  gain,  gain, 
win,  acquire.  —  Also,  ask  for,  ask, 
enquire.  —  Also,  miss,  look  for 
(and  not  find)  :  te  suum  dex- 
tera  (finds  not  you  its  owner).  — 
quaesitus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  as  adj. : 
munus  (acquired}  ;  herbae  (gath- 
ered) ;  artes (applied, employed) ; 
boves  (missing). —  Neut.  plur., 
gains.  —  quaerens,  -entis,  p.  as 
subst.,  a  seeker. — quaeso,  enquire 
(rare  and  archaic)  :  talia  (make 
such  enquiries) . —  Parenthetically, 
I  pray,  I  beg,  pray. 

quaesitor,  -oris,  [fquaesi-  (stem 
of  quaero,  in  4.  conj.)  -f  tor],  m., 
an  investigator,  a  judge  (in  ancient 
sense  as  investigator). 

quaesitus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  quaero. 

quaeso,  see  quaero. 

quails,  -e,  [tquo-  (of  qui  and 
quis)  +  alls],  pron.  adj.  I.  Interr. 
(in  questions  and  exclamations), 
of  what  sort,  what,  what  a  man 
(or  the  like),  what  kind  of. — 
2.  Rel.  (with  correl.  expressed  or 
implied),  (of  which  kind),  as  (the 
quality  being  implied  in  Eng.  in  a 
preceding  such,  or  the  like),  such 
(implied  in  what  precedes)  .  .  .  as. 
—  Equal  to  an  adv.,  just  as,  as. 

qualus  (-um),  -i,  [?,  cf.  colum], 
m.  and  n.,  a  basket. —  Esp.  for 
straining  wine,  a  wicker  strainer. 

quam  [unc.  case-form  of  quis  and 
qul,cf.  nam],  adv.  i.* Interr., how, 
how  much.  — 2.  Rel.,  as  much,  as, 
than. — Its  force  after  prius,  ante, 


Vocabulary. 


227 


and  post  is  in  Eng.  often  contained 
in  some  other  word.  —  With  com- 
paratives, (the)  . . .  the.  —  With  su- 
perlatives, as  muck  as  possible,  very. 

—  With  anteced.  omitted,  as  many 
as,  so  ...  as.  —  See  also   ante, 
prior,  post,  and  tarn. 

quamvis  [quam-vis],  adv.,  as  you 
wish,  as  you  will,  however  much, 
however.  — Also,  although,  though. 

quamlo  [prob.  abl.  of  unc.  stem 
(quam?-f  dus)],  adv.  and  conj. 
I.  Interr.,  at  what  time?  when? 

—  2.    Indef.,    at  any   time,   ever 
(affirmative,  cf.  unquam  with  neg- 
atives),   at  some   time. —  3.    Rel., 
when,  now  that,  since,  as.  —  Fig. 
(in  causal  sense),  since,  inasmuch 
as,  seeing  that. 

quandoquidem  (rarely  qimndo- } 
[quando-quidem],  adv.,  since,  in- 
asmuch as,  seeing  that. 

quanquam(quann-)  [quam-quam, 
cf.  quisquis],  adv.,  (however), 
although,  though.  —  Also  (in  a  cor- 
rective sense,  as  often  in  Eng.), 
though,  still,  however,  but. 

quantus,  -a,  -um,  [pron.  -y/quo  + 
antus  (with  lost  v),  cf.  Sk.  -vant], 
pron.  adj.  I.  Interr.,  how  great? 
how  much  ?  what  a,  what. — 2.  Rel., 
as  (cf.  quails). — With  omitted  an- 
tecedent, as  great  as,  as  much  as, 
not  less  than. — Ace.  as  adv.  (both 
senses),  how  much,  how,  how  long, 
as  much,  as,  as  far  as,  as  much  as, 
as  long  as.  —  Abl.  as  adv.,  hcnv 
much,  how,  as  much,  as.  —  With 
comparatives,  (the}  .  .  .  the. 

quare  [qua  re],  adv.  I.  Interr.,  on 
what  account  ?  why  ?  —  2.  Rel.,  on 
which  account,  wherefore,therefore. 

quartus,  -a,  -um,  [f  quattuor  + 
tus],  num.  adj.,  fourth. 

quassatus,-a,  -um,  p.p.  of  qua&so. 

quasso,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fquas- 
so-  (cf.  quatlo)],  I.  v.  a.  and  n., 
shake,  toss,  brandish. — Of  the  effect, 
shutter,  batter.  —  Intrans.,  shake: 
siliqua  quassans  (rattling). 

quater  [unc.  form  fr.  quattuor,  cf. 
tcr],  num.  a&\.,four  times. 


quaterni,  -ae,  -a,  [tquattuor  + 
nus],  adj.  plur.,  four  at  a  time, 
four  in  each. 

quatio,  fquassi  (only  in  compos.), 
quassum,  quatere,  [?],  3.  v.  a., 
shake,  agitate,  cause  to  tremble, 
stir.  —  Also,  batter,  shatter,  demol- 
ish, overthrow,  beat,  lash,  drive, 
worry,  harass:  campos  (scour, 
of  horsemen  sent  on  a  raid)  ;  cur- 
su  (subdue,  of  horses) ;  funda- 
menta  (rend). 

quattuor  (quatuor)  [?,  petrified 
and  reduced  nom.,  cf.  Terrapts], 
num.  adj.  indecl.,  four. 

-que  [unc.  case-form  tquo-,  cf.  re], 
conj.,  and  (connecting  the  word  to 
which  it  is  affixed  or  the  clause  in 
which  that  word  is).  —  Repeated 
(or  with  et,  atque,  or  ac),  both 
.  .  .  and,  as  -well .  .  .  as,  and  (omit- 
ting the  first).  —  Equal  to  cum, 
when  :  vix  fatus  erat,  subitoque 
intonuit.  —  Equal  to  Eng.  or  (fr. 
a  different  view  in  Latin)  :  ter 
quaterque.  —  With  explanatory 
force :  segetes  altae  campique 
natantes  (both  meaning  the  same 
thing) . 

«n i«-«».  quivi  ii  ,  qultum,  quire, 
[?],  4.  v.  n.,  can,  be  able. 

Quercens,  -entls,  [perh.  fquercu-], 
m.,  a  Rutulian. 

quercus,  -us,  [?],  f.,  an  oak  (sa- 
cred to  Jove),  oak  leaves,  a  twig 
of  oak :  civilis  (the  civic  crown 
of  oak  leaves,  given  for  saving  the 
life  of  a  fellow-citizen). 

querela  (-ella),  -ae,  [as  if  quere-, 
supposed  stem  of  queror(cf.  sua- 
dela)  +  la],  f.,  a  complaint,  a 
plaint  (of  songs  of  birds),  a  cry 
(of  distress) . 

quernus,  -a,  -um,  [fquercu-  (re- 
duced) +  nus],  adj.,  of  oak,  oaken  : 
glandes  (oak  mast,  acorns). 

queror,  questus,  queri,  [  y/ques], 
3.  v.  n.  and  a.,  complain,  bewail, 
complain  of:  plura  querena  (ut- 
tering further  complaints).  —  Po- 
etically:  bubo  (wail,  cry). 

querulus,  -a,  -um,  [tqu'ero-  (lost 


228 


Vocabulary. 


or  assumed,  akin  to  queror)  f  lus], 
adj.,  complaining :  cicadae  {mel- 
ancholy'). 

questus,  -us,  [  -^/ques  (in  queror) 
+  tus],  in.,  a  complaint. —  Poeti- 
cally, complaining  note,  plaint. 

qul,  quae,  quod,  [pron.  -^/quo  + 
i(?)  and  y'qui],  rel.  pron.,  who, 
which,  that.  —  Often  with  antece- 
dent not  expressed,  these  who,  those 
who,  what,  whoever,  whatever.  — 
Where  in  Eng.  a  demonstrative  is 
used,  and  he  &c.,  but  he,  he,  this. 

—  Also,  as  (cf.  quails) .  —  quod, 
neut.,  as  to  which,  now,  but,  and  : 
quod  si  (now  if) ;  quod  ut  (ami) ; 
quod  te  oro  (and  so  I  pray). — 
Also,  a  (king  which  (so  id  quod 
in   same   sense)  :  quod  superest 
(furthermore,  it  is  further  to  be 
said,   the  only  thing  remaining). 

—  ex  quo,  from  the  time  when, 
since,  after. 

qui,  abl.  of  qul. 

quia  [case-form  of  tqui-  (prob.  ace. 
plur.  neut.)],  conj., because  (a  real 
reason,  cf.  quonlam  and  quod)  : 
quiane  (is  it  because). 

quiauam  (or  separate),  [quia  (as 
interr.)  -rfam],  adv.,  why,  pray  ? 

quiane,  see  quia. 

quicquam,  see  quisquam. 

quicumque  (-cunque),  quae-, 
quod-,  (also  separate),  [qui- 
cumque (cf.  quisque)],  indef. 
rel.  pron.,  whoever,  whatever,  all 
who  :  quicunque  violavimus  (all 
of  us  who)  ;  sive  quicunque  fu- 
ror (whatever  other).  —  Also,  any 
whatever,  every  possible  :  quocun- 
que  modo  (in  any  way  whatever) . 

—  Neut.  with  partitive  gen. :  quod- 
cunque  regni  (this  realm  such  as 
it  is). 

•  I n i dam,  quae-,  quod-  (quid-), 
[qui-dam  (pron.  -y/da,  cf.  naui, 
tarn  J  ] ,  indef.  pron.,  some  one,  some 
(regularly  a  definite  person,  though 
not  named),  certain,  a.  —  Less 
exactly,  some  (indef.),  one  man. 

quidein  [prob.  qui  (abl.  of  qui) 
-dem,  cf.  Idem],  adv.,  (in  which 


way?),  (confirmatory  particle,  very 
often  unnecessary  in  Eng.),  truly, 
also,  too.  —  Concessive,  to  be  sure. 
— Adversative,  but,  however  :  baud 
impune  quidein ;  et  quidem  (and 
yet).  —  ne  .  .  .  quidem  (enclosing 
the  emphatic  word),  not  even,  nor 
.  .  .  either,  not .  .  .  any  more. 

quies,  -etis,  [tquie-  (cf.  quiesco) 
+  tia  (reduced,  cf.  sementis)], 
f.,  rest,  repose,  sleep,  slumber,  lei- 
sure, ^ase,  stillness,  quiet. 

quiesco,  quievi,  quietum,  qui- 
escere,  [fquie-  (of  lost  or  assumed 
fquieo,  ^qni,  cf.  civis,  K^ai)  + 
sco],  3.  v.  n.,  come  to  rest,  go  to 
rest,  rest,  repose,  cease,  be  stilled, 
become  silent,  lie  idle,  die  down.  — 
quietus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  as  adj., 
quiet,  calm,  peaceful,  still,  undis- 
turbed, unruffled,  gentle  :  quietos 
cura  sollicitat  (their  tranquil 
rest);  vos  quietos  (your  peace). 

quin  [qui  (abl.  of  quis)  -ne],  adv. 
i.  Interr.,  (how  not?),  why  not? 
(in  exhortations)  come,  now,  nay, 
even,  nay  even,  nay  more,  but 
rather,  indeed.  —  2.  [abl.  of  qui- 
ne],  rel.  conj.,  so  that  not,  but 
that,  so  but  that,  that,  from  (do- 
ing anything,  with  verbs  of  hin- 
drance), to(do anything,  with  verbs 
of  hindrance):  non  possum  quin 
(I cannot  but). 

quin  etiam,  nay  even,  moreover. 

quini,  -ae,  -a,  [  quinque  (reduced) 
+  nus],  num.  adj.  plur.,  Jive  each, 
Jive  at  a  time.  —  Less  exactly,y?w. 

quingenti,  -ae,  -a,  [quinque  (or 
quini?)  -genti  (fr.  centum)], 
num.  adj.  plur.,  Jive  hundred. 

quinquaginta  [quinque  +  unc. 
form,  cf.  irfvrf)KOfra],  num.  adj. 
indecl.,  fifty. 

quinque  [?,  cf.  ireWt],  num.  adj. 
indecl.,  five. 

quintus  (old  quinct-),  -a,  -um, 
[quinque  (reduced)  +  tus],  num. 
adj.,  the  fifth. 

quippe  [quid-pe,  cf.  nempe],adv., 
truly,  no  doubt,  in  fact,  doubtless : 
subito  quippe  fugit  dolor  (strange 


Vocabulary. 


229 


to  say). —  Ironical,  forsooth,  in- 
deed. —  Also,  for  (strictly  not  cau- 
sal but  explanatory) . 
Quirinalis,  -e,  [fQuirino-  (re- 
duced) +  alls],  adj.,  of  Quirinus 
(Romulus). 

Quirinus,  -i,  [?,  akin  to  Quiris], 
m.,  the  name  given  to  Romulus  as 
the  divinity  of  Rome. 
Quiris,  -i  tis,(  usually  pi  ur.),  [fCuri- 
(of  Cures),  (lengthened,  cf.  civi- 
lis)+tis  (cf.  Carmentis)],  m., 
inhabitant  (inhabitants)  of  Cures, 
the  Quiriles. — Also,  Roman  citi- 
zens, Quirites.  —  Poetically,  citi- 
zens (of  bees). 

quis,  abl.  or  dat.  plur.  of  qui. 
quis  (qui),  quae  (qua,  indef.), 
quid  (quod),  [pron.  roots  quo 
and  qui  as  stems;  same  word  as 
qui],  interr.  pron.,  who,  what,  what 
sort  of,  in  what  condition.  —  quid, 
neut.,  why,  what;  (interrog.  and 
exclam.),  how  is  it  with  ?  what 
about  ?  what  of?  —  As  indef.,  any, 
anyone  (sometimes  equal  each  one), 
anything,  one,  some  one,  something. 
quisnain  (qui-),  quae-,  quid- 
(quod-),  (also  separate),  [quis- 
nam,  cf.  iiain],  interr.  and  indef., 
who  pray,  what  pray,  who,  what 
(emphatic). 

quisquain,  quae-,  quid-  (quic-), 
[quis  (as  indef.)  -quam],  indef. 
pron.  (universal,  hence  only  with  a 
negative  expressed  or  hinted  at,  cf. 
aliquis,  quis,  with  affirmatives), 
anyone,  any  man,  anything:  mi- 
natur  si  quisquam  sdeat  (if  any- 
one should,  &c.,  implying  that  they 
will  not).  —  With  expressed  neg., 
no  one,  nothing. 
quisque,  quae-,  quid-  (quic-), 
[quis-que],  indef.  pron.,  each  one 
(of  several,  cf.  uterque),  each, 
every,  everyone,  every  man,  every- 
thing, all. — Often  with  a  superla- 
tive :  proxima  quaeque  (every- 
thing in  the  way,  with  idea  of  suc- 
cession).  —  With  two,  equal  to  two 
compaiatives,  the  more  .  .  the 
more. 


quisquis,  quidquid  (quicquid), 
[quis  doubled],  indef.  rel.  pron., 
whoever,  whatever. 

1.  quo  [prob.  old  dat.  pron.  -y/quo], 
adv.,  whither  (both  interr.  and  rel.), 
where  (in  corrupt  Eng.  sense  of 
whither} .  —  Fig.,  to  what  end,  for 
what  purpose,  of  what  use. 

2.  quo  [abl.  of  pron.  t<luo-]»  conj. 
(adv.),  (by  which),  in  order  that, 
that. 

quocirca  (also  separate),  [quo (abl. 
or  dat.)  -circa],  adv.,  wherefore. 

quocunque  (also  separate),  [quo 
cunque],  rel.  adv.,  whithersoever, 
wherever,  however,  whichever  way 
(acc.  to  English  idiom),  whatever 
•way,  anywhere  (anywhither). 

quod  [n.  of  qui,  acc.  or  nom.  (perh. 
both)],  conj.,  that,  because  (a  real 
cause,  cf.  qu  on  lain),  in  that,  as 
to,  as  for  (with  participle  in  Eng.). 

—  est  quod,  there  is  reason  why. 
quoni,  see  cum. 

quomodo  (or  separate),  [quo  (abl.) 
modo],  adv.,  in  what  way,  how, 
in  which  manner,  as. 

quonani  [i .  quo-nam],adv.,7<;AjV>4<?r 
pray,  oh  whither,  whither  (em- 
phatic), where. 

quondam  [quom  (cum)  -dam,  cf. 
qiiidam],  adv.,  (at  a  certain 
time),  once,  formerly,  before,  just 
now,  a  while  ago  (but  not  long). 

—  Of  time  future,  one  day,  here- 
after, by  and  by.  —  Indef.,  some 
time,  sometimes. 

quoniam  [quom -iam], adv.  (conj.), 
now  that.  —  Also,  seeing  that,  since 
(of  an  explanatory  fact,  cf. quod), 
inasmuch  as. 

quoque  [unc.  form  of  qui  +  que,  cf. 
quisque],  conj.,  also,  too,  as  well, 
not  less,  even. 

quot  [  prob.  pron.  -y/qud  +  ti,  cf. 
Sk.  kati],  adj.  indecl.  (interr.  and 
rel.),  how  many,  as  many,  as  (cf. 
quails),  as  many  as  (with  omitted 
antecedent). — quot  (quod)  annis 
(as  many  years  as  there  are), 
yearly,  every  year. 
>  quotannis,  see  quot  and  ainius. 


230 


Vocabulary. 


quotiens  (-es),  [fquoti  +  ens,  cf. 
quinqutens],  adv.,  how  many 
times,  how  often,  as  often,  as  often 


as,  as  many  times  as  (cf.  quot) . 
quousque  (also  separate),  [i.  quo- 
usque],  adv.,  how  far,  how  long. 


R. 


rabidus,  -a,  -um,  [noun-stem  akin 
to  rabies  (cf.  rabula)  +  dus], 
adj.,  raving,  raging,  furious,  sav- 
age. —  Transferred,  ravenous,  rav- 
ening: fames. 

rabies,  -em,  -e,  [  -^rab  (in  rabio, 
etc.)+  ies],  f.,  madness,  rage,  rav- 
ing (inspiration) ,  fury  (of  storms, 
&c.)  :  edendi,  ventris  (ravening 
hunger) . 

racemus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a  cluster  (of 
berries  or  grapes),  a  bunch,  grapes, 
berries. 

radio, -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fradio-] , 
I.  v.  a.  and  n.  (furnish  with  rays). 
—  Intrans.,  shine.  —  radians, 
-an t is,  p.  as  adj.,  bright,  radiant, 
gleaming. 

radius,  -I  (-ii),  [perh.  akin  to  ra- 
dix], m.,  a  staff,  a  rod  (esp.  for 
measuring),  a  spoke,  a  shuttle,  an 
olive  (of  a  peculiar  kind,  elon- 
gated}, a  strand  or  spike  (of  a 
thunderbolt).  —  Esp.,  a  ray,  a 
beam. 

radix,  -icis,  [perh.  akin  to  radius], 
f.,  a  root.  —  Also,  a  foundation,  a 
fastening  (at  the  bottom). 

radS,  rasi,  rasum,  radere,  [?], 
3.  v.  a.,  scrape,  shave,  peel.  —  Fig., 
graze,  pass  closely,  coast  along.  — 
With  cogn.  ace.,  cleave,  skim. 

Raetieus  (Rhae-),-a,-um,  [fRae- 
to  +  cus],  adj.,  of  the  Rati  (a  na- 
tion south  of  the  Danube,  in  Tyrol, 
&c.),  Raiian ;  Rcetica  (a  kind  of 
_grapes). 

rameus,  -a,  -um,  [framo-  (re- 
duced) -f  eus],  adj.,  of  branches. 

ramdsus,  -a,  -um,  [frame-  (re- 
duced) +  osus],  adj.,  branching. 

ram  us,  -I,  [perh.  akin  to  radix], 
m.,  a  bough,  a  branch,  a  twig. 
(Boughs  hung  with  woollen  fillets 
were  borne  by  suppliants) .  —  Po- 
etically as  yielding  fruit. 


rana,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  frog. 

ra pax,  -acis,  [  Vrap  +  ax,  cf .  ca- 

pax],  adj.,  snatching,  greedy  :  flu- 
vM(rapid,  carrying  everything  with 
them) . 

rapidus,  -a,  -um,  [frapo-  (or  -i) 
+  dus,  cf.  rapio],  adj.,  (seizing), 
fierce,  consuming,  blazing,  fiery 
(of  heat).  —  Also,  swift  (cf.  ra- 
pax),  rapid,  hurrying,  quick,  ac- 
tive :  ungula  {flying) ;  vortices 
(whirling) . 

rapina,  -ae,  [frapi-  (as  if  stem  of 
rapio)  +  na],  f.,  robbery,  plunder. 

—  Concretely,  booty. 

rapio,  rapui,  raptum,  rapere, 
[-y/rap,  akin  to  apirdfa'],  3.  v.  a., 
snatch,  snatch  away,  seize,  carry 
off,  hurry  away,  hurry,  drag, 
wrest  away,  tear  from,  rob  of, 
sweep  away,  sweep  along.  —  Esp., 
plunder,  steal,  ravish,  take,  cap- 
ture. —  raptum,  -I,  n.  p.p.  as 
subst.,  rapine,  plunder,  booty,  spoil. 

—  Intrans.,  hurry  on. 

Rapo,  -onis,  [rapo],  m.,  a  Rutulian. 

raptatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  rapto. 

raptim  [as  if  ace.  of  fraptis  ( -y/rap 
+  tis),  cf.  partim],  adv.,  hastily, 
swiftly. 

rapto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [frapto- 
(cf.  rapio)],  i.  v.  a.,  drag  away, 
hurry  off,  drag. 

raptor,  -oris,  [y'rap+tor],  m., 
a  plunderer. —  In  app.  as  adj., 
plundering,  prowling. 

raptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  rapio.    • 

raresco,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -escere, 
[as  if  frare-  (of  lost  or  supposed 
frareo)  +  sco,  cf.  rarus],  3.  v.  n. 
incept.,  grow  thin  :  claustra  Pe- 
lori  (widen,  become  less  close  to- 
_gether). 

rarus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  loose  (op- 
posed to  densus),  wide  apart, 
thin,  scattered,  rare,  straggling, 


Vocabulary. 


231 


few,  here  and  there,  scanty,  rare- 
feed :  retia  (large-meshed,  coarse)  ; 
voces  {broken). 

rasilis,  -e,  [fraso  +  lis],  adj.,  pol- 
ished, worked  with  a  chisel. 

rastrum, -i,  (pi.  -l,-5rum),[.v/rad 
+  trum],  n.  and  m.,  a  hoe  (toothed 
and  heavy  for  breaking  the  soil). 

riisus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  rado. 

ratio,  -onis,  [as  if  y'ra  (in  reor) 
+  tio  (perh.  frati+o)],  f.,  a 
reckoning,  account,  a  plan,  a  way, 
means.  —  Also,  intelligence,  coun- 
sel, devices:  sat  rationis  in  ar- 
mis  {any  sense,  &c.). 

ratis,  -Is,  [  ?,  but  cf.  reiiius  ?] ,  f ., 
a  raft.  —  Poetically,  a  boat,  a  ship, 
a  vessel. 

ratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  reor. 

raucus,  -a,  -um,  [fravo-  (or  -i, 
cf.  ravus,  ravis)  +  cus],  adj., 
hoarse,  deep,  harsh,  roaring,  mur- 
muring, screaming,  shrill,  clang- 
ing:  rauco  assensu  (harsh  ac- 
cord).—  Neut.  as  adv.,  harshly. 

re-  (red-),  [abl.  of  unc.  stem],  prep, 
in  comp.,  back,  again,  un-  (revers- 
ing the  action ),  forth. 

rebellis,  -e,  [re-fbello-  (weakened 
and  decl.  as  adj.),  cf.  exanimis], 
adj.,  renewing  a  war,  insurgent, 
rising  (in  arms,  after  conquest) . 

reboo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -are,  [re- 
boo],  i.  v.  n.,  resound,  re-echo. 

recaleo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [re- 
caleo],  2.  v.  n.,  be  warmed :  flu- 
enta_  sanguine  {run  warm). 

recedo,  -cessi,  -cessum,  -cedere, 
[re-cedo],  3.  v.  n.,  move  back, 
withdraw,  retire,  retreat,  come  off, 
give  way,  recede,  draw  back,  go 
away,  pass  away. 

recens,  -cut  is,  [?,  p.  of  lost  verb], 
adj.,  fresh,  new  (not  long  in  exist- 
ence, opposed  to  vetus,  cf.  no- 
vus,  opposed  to  antiquus),  re- 
cent, ne-M-made,  just  risen  :  prata 
rivis  {kept  fresh)  ;  praedae  (new- 
ly-won) ;  recens  a  volnere  {with 
her  wound  still  fresh) .  —  Neut.  as 
adv.,y'/«/,  lately. 

rccenseo,-censui,  -censuin(-cSn- 


situm),  -censere,  [re-censeo], 
2.  v.  a.,  recount,  enumerate,  reckon 
up,  count. 

recepto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [tre- 
cepto-  (p.p.  of  recipio)],  i.  v.  a., 
draw  back.  —  With  reflexive,  re- 
tire, withdraw,  hide. 

receptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  recipio. 

receptus,  -5s,  [as  if  re-captus,  cf. 
recipio],  m.,  a  retreat,  place  of 
refuge. 

recessus,  -us,  [re-cessus,  cf.  re- 
cedo*], m.,  a  retreat,  a  with- 
drawal:  vastus  {depth).  —  Con- 
cretely, a  recess. 

recidlvus,  -a,  -um,  [as  if  frecidi 
+  vus,  cf.  recido,  nocivus],  adj., 
recurring.  —  Poetically,  renewed, 
restored. 

recido,  -cldi,  -cisum,  -cldere, 
[re-caedo],  3.  v.  a.,  cut  away,  cut 
off,  sever. 

recinctus, -a, -um,  p.p.  of  recingo. 

recingo,  perf.  not  found,  -cinctum, 
-cingere,  [re-cingo],  3.  v.  a.,  un- 
bind, unloose,  loosen :  recincta 
veste  (in  flowing  robe,  a  style 
peculiar  to  some  rites). 

recipio,  -cepi,  -ceptum,  -cipere, 
[re-capio],  3.  v.  a.,  take  back,  with- 
draw, draw  back,  recover,  rescue, 
receive  (of  something  due),  exact. 
— Also,  receive  (generally),  admit: 
ad  se  {receive  by  one's  side). — 
With  reflexive,  withdraw,  retire. 

recisus,^-a,  -um,  p.p.  of  recido. 

recla mo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [re- 
clamo],  i.  v.  a.,  cry  out,  roar. 

reclino,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [re- 
clino],  i.  v.  a.,  lean  back :  scuta 
(rest  against  their  spears) . 

recludo,  -clnsi,  -clGsum,  -elude- 
re,  [re-cludo],  3.  v.  a.,  unclose, 
open,  uncover,  lay  bare,  disclose, 
unsheath,  pierce,  turn  up  (of  the 
earth) .  —  Poetically :  caelum  sol 
{unlock  the  gates  of). 

reclusus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  recludo. 

recoctus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  recoquo. 

recognosco,  -gnovi,  -gnltum, 
-gnoscere,  [re-cognosco],  3.  v.a., 
review,  examine. 


232 


Vocabulary. 


recolo,  -colui,  -cultum,  -colere, 

[re-colo],  3.  v.  a.,  refill.  —  Fig., 
consider,  contemplate,  survey. 

recondo,  -condidi,  -conditum, 
-condere,  [re-condo],  3.  v.  a., 
hide  away,  conceal,  bury  (of  a 
weapon),  plunge,  deposit. 

recoquo,  -eoxi,  -coctum,  -co- 
quere,  [re-coquo],  3.  v.  a.,  re- 
forge,  refine  (by  melting). 

recordor,-atus,-ari,  [lost  stemfre- 
cord-  (re-fcord-,  cf.  concors)], 
I.  v.  dep.,  recall  to  mind,  recall. 

rector,  -oris,  [Vreg  +  tor],  m.,  a 
ruler,  a  director,  a  leader,  a  pilot, 
a  steersman. 

rectus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  rego. 

recubo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -cubare, 
[re-cubo],  I.  v.  n.,  lie  on  the  back, 
recline,  lie  at  length,  lie. 

recumbo,  -cubui,  -cubituin, 
-cumbers,  [re-cumbo],  3.  v.  n., 
lie  down,  lie,  fall  back,  fall,  lie 
low  (of  clouds),  sink. 

recurro,  -curri,  -cursuin,  -cur- 
rere,  [re-curro],  3.  v.  n.,  hasten 
back:  sol  recurrens  (revolving). 

recurso,  -avi,  -at  nm,  -are,  [re- 
curso,  cf.  recurro],  i.  v.  n.,  run 
back.  —  Fig.,  recur,  return,  be  re- 
ne^ved,  be  repeated:  curae  tuo 
dulci  ex  ore. 

recursus,  -us,  [re-cursus,  cf.  re- 
curro], m.,  a  returning  course,  a 
reflux,  the  ebb  (of  the  waves). 

recurvus,  -a,  -nm,  [re-curvus], 
adj.,  curving  backward,  curved. 

recuso,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [re- 
fcauso,  cf.causor],  i.  v.  a.  and  n., 
excuse  one's  self,  make  objection, 
be  reluctant,  refuse,  reject,  decline, 
disavoiu:  longe  (shrink  back  afar). 

recussus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  recutio. 

recutio,  perf.  not  found,  -cussuin, 
-cutere,  [re-quatio],  3.  v.  n., 
strike  back.  —  recussus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.,  re-echoing. 

redargue,  -ui,  no  sup.,  -uere, 
[red-arguo],  3.  v.  a.,  disprove, 
refute. 

redditus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  reddo. 


reddo,  -didi,  -ditum,  -dere,  [red- 
do],  3.  v.  a.,  give  back,  restore, 
return,  repay,  pay,  render. —  With 
reflexive  or  in  pass.,  return,  go 
back :  redditus  (returning) ;  red- 
dita  cessit,  came  by  succession. 

—  Also,    give    forth,    give     up, 
yield,     render     up,     utter,     send 
forth.  —  Passive,    appear,     come 
forth,  be  heard.  —  Also  of  things 
given    as    due,  give,   consign,   be- 
stow, offer  (as  a  sacrifice),  impose. 

—  Also,    render,    make,   imitate, 
express. 

redeo,  -ii  (-ivi),-itum,  -ire,  [red- 
eo],  irr.  v.  n.,  go  back,  return,  come 
back,  come  again,  come  in  (of  a 
race),  bend  around  (of  a  mountain- 
range)  :  anni  (revolve). 

rediniiciilum,  -i,  [fredimi-  (of 
rcdlmio)  -f  culum],  n.,  a  band, 
a  heailftand,  a  fillet,  a  headdress. 

redimio, -ii, -itum,  -Ire,[?],4.v.  a., 
bind  around,  encircle,  wreathe. 

redimitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  re- 
dimip. 

redimo,  -emi,  -emptum,  -imere, 
[red-emo,  buy},  3.  v.  a.,  buy  back, 
ransom,  redeem. 

reditus,  -us,  [red-itus,  cf.  redeo], 
m.,  aj~eturn. 

redoleo,  -olui,  no  sup.,  -olere, 
[red-oleo],  2.  v.  a.  and  n.,  smell 
of,  emit  an  odor,  be  fragrant. 

reduco,  -duxi,  -ductum,  -dOcere, 
[re-duco],  3.  v.  a.,  lead  back,  bring 
back,  draw  back,  restore,  rescue  : 
reducti  remi  (plied with  force); 
reducitur  aestas  (returns}.  — 
reductus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
retired,  secluded. 

reductus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  reduco. 

redux,  -ucis,  [re-dux],  adj.  (pass, 
sense),  returning;  returned,  re- 
stored. 

refectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  reficio. 

refello,  -felli,  no  sup.,  -fellere, 
[re-fallo],  3.  v.  a.,  refute,  disprove. 

refero,  retuli  (rett-),  relatum, 
referre,  [re-fero] ,  irr.  v.  a.,  bring 
back,ansiver, bear  back,bring  again, 
restore,  give  back  (echo),  change  ; 


Vocabulary. 


233 


pedem,  vestigia  (/urn  backward, 
retreat}  ;  consilia  in  melius 
(change);  referri  omnia  (decline); 
vina  (throw  up)  ;  fert  refertque 
fletus  (bear  again  and  again) ; 
vestigia  in  decimum  annum  (de- 
lay ;  laudem  (carry  off).  —  With 
reflexive  or  in  pass.,  return,  come 
back,  go  back:  refernntur  ha- 
benis  datis  (ride  back)  ;  relatam 
classem  nuntio  (returned). — 
Also,  carry  (something  which  is 
due  or  to  the  place  where  it  be- 
longs), bear,  offer,  pay,  render, 
consign:  hunc  sedibus  suis;  venti 
ad  aures  divum  (bear,  whither  it 
issent)  ;  terraecacumen(//aw/); 
hoc  manibus  patrum  (give  this 
message);  numerum  (report,  ac- 
count for);  gra,tes(Ma£eretur>i,c{. 
gratias  ago,gratias  habeo) ;  se 
pestis  (flies)  ;  sollemnia  tumulo 
(perform};  in  te  oculos  (turn). 
—  Also,  repeat,  represent,  show 
signs  of,  betray,  resemble :  nomen 
avi  (bear  again)  ;  nomine  avum ; 
te  ore  ;  saporem  salis  (show) .  — 
Also,  bring  forth,  utter,  give  out, 
report,  relate,  tell,  mention,  recite  : 
pectore  voces ;  horresco  referens 
(to  relate)  ;  signa  sol  (show, 
give) ;  valles  pulsae  (echo)  ;  ge- 
mitum  ictus  (give  forth)  ;  ipse 
parentem  te  (claim). 

refert,  retulit,  referre,  [unc.  case 
of  res-fert],  irr.  v.  imp.,  it  is  im- 
portant, it  is  expedient. 

reficio,  -fed,  -fectum,  -ficere, 
[re-facio],  irr.  v.  a.,  change,  re- 
neiu,  repair,  restore,  reinforce,  re- 
fresh, encourage. 

refigo,  -fixi,  -fixum,  -figere, 
[re-figo],  3.v.  a.,  unfix,  unloosen, 
tear  down  :  fixit  leges  refixitque 
(publish  and  tear  down  again,  as 
laws  were  hung  up  on  tablets). 

refingo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -flngere, 
[re-fingo],  3.  v.  a.,  refashion, 
mould  again. 

refixus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  refigo. 

reflecto,  -flexi,  -flexum,  -flecte- 
re,  [re-flecto],  3.  v.  a.,  bend  back, 


turn  back,  bend,  change  :  animum 
(turn  one's  attention).  —  In  pass., 
bend:  reflexus  (bending round). 

reflexus, -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  reflecto. 

refluo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -fluere, 
[re-fluo],  3.  v.  n.,  flow  back,  re- 
cede, subside. 

reformido,  perf.  not  found,  -atum, 
-are,  [re-formido],  \.\.&.,dread. 
—  Poetically,  of  trees  injured  by 
pruning. 

refringo,  -fregi,  -f ractum,-frin- 
gere,  [re-frango],  3.  v.  a.,  break 

off-    ^ 

refugio,  -fugi,  no  sup.,  -fugere, 
[re-fugio],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,yfy  back, 
shrink  back,  flee  away,  recede.  — 
Fig.,  shrink,  be  reluctant,  refuse, 
shrink  from  :  fugit  refugit  (fly 
this  way  and  that)  :  animus  me- 
minisse  (shrinks  from  the  recollec- 
tion) j^sol  (hide  himself). 

refulgeo,  -fulsi,  no  sup.,  -fulgere, 
[re-fulgeo],  2.  v.  n.,  shine  forth, 
gleam,  shine,  glitter. 

refundo,  -fudi,  -fiisum,  -fun- 
dere,  [re-fundo],  3.  v.  a.,  pour 
back,  pour  forth,  throw  back.  — 
refusus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  thrown 
up,  poured  forth,  over/lowing  :  re- 
fuso  Oceano  (in  the  surrounding 
ocean). 

refusus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  refundo. 

refuto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [re- 
ffuto,  cf.  futatim,  futilis],  I. 
v.  a.,  (force  back),  repel.  —  Also, 
refute,  confute,  prove  false. 

regalis,  -e,  [freg-  (of  rex)+  alis], 
adj.,  kingly,  royal,  regal :  comae 
(of  the  princess). 

regificas,  -a,  -um,  [freg-  (as  if 
regi-)  -ficus],  adj.,  regal. 

regina,  -ae,  [freg  +  ina,  cf.  gal- 
lina],  f.,  a  queen,  a  princess. — 
Of  a  divinity,  royal  mistress.  —  In 
app.  as  adj.,  royal  (of  the  royal 
blood)^. 

reglo,  -onis,  [as  if  x/reg  +  io  (prob. 
through  adj. -stem)  ] ,  f.,  a  direction, 
a  course.  —  Also  (cf.  fines),  a 
region,  a  quarter. 

regius,  -a,  -um,  [treg  +  iusj,  adj., 


234 


Vocabulary. 


of  a  king,  royal  (cf.  regalis,  re- 
gal). —  Also,  princely,  queenly, 
magnificent.  —  regia,  fern.,  (sc. 
(loin us),  a  royal  abode,  a  palace, 
a  royal  city. 

regnator,  -orls,  [fregna  (of  reg- 
no)  +  tor],  m.,  a  ruler,  a  sov- 
ereign, a  king. 

regnatus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  regno. 

regno,  -avi,  -atuin,  -are,  [freg- 
no],  i.  v.  n.  and  a.,  reign,  rule, 
bear  sway.  —  Act.,  rule  over.  — 
Impersonal :  regnabitur  (the  rule 
shall  be}.  —  regnandam  Albam 
acceperit  (the  throne  of  Alba) ; 
regnandi  cupido  (of  regal  power) ; 
ignis  regnat  per  ramos  (rage 
uncontrolled}. 

regnum,  -i,  [  -^/reg  +  num  (n.  of 
-nus,  cf.  plenus)  J,  n.,  a  realm,  a 
kingdom,  regal  power,  a  throne,  a 
reign,  command,  authority. 

rego,  rexi,  rectum,  regere,  [-v/reg. 
akin  to  Gr.  opfyca,  Sk.  rajan  (cf. 
Rajah),  Eng.  right},  3.  v.  a.,  di- 
rect (orig.  as  of  a  line,  &c.  ?) ,  guide, 
steer:  sol  orbem  (hold  its  course) . 

—  Esp.,  govern,  rule,  sway,  con- 
trol: imperium  Dido  (hold  sov- 
ereign command).  —  rectus,  -a, 
-uni,  p.p.  as  adj.,  straight,  direct, 
right:   rectis  vestigia   pedibus 
(straight-forward  tracks) ;    recto 
nomine  (straight  up  the  river) ; 
recto   litore    (straight  along  the 
shore) .  —  Neut.   as   subst.,   right, 
virtue. 

regressus,  -as,  [re-gressus,  cf.  re- 
gredior],  m.,  a  return,  a  change 
(going  back). 

reicio  (relic-,  reic-),  -iecl,  -iec- 
t uni,  -icere,  [re-iacio] ,  3.  v.  a., 
throw  back,  throw  away,  throw  off, 
throw  down,  drive  back,  hurl  back. 

—  Fig.,  reject,  refuse,  cast  (of  the 
eyes),  turn  away. 

reiecto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [re- 
iacto,  cf.  relclo],  i.  v.  a.,  throw- 
ing forth,  throwing  out. 

relectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  relclo. 

relabor,  -lapsus,  -labl,  [re-labor] , 
3.  v.  dep.,  glide  back,  recede. 


relatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  refero. 

relaxo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [re- 
laxo],  i.  v.  a.,  loosen,  free,  open, 
rarefy. 

relegS,  -legl,  -lectum,  -legerc, 
[re-lego],  3.  v.  a.,  coast  by  again, 
sail  along  again,  retrace. 

relego,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [re- 
lego],  I.  v.  a.,  remove,  send  away, 
banish,  consign,  entrust. 

rellctus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  relinquo. 

rellgatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  religo. 

religio  (rell-),  -onis,  [prob.  re- 
legio,  cf.  relego],  f.,  (reverence, 
diligent  attention  to  a  person,  cf. 
observantia) .  —  Esp.,  reverence 
for  the  gods,  piety,  devotion,  re- 
ligion, veneration.  —  Also,  a  cere- 
mony, an  observance,  a  rite,  sacred 
rites  :  prospera  (omens) .  —  Also, 
of  things,  sanctity,  holiness.  — • 
Transf.,  divinity  (thing  sacred). 

religlosus  (rell-),  -a,  -um,  [fre- 
ligion  +  osus.  poss.  fr.  some  sim- 
pler stem],  adj.,  sacred,  venerable. 

religo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [re- 
ligo], I.  v.  a.,  bind  fast,  fasten, 
tether.  —  Esp.  of  vessels,  moor. 

relino,  -levl,  -lituin,  -linere,  [re- 
lino],  3.  v.  a.,  unseal,  open. 

relinquo,  -liqul,  -lictum,  -lin- 
quere,  [re-linquo],  3.v.  a.,  leave 
behind,  leave,  abandon,  depart 
from,  forsake,  give  up,  relinquish, 
desert. 

reliquiae  (rell-),  -arum,  [freli- 
quo-  (reduced)  +  ia],  f.  plur., 
remnants :  Danaum  (remnants 
left  by,  &c.). 

reluceo,  In  M,  no  sup.,  -lucere, 
[re-luceo],  2.  v.  n.,  shine  forth, 
blaze  up,  shine,  glare. 

reluctor,  -situs,  -ari,  [re-luctor], 
i.  v.  dep.,  struggle. 

remensus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  re- 
metlor. 

remeo,  -avi,  no  sup.,  -are,  [re- 
meo],  i.  v.  n.,  retttrn. 

remetior,  -mensus,  -metirl,  [re- 
metior],  4.  v.  dep.,  measure  back, 
retrace,  traverse  again. 


Vocabulary. 


235 


remex,  -igis,  [prob.  fremo-agus 
(reduced,  cf.  prodigus)],  m.,  an 
oarsman,  a  rawer. —  Collectively, 


oarsmen. 


remigium,  -i,  (-if),  [fremig  + 
ium],n.,  rowing,  oars  (collective- 
ly), oarsmen.  —  Poetically  :  ala- 
rum (machinery}. 

reininiseor,  no  p.p.,  reminisci, 
[re-miniscor,  cf.  comminiscor, 
-v/man],  3.  v.  dep.,  remember. 

remissus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  remitto. 

remitto,  -misi,  -missuin,  -init- 
tere,  [re-mitto],  .3.  v.  a.,  let  go 
back,  send  back,  return,  repay.  — 
With  reflexive,  return,  come  back. 
— Also,  give  up,  yield,  relax,  abate. 
— With  reflexive.jyzWa',  admit  one 's 
self  conquered.  —  Also,  send  forth, 
yield,  give  out. 

remordeo,  perf.  not  found,  -mor- 
sum,  -mordere,  [re-mordeo], 
2.  v.  a.,  gnaw,  vex,  trouble. 

remotus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  removeo. 

removeo,  -movi,  -motum,  -mo- 
vere,  [re-moveo],  2.  v.  a.,  move 
away,  remove,  conceal. 

reinugio,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -mn- 
gire,  [re-mugio],  I.  v.  n.,  bellow 
forth,  resound,  belicnu,  roar,  mur- 
mur. 

remulceo,  -mulsi,  -mulsum, 
-mulcere,  [re-mulceo],  2.  v.  a., 
droop  (of  an  animal's  tail,  with  al- 
lusion to  the  petting  of  domestic 
animals). 

Remulus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a  Rutulian. 

reinurmuro,  no  perf.,  no  sup., 
-are,  [re-murmuro],  i.  v. n.,give 
forth  a  murmur,  murmur,  roar 

Remus,  -i,  [?],  m. :  I.  The  brother 
of  Romulus  ;  2.  A  Rutulian. 

rein  us,  -i,  [prob.  akin  to  fyer^ 
m.,  an  oar. 

renarro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [re- 
narro],  i .  v.  a.,  relate,  tell,  recount. 

renascor,  -natus,  -nosci,  [re- 
nascor], 3.  v.  dep.,  spring  again, 
grow  again. 

rcnatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  renascor 

renideo(-nidui),  no  sup.,  -nidere, 

[?],  2.  v.  n.,  beam  forth,  gleam. 


renovo,  -avi,  -Stum,   -are,   [re- 

novo],  I.  v.  a.,  renew. 

reor,  ratus,  reri,  [fre-  (of  res), 
or  stem  akin],  2.  v.  dep.,  reckon, 
—  think,  suppose,  judge,  suspect.  — 
ratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  in  act.  sense, 
thinking,  &c. ;  in  pass,  sense,  con- 
firmed, certain,  valid,  settled,  se- 
cured. 

repellS,  repuli  (repp-),  repul- 
sum,  repellere,  [re-pello] ,  3  .v.  a., 
drive  back,  dash  bad;,  spurn,  re- 
pel, thwart,  reject. 

rependo,  -pendi,  -pensum,  -pen- 
dere,  [re-pendo],  3.  v.  a.,  weigh 
back.  —  Also  (cf.  pendo),  pay 
back,  requite :  magna  (fully  re- 
quite}; fata  fatis  (balance). 

repens,  -entis,  [?],  adj.,  sudden, 
unexpected. 

repente  [abl.  of  repens],  adv., 
suddenly,  unexpectedly. 

repercussus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  re- 
percutio. 

repercutio,  -cussi,  -cussum,  -cu- 
tere,  [re-percutio],  3.  v.  a.,  strike 
back,  reflect. 

reperlo,  reperi  (repp-),  reper- 
t. u m,  reperire,  [re(red)-pario], 
4.  v.  a.,  Jind,  discover,  detect. 

repertor,  -oris,  [as  if  re-partor, 
cf.  reperio],  m.,  a  discoverer,  an 
inventor,  a  progenitor  (cf.  pario) . 

repertus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  reperio. 

repetitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  repeto. 

repetO,  -petii  (-ivi),  -petitum, 
-petere,  [re-peto],  4.  v.  a.,  go 
back  for,  go  back  to,  seek  again,  re- 
turn, bring  back,  demand  back, 
trace  back,  begin  again,  repeat, 
remember. 

repleo,  -plevi,  -pletum,  -plere, 
[re-fpleo,  cf.  compleo],  2.  v.  a., 
fill  up,  fill,  si.vell  (of  rivers)  :  popu- 
loa  sermone  (fill  the  ears  of, 
&c.). 

repletus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  repleo. 

repono,  -posui,  -positum,  -po- 
nere,  [re-pono],  3-v.  z..,  put  back, 
replace,  restore,  repair,  renew. 
—  Also,  put  aside,  lay  down,  put 
down,  set  down,  abandon  :  falcem 


236 


Vocabulary. 


arbusta  (need  no  more) .  —  Also, 
carry  away,  lay  away,  put  away, 
lay,  serve  up,  confer  upon,  store 
away :  haec  imis  sensibus  (let 
sink  deep).  — repositus  (repos- 
tus),  p.p.  as  adj.,  far  away,  dis- 
tant, remote.  —  Also,  buried.  - 

reports,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [re- 
porto],  I.  v.  a.,  bring  back,  carry 
back,  report,  announce :  pedem 
ab  hoste  (turn  back} . 

reposco,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -poscere, 
[re-posco],  3.  v.  a.,  demand  back, 
demand  (as  due),  claim,  call  for. 

repostus,  -a,  -uin,  see  repono. 

reprimo,  -pressi,  -pressum,  -pri- 
mere,  [re-primo],  3.  v.  a.,  hold 
back,  check,  restrain,  stop. 

repugno,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [re- 
pugno],  i.  v.  n.,  resist,  struggle. 

repulsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  repello. 

requies,  -etis  (-ei),  [re-quies],  f., 
rest,  repose,  respite,  cessation  :  tu 
requies  miserae  (rest,  solace) ;  ea 
certa  labor  um  (rest,  haven). 

requiesco,  -quievi,  -quietum, 
-quiescere,  [re-quiesco],  3.  v.  n., 
rest : ^flumina  (stay  their  course). 

requirO,  -quisivi,  -quisitum, 
-quirere,  [re-quaero],  3.  v.  a., 
seek  out,  search  for,  seek,  call  for, 
miss,  feel  the  need  of,  ask,  enquire. 

res,  rel,  [?,  cl.  reor],  f.,  a  thing, 
a  matter,  an  event,  an  affair,  an 
occurrence,  a  circumstance,  an  ex- 
ploit, an  enterprise,  an  undertak- 
ing, a  state  of  things  :  res  Italae 
(exploits,  history}.  —  Also  (plur.), 
nature,  the  earth,  the  universe:  sors 
rerum  (part  of  the  universe) ; 
rerum  (in  the  world,  with  superl.); 
rerum  dom.inos(o/t/ie  world) ;  res 
tenerae  (frail  creatures);  max- 
ima rerum  (of  all  things') .  —  Also 
(with  or  without  an  adj.,  fortune 
(either  good  or  bad),  circum- 
stances, power,  the  State,  empire, 
condition,  property,  estate :  sum- 
mae  res  (the  highest  interests); 
tenues  res  (humble  fortunes)  ; 
fessi  rerum  (weary  of  toil). 
—  Also :  rebus  novanciis  (for 


the  new  course  of  action)  ;  ren 
tuae  (your  interests,  party] ;  res 
incognita  {uncertain  state  oj 
things');  res  divinae  (religious 
rites) ;  res  summa  (the  main 
struggle,  the  general  success)  ;  pro 
re  (utider  the  circumstances). 

rescindo,  -scidi,  -scissum,  -scin- 
dere,  [re-scindo],  3.  v.  a.,  cut 
away,  tear  away,  tear  down,  lay 
open,  cut  into. 

reseco,  -secui,  -sectum,  -secare, 
[re-seco],  i.  v.  a.,  cut  away,  cut 
off,  tj-im  off. 

resero,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [re- 
sero],  i .  v.  a.,  unbar,  unclose,  open, 
disclose,  reveal. 

reserve,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [re- 
servo],  I.v.  a.,  keep  back,  reserve, 
hold  in  reserve,  keep,  save. 

•freses,  -idis,  [re-  ^/sed  as  stem,  cf. 
deses],  adj.,  idle,  inactive,  dor- 
mant, peaceful. 

resideo,  -sedi,  -sessum,  -sidere, 
[re-jiedeo],  2.  v.  n.,  sit  down. 

resido,  -sedi,  no  sup.,  -sidere,  [re- 
sido],  3_v.  n.,  sit  down,  sink  down, 
halt,  encamp,  settle,  fall  back.  — 
Fig.,  subside,  abate,  cease,  become 
calm^ol  the  heart  from  passion). 

resigiio,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [re- 
signo],  i.  v.  a.,  unseal,  open. — 
Poss.  also,  seal,  close ;  see  iv.  244. 

resisto,  -stiti,  no  sup.,  -slstere, 
[re-sistol,  3.  v.  n.,  stop,  make  a 
stand,  stand  back  (away),  stand 
firm,  resist,  oppose,  withstand. 

resolutus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  resolvo. 

resolvo,  -solvi,  -solutum,  -sol- 
vere,  [re-solvo],  3.  v.  a.,  unloose, 
unbind,  tinseal,  disentangle,  open, 
break  through,  relax,  scatter,  dis- 
solve :  ambages  (unravel)  ;  iura 
(violate,  break  the  tie);  curas 
(break  the  bonds  of  care).  —  With 
reflexive  or  in  pass.,  dissolve,  thaw, 
mellow. 

resono,  -avi,  no  sup.,  -are,  [re- 
sono],  I.v.  n.,  resound,  murmur. 
—  Active,  cause  to  sound,  fill  with 
(song),  make  echo. — Also,  sound 
(with  the  notes  of),  cf.  redoleo, 


Vocabulary. 


237 


{smell of}.  —  With  cogn.  ace.,  re- 
sound with,  echo  the  name  of: 
Amaryllida  silvae. 

resorbeo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -sor- 
bere,  [re-sorbeo],  2.  v.  a.,  draw 
in  again,  draw  in,  suck  in. 

respecto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [re- 
specto],  I.  v.  a.,  look  back  upon, 
regard. 

respergo,  -spersi,  -spersum, 
-spergere,  [re-spergo],  3.  v.  a., 
besprinkle,  sprinkle. 

respicio,  -spexi,  -spectum,  -spi- 
cere,  [re-spicio,  cf.  conspicio], 
3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  look  back,  look  be- 
hind one,  look  around,  look  up.  — 
Act.,  look  back  for,  see  behind  one, 
looking  round  see,  notice,  consider, 
regard,  have  regard  for. 

respiro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [re- 
spiro],  I.  v.  n.,  breathe,  draw 
breath. 

resplendeo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -ere, 
[re-splendeo] ,  2.  v.  n.,  shine  forth, 
glitter. 

responded,  -spondl,  -sponsum, 
-spondere,  [re-spondeo],  2.  v.  n., 
answer,  reply,  correspond  to,  re- 
spond, match,  reciprocate,  answer 
expectations  {produce,  grow). — 
Poetically,  with  cogn.  ace.,  echo 
back. 

response,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -are, 
[fresponso-],  i.  v.  n.,  respond, 
re-echo. 

responsum,  -I,  [n.  p.p.  of  respon- 
deo],  n.,  an  answer,  a  reply.  — 
Esp.,  an  oracle,  a  prophecy,  pro- 
phetic words,  a  response. 

restinctus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  re- 
stinguo. 

restinguo,  -stinxi,  -stinctum, 
-stinguere,[re-stinguo],  3.  v.  a., 
(jucnch,  extinguish. — Also  of  thirst. 

restituo,  -i  it  n  i.  -stitutum,  -sti- 
tuere,  [re-statuo],  3.  v.  a.,  set  up 
again,  restore. 

resto,  -stiti,  no  sup.,  -stare,  [re- 
sto],  I.  v.  n.,  stop  behind.  —  Fig., 
remain,  be  left,  be  in  store  for  one. 

resulto,  no  perf.,  -atum,  -are,  [re- 
salto,  cf.  resilio],  i.  v.  n.,  spring 


back,  rebound,  echo.  —  Also  of  the 
object  from  which,  re-echo,  echo 
back. 

resupinus,  -a,  -um,  [re-supinus], 
adj.,  on  the  back. 

resurgo,  -surrexi,  -surrectum, 
-surgere,  [re-surgo],  3.  v.  n., 
rise  again  :  amor  {return}. 

retardo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [re- 
tardo],  i.  v.  a.,  delay,  hinder. 

rete,  -is,  [?],  n.,  a  net. 

retectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  retego. 

retego,  -text,  -tectum,  -tegere, 
[re-tego],  3.  v.  a.,  uncover,  lay 
bare,  disclose,  expose. 

retento,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [re- 
tento,  cf.  retiueo],  i.  v.  a.,  hold 
back,  detain,  retard. 

retexo,  -texui,  -textum,  -texere, 
[re-texo],  3.  v.  a.,  weave  again  : 
totidem  orbes  {interweave  in  the 
opposite  direction). 

retinaculum,  -I,  [fretina-  (as  if 
stem  of  retineo,  cf.  tenax)  + 
culum],  n.,  a  rope,  a  cable,  a 
tether,  a  withe. 

retineo,  -tinui,  -tentum,  -tinere, 
[re-teneo],  2.  v.  a.,  hold  back,  de- 
tain, stop,  restrain. 

retorqueo,  -torsi,  -tortum,  -tor- 
quere,  [re-torqueo],  2.  v.  a., 
turn  back,  twist  around,  thrcnu 
back:  mentem  {changed  her  pur- 
pose); retorto  amictu  {thrown 
over  the  shoulder). 

retortus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  retor- 
queo. 

retracts,  -avi,  -at  tun,  -are,  [re- 
tracto],  I.  v.  a.,  handle  again, 
seize  again:  ferrtim  digit!  {clench). 
—  Also  (trans,  and  intrans.),  draw 
back  :  dicta  {retract). 

retraho,  -traxi,  -tractum,  -tra- 
here,  [re-traho],  3.  v.  a.,  draw 
back  :  pedem  (of  the  undertow  of 
the  wave).  —  Also,  drag  again: 
fata  trahunt  retrahunt  {drag  to 
and  fro) . 

retro  [dat.  of  fretrd-  (re-fterus. 
cf.  Intro)],  adv.,  back,  backward 
(sometimes  pleonastic  with  re-)  : 


238 


Vocabulary. 


arva  cedentia  retro  {receding  in 
the  distance} ;  retro  residunt 
(draw  back). 

retrorsum  (-rsus),  [retro-vorsus, 
p.p.  ofyerto],  adv.,  backward,back. 

retundo,-tudi,-tusum,  -tundere, 
[re-tundo],  3.  v.  a.,  beat  back, 
blunt:  retusum  ferrum  (a  dull 
knife}. 

retusus,  -a,  -uni,  p.p.  of  retundo. 

reus,  -i,  [fre-  (of  res)  +  us  (or 
-ius)],  in.,  a  party  (to  a  suit,  res). 
—  Esp.,  a  defendant.  —  Hence, 
guilty,  bound:  voti  (bound  by  one's 
vow,  having  obtained  his  prayer). 

reveho,  -vexi,  -vectum,  -vehere, 
[re-veho],  3.  v.  a.,  carry  back, 
bring  back. 

revello,  -velli,  -vulsum  (vols-), 
-vellere,  [re-vello],  3.  v.  a., 
wrench  away,  tear  away,  drag 
from  :  cineres  (dig  up,  disturb). 

revertor,  -versus,  (also  act.  re- 
verti),  reverti,  [re-vertor],  3.  v. 
dep.,  turn  back,  return,  be  renewed 
(grow  again). 

revincio,  -vinxi,  -vinctum,  -vin- 
cire,  [re-vincio],  4.  v.  a.,  bind 
back,  bind  fast,  wreathe :  quas 
serpentum  spiris  (crown,  arm, 
of  the  Furies). 

revinctus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  revincio. 

reviresco,  -virui,  no  sup.,  -vires- 
cere,  [re-viresco],  3.  v.  n.,  sprout 
again. 

reviso,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -vtsere, 
[re-viso],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  revisit, 
return  to. 

revocatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  revoco. 

revoco,  -avi,  -atuin,  -are,  [re- 
voco], I.  v.  a.,  call  back,  restore, 
renew,  revive,  bring  to  life  :  gra- 
dum,  pedera  (retrace} ;  exordia 
pugnae  (recall,  relate}.  —  Also, 
detain,  dissuade. 

revolo,  -avi,  no  sup.,  -are,  [re- 
volo],  I.  v.  n.,fly  back. 

revolutus,-a,-um,p.p.of  revolvo. 

revolvo,  -volvi,  -voliitiini,  -vol- 
vere,  [re-volvo],  3.  v.  a.,  roll 
back,  throw  back,  throw  over. — 
Also,  go  round  again,  repeat :  iter 


(retrace);  casus  (repeat  the  round 
of,  &c.) ;  haec  ingrata  (repeat, 
renew,  in  narration). —  revolu- 
tus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  in  several  spe- 
cial senses  :  ter  revoluta  toro  est 
(  fell  back)  ;  Caeneus  in  veterem 
figuram  (restored  again}  •  dies 
(returning) ;  pensa  (fell  from 
the  hands');  aequora  (turbulent); 
aestu  revoluta  saxa  (washed 
do'wn,  by  the  undertow) ;  ille 
iacuit  (rolling  over}  ;  alter  suf- 
fosso  equo  (thrown  backzvard}. 

revomo,  -vomui,  no  sup.,-vomere, 
[re-vomo],  3.  v.  a.,  throw  up. 

revulsus  (-volsus),  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
of  revello. 

rex,  regis,  [V^g  (increased)  as 
stem],  m.,  a  king,  a  prince,  a 
leader.  —  Also  of  divinities,  rivers, 
a  mountain  (producing  the  "prince 
of  wines").  —  As  adj.  in  app., 
ruling. 

Rhadamanthus,  -i,  [Gr.  'PaSdnav- 
0os],  m.,  a  brother  of  Minos,  and 
son  of  Jupiter,  who  was  driven  from 
Crete  by  his  brother.  After  his 
death  he  was  made  a  judge  in  the 
world  below. 

Rhamnes,  -etis,  [  ?],  m.,  a  prince, 
and  augur  of  Turnus. 

Rhea,  -ae,  [?],f.,  a  mythic  priestess, 
mother  of  Aventinus  by  Hercules. 

Rhenus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  the  Rhine,  the 
river  separating  Gaul  and  Germany. 

Rhesus,  -I,  [Gr.  'PTJO-OS],  m.,  a  king 
of  Thrace  whose  horses  were  car- 
ried away  before  Troy  by  Ulysses 
and  Diomed,  before  they  had  eaten 
or  drunk,  according  to  an  omen  or 
prophecy. 

R hod  ins,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'PoSios], 
adj.,  of  Rhodes  (an  island  in  the 
eastern  Mediterranean),  Rhodian. 

Rhodope,  -es,  [Gr.  'Po5o7nj],'f.,  a 
mountain  of  Thrace. 

Rhodopeius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'Po5o- 
iri^(os],  adj.,  of  Rhodope. —  Less 
exactly,  Thracian. 

Rhoebus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  the  war-horse 
of  Mezentius. 

Rhoeteius, -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'POIT^IOS], 


Vocabulary. 


239 


adj.,  of  Rhceteum  (a  promontory  of 
the  Troad). — Less  exactly,  Trojan. 

Rhoeteus,  -ei  (-eos),  [?],  m.,  a 
Rutulian. 

Rhoetus,  -I,  [?],  m. :  I.  A  king  of 
the  Marsi ;  2.  A  centaur. 

rideo,  risi,  risum,  ridere,  [?], 
2.  v.  a.  and  n.,  laugh  at,  smile  at, 
smile  upon,  smile. —  Fig.,  bloom, 
smile. 

rigeo  (rigui,  referred  to  rigesco), 
no  sup.,  rigere,  [  ?,  ^?ig,  through 
adj.-stem,  cf.  rigidus,  perh.  akin 
to  f rigeo],  2.  v.  n.,  be  stiff,  be  stif- 
fened. —  rigens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj., 
stiff,  stiffened. 

rigesco,  rigui,  no  sup.,  rigescere, 
[frige-  (of  rigeo)  +  sco],  3.  v.  n. 
incept.,  grow  stiff,  stiffen,  congeal, 
freeze. 

rigidus,  -a,  -inn,  [frigo  +  dus,  cf. 
rigeo],  adj.,  stiff,  rigid,  hard,  un- 
bending, solid. — Of  weapons,  irre- 
sistible (unbending,  as  not  yielding 
to^any  obstruction). 

rigo,  -avi,  -at  u in,  -are,  [  ?,  cf.  Gr. 
Bptxw,  fr.  adj.-stem,  cf.  riguus], 
I.  v.  a.,  wafer,  wash,  wet,  bathe, 
slain. 

rigor,  -oris,  [Vrig  (in  rigeo)  + 
or],  m.,  hardness  :  ferri  (unyield- 
ing iron). 

riguus,  -a,  -um,  [v^g  (m  rigo) 
-f  uus,  cf.  nocuus],  adj.,  water- 
ing, irrigating. 

riina,  -ae,  [prob.  root  of  ringor  + 
ma],  f.,  a  crack,  a  chink,  a  seam, 
a  cleft :  ignea  (a  fiery  cleft,  of  the 
lightning). 

rimor,  -at  u  s,  -ari, [ frima-] , i .  v.  a., 
pry  into,  search,  dig  up,  hunt  for, 
hunt  for  food  in,  tear  (by  rum- 
maging). 

rimosus,  -a,  -um,  [trima-  (re- 
duced)+osu8],adj.,/«//<>/V,4/«/£5.- 
cubilia  (loose  -jointed)  ;  cymba 
(leaky). 

ripa,  -ae,  [?,  same  root  as  rivus?], 
f.,  a  bank  (of  a  river,  &c.,  cf.  lit  us, 
and  ora,  of  the  sea).  —  Less  ex- 
actly, shore.  —  Poetically,  of  the 
river  itself,  shore  (as  in  Eng  ) . 


Riphaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'Pbreua], 
adj.,  of  the  Riphai  (a  range    of 
mountains  in  Thrace),  Riphaan. 
Ripheus,  -ei  (-eos),  [Gr.  'Pc^cfa], 
m.,  a  Trojan  warrior  at  the  sack 
of  Troy. 
risus,  -us,  [  -y/rid  (in  rideo) + tus], 

m.,  laughter,  a  laugh,  a  smile. 
rite    [prob.    abl.    of    stem   akin    to 
ritus],  adv.,  with  due  ceremony, 
in  due  form,  duly.  —  Less  exactly, 
as  usual,  rightly,  fitly,  aptly. 
ritus,   -as,  [V™  (of  u"c.  kin.)  + 
tus,  cf.  rite],  m.,  a  form,  a  rite,  a 
ceremony.  —  Less  exactly,  a  cus- 
tom, a  usage.  —  ritu,  abl.,  in  the 
manner  of,  just  like. 
rivus,  -i,  [?,  cf.  ripa,  perh.  akin  to 
Gr.  f>fu>~\,  m.,  a  stream,  a  brook,  a 
river,  a  canal,  a  sluice.  —  Also,  a 
vein.  —  Poetically,  of  sweat  and 
the  like. 

robigS  (rub-),  -inis,  [stem  akin  to 
rubeo  +  go,  cf.  aerugo],  f.,  rust 
(of  metals  or  of  grain),  blight. 
robur,   -oris,    [?,  unc.  root  +  us], 
r\., hardwood,  timber,  wood,  a  beam, 
a  log,  a  stout  stick:  annoso  ro- 
bore  quercum  (of  aged  trunk). — 
—  Esp.,  an  oak  tree,  oak.  —  Fig., 
strength  (of  resistance ),  force,  vig- 
or, courage  :  pubis  (the  flower) ; 
quae  robora  cuique  (virtue,  of 
soils);   ferri  (strong bars). 
robustus,  -a,  -um,  [frobus  +  tua, 
cf.  honestus],  adj.,  stout,  sturdy. 
rogito,  i.  v.  a.,  ask,  enquire. 
rogo,  -avi,-atum,  -are,  [?],  i.  v.a, 

ask,  beg,  sue  for ;  ask  for. 
rogus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a  funeral  pile,  a 

pyre. 
Roma,  -ae,  [most  likely  akin  to  Gr. 

btai],  f.,  Rome. 

Romanus,  -a,  -um,  [fRoma  + 
nus],  adj.,  Roman,  of  Rome. — 
Masc.,  a  Roman. 

Romuleus,  -a,  -um,  [fRomulo- 
(reduced)-l-eus],  ndj.,  of  Romulus. 
Rom ul Ides,  -ae,  [Romulo  +  dea 
(Gr.  form  of  patronymic)],  m.  only 
in  plur.,  descendants  of  Romulus 
(the  Romans),  sons  of  Romulus. 


240 


Vocabulary. 


Romulus,  -i,  [stem  akin  to  Roma 
+  lus],  m.,  the  mythic  founder  of 
Rome. 

Romulus,  -a,  -um,  [same  word  as 
preceding,  decl.  as  adj.],  adj.,  of 
Romulus. 

roro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fror- 
(for  ros)  as  if  froro-],  I.  v.  n.  and 
a.,  drop  dew,  drip  (as  with  dew). 

ros,  roris,  [?,  prob.  an  initial  cons, 
lost],  m.,  dew.  —  Less  exactly, 
water,  rain,  moisture,  drops  (uf 
other  fluids),  spray.  —  ros  iiiari- 
nus  (sometimes  omitted),  rose- 
mary. 

rosa,  -ae,  [perh.  akin  to  Gr.  /StfSoc], 
f.,  a  rose,  roses  (collectively). 

rosarius,  -a,  -um,  [as  if  (or  really) 
frosari-  (frosa  +  ris)  +  as],  adj., 
of  roses.  —  As  subst.,  a  rose-bed. 

roscidus,  -a,  -um,  [frosco-  (fros 
+  cus,  cf.  iuvencus)  +  dus],  adj., 
•wet  with  dew,  dewy. 

rosetum,  -I,  [frosa-  (reduced)  + 
etum,  cf.  dumetum],  n.,  a  rose- 
bed,  a  rose-garden. 

roseus,-  a,  -um,  [frosa-  (reduced) 
+  eus],  adj.,  of  roses.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, rose-colored,  rosy. 

Roseus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  frosa-], 
adj.,  of  Rosea  (a  district  of  middle 
Italy  famous  for  fertility),  Roseau. 

rust  rat  us,  -a,  -um,  [frostro-  (re- 
duced)-)- atus,  cf.  auratus],  adj., 
furnished  with  beaks. 

rostrum,  -i,  [  Vr°d  +  trum],  n., 
a  beak,  a  bill,  a  proboscis  (of  the 
bee).  —  Esp.,  a  beak  (of  a  ship). 

rota,  -ae,  [akin  to  Sk.  ratha,  Germ. 
Rad~\,  {.,  a  wheel  (with  spokes), 
a  chariot,  a  cart.  —  Poetically: 
volvere  rotam  (run  a  course,  of 
years) . 

roto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [frota-], 
i.v.  a.  and  n.,  whirl  about,  brand- 
ish.^—  Intrans.,  roll. 

rubeo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -ere, 
[frubo-  (-y/rub  +  us,  cf.  robus, 
robigo,  ruber)],  2.  v.  n.,  be  red, 
redden,  blush,  shine,  glow.  —  ru- 
bens,  -entls,  p.  as  adj.,  red,  ruddy, 
blushing,  rosy. 


ruber,  -bra,  -brum,  [  ^/rub  +  run, 
cf.  rubeo],  adj.,  red,  ruddy,  crim- 
son, rosy-tinted :  litus  (of  the  Red 
Sea). 

rubeseo,  -rubui,  no  sup.,  -rube- 
soere,  [frube  (of  rubeo) -f  sco], 
3.  v.  n.,  redden,  be  reddened. 

rubeus,  -a,  -um,  [frubo-  (reduced) 
-feus],  adj.,  of  brambles  :  virga 
(a  bramble-tiuig). 

rubicundus,  -a,  -um,  [as  if  rubi- 
(weak  stem  of  rubeo)  +  cundus 
(cf.  verecundus),  prob.  really 
frubicon  -f  dus  (i.e.,  -y/rub  +  o  + 
co  +  on  +  dus),  cf.  rotundus], 
adj.,  ruddy,  blushing. 

rtibor,  -oris,  [y'rub  +  or],  m.,  red- 
ness, a  blush,  a  Jlush. 

m  bus,  -1,  [prob.  -y/rub  +  us,  cf. 
rubeo],  m.,  a  bramble. 

ruclens,  -entis,  [?],  m.,  a  rope  (of 
a  ship),  a  hawser,  a  line,  a  sheet, 
cordage,  clewline. 

rudimentum, -I,  [frudi- (of  rudis, 
foil,  or  lost  verb  rudio,  practise 
with  foil)  +  mentum],  n.,  a  first 
attempt,  a  beginning. 

rudis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  rough,  rude. 

rudo,  -Ivi,  -it  um,  -ore,  [?],  3_v.  n., 
roa-r,  bellow,  creak. 

Rufrae,  -arum,  [same  word  as  ru- 
ber, cf.  rufus],  f.  plur.,  a  town 
of  the  Samnites  or  of  Campania, 
variously  located. 

ruga,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  wrinkle. 

ruina,  -ac,  [fruo-  (reduced)  +  ina, 
cf.  ruo],  f.,  a  fall,  a  crash,  a  con- 
vulsion :  caeli  {downfall,  of  pour- 
ing rain) ;  horrificae  (crashing, 
of  /Etna)  ;  dare  ruinam  (fall 
with  a  crash);  primi  dant  rui- 
nam {fall  on  each  other  like  an 
avalanche). — Fig.,  downfall,  ruin, 
disaster,  calamity,  destruction  : 
urbis;  rerum  {ruined fortunes). 
—  Concretely  (perh.  orig.  mean- 
ing), a  falling  mass,  a  fleeing  mass 
(like  a  falling  body)  :  trahere  ru- 
inam {fall  in  confusion,  fall  in  a 
mass,  fall  in  a  heap  of  ruins)  ; 
urgente  ruina  {borne  on  by  the 
rush  of  the  crowd). 


Vocabulary. 


241 


rumino,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -are, 
[frumin-j,  i.v.  n.,ruminate,chew} 

chew  the  cud  of:  herbas.  —  Pass, 
as  dep.  (the  usual  form),  in  same 
sense. 

rumor,  -oris,  [?],  m.,  common  talk, 
a  rumor,  report :  rumore  secundo 
(  with  general  words  of  good  omen) . 

rumpo,  rupi,  ruptum,  rumpere, 
[  y/rup],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  lit.,  break, 
burst,  break  down,  break  through, 
pierce,  break  off,  sever,  tear,  bruise, 
crush,  shatter:  horrea  messes  (Jill 
to  bursting) ;  rumpantur  ilia  (may 
split^} ;  postes  (burst  open} ;  ar- 
busta  cicadae  (split) ;  rumpun- 
tur  pectora  (burst  -with  rage) .  — 
Of  the  effect  (with  cognate  ace.), 
break  a  path,  force,  rive  (a  cleft) . 
—  Causative,  throw  out,  let  fall, 
loose  (vocem).  With  reflex,  or  in 
pass.,  break  forth,  burst  forth,  dart 
forth. — Fig.,  break  off,  break,  break 
through,  annul,  violate,  interrupt, 
destroy,  rend  asunder:  somnum 
(banish)  ;  fata  (escape) ;  moras 
(break  through) .  —  ruptus,  -a, 
-urn,  p.p.  :  rupto  Acherunte 
(through  a  breach  into  Acheron) ; 
ruptis  fornacibus(//fo  broken  vent 
of  its  forges)  ;  ruptis  caminis  (bro- 
ken vent,  of  a  volcano,  as  having 
been  burst  through  by  the  fire  itself). 

ruo,  rui,  rutum,  ruere,  [  v'ru,  of 
unc.  kin.],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.  Act., 
overthrow,  throw  in  confusion, 
hurl  down,  destroy,  break  up,  lay 
waste,  prostrate ;  throw  up,  dash 
up,  roll  up:  rapiunt  ruuntque 
(  plunder  and  lay  waste) ;  confu- 
sa  ossa  (throw  pell-mell)  ;  ignis 
nubem ;  omnia  late  ;  cumulos 
arenae  (shatter,  with  a  military 
figure).  —  Intrans.,/rt//  (with  idea 


of  violence),  fall  in  torrents,  flow 
in  torrents,  fall  in  ruins,  set  (of 
the  sun,  hasten  to  its  setting) .  — 
Also,  run  blindly,  rush,  rush  in, 
rush  on,  come  on  quickly,  hurry, 
be  borne  headlong,  jlee  :  nox  Oce- 
ano  (burst  forth);  clamor  (burst 
forth);  voces  (pour forth). — Fig., 
end,  approach  the  end,  deterior- 
ate :  in  peius  omnia  (grow  worse 
and  worse). 

rupes,  -is,  [ V^P  +  es  (ar»d  is)], 
f.,  a  rock  (broken  or  precipitous, 
in  position,  cf.  saxuni),  a  cliff. 

ruptus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  rumpo. 

rursum  (rursus),  [re-vorsus 
(-um)],  adv.,  back,  again,  anew. 
—  Sometimes  pleonastic  with  re 
(cf. "  back  again  "). — Fig.,  besides, 
again,  once  more,  on  the  other 
hand,  a  second  time  then  again. 

rus,  ruris,  [?],  n.,  the  country  (op- 
posed to  the  city),  a  farm,  afield, 
land:  rus  op&cnm (shady ground). 

ruscum,  -1,  [  ?],  n.,  butcher's  broom, 
a  useless  wild  plant. 

rusticus,  -a,  -um,  [frus  (orig. 
stem  of  rus)  +  ticus],  adj.,  of  the 
country,  woodland,  rustic. — Masc., 
a  rustic,  a  countryman. 

mi  ilD,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fruti- 
16-],  I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  glow  with  red 
or  orange,  glimmer  red. 

rutilus,  -a,  -um,  [akin  to  ruber, 
perh.  for  frudtilus],  adj.,  red, 
orange,  red-gold. 

Rutulus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  of  the 
Rutuli,  a  small  people  of  Latium 
whose  chief  city  was  Ardea.  They 
serve  as  the  mythic  foes  of  ^neas, 
and  under  the  lead  of  Turnus  their 
king  were  supposed  to  have  resist- 
ed the  settlement  of  the  Trojans  in 
Italy.  —  Masc.  plur.,  the  people. 


S. 


Sabaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  2a#alos], 
adj.,  of  Saba  (a  town  in  Arabia  fa- 
mous for  its  myrrh,  frankincense, 
and  the  wealth  and  luxury  of  its 
inhabitants),  Sabnan. — Masc.  pi., 


the  Sabaans,  the  people  them- 
selves. 

Sabellicus,  -a,  -um,  [fSabelld  • 
cus],  adj.,  Sabellian,  Sabine. 

Sabcllus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  fSabino 


242 


Vocabulary. 


+  lus],  adj.,  Sabellian,  of  the  Sa- 
belli  (an  offshoot  of  the  Sabine 
stock,  embracing  the  small  nations 
of  the  Marsi,  Peligui,  and  others). 
—  More  generally,  Sabine. 

Sabinus,  -a,  -uin,  [?],  adj.,  Sabine, 
of  the  Sabines,  the  great  people  oc- 
cupying the  high  lands  of  Central 
Italy,  who  overran  parts  of  Latium 
and  Southern  Italy.  —  Masc.  plur., 
the  Sabines,  the  people.  —  Fern, 
plur.,  the  Sabine  women. —  Masc. 
sing.,  Sabinus,  the  mythic  ances- 
tor of  the  Sabines,  deified  and  rep- 
resented with  a  pruning-hook. 

saburra,  -ae,  [?],  i.,sand,  ballast. 

sacellum,  -I,  [tsacro-f  lum  (n.  of 
lus)],  n.,  a  shrine,  a  sacred  grotto. 

sacer,  -era,  -crum,  [^/sac  (in 
sancio)  +rus],  adj.,  consecrated, 
sacred,  holy,  devoted,  dedicated, 
held  in  reverence:  sacra  sedes; 
ignis  (St.  Anthony's  fire,  a  dis- 
ease of  the  skin).  —  Also  (as 
devoted  to  sacrifice),  accursed, 
devoted.  —  Neut.  plur.,  sacred  uten- 
sils, holy  emblems,  sacred  images, 
sacrifices,  ceremonies,  offerings,  sa- 
cred rites,  mysteries,  sacred  hymns, 
magic  rites. 

8acerd6s,-dotls,[tsacro-dos(^/da 
+  tis,  reduced)],  comm.,  a  priest, 
a  priestess.  —  Less  exactly,  a  sa- 
cred bard. 

Saces,  -ae,  [Gr.  2cwceu],  m.,  a  Ru- 
tulian. 

Sacranus,  -a,  -urn,  [?],adj.,  of  the 
Sacrani,  a  people  of  Latium. 

sacrarium,  -I  (-ii),  [fsacro-  (re- 
duced) +  arium,  n.  of  adj.],  n.,  a 
sanctuary,  a  shrine :  Ditis  (sacred 
abode). 

Sacrator,  -oris,  [?J,  m.,  a  Rutulian. 

sacratus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  sacro. 

sacrilegus,  -a,  -um,  [fsacro  + 
legus  ( -v/leg. m  lego,  +  us)  ],  adj., 
stealer  of  things  sacred,sacrilegious, 
impious. 

sacro,  -fivi,  -atum,  -are,  [ fsacro-] , 
I.  v.  a.,  consecrate,  dedicate,  make 
sacred:  hunc  honorem  sacra vit 
{bestowed  this  sacred  honor). — - 


Also-,  devote  (as  to  death,  &c.). — 
sacratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
consecrated,  sacred,  holy  :  sacrata 
iura  (sacred  oaths'). 

saeculum  (saeclunijse-j,-!,  [-y/sa 
(in  sero)  -fculum],  n.,  (a  year's 
increase  ?),  a  generation,  a  race 
of  men,  men.  —  Also  of  time,  a 
generation,  a  lifetime,  an  age. — 
Plur.,  ages, posterity, years,  an  age  : 
per  saecula  {for ever'). 

saepe  [ncc.  of  saepis,  cf.  saepes], 
adv.,  frequently,  oftentimes,  often. 
—  saepius,  compar..  oftener,  of- 
ten, now  and  then. 

saepes,  -is,  [unc.  root  (cf.  saepio) 
+  es  (and  -is,  cf.  sedes)],  f.,  a 
fence,  a  hedge,  an  enclosure,  a  hur- 
dle (for  fencing), —  an  orchard 
(cf.  saeptum) . 

saepio  (sep-),  saepsi,  saeptum, 
saepire,  [fsaepi-  (of  saepes)], 
4.  v.  a.,  enclose,  hedge  about,  sur- 
round, invest,  hem  in.  —  saepit 
se  tectis  {shut  himself  up,  £c.). — 
saeptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  enclosed, 
£c. — Neut.,  an  enclosure,  an  or- 
chard: inter  saepta  domorum 
(in  the  precincts,  of  bees). 

saeptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  saepio. 

sacta  (set-),  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  stiff 
hair,  a  bristle,  bristling  hair,  shag- 
gy hair. 

s*aetiger  (set-) ,  -era,  -erum,  [  fsae- 
ta-  (weakened)  -ger  (v/Ser»  'n 
gero,  +us)],  adj.,  bristly. 

saetosus  (set-),  -a,  -um,  [fsaeta- 
(  reduced)  +  osus],  adj.,  bristly. 

saevio,  -Ivi  (-ii),  -Itum,  -Ire, 
[fsaevo-  (as  if  saevi-,  cf.  exani- 
mus,  -is],  4.  v.  n.,  rage,  rave,  be 
angry,  become  furious. — Also  of 
animals  and  things. 

saevus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  raging, 
furious,  roused  to  fury,  fierce,  sav- 
age, relentless^  cruel,  angry.  — 
Transferred  to  things,  cruel,  wild, 
raging,  savage,  deadly,  bitter  :  me- 
phitis ;  faces ;  dolores ;  vada.  — 
In  good  sense, fierce  in  conflict. 

Sagaris,-is,  [from  a  Phrygian  river], 
m.,  a  Trojan. 


Vocabulary. 


243 


Sages,  (-is?),  [?],  m.,  a  Rutulian. 

sagitta,    ae,  [?],  f.,  an  arrow. 

sagittifer,  -era,  -erum,  [fsagitta- 
(weakened)  -fer  (^/fer  +  us)], 
adj.,  armed  with  arrows. 

sagulum,  -I,  [fsago  +  lum  (n.  of 
lus)],  n.,  a  cloak  (worn  by  soldiers 
over  their  armor),  a  mantle, 

sal,  sails,  \_^s&\(_ftow,  cf.  Sk.  sarit, 
river),  cf.  Gr.  a\s],  (m.)  n.,  water, 
salt  water,  the  salt  wave,  the  salt 
sea,  the  sea,  the  Jeep,  a  sea.  —  Also 
(a  very  old  and  the  most  common 
meaning),  salt.  —  Fig.  wit. 

Salamis,  -minis,  [Gr.  2a\a/im],  f-> 
the  island  in  the  Saronic  Gulf, 
where  the  victory  of  the  Athenians 
over  the  Persians  took  place,  for- 
merly the  home  of  Telamon. 

Salentinus,  (Sail-),  -a,  -um,  [?], 
adj.,  of  the  Salentini  (a  people 
dwelling  in  Calabria),  Salentine. 

salictum,  -i,  [fsalic  +  turn  (n.  of 
-tus,  cf.  honestus)],  n.,  a  willow 
thicket,  a  willow  hedge,  willows. 

salignus,  -a,  -urn,  [fsalic  -f  nus], 
adj.,  of  willow,  willow:  falx. 

Siil  if,  or  n  in,  [^sal  (in  salio)  + 
ius],  m.  plur.,  the  Salii,  twelve 
dancing  priests  of  Mars,  who  went 
through  the  city  annually  in  a  sol- 
emn dance  bearing  the  ancilia  or 
sacred  shields.  The  rite  is  dated 
back  by  Virgil  to  the  time  of 
Evander. 

salio,  -ui  (-ivi),  -turn,  -ire,  [v/sal, 
cf.  aAAo/«u],  4.  v.  n.,  leap,  dance, 
spring. —  Fig.,  of  things,  spring: 
saliens  vena  (throbbing) ;  sali- 
ens  rivus  (dancing);  grando 
(dance,  rebound). 

saliunca,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  saliunca,  an 
odoriferous  plant  (perh.  valerian}. 

Salius,  -i,  [?],  m.,  the  name  of  a 
Trojan,  perh.  of  more  than  one. 

sallx,  -Icls,  [?],  f.,  a  willow,  wil- 
low (willow  branches). 

Salinoneus,  -eos,  [Gr.  2a\M««"'«l'j], 
m,  a  son  of  ^olus.  He  ruled  in 
Elis,  and  in  his  pride  imitated  the 
thunder  and  lightning  of  Jupiter, 
for  which  impiety  he  was  hurled 


to  the  world  below  by  a  thunder- 
bol^ 

Sal  mo ni a,  -ae,  [Gr.  SaX/uan/io],  f., 
a  city  of  Elis,  on  the  river  Enipeus. 

salsus,  -a,  -urn,  [p.p.  of  salo  (fr. 
sal)],  adj.,  salted,  salt,  briny  (of 
the  sea)  :  robigo  (caused  by  salt 
water  or  with  a  briny  taste?) ;  su- 
dor.  —  Esp.  with  fruges,  mola, 
of  the  salt  and  meal  offered  as  a 
sacrifice,  apparently  as  the  first 
necessaries  of  life. 

saltern  [ace.  of  lost  word  saltis,  of 
unc.  kin.],  adv.,  at  least  (if  nothing 
more  or  better),  at  any  rate. 

salto,  -avi,  -atuin,  -are,  [fsalto- 
(p.p.  of  salio)],  i.  v.  a.,  dance, 
leap. 

1.  salt  us,  -us,  [  y/sal  +  tus],  m.,  a 
.   leap,  a  bound,  a  spring. 

2.  saltus,  -us,  [?,  poss.  -^sal  in  a 
more  primitive  meaning,  or  perh. 
from  breaking  out  of  the  woods 
into  the  opening],  m.,  an  opening 
(in  the  woods) ,  a  pasture,  a  moun- 
tain-pass, a  glade,  open  woods,  a 
grove,  woodland. 

salubris,  -e,  [fsalu-  (akin  to  sal- 
vus,  cf.  salus)  +  bris  (cf.  lugu- 
bris)],  adj.,  healthful,  wholesome, 
salutary,  healing. 

Sal  inn,  -i,  [fsal  +  um  (n.  of  us)], 
n.,  the  sea,  the  deep. 

sains,  -Otis,  [fsalu-  (akin  to  sal- 
vus)  +  tis  (reduced,  cf.  semen- 
tis)],  f.,  health,  welfare,  safety, 
well  being,  salvation,  preservation. 
—  Also,  hope  of  safety,  remedy, 
means  of  safety,  relief. 

sal  n  to,  -avi,  -at  HIM,  -are,  [fsalut- 
(of  salus)],  i.  v.  a.,  (wish  health 
to  anyone),  greet,  salute,  hail,  wel- 
come. —  salutans,  -ant is,  p.  as 
subst,  a  visitor  (calling  in  the 
morning  to  salute  a  great  man,  as 
was  the  Roman  custom). 

salvetsee  salveo. 

sal  \  Co,  no  perf,  no  sup.,  salve  re, 
[faalvo-],  2.  v.  n.,  be  well.  —  salve 
(-ete),  imperat.,  as  an  address, 
hail,  welcome. 

salvus,   a,  -um,  [  N  sal  (cf.  salus, 


244 


Vocabulary. 


sollus)  +  vus(cf.  b\os)  for  o'AFos], 

adj.,  safe,  unharmed. 
Same,  -es,  [Gr.  SO/XT;]  ,  f.,  an  island 

(later  Cephalonia)  in  the  Ionian 

Sea. 
Samoa   (-us),  -I,   [Gr.  2a/xos],  f . : 

1.  A  large  island  off  the  coast  of 
the   Ionian   part   of  Asia   Minor, 
famous   for   its   temple  of  Juno ; 

2.  Threicia,    another   name   for 
Samothracia. 

Samothracia,  -ae,  [Gr.  ~2.afj.oQpa.- 
Kia],  f.,  an  island  off  the  coast  of 
Thrace,  famous  for  its  mystic  wor- 
ship of  the  mysterious  Cabiri. 
Several  traditions  connected  its 
settlement  with  Phrygia.  It  was 
also  called  Samos  Threicia. 

sancio,  sanxi,  sanctum,  sancire, 
[-y/sac,  in  sacer,  perh.  through- 
adj.-stem,  cf.  Sancus],  4.  v.  a., 
make  sacred,  make  inviolable,  rat- 
ify. —  sanctus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 
adj.,  sacred, holy,  inviolable,  saint- 
ed, reverend,  venerable,  venerated: 
fides  (unsullied,  inviolate) . — Also, 
pure,  saintly,  chaste. 

sanctus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  sancio. 

sandyx,  -ycis,  [Gr.  travSvi;'],  f., scar- 
let (a  dye  of  that  color) . 

sane  [abl.  of  sanus],  adv.,  very 
mttch  (cf.  "soundly").  —  As  con- 
firmatory particle,  truly,  no  doubt, 
to  be  sure  (concessive) . 

sanguineus,  -a,  -um,  [tsanguin  + 
eus],  adj.,  of  blood,  bloody,  blood- 
stained, bloodshot,  blood-red ;  Ma- 
vors  (bloodthirsty,  prop,  only  cov- 
ered with  blood). 

sanguis  (sanguen),  -inis,  [?,  two 
stems,  -in  and  -i],  m.,  blood  (prop- 
erly in  the  body,  cf.  cruor) .  — 
Also,  blood  (shed),^yr^,  bloodshed. 
—  Also  (as  in  Eng.),  race,  blood, 
descent,  slock,  family,  progeny.  — 
Also  of  blood  as  a  sign  of  vital 
force. 

sanies, -el,  [?],  f.,  matter,  foul  gore, 
froth  (of  a  serpent) . 

sanus,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  root  (prob. 
akin  to  aiai)  -f  nus  (cf.  plenus)], 
adj.,  sound,  healthy.  —  Also,  ra- 


tional, sound  (in  mind) :  male 
sana  (distracted). 

sapor,  -oris,  [^/sap  (in  sapio) -f- 
or],  m.,  taste,  Jlavor  :  tunsus  gal- 
lae  ((/  flavoring  of  the  pounded 
gall-nut). —  Less  exactly,  odor : 
iussi  sapores  {fragrant  herbs') . 

sareio,  sarsi,  sartum,  sarcire, 
[?],  4.  v.  a.,  patch,  mend,  repair. 

Sardous,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  2apS&>os], 
adj.,  Sardinian,  of  Sardinia  (fa- 
mous for  its  bitter  herbs). 

sarmentum,  -I,  [apparently  -^/sarp 
(in  savpo,  prune)  +  mentum], 
n.,  primings,  twigs,  brtishwood. 

Sarnus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a  river  of  Cam- 
pania on  which  Pompeii  formerly 
stood,  but  by  the  great  eruption 
its  course  was  changed. 

Sarpedon,  -onis,  [Gr.  2a/>7nj5aj»'], 
m.,  a  king  of  Lycia  killed  before 
Troy. 

Sarranus, -a,-um,  [fSarra+nus], 
adj.,  of  Sarra  (the  ancient  name 
of  Tyre),  Tyrian. 

Sarrastes,  -um,  [?],  m.  plur.,  a 
people  of  Campania,  about  Sor- 
rento. 

sat,  see  satis. 

sata,  see  sero. 

Saticulus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  of 
Saticula,  a  city  of  Samnium. — 
Masc.,  a  Saticulan :  asper  {the 
fierce  Saticulan,  collectively). 

satio,  -onis,  [  y'sa  (of  sero)  +  tio, 
cf.  ratio],  f.,  a  sowing,  planting, 
layering.  —  May  be  rendered  in 
Eng.,  seed-time,  planting-time. 

satio,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [stem  of 
satis  or  stem  akin,  cf.  satietas], 
i .  v.  a.,  satisfy,  satiate  :  cineres 
meorum  {appease,  avenge). 

satis  (abbreviated  sat),  [?,  cf.  sa- 
tias,  satietas,  perh.  contracted 
for  satius],  adv.  Apparently  adj. 
(cf.  bene  esse),  enough,  stifficient. 
— A.&V., sufficiently,  enough. — With 
negatives,  not  very,  not  very  much. 
—  satius,  compar.,  better,  prefer- 
able. 

satius,  see  satis. 

sator,  -oris,  [  ^/sa  (in  sero)  +  tor], 


Vocabulary. 


245 


m.,  planter.  —  Also  (cf.  satus),  a 
progenitor,  a  father. 
satur,  -ura,  -urtini,  [akin  to  satis, 
pern,  fsati-f  rus],  adj .,/«//,  well- 
fed. —  Less   exactly,  well- stocked, 
rich,  fertile,  deep-dyed  {rich,   of 
color). 
Satura,  -ae,  [  ?],  f.,  a  lake  or  swamp 

in  Latium  :  Saturae  palus. 
saturatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p  of  saturo. 
Saturnia,   -ae,    [cf.    Saturnius], 
f.,  an  ancient  name  of  the  settle- 
ment on  the  Capitoline  Hill,  the 
supposed  nucleus  of  ancient  Rome. 

Saturnius,  -a,  -uni,  [tSaturno- 
(reduced)  +  ius],  adj.,  of  Saturn, 
son  of  Saturn,  daughter  of  Saturn, 
used  of  Jupiter,  of  Xeptune,  and 
of  Juno  :  arva,  i.e.  Italy. 

Saturnus,  -I,  [stem  fr.  y'sa  (in 
sero)  +  turnus,  cf.  taciturnus], 
m.,  an  ancient  divinity  of  Italy,  no 
doubt  presiding  over  agriculture. 
His  supremacy  was  supposed  to 
mark  the  golden  age  of  primitive 
virtue  and  simplicity.  In  later  times 
he  was  identified  with  the  Greek 
Kpovos,  and  to  him  were  attached 
the  myths  of  that  ancient  divinity. 
Hence,  he  was  son  of  Uranus,  and 
father  of  Jupiter,  Juno,  Neptune, 
and  other  gods. 

saturo,  -avi,  -alum,  -are,  [fsatu- 
ro-  (of  satur)],  I.  v.  a..,  Jill,  sati- 
ate, satisfy,  feed  full,  saturate,  fill 
full. 

satus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  sero. 

Satyrus,  -I,  [Gr.  2oTi>pos],  m.,  a 
Satyr,  one  of  a  subordinate  class 
of  deities  of  the  woods,  of  a  frolic- 
some and  mischievous  disposition, 
represented  with  goats'  legs  and 
with  horns.  They  often  appear  as 
companions  of  Bacchus,  whose  at- 
tendant Silenus  seems  to  have  been 
one  of  them.  They  are  hardly  dis- 
tinguishable from  the  Latin  Fauns. 

saucius,-a,  -um,  [  ?],  adj.,u'0M«dW, 
smitten,  mangled  (of  a  snake). — 
Fig.,  stricken. 

sax  ens,  -a,  -um,  [fsaxo-  (reduced) 
-f  eua],  adj.,  of  rocks,  rocky,  of 


stone  (fragments)  :  umbra  (of  the 
rocks) . 

saxosus,  -a,  -um,  [fsaxo-  (re- 
duced) +  osus],  adj.,  stony,  rocky. 
—  Neut.  as  adv. :  saxosum  sonans 
(roaring  among  the  rocks'). 
saxum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  a  rock  (detached, 
cf.  rupes),  a  stone.  —  Less  exactly, 
a  broken  rock  (on  a  shore),  a  rock 
(unbroken). 

scaber,  -bra,  -bruin,  [^/scab  (in 
scabo)  +  rus  (reduced)J,  adj., 
rough.  — Transferred,  roughening, 
corroding:  robigo. 

scabies,  -ei,  [v'scab  (in  scabo) 
+  ies,  cf.  inluvies],  f.,  (a  scratch- 
ing), a  roughness  (of  decay),  rust, 
corrosion,  the  itch,  the  scab  (in 
sheep),  the  scurf. 

Scaea,  -ae,  (Scaeae,  -arum),  [Gr. 
SKatcu],  adj.  fern,  (with  porta), 
Sctzan,  the  western  (left)  gate  of 
Troy,  the  principal  and  most  fa- 
mous entrance. 

scaena  (see-),  -ae,  [Gr.  O-JCTJJ^J],  f., 
a  scene  (the  arched  back  of  the 
stage,  in  front  of  which  the  action 
took  place),  a  canopy  (of  woods 
like  the  scene),  the  side  scenes,  the 
stage. 

scalae,  -arum,  [x/scad  (in  scan- 
do)  +  la],  f.  plur.,  a  scaling-lad- 
der or  ladders,  a  ladder  (of  a 
ship). 

scando,  perf.  and  sup.  not  found, 
scandere,  [-^/scad,  but  with  n 
permanent],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  climb, 
scale,  ascend,  mount. 

scatebra,  -ae,  [fscate-  (of scateo) 
•f  bra,  f.  of  -ber,  cf.  Mulciber], 
f.,  a  bubbling  stream,  a  spring. 

sceleratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  sce- 
lero., 

scelero,  no  perf.,  -atum,  -fire, 
[fsceler-  (of  scelus)],  i.  v.  a., 
pollute,  defile.  —  sceleratus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  wicked,  guilty, 
impious,  infamous,  accursed :  fri- 
gus  (cf.  Eng.  colloquial  language). 
—  Transferred,  of  the  accursed,  of 
guilt:  poenae  (inflicted  on  the 
guilty). 


246 


Vocabulary. 


scelus,  -erls,  [unc.  root  +  us,  but 
cf.  a-Kf\os,  with  pravus,  and  rec- 

tus],  n.  Abstract,  villany,  -wicked- 
ness, guilt,  -wrong-doing.  —  Con- 
cretely, a  crime,  an  evil  deed,  a  deed 
(impliedly  evil  from  the  context)  : 
pro  scelus  ( O  cursed  crime)  ; 
scelus  infectum  {taint  of  guilt); 
quod  scelus  tantum  merens  (for 
what  crime  so  great  deserving  pun- 
ishment ) . — Also,  a  villain,  a  crim- 
inal :  artificis  scelus  (crafty  vil- 
lain) . 

sec ])1  ruin,  -I,  [Gr.  aK^irrpov'] ,  n., 
a  sceptre.  —  Fig.,  rule,  power,  do- 
minion, a  kingdom,  a  realm,  the 
throne. 

scilicet  [sci  (imper.  of  scio)  -licet, 
cf.  Ilicet],  adv.,  certainly,  no 
doubt,  of  course,  naturally,  truly. 

—  Ironically,  forsooth,  truly,  doubt- 
less. —  As  connective,  yes  for,  for 
of  course,  but  I  may  say,  for  -we  see. 

scilla,  -ae,  [Gr.  <rjci'A.A.a],  f.,  a  squill 
(a  kind  of  bulbous  plant). 

scindo,  scidi,  scissum,  scinderc, 
[•y/scid,  cf.  trxt'CwJf  3.  v.  a.,  cut 
(with  a  sharp  tool,  cf.  rumpo), 
tear,  split,  cleave,  rive,  rend :  val- 
lum ferro ;  crines  (tear)  ;  scissn 
veste.  —  Fig.,  divide  :  with  reflex- 
ive (or  in  pass.),  divide,  separate  : 
sese  unda  (separate) ;  se  genus 
(branch  off) ;  vulgus  (is  rent,  into 
factions). — Esp., plough,  break  up. 

—  Of  the  effect :  viam  (cleave) . 
scintilla,  -ae,  [  ?],  f.,  a  spark  :  ab 

ore  absistunt  (Jire  flashes') . 

scintilla,  -avi,  no  sup.,  -are, 
[fscintilla-],  i.v.  n.,  throw  sparks: 
oleum  (snap,  sputter,  in  a  lamp) . 

scio,  scivl,  scitum,  scire,  [prob. 
akin  to  /ceioi],  4.  v.  a.,  know,  know 
how  to,  learn  :  scit  triste  sidus 
(can  bear  witness). 

Scipiades,  -ae,  [Gr.  form  of  patro- 
nymic, fr.  Scipio],  m.,  son  of  the 
Scipios.  —  Plur.,  the  Scipios,  the 
famous  family  of  leaders  and  states- 
men at  Rome. 

scissus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  scindo. 

scitor,   -atus,   -ari,    [fscitd-    (of 


scio)],  I.  v.  dep.,  enquire,  learn, 
search  into  :  oracula  (consult) . 

scopulus,  -i,  [Gr.  <r/c<hr«Aor],  m.,  a 
crag  (projecting,  cf.  rupes  and 
saxum),  a  cliff,  a  rock  (general- 
ly), a  reef. 

Scorpius,  -i,  [Gr.  aKopirios],  m., 
Scorpio,  the  constellation. 

scrobis  (scrobs),  scrobis,  [y'scrib 
(orig.  dig)  as  stem],  m.  and  f.,  a 
ditch,  a  trench,  a  pit,  a  drill  (a 
straight  furrow  fur  planting). 

scrupeus,  -a,  -um,  [fscrupo-  (re- 
duced)  +  eus],  adj.,  of  sharp  stones, 
stony,  flinty  :  spelunca  (of  jagged 
rocks). 

scutatus,  -a,  -um,  [fscuto-  (re- 
duced) +  atus,  cf.  armatns],  adj., 
armed  with  shields  :  scutati  om- 
nes  (all  with  shields). 

scutum,  -I,  [Gr.  OTKUTOS],  n.,  a 
shield  (of  the  Roman  pattern,  ob- 
long and  bent  around  the  body, 
originally  made  of  wood  covered 
with  leather,  cf.  clipeus). 

Scylaceum,  -I,  [Gr.  2/cuA.a/c<jor], 
n.,  a  town  of  Southern  Italy  on  the 
coast  of  Bruttium,  near  a  promon- 
tory supposed  to  be  dangerous  for 
ships. 

Scylla,  -ae,  [Gr.  2«i5AAo],  f. :  i.  A 
sea-monster  supposed  to  inhabit 
some  rocks  in  the  Strait  of  Messi- 
na, on  the  coast  of  Bruttium.  Her 
parentage  is  variously  represented 
in  the  myths.  The  rocks  at  pres- 
ent seem  to  be  perfectly  harmless; 
2.  Another  personage,  daughter  of 
Nisus,  who  betrayed  her  father  to 
Minos  by  plucking  out  fromhishead 
a  red  hair,  and  was  changed  to  a 
bird  (cf.  Nisus) .  She  is  sometimes 
confounded  with  the  one  first  men- 
tioned ;  3.  Plur.,  Scyllas,  including 
several  monsters  of  the  kind  first 
mentioned. 

Scylla,  -ae,  [see  i.  Scylla],  f.,  the 
name  of  a  ship. 

Scyllaeus,-a,-um,  [Gr.2»tuAAa?os], 
adj.,  of  Scylla. 

scyphus,  -i,  [Gr.  cr/cu^oy],  m.,  a 
cup,  a  goblet. 


Vocabulary, 


247 


Scyrius,  -a,   -um,   [Gr. 

adj.,  of  Scyros  (the  island  off  the 
coast  of  Euboea  where  Achilles  was 
concealed,  disguised  as  a  girl), 
Scyrian.- 

Scythia,  -ae,  [Gr.  Sitvfli'a],  f.  (of 
adj.),  the  country  north  of  the 
Black  Sea. 

se-  (sed-),  [cf.  sed],  prep,  only  in 
comp.,  apart,  without,  away. 

se,  see  sui. 

Sebethis,  -idis,  [?],  f.,  a  nymph  (of 
the  river  Sebethos,  in  Campania). 

secerno,  -crevi,  -cretum,  -cer- 
nere,  [se-cerno],  3.  v.  a.,  separate, 
set  apart.  —  secretus,  -a,  -uin, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  separate,  apart,  re- 
tired, remote,  obscure,  concealed, 
hidden,  reticent,  silent,  in  silence, 
alone.  —  Neut.  pi.,  private  abode. 

secessus,  -as,  [se-cessus,  cf.  sece- 
do],  m.,  a  retirement. —  Concrete- 
ly, a  retreat,  a  recess. 

secius,  see  secus. 

secludo,  -clusi,  -clusum,  -cln- 
dere,  [se-claudo],  3.  v.  a.,  shut 
off,  shut  up.  —  Fig.,  put  aside,  ban- 
ish.—  seclusus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 
adj.,  secluded,  retired. 

seclum,  see  saeculum. 

seclusus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  secludo. 

seco,  secui,  sectum,  seeare,  [?], 
I.v.  a.,  cut  (apparently  across,  cf. 
scindo,  split),  carve,  wound,  he~iv, 
sever,  cut  out,  cut  off;  also,  split.  — 
Less  exactly,  skim  over.  —  Fig.  (of 
mere  passing  through),  cleave,  cut, 
plough(\.\izs>£3L),divide,cut  through. 
—  With  ace.  of  effect,  cut:  viam 
(take  one's  way) ;  secto  limite  (the 
cross  path);  sub  nubibus  arcum 
(as  cutting  the  heavens).  —  In  a 
peculiar  sense  (poss.  a  diff.  word) : 
secat  spem  (indulges,  takes  as  his 
_share?,  cf.  noun  sector). 

secretus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  secerno. 

sector,  -at  us,  -ari,  [fsecto-  (old 
p.p.  of  sequor)],  I.  v.  dep.,/«r- 
sue,  hunt,  chase. 

sect  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  seco. 

seculum,  see  saeculum. 

secum,  see  sui  and  cum. 


secundo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -are, 
[fsecundo-],  I.  v.  a..,  favor,  pros- 
per. 

secundum  [n.  ace.  of  secundus], 
adv.  and  prep.,  (following),  along, 
near  by. 

secundus,  -a,  -um,  [p.  ger.  of  se- 
quor, cf.  rotundus],  adj.,  (fol- 
lowing), second  (in  time,  order,  or 
degree),  inferior:  secundae  men- 
sae  (second  course,  dessert)  ;  men- 
sis  et  Dis  accepta  secundis  (the 
second  course,  and  the  gods  invoked 
to  share  it).  —  Of  water,  &c.  (cf. 
adversus),  favoring,  favorable, 
fair :  secundo  amni,  flumine 
(down  the  stream)  ;  secundi  spi- 
rate  (blow  favoring  breezes) ;  ven- 
ti  secundi  (favoring  winds).— 
Transferred,  prosperous,  favorable, 
propitious,  auspicious  :  ventis  et 
Dis  secundis  (fair  winds  and 
favoring  gods);  curru  secundo 
(flying)  ;  secundo  Marte  (in 
successful  combat,  of  Mars) ;  se- 
cundo plausu  rumore  (auspicious, 
cheering,  as  of  good  omen) ;  vires 
secundae  (victorious  strength) ; 
adi  pede  secundo  (approach  to 
favor) ;  secundus  aruspex  (aus- 
picious) ;  secundo  clamore  (joy- 
ous, auspicious);  sinus  implere 
secundos  (fill  the  bellying  sail 
•with  favor  ing  winds) . — Often  with 
res,  prosperity,  success. 

securis,  -is,  [as  if  fsecu-  (  y'sec,  in 
seco,  +  u)  -f  ris,  cf.  molaris], 
f.,  an  axe,  a  battle-axe, 

serums,  -a,  -um,  [se-cura-  (weak- 
ened and  decl.  as  adj.)],  ad\.,/rfe 
from  care,  regardless,  fearless,  se- 
cure :  pelagi  (secure  of) . — Trans- 
ferred: latices  (that  free  from 
care)  ;  otia  (untroubled) ;  quies 
(secure) . 

secus  [v/sec  (in  sequor)  +  unc. 
term. (poss.  compar.,  likemagis)], 
adv.  (following  ?,  worse  ?),  other- 
wise.—  With  negatives,  not  other- 
wise, not  less,  no  more,  just  so, 
even  so;  —  with  atque  (quam), 
just  like,  even  as.  —  Compar.,  se- 


248 


Vocabulary. 


tlus  (sgcius,  sectius),  ill. — With 
negatives,  no  less,  none  the  less, 
nevertheless,  even  thus,  even  then, 
even  so. 

secntus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  sequor. 

sed  [abl.  of  stem  akin  to  sine,  cf. 
pone],  conj.,  but,  yet. 

sedatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  sedo. 

sedeo,  sedi,  sessum,  sedere, 
[  Y/sed,  cf.  f£ofj.at,  prob.  through 
adj.-stem],  2.  v.  n.,  sit,  sit  down. 
—  Less  exactly,  lie  (of  ships),  come 
to  anchor,  light  (of  birds),  en- 
camp (of  armies),  remain  (of  a 
weapon).  —  Esp.,  sit  by  (inactive), 
sit  idle,  linger.  —  Fig.,  be  settled, 
be  fixed,  be  determined,  please  (be 
one's  pleasure)  :  certa  sedet  sen- 
tentia  (is  surely  fixed). 

sedes,  -Is,  [  ^/sed  (strengthened)  + 
es  and  -is)  J,  f.,  a  seal,  a  throne,  a 
resting-place. — Less  exactly  (either 
sing,  or  plur.),  a  house,  a  habita- 
tion, a  dwelling-place,  a  dwelling, 
a  home,  an  estate,  a  foundation,  a 
position,  a  spot,  a  region,  a  place,  a 
temple,  a  city. — Esp.  of  burial,  a  last 
resting-place,  a  tomb  :  imae  sedes 
(the  lowest  depths);  sacra  sedes 
(of  the  steps  of  an  altar) ;  sedes 
Pelori  (region) ;  penetralis  sedes 
(the  inner  court) ;  Tarpeia  sedes 
(rock) ;  locus  sedesque  (place  of 
abode). 

sedile,  -is,  [fsedi-  (cf.  sedes)  +  le 
(n.  of  lis)],  n.,  a  seat,  a  bench,  a 
thwart  (for  rowers). 

seditio,  -onis,  [sed-itio  (cf.  eo)], 
f.,  a  civil  dissension,  a  mutiny,  an 
outbreak  (of  the  people),  a  riot, 
an  uprising  (of  the  people),  fac- 
tion, sedition. 

sedo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fseda- 
(  y'sed+a,  cf.  domiseda)],  i.v.a., 
settle  down.  —  Fig.,  calm,  tfuiet, 
allay. 

seduce*, -duxi,  -dactum,  -dacere, 
[se-duco],  3.  v.  a.,  draw  apart, 
separate,  part  asunder. 

seges,  -etis,  [?,  perh.  akin  to  sag- 
men],  f.,  growing  grain,  a  crop 
(standing),  grain  (planted),  a 


grain  field,  a  field,  land  (as  cov- 
ered with  growth),  the  seed  (about 
to  be  planted),  a  growth  (of  trees), 
a  nursery.  —  Fig.  of  other  things, 
a  crop,  a  growth,  a  thicket,  afield : 
virum  (a  crop  of  heroes) ;  seges 
horret  ferrea. 

segnis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  slow,  sluggish, 
idle,  listless,  inactive,  laggard, 
slothful,  cowardly,  unproductive  : 
carduus  (sterile,  unprofitable). — 
Compar.  segnior,  -us,  slower,  &c., 
less  active,  foss  prolific  :  baud  illo 
segnior  (not  less  vigorous,  &c.). 

segniter  [tsegni-j-ter,  cf.  acriter], 
adv.,  inactively:  non  segnius 
(not  less  vigorovsly)  .- 

segnities,  -el,  [fsegni  +  ties,  cf. 
amicitia],  f.,  sloth,  tardiness. 

Selinus,  -untis,  [Gr.  SeAii/oSs],  f., 
a  town  on  the  southern  coast  of 
Sicily,  famous  for  its  palms. 

sella,  -ae,  [prob.  v/sed+  la],  f.,  a 
seat,  a  chair  (of  state),  a  throne. 

—  Esp.,  the  sella  curulis   of  the 
Romans,     made    of    ivory,    with 
crossed  legs,  and  used  by  magis- 
trates. 

semel  [n.  of  similis  (or  word  akin) 
reduced],  adv.,  once,  once  for  all. 

semen,  -inis,  [  ^/sa  (of  sero)  + 
men],  n.,  a  seed.  —  Less  exactly, 
a  scion,  a  shoot,  a  cutting.  —  Fig. 
(plur.),  elements,  vital  principles, 
seeds  of  life,  germs  (of  life,  of  fire). 

—  Also,  a  race,  a  stock,  progeny, 
young. 

sr  mentis,  -is,  [fsemen  +  tis],  f., 

a   sowing:    sementem    extende 

(prolong  the  seed-time). 
semesus    (semiesus),    -a,    -um, 

[semi-esus],  adj.,  half  eaten. 
semianimis,     -e,      [semi-animus 

(weakened  anddecl.  as  adj.)],  adj., 

half  alive,  half  lifeless,  expiring, 

dying. 
semifer,-era,-erum,[semi-ferus], 

adj.,  half  brute,  monstrous.  —  Also, 

half  savage. 
semihomo,    -inis,    [semi-homo], 

adj.,  half  man. —  Also,  half  savage. 
seminex,  -necis,  [semi-nex  (decL 


Vocabulary. 


249 


as  adj.)],  adj.,  half  dead,  half  life- 
less, dying,  wounded  to  death. 

-i -n lino,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fse- 
min-],  i.  v.  a.,  sow, plant. —  Less 
exactly,  produce. 

semiputatus,  -a,  -urn,  [semi-pu- 
tatus],  adj.,  half  pruned. 

seinita,  -ae,  [se-mita(akin  to  meo, 
cf.  comes)],  f.,  a  by-path,  a  path, 
a  luay. 

semiustus  (semust-),  -a,  -um, 
[semi-ustus],  adj.,  half  burned, 
half  consumed,  charred. 

semivir,  -viri,  [semi-vir],  adj., 
half  man,  effeminate,  unmanly. 

semper  [stem  akin  to  si  in  i  1  is  +  per, 
cf.  nuper],  adv.,  always,  forever, 
ever^  constantly. 

senatus,  -us,  [as  if  fsena-  (of  verb 
seno,  from  fsen  in  senex,  cf. 
senator,  senaculum)  +  tus,  cf. 
exsulo,  exsulatus],m.,(0A/0£-,f  ?, 
cf.  iuventus),  the  elders.  —  Esp., 
the  senate,  or  body  of  nobles  who 
composed  the  grand  council  of  a  na- 
tion, particularly  the  Roman  senate. 

senecta,  -ae,  [fsenec-  (of  senex) 
+  ta,  cf.  matuta],  f.,  age,  old  age. 

senectus,  -tutis,  [fsenec-  (of  se- 
nex) +  tus,  cf.  iuventus],  f., 
age,  old  age.  —  Personified,  Age. 

senex,  senis,  [two  stems,  ^/sen  (as 
stem) ;  and  fseni+  cus  (reduced), 
akin  to  eVoy  and  senes-chal},  adj., 
old,  aged,  venerable.  —  Usually  as 
subst.,  an  old  man  (over  forty-five 
yeari)tanagedrirt; — also  of  gods 
conceived  or  represented  as  old : 
Proteus  ;  Saturnus.  —  senior, 
-oris,  cornpar.,  older.  —  Also,  old, 
aged,  venerable,  an  elder,  an  old 
man. 

seni,  -ae,  -a,  [sex  +  nus],  adj.  plur., 
six  each,  six  at  a  time  :  bis  seni 
(twice  six,  twelve) . 

H(*iisus,  -us,  [y'sent  (of  sentio)  + 
tus],  m.,  taste,  feeling,  perception. 
—  Concretely,  a  feeling,  the  intel- 
lect, the  mind,  intelligence,  the  pas- 
sions, the  senses,  the.  sense  :  sanos 
sensus  avertere  (to  charm  away 
the  sober  sense,  drive  mad ) ;  sen- 


sus  inflexit  (moved  the  feelings)  \ 
sopitos  sensus  (the  slumbering 
senses,  of  the  effect  of  sleep)  ;  imis 
sensibus  (in  the  depths  of  the  sou!) . 

sententia,  -ae,  [fsentent-  (p.  of 
simpler  form  akin  to  sentio)  -f  ia], 
f.,  a  way  of  thinking,  a  judgment, 
a  purpose,  a  resolution,  a  senti- 
ment, a  determination,  an  opinion, 
a  view  of  things,  counsel  (a  plan 
of  action),  an  idea  (of  a  situation). 
—  Esp.,  an  opinion  expressed  (in 
a  deliberative  body). 

sentio,  seiisi,  sensum,  sentire, 
[?],  4.  v.  a.,  perceive  (by  the 
senses),  hear,  feel,  see,  notice,  ob- 
serve. —  Also  by  the  mind,  per- 
ceive, be  conscious  of,  become  aware, 
know,  feel,  learn,  learn  to  know, 
find  out,  understand.  —  Esp.,  feel, 
experience,  come  to  feel,  endure.  — 
Also,  think,  suppose,  judge. 

scntis,  -is,  [?],  m.,  a  thorn-bush,  a 
briar,  a  bramble. 

sentus,  -a,  -um,  [akin  to  sentis], 
adj.,  rough,  overgrown. 

sepelio,  sepelivi  (-ii),  sepultum, 
sepelire,  [?],  4.  v.  a.,  bury,  inter. 
—  sepultus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
buried; — also  of  wine  and  sleep, 
overcome,  buried :  parce  sepulto 
(spare  one  in  his  grave) ;  custode 
sepulto  (laid  atlfep*). 

sepes,  sepid;  see  saepes,  saepio. 

septem  [petrified  case-form,  akin  to 
«7TTa],  indecl.  num.  adj.,  seven. 

septemgeminus,  -a,  -um,[septem- 
geminus],  adj.,  sevenfold,  seven- 
mouthed :  Nilus. 

8eptemplex,-plicis,[septem-plex, 
cf.  duplex],  adj..  seven-fold  (of 
seven  thicknesses). 

septeni,  -ae,  -a,  [stem  of  septem 
+  nus],  num.  adj.  plur.,  seven  each, 
seven  at  a  time.  —  Also,  seven. 

septentrio,  -on is,  (also  separate), 
[septem-triones],  m.,  Charles' 
Wain,  the  Great  and  Little  Bear. 
Cf.  Triones. 

septimus, -a,-um,  [stem  of  septem 
-f-  mus,  cf.  primus],  num.  adj., 
seventh. 


250 


Vocabulary. 


septus,  -a,  -um ;  see  saepio. 

sepulcrum,  -I,  [sepel  (as  if  root  of 
sepelio)  +  crum],  n.,  a  tomb,  a 
burial-place. — Less  exactly,  burial. 

sepultus,  -a,  -uin,  p.p.  of  sepelio. 

sequiix,  -acis,  [as  if  sequa-  (cf. 
sequor)  +  cus  (reduced),  cf.  ca- 
pax],  adj.,  following,  pur  siting  : 
caprae  (greedy,  pursuing  the  vine 
as  enemies);  fir.ni  {penetrating, 
pursuing  the  bees);  Latium  (in 
pursuit) ;  undae  (as  if  chasing  a 
ship  to  sink  it). 

sequester,  -tra,  -trum,  [fsequit- 
(formed  like  comes,  cf.  sequor) 
-f  ter  (cf.  magister)],  adj.,  de- 
positary, intermediate. — As  subst., 
a  mediator,  mediatress  :  pace  se- 
questra (reconciled by  the  truce}. 

sequor,  secutus,  sequi,  [-v/se(l 
akin  to  tVo/iai],  3-  v.  dep.,  follow 
(lit.  and  fig.),  pursue,  chase :  se- 
quendi  (traces  to  follow) ;  quern 
armenta;  signa  sequantur  {keep 
the  ranks) ;  qui  me  casus ;  iussa 
(obey) ;  haec  exempla ;  secutae 
aera  (of  bees).  —  Less  exactly, 
follow  (in  order),  come  next,  ensue, 
"follow  (in  a  course  of  action),  do 
the  like  :  frumenta  (follow) ;  de 
cortice  sanguis ;  laetum  paeana 
(take  up,  continue).  —  Also,  follow 
with,  follow  (in  company),  accom- 
pany, side  with  :  factum  fortuna 
{prosper);  me  fania  (attend); 
manum  sagitta  (yield  to,  come 
away  with);  sequetur  facilis 
(come  away,ot  plucking  a  branch)  ; 
non  sequitur  vox  (does  not  come, 
follow  the  effort) ;  quam  fama 
secuta  est  (of  whom  the  story 
goes).  —  A\so,follmv  afler,  aim  at, 
seek  :  Italiam ;  pennis  astra ; 
sidera  voce  (soar  to  heaven  with 
a  song) .  —  Also  of  the  route  passed 
over,  follow  out,  follow,  pursue, 
trace,  pass  through,  go  over,  under- 
go :  saltus;  quid  sequens  (fol- 
lowing what  course)  ;  maiora  (deal 
with) ;  fastigia  ;  sudor  membra 
(creep  over) ;  fata  (accomplish) ; 
arma  (take  up);  bella  (engage 


in)  ;  meliora  (a  higher  destiny)  ; 
extrema  ferro  (seek  a  desperate 
remedy)  .  —  Also,  overtake  :  meli- 
ora miseros.  —  sequens,  -entis, 
p.  as  subst.  (esp.  plur.),  a  pursuer, 
those  behind,  the  next,  one  in  search, 
a  follower. 

sereno,  -avi,  -atuni,  -are,  [fse- 
reno],  I.  v.  a.,  clear,  calm.  —  Po- 
etically :  spem  fronte  serenat 
(smooths  -her  brow  with  hope). 

sen-  M  us,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  clear, 
fair,  cloudless,  calm,  placid  :  nu- 
bes  (light,  dry);  vultus.  —  Neut., 
fair  weather. 

Seres,  -um,  [Gr.  Sfjper],  m.,  plur., 
the  people  of  Eastern  Asia  (in- 
cluding prob.  the  Chinese),  where 
the  cotton-tree  grows. 

Serestus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a  follower  of 
tineas. 

Sergestus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a  follower  of 


Sergius,  -a,-um,  [?],  adj.,  a  Roman 
gentile  name  :  domus  (the  Sergian 
house)  . 

series,  -el,  [v^er  (in  i.  sero)  + 
ies,  cf.  inluvies],  f.,  a  row,  a  line, 
a  succession,  a  chain,  a  train. 

serins,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  serious. 
—  Neut.  plur.  as  subst.,  serious 
business. 

sermo,  -on  is,  [-y/ser  (in  i.  sero) 
-f  mo,  but  prob.  through  interme- 
diate stem,  cf.  homo],  m.,  dis- 
course, talk,  speech,  words  (spoken), 
common  talk,  rumor,  murmurs.  — 
Also,  language,  tongue. 

1.  sero,  perf.  not  found,  sertnm,  se- 
rere,  [  Y/ser,  akin  to  ipw,  fipu'], 
3.  v.  a.,  join,  plait  j  weave.  —  Fig.  : 
multa  serebant  {talked  muck). 

2.  sero,  sevi,  satum,  serere,  [  ^sa 
(Eng.  sow),  reduplicated  (with  r 
for  s)],  3.  v.  a.,  sow,  plant.  —  Fig., 
scatter,  spread.  —  Poetically,  be  a 

farmer.  —  Also,  beget  (in  p.p.).  — 
serens,  -entls,  p.  as  subst.,  a 
sower.  —  satus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 
adj.,  sown,  planted,  growing;  — 
also,  sprung  from,  born,  descended 

from.  —  Masc.   and   fern.,   son   of, 


Vocabulary. 


251 


descendant  of,  daughter  of. — Neut. 
plur.,  sown  fields,  growing  crops, 
tilled  fields. 

serpens,  -entis,  [p.  of  serpo],  m., 
a  serpent,  a  snake. 

serpo,  serpsi,  serptum,  serpere, 
[•^serp,  akin  to  (pwtal,  3.  v.  n., 
crawl,  creep.  —  Fig.,  glide,  twine, 
creep  on,  spread. 

serpyllum,  -I,  [Gr.  '<epirv\\ov~\,  n., 
wild  thyme. 

serra,  -ae,  [poss.  ^/sec^-  ra],  f.,  a 
saw. 

Serranus,  -i,  [akin  to  sarrio],  m. : 
I.  C.  Atilius  Regulus  Serranus,  a 
famous  Roman  whose  election  to 
the  consulship  was  announced  to 
him  while  ploughing;  2.AKutulian. 

sertum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  I.  sero],  n., 
a  garland,  a  wreath. 

serum,  -i,  [  ?,  akin  to  bp6s],  n.,  whey. 

scrus,  -a,  -inn,  [?],  adj.,  late,  too 
late,  tardy,  latest :  vires  (too  far 
gone) ;  mea  sera  voluptas  (of  my 
age);  nepotes  (far  distant). — 
Neut.  as  adv.,  late. 

serva,  -ae,  [f.  of  servus],  f.,  a 
maid-servant. 

servatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  servo. 

servio,  -Ivi  (-li),  -itum,  -Ire, 
[fservo-],  4.  v.  n.,  be  a  slave, 
serve.  —  Less  exactly,  obey,  be  sub- 
ject to. 

servitium,  -1  (-11),  [fservo+tium, 
cf.  amicitla],  n.,  slavery,  servi- 
tude. — Less  exactly,  subjection  (of 
men  and  animals). 

servo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [f  servo-], 
i.  v.  a.,  watch  over,  guard,  keep 
(from  harm),  look  out  for,  take  care 
of,  protect,  save  (by  protection), 
preserve,  keep  alive.  —  Hence,  re- 
tain, maintain,  hold,  keep,  save, 
stay  by,  continue  in,  stand  by,  re- 
serve,  observe  (a  rite  or  occasion)  : 
fidem  (keep  one's  word  or  faith, 
the  regular  expression) .  —  Also, 
observe,  watch,  watch  for,  note, 
search,  trace,  gaze  on,  reach  (of 
the  eyesight).  —  servans,  -antis 
(superl.  servantissimus),  p.  as 
adj.,  observant. 


sescenti  (sex-),  -ae,  -a,  [sex-cen- 
tum], adj.,  six  hundred. 

sese,  see  sui. 

seta,  setiger,  setosus  ;  see  saeta, 
etc.,  the  approved  spelling. 

seu,  see  sive. 

severus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  poss.  akin  to 
tr40ofuu,  revere],  adj.,  strict,  stern, 
severe,  austere. —  Poetically,  cruel, 
awful:  amnis  Cocyti,  Eumeni- 
dum. 

Severus,  -i,  [see  severus],  m.,  a 
mountain  in  the  Sabine  territory, 
on  the  borders  of  Picenum. 

sex  [?,  akin  to  f{],  indecl.  num. 
adj.,  six. 

sexcentl,  see  sescenti. 

si  [prob.  loc.  of  pron.-^/ra  (or  -y/sa), 
in  that  case  (cf.  sic)],  conj.,  if,  in 
case,  in  conditions.  —  Also,  where 
the  condition  is  a  mere  form,  //"(it 
is  true  that),  since,  as,  when,  when- 
ever. —  Esp. :  si  quidem,  if ' .  .  . 
really,  since,  seeing  that.  —  In 
wishes  :  si,  O  si,  if  only,  oh  if,  oh 
that,  would  that.  —  With  indef. 
pron.  and  adverbs :  si  quis,  etc., 
if  any  one,  &c.,  whoever,  whenever, 
&c.  —  In  a  proviso,  if,  in  case, pro- , 
vided.  —  Esp. :  si  modo,  if  only, 
provided  that.  —  Also :  quam  si, 
in  comparisons,  than  if,  than  when, 
as  if,  as  when.  —  In  apparent  in- 
direct questions,  in  case,  if,  whether. 

—  Concessive,  even  if,  though.  — 
In  asseverations,  if,  as  sure  as. 

sibilo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fsibi- 

16-],  I.  v.  n.,  hiss. 
sibllus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  hissing, 

—  Less  exactly,  whispering,  rus- 
tling.— Masc.,  a  rustle,  a  murmur. 

Sibylla,  -ae,  [Gr.  2t'0vAAa],  f.,  a 
Sibyl,  a  female  seer.  A  large  num- 
ber of  such  personages  are  men- 
tioned, of  which  one  of  the  most 
famous  is  the  Cumaean,  who  was 
visited  by  ^neas,  and  by  whom  lie 
was  conducted  to  the  world  below. 
The  idea  of  such  persons  seems  to 
have  been  of  foreign  origin  (prob- 
ably Hebrew),  though  their  func- 
tions were  closely  connected  with 


252 


Vocabulary. 


the  worship  of  Apollo,  the  Greek 
and  Latin  god  of  divination. 

sic,  [si-ce,  cf.  si  and  hie],  adv.,  so, 
thus,  in  this  way,  in  this  wise,  in 
this  guise,  just  as  one  is,  &c.  —  Of 
a  proviso,  so  (and  so  only),  thus 
(and  not  otherwise). 

Sicanius,  -a,  -um,  [fSicano-  (re- 
duced) -f  ins],  adj.,  of  the  Sicani, 
Sicanian. — Less  exactly,  Sicilian, 
of  Sicily.  —  Fern.,  Sicily. 

Sicanus,  -a,  -um,  [fSico-  (reduced, 
cf.  Siculus)  +  anus],  adj.,  of  the 
Sicani  (an  ancient  race  of  Central 
Italy,  supposed  to  have  colonized 
Sicily),  Sicanian. — Masc.  plur., 
theSicani. — Less  exactly , Sicilian. 

sicco,  -avi,  -at u m,  -are,  [fsicco-], 
l.v.a.,  dry,  drain:  CTUores(s/anc/i). 

siccus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  dry,  dried 
up,  thirsty,  parched.  —  Neut.,  the 
dry  land. 

SIcelis,  -idis,  [Gr.  2uccA.fr],  f.  adj., 
Sicilian,  a  Sicilian  woman. 

Sichaeus,  see  Sychaeus. 

sicub!  [supposed  to  be  si-fcubi  (old 
form  of  ubi),  but  cf.  sic  and  ubi], 
adv.,  if  anywhere,  wherever,  where. 

Siculus,  -a,  -um,  [fSico-  (cf.  Si- 
canus) +  lus,  akin  to  2«ceA.Js], 
adj.,  Sicilian,  of  Sicily. 

sicut  [sic-ut],  adv.,  soas,just  as,  as. 

Sicyonius,  -a,  -um,[Gr.  'S.iKvtavtos'], 
adj.,  of  Sicyon  (a  city  of  Pelopon- 
nesus), Sicyonian. 

sidereus,  -a,  -um,  [fsider  +  ens], 
adj.,  starry,  star-like :  clipeus 
(orb-like). 

Sidicinus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  of  the 
Sidicini  (a  people  of  Campania). 

sido,  sidi,  no  sup.,  sldere,  [  y'sed, 
reduplicated],  3.  v.  n.,  sit  down.  — 
Less  exactly,  alight. 

Sidon,  -on is,  [Gr.  2i5c5i'],  f.,  an 
ancient  city  of  Phoenicia,  from 
which  Tyre  was  colonized. 

Sidonius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  2iod>vios, 
-ovtoi],  adj.,  of  Sidon,  Sidonian. 
Less  exactly,  Tyrian,  Phoenician  : 
nrbs  (of^Tyre). 

sidus,  -eris,  [poss.  sid  (as  root  of 
sido)  -f  us,  position  ?,  as  a  nauti- 


cal, augural,  or  astrological  word], 
n.,  a  constellation,  a  quarter  of 
the  sky.  —  Less  exactly,  a  heavenly 
orb  (including  the  sun  and  moon), 
a  star:  sidera  emensae  (starry 
regions) .  —  Also,  mostly  plur.,  the 
heavens,  Heaven,  the  stars  of  Heav- 
en, the  skies,  the  sky  :  ad  sidera 
(to  the  skies,  aloft). —  Poetically,  a 
season,  a  storm  :  mutato  sidere 
(at  the  change  of  seasons). 

Sigeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  2iy€io«/], 
adj.,  of  Sigeum,  a  promontory  of 
the  Troad).  —  Neut.,  Sigeum,  the 
promontory. 

significo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [as  if 
fsignific-,  cf.  artifex],  i.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  make  a  sign,  signal,  beckon. 

signo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fsigno-] , 
I.  v.  a.,  mark,  distinguish  (by 
marking),  mark  out.  —  Of  the  ef- 
fect, draw,  trace.  —  Also,  discern, 
mark,  notice,  fix  the  eye  on :  se 
signari  oculis  (that  all  eyes  are 
turned  upon  him).  —  Also,  honor, 
distinguish,  mark :  nomen  ossa. 
—  Poetically:  ora  puer  iuventa 
(show  mar  As  of  youth  in  his  face). 

signum,  -i,  [unc.  root  +  num.,  n.  of 
-nus,  cf.  magnus],  n.,  a  mark,  a 
sign,  an  indication,  a  trace  (as  a 
mark),  a  track,  a  signal,  a  watch- 
word, —  Esp.,  an  image,  a  figure, 
a  representation,  a  carving  (poss. 
the  orig.  meaning,  cf.  seco),  a 
relief,  embroidery,  —  Also,  a  con- 
stellation, a  star,  a  sign  (of  the 
Zodiac,  plur.  the  Zodiac) .  —  Also 
(in  plur.),  the  standards  (of  an 
army,  as  a  rallying-point  or  as  a 
trophy  of  victory)  :  referens  (of 
Camillus)  ;  reposcere  Parthos(of 
the  standards  taken  by  the  Par- 
thians  from  Crassus) ;  ferre  (bear, 
serve  in  the  ranks) ;  sequi  (keep 
the  ranks)  ;  eonferre  (join  battle, 
charge) ;  collatis  signis  (in  close 
combat);  movere  (break  camp, 
advance)  ;  vellere  (  pluck  up  the 
standards,  set  in  the  ground,  break 
camp,  advance). 

Sila,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  forest  in  Bruttium. 


Vocabulary. 


253 


Silarus,-i,  [Gr.  2fAetp«s],  m.,  a  river 
between  Lucania  and  Campania, 
around  which  were  extensive  pas- 
ture-grounds. It  flows  into  the 
sea  near  Psestum. 

silentium,  -i  (-ii),[fsilent+ium], 
n.,  silence,  ttillness,  quiet. — Also, 
secrecy. 

Sili- n  us,  -I,  [Gr.  SeiATji/Js],  m.,  an 
old  Satyr,  the  chief  attendant  of 
Bacchus.  He  is  represented  as  a 
fat  old  man,  generally  intoxicated. 

sileo,  -ui,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [  ?],  2.  v.  n., 
be  silent,  keep  silence,  be  mute,  be 
dumb,  be  still,  be  noiseless.  —  Poet- 
ically, act.,  leave  unsung.  —  si- 
lens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj.,  silent, 
still,  mute,  in  silence,  voiceless, 
soundless.  —  Masc.  plur.,  the  silent 
shades,  the  voiceless  ghosts. 

slier,  -eris,  [?],  n.,  a  willow  (of  a 
particular  kind,  perh.  Salix  vilu- 
lina),  osier. 

silesco,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -escere, 
[fsile-  (of  sileo)  +  sco],  3.  v.  n. 
incept.,  be  silent,  be  hushed. 

silex,  -Icis,  [?],  m.  and  f.,  a  flint, 
a  pebble,  flint,  pebbles,  a  stone.  — 
Less  exactly,  rock  (in  position),  a 
cliff. 

siliqua,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  pod,  a  husk 
(of  grain). 

silva,  -ae,  [akin  to  #A.TJ],  f.,  a  wood, 
a  forest,  woodland:  iuga  silva- 
rum  (wooded  heights) .  —  Also,  of 
other  thick  growths,  a  thicket,  a 
thick  growth,  a  growth.  —  Poetical- 
ly, of  darts  in  a  shield.  —  Less  ex- 
actly (esp.  in  plur.),  trees,  woods,  a 
growth  of  trees,  wood,  fruit-trees, 
orchards,  pastures  (wooded).  — 
Esp.,  the  woods  (as  opposed  to 
cities  or  villages). 

Silvamis,  -I,  [fsilva  +  nus,  cf. 
Portunus],  m.,  an  Italian  wood- 
land deity,  presiding  over  woods, 
tillage,  and  cattle.  He  is  repre- 
sented with  a  garland  of  flowers 
and  reeds,  carrying  a  tree-trunk, 
and  is  often  associated  with  Pan 
and  the  Nymphs. 

silvestrls,  -e,  [stem  akin  to  silva 


+  tris,  cf.  equestris],  adj.,  wood- 
land (adj.),  forest  (adj.),  woody, 
wild,  of  the  woods  :  Hiera  (dwell- 
ing in  the  woods) .  —  Fig.,  rustic, 
woodland. 

Silvia,  -ae,  [f.  of  Silvius],  f.,  a 
Latin  maid  whose  pet  stag  was 
killed  by  lulus. 

silvicola,  -ae,  [fsilva-  (weakened) 
-cola,  cf.  incola],  m.,  dwelling  in 
the  woods,  woodland  (adj.). 

Silvius,  -I  (-ii),  [fsilva-  (reduced) 
+  ius],  m.,  a  name  of  several  kings 
of  Alba,  esp.  the  supposed  son  of 
^Eneas  and  founder  cf  the  line, 
and  Silvius  sEneas,  a  later  offshoot 
of  the  stock. 

similis,  -e,  [fsimo-  (cf.  '6/j.os,  sim- 
plex) +  lis],  adj.,  like,  resembling, 
of  the  same  kind,  similar,  the  same. 

Simois,  -entos,  [Gr.  Sijuoefc],  m., 
a  river  of  the  Troad. 

simplex,  -icis,  [fsimo-  (reduced, 
cf.  similis)  -plex,  cf.  duplex], 
adj.,  single,  simple,  pure,  untaint- 
ed:  herba  (plain}. — With  nega- 
tives, not  uniform,  manifold :  sim- 
plex nee  modus  inserere  (and 
the  method  &c.  is  not  uniform,  is 
manifold}. 

simul  [n.  of  similis  (cf.  facul- 
tas)],  adv.,  at  the  same  time ;  — 
repeated,  at  once  .  .  .  and,  and  at 
the  same  time,  no  sooner  .  .  .  than. 

—  simul  atque  (ac),  as  soon  as. 

—  Without  atque,  in  same  sense. 

—  Also,  at  once,   immediately,  to- 
gether :  anna  simul  iacere  vina 
simul  (all  together} . — Rarely  (with 
abl.  without  prep.),   at  the  same 
time  with  (as}  :  his  dictis  (with 
these  words).  —  With  a  participle, 
while  :  simul  hoc  dicens. 

simulacrum,  -I,  [fsimula-  (of  si- 
mulo)  +  crum],  n.,  an  image,  a 
statue,  a  spectre,  a  ghost,  a  phan- 
tom. —  a  mimicry,  an  imitation. 

s  i  n  1 1 1 1 :  i  ( i  is,  -a,  -  n  in,  p.p.  of  simulo. 

sini  ulo,  -avl,  -at  n  in,  -are,  [tsimili- 
(cf.  simul)],  i.  v.  a.,  make  like, 
counterfeit,  imitate.  —  Also,  make 
a  pretence,  pretend,  feign  :  simu- 


254 


Vocabulary. 


lans  multa  {making  many  pre- 
tences) .  —  simulatus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.,  made  like,  counterfeit,  pre- 
tended, false :  simulata  mente 
(with  deceitful  purpose) ;  verba 
(assumed)  ;  magnis  Pergama. 
(imitating,  &c.) ;  simulate  nu- 
mine  Bacchi  {pretending  an  in- 
spiration, &c.). 

simus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  cf.  <rt/t<fe],  adj., 
fiat-nosed. 

sin  [si-ne,  ifnot~\,  conj.,  but  if,  if 
however,  if  on  the  other  hand. 

sine  [?,  akin  to  sed,  cf.  pone], 
prep.,  without.  —  With  abl.  in  adj. 
or  adv.  phrase :  tenuem  sine  viri- 
bus  umbram ;  sine  fine  furens ; 
sine  more  furit  (ungovernably) ; 
raptae  sine  more  Sabinae  {law- 
lestly). 

singulto,  no  perf.,  -atuni,  -are, 
[fsingultu-],  I .  v.  n.,  hiccough, sob: 
singultantem  sanguine  truncum 
(spouting  jets  of  blood). 

singultus,  -us,  [fsingulo-  (re- 
duced) +  tus,  as  if  fr.  stem  of  lost 
verb,  cf.  singultim],  m.,  gasping, 
panting,  a  gasp. 

(singulus,  -a,  -um,  archaic),  Plur. 
singuli,  -ae,  -a,  [akin  to  simul], 
adj.,  one  at  a  time,  one  by  one,  each 
in  detail,  singly  (in  adv.  force) : 
nee  singula  corpora  {and  not 
single  creatures  merely) ;  inter 
singula  verba  (with  every  word) . 
—  Neut.  (as  subst.),  each  thing, 
every  detail,  everything,  every 
point,  every  object. 

sinister,  -tra,  -trum,  [unc.  stem 
+ter,cf.  minister],  adj.,  left  hand, 
left,  on  the  left.  —  From  auspices, 
ill-boding,  inauspicious,  mischiev- 
ous, hurtful  (but  also,  favorable, 
from  a  different  doctrine  of  au- 
gury).— Fern.  (sc.  manus),  the  left 
hand. 

sind,  sivi,  situm,  sinere,  [_^/si, 
of  unc.  kin.],  3.  v.  a.,  {place, put), 
leave  (cf.  pono),  (rarely  exc.  in 
comp.  and  p.p.)  :  sinite  anna 
viris.  —  Fig.  (cf.  Eng.  "  leave  "), 
permit,  allow,  let,  suffer,  let  be : 


non    perterrita    sinit    agmina 

{suffer  to  be,  &c.).  —  Also  (perh. 
imitation  of  Greek,  cf.  e'oco),  spare, 
forbear,  leave  off,  desist :  hanc 
aniniam  ;  nunc  sinite.  —  situs, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.,  situated. 

Sinon,  -onis,  [?],  m.,  the  spy  who 
induced  the  Trojans  to  admit  the 
wooden  horse  within  their  walls. 

sinum,  -I,  [akin  to  sinus],  n.,  a 
boivl  (for  drinking). 

sinuo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fsinu-], 
I.  v.  a.,  bend,  fold,  twist  (in  folds). 

si mmsiis,  -a,  -um  [fsinu  +  osus], 
adj.,  in  folds,  winding,  coiled,  tor- 
tuous, sinuous. 

sinus,  -us,  [?],  m.,  a  bend,  a  hollow 
surface,  a  fold  (of  a  garment),  a 
coil  (of  a  serpent),  a  curve,  a  bel- 
lying (swelling)  sail,  the  hollow 
(of  a  wave)  :  sinus  extremi  or- 
bis  (the  farthest  curve  of  the  cir- 
cle of  the  world) ;  vasto  sinu  {in 
its  mighty  embrace,  of  a  wave) ; 
sinum  trahit  fluctus  {the  s-Mell 
rolls  on) ;  Cocytus  sinu  labens 
{in  its  winding  course) . —  Esp.,  the 
bosom  (where  the  folds  of  the  gar- 
ment cross),  the  lap,  the  breast,  an 
embrace.  —  Hence,  poetically,  of 
things  half  personified  (cf.  "  the 
lap  of  earth  "),  bosom,  lap  :  laxant 
arva  sinus  {the  Earth  opens  her 
bosom,  at  the  coming  of  Spring) ; 
Nilum  pandentem  sinum  {open- 
ing her  arms).  —  Also,  a  bay,  a 
gulf,  a  cove ;  a  slit. 

siqua,  siquando,  siquis;  see  si, 
quis,  etc. 

Siren,  -enis,  [Gr.  Seip^i/],  f.,  mostly 
plur.,  the  Sirens.  Monsters  with 
women's  heads  and  the  bodies  of 
birds,  who  enticed  mariners  to  the 
shore.  Their  abode  was  (accord- 
ing to  one  story),  upon  three  isl- 
ands off  the  bay  of  Naples,  which 
were  hence  called  Sirenum  sco- 
puli. 

Sirius,  -i  (-ii)>  [Gr.  2«ip<os],  m., 
Sirius,  the  Dog-star,  which  rose 
with  the  sun  (at  the  period  when 
the  popular  astronomy  began), 


Vocabulary. 


255 


about  the  middle  of  July.  Hence 
the  star  is  associated  with  extreme 
heat. — Also  in  appos.  as  adj.: 
Sirius  ardor  (the  heat  of  the  Dog- 
star}  . 

sisto,  stiti  (steti),  statum,  sis- 
tere,  [-y/sta  reduplicated,  cf.  tVrrj- 
IJii],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.  Act.  (causa- 
tive), (cause  to  stand},  set,  place, 
bring,  fetch.  —  Also,  stop,  stay, 
rein  in  (of  horses),  cause  to  stand 
still.  —  Also,  set  up,  reinstate,  re- 
store, be  the  stay  of.  —  With  reflex- 
ive, place  one's  self,  stand.  —  In- 
trans.,  stand  still,  stop,  stay,  settle, 
strike  (of  a  missile)  :  sistere  con- 
tra (make  a  stand  against,  with- 
stand, resist}. 

sistrum,  -1,  [Gr.  ffeiarpov],  n.,  a 
sislrum,  a  metallic  musical  instru- 
ment of  rods  playing  in  a  frame, 
which  produced  a  rattling  sound 
when  shaken.  It  belonged  par- 
ticularly to  the  Egyptians,  and  was 
used  in  the  worship  of  Isis  and  ap- 
parently also  in  war. 

Sithouius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  "ZiOwvioi], 
adj.,  of  the  Sithonii  (a  Thracian 
tribe),  Sithonian,  Thracian. 

sit  io,  -Ivi  (-ii)  no  sup.,  -Ire,  [  fsiti-] , 
4.  v.  n.  and  a.,  thirst,  be  thirsty,  be 
parched,  be  dry.  —  sitiens,  -entis, 
p.  as  adj.,  thirsty,  parched,  greedy. 

sltis,  -is,  [?],  f.,  thirst,  —  Fig., 
drought,  parching  heat :  ignea  si- 
tis  (burning fever}. 

situs,  -a,  -inn,  p.p.  of  sino. 

situs,  -fls,  [y'si  (of  sino)  +  tus], 
m.,  (a  placing,  a  leaving},  neglect, 
lying  fallow,  want  of  care,  inactiv- 
ity: victa  situ  senectus  (rust,  as 
of  one's  dotage). — Also,  a  position. 

sive  (seu),  [si-ve],  conj.,  or  if. — 
Repeated,  if  either  .  .  .  or,  -whether 
. . .  or,  if. .  .or  if,  if. . .  or  if  on  the 
other  hand,  either ...  or  (where  the 
force  of  si  is  lost  in  Eng.). —  So  in 
other  combinationswith  samesense. 

soboles,  see  suboles. 

socer,  -eri,  [?,  cf.  eVci/prfs],  m.,  a 
father-in-law.  —  ¥\\u.,parents-in- 
law. 


sociatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  socio. 
socio,  -avi,  -atuni,  -are,  [fsocio-], 

1.  v.  a.,  ally,  attach,  unite,  join, 
associate  :  urbe  domo  nos  (adopt 
us  &c.,  share  with  us  &c.). —  Esp. 
by  the  bond  of  marriage. 

socius,  -a,  -um,  [ -y/sec^in  sequor) 
+  ius],  adj.,  accompanying,  allied, 
associated,  friendly  :  agmina  (al- 
lied, of  friends} ;  arma  (alliance 
in  arms}  ;  agmen  (band  of  allies} ; 
rates  (allied,  of  his  countrymen}  ; 
Penates  (kindred}.  —  Masc.  and 
fern,  (as  subst.),  a  companion,  an 
ally,  a  follower,  a  friend,  an  asso- 
ciate, an  abettor,  an  assistant  :  so- 
cii  comitentur  ovantes  (friends 
and  neighbors} ;  O  socii  (com- 
rades, companions}. 

sodalis,  -is,  [?],  comm.,  a  comrade 
(intimate  friend). 

sol,  sol  is,  [?,  cf.  jj\ios],  m.,  the  sun, 
conceived  as  driving  in  a  char- 
iot from  ocean  to  ocean,  and  more 
or  less  identified  with  Apollo  the 
sun-god.  —  Less  exactly,  sunshine, 
the  heat  of  the  sun  (as  in  Eng.), 
the  light  of  the  sun  :  alio  sub  sole 
(in  another  clime);  sol  cadens 
(the  west,  the  setting  sun,  also  the 
region  of  sunset}.  —  Plur.  (each 
day  having  its  own  sun),  the  sun, 
days  of  sunshine,  days,  sunshine  : 
soles  condere  (see  the  sun  to  rest, 
close  the  day}. 

solacium  (solat-),  -1  (-ii),  [fso- 
lac-  (cf.  ferpcia)  or  solato-  (cf. 
initium)  -f  ium],  n.,  solace,  con- 
solation. —  Plur. :  tua  (the  solace 
you  afford};  nostri  (my  solace}; 
luctus  (of  a  grief}. 

sol  amen,  -inls,  [fsola-  (of  solor) 
-f  men],  n.,  solace,  comfort,  allevi- 
ation, relief,  consolation. 

solatium,  see  solacium. 

solatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  solor. 

solemnis,  see  sollemnis. 

soleo,  sol  it  us    sum,  sole  re,  [?], 

2.  v.  n.,  be  wont,  be  accustomed,  use. 
—  solitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
wonted,     customary,    accustomed, 
usual. 


256 


Vocabulary. 


solers,  see  sellers. 

solido,  -avl,  -atum,  -are,  [fsoli- 
do-],  I.  v.  a.,  make  solid,  harden. 

solidus,  -a,  -um,  [  fsolo-  (of  sol  u  in ) 
+  dus],  adj.,  solid,  firm,  stout, 
strong.  —  Also  (without  the  idea  of 
strength),  solid,  entire.  —  Fig.,  un- 
impaired, vigorous.  —  Neut.,  the 
solid  ground,  firm  ground,  solid 
wood.  —  Fig. :  in  solido  (on  firm 
ground,  on  a  firm  footing). 

solium,  -1  (-11),  [poss.  fsolo-  (re- 
duced) +  ium],  n.,  a  seat,  a  throne. 

sollemnls,  -e,  [  ?,  fsollo-annus  (re- 
duced and  declined  as  adj.)],  adj., 
yearly,  annual,  stated,  appointed. — - 
From  association  with  sacred  rites, 
solemn,  sacred, festival,  customary, 
wonted:  imperilling  before,  time- 
honored). —  Neut.,  a  sacred  rite, 
funeral  rites  (plur.). 

sellers,  -ertis,  [fsollo-ars,  decl.  as 
adj.],  adj.,  skilful,  expert,  well- 
skilled^ 

sollicit§  (sol-),  -avl,  -atum,  -are, 
[fsollicito-],  I.  v.  a.,  stir  up,  stir, 
agitate:  telum  (work  back  and 
forth).  —  Fig.,  disturb,  trouble, 
agitate,  worry,  harass,  provoke, 
stimulate. 

solllcltus  (sol-),  -a,  -um,  [fsollo- 
citus],  adj.,  violently  agitated: 
mare  (troubled}.  —  Fig.,  agitated, 
troubled,  anxious,  in  anxiety,  in 
suspense:  amores  (unhappy). 

sol  or,  -at  us,  -ari,  [  ?,  poss.  fsolo-  (cf. 
in  solido)],  i.  v.  dep. (of  persons), 
console,  relieve,  comfort,  cheer,  en- 
courage. —  Of  evils,  &c.,  alleviate, 
relieve,  lighten  :  metum  (calm)  ; 
amor  em  (solace,  lighten  the  pains 
of) ;  solando  lenire  (relieve  by 
consolation) . 

solstitium,  -I,  (-II),  [fsol-stitium, 
cf.  iustitium],  n.,  the  summer 
solstice  (cf.  bruma,  the  winter 
solstice),  the  summer,  the  summer 
heat. 

$olum,  -I,  [cf.  solidus],  n.,  the 
ground,  the  land,  the  earth,  the 
soil,  earth,  land,  a  site :  subtra- 
hitur  solum  (the  surface  flies  be- 


neath them) ;  quocunque  solo  ex- 
is  (spot  of  earth)  ;  tremefacta 
solotellus^w^a//*) ;  urbs  Etrus- 
ca  solo  (iu  situation) ;  nostrum 
solum  (our  land);  aequo  crede 
solo  (on  an  equal  footing) ;  Cere- 
ale  solum  (support,  receptacle) . 
solum,  see  solus, 
solus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  -lus,  [perh. 
akin  to  sollus  with  different  suffix], 
adj.,  alone,  single,  only,  the  only, 
in  solitude:  lumen  quod  solum 
(hi '*  only  one).  —  Also,  lonely,  sol- 
itary,  deserted. 

sol ii I  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  solvo. 
solvo,  solvl,  solutum,  solvere, 
[prob.  se-  2.  luo,  cf.  Auo>],  3.  v.  a. 
Of  a  bond,  unbind,  untie,  unloose, 
cast  off,  break  down,  cast  loose: 
nexus  solvuntur  (are  relaxed); 
iuga  tauris;  vittas.  —  So  fig., 
loosen,  dismiss:  corde  metum 
(cf.  corda  metu);  pudorem  (do 
away  with);  foedus  (break). — 
Also  of  the  thing  bound,  release, 
set  free,  let  loose,  loosen  (from  its 
hold),  detach,  let  go,  unloose,  un- 
furl, break  up,  open  out,  extend, 
break,  destroy  :  equum  colla  (free 
from  the  yoke)  ;  crines  (unbind)  ; 
agmina  caudae  solvuntur  (are 
unwound,  cf.  manipli  soluti); 
se  luctu  (thro-dt  off)  ;  puppis  sol- 
vitur  (is  broken  up,  goes  to  pieces)  ; 
agmina  (break  up,  divide)  ;  ocu- 
los  (close,  reltuc)  ;  solutae  Iliades 
crinem  (with  flowing  hair)  ;  cae- 
lum  in  Tartara  (confound Heaven 
and  Hell).  —  Esp.,  paralyze,  relax, 
enervate,  dissolve,  thaw;  mem- 
bra ;  latera  solvuntur  (become 
flabby) ;  viscera;  solvitur  in  som- 
nos  (sinks).  —  Also,  pay  (unbind 
an  obligation),  discharge, perform 
(a  due) .  —  solutus,  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
as  adj.,  unbound,  loose,  relaxed, 
free,  opened,  extended,  unre- 
strained:  ite  solutae;  manipli 
(open,  extended) ;  risus  (unre- 
strained) ;  somno  vinoque  solu- 
ti (buried). 
somnlfer,  -era,  -erum,  [fsomno- 


Vocabulary. 


257 


fer  (ytfer-f  us)],  adj.,  soporific  : 
cantus  (that  lull  to  sleep) . 

somnium,  -i  (-ii),  [tsomno-  (re- 
duced) +  ium],  n.,  a  dream.  — 
Personified,  a  Dream. 

Romans,  -i,  [  ^sop+nus,  cf.  Zirvos'], 
m.,  sleep,  slumber :  somno  iacens 
(lying  asleep} .  —  Also,  a  dream,  a 
vision.  —  Also,  night.  —  Personi- 
fied, Sleep. 

sonipes,  -edis,  [fsono-pes],  m., 
the  prancing  steed,  the  horse  with 
ringing  hoof. 

sonit  us,  -us,  [fsoni-  (weaker  stem 
of  sono)  +  tus] ,  m.,  a  sound,  a 
noise,  a  din,  a  rattle,  a  ring,  a 
clang,  a  roar,  a  hum,  a  ringing, 
clanging,  clashing,  or  crackling 
noise:  pedum  (tramp). 

sono,  -ui,  -itum,  -are,  [fsono-], 
I.  v.  n.,  give  forth  a  sound,  sound, 
resound,  sing  noisily,  ring,  roar, 
echo,  rattle,  twang  (of  a  bow,  &c.), 
whiz,  thunder:  magno  ore  (sound 
the  loudest  tones) ;  gradibus  so- 
nant (plant  their  ringing  hoofs). 
—  With  cogn.  ace.,  resound  with, 
speak  noisily :  atavos  (loudly 
boast)  ;  sonana  acerba  (harsh 
sounding);  nee  mortale  sonans 
(with  no  mortal  voice) ;  classica ; 
nee  vox  hominem  sonat  (sound 
human).  —  sonans,  -ant is,  p.  as 
adj.,  sounding,  resounding,  roar- 
ing, murmuring,  rattling,  twang- 
ing, noisy,  screaming. 

sonor,  -oris,  [^/son  (in  sonus)  -f 
or],  m.,  a  sound,  a  noise,  a  roar, 
a  ring. 

sonorus,  -a,  -urn,  [perh.  fsonor  + 
us,  but  cf.  decorus],  adj.,  sound- 
ing, noisy,  roaring,  rattling,  ring- 
_ing. 

sons,  sontis,  [?],  adj.,  guilty.— 
Masc.  plur.,  the  guilty. 

sonus,  -i,  [  ^/son  (cf.  sonor) +  us], 
m.,  a  sound,  a  ring,  a  murmur,  a 
din,  an  uproar :  fit  sonus  (there 
is  a  crash) . 

Sophocleus,  -si,  -uiii,  [Gr.  2o<f>o- 
*\€ios],  adj.,  of  Sophocles,  the  great 


master  of  tragic  poetry.  —  Also 
(almost  reduced  to),  tragic. 

sopio, -ivl  (-ii),  -itum,  -ire,[ -^/sop 
(cf.  sopor),  perh.  through  adj.- 
stem],  4.  v.  a.,  lull  to  sleep.  —  so- 
pitus,  -a,  -inn,  p.p.  as  adj.,  put 
to  sleep :  sopitus  sorono  (buried 
in  sleep) .  —  So,  fig. :  arae  ,  ignes 
(half  extinguished) ;  sensus  (.?/#/«- 
her  ing) . 

sopitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  sopio. 

sopor,  -oris,  [y'sop  (cf.  sopio)  + 
or],  m.,  sleep. — Personified,  Sleep. 

soporatus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  so- 
poro],  adj.,  soporific,  endued  with 
deep. 

soporifer,  -era,  -erum,  [fsopor- 
(as  if  fsopori)  -fer  (y'fer-f  us)], 
adj.,  sleep-inducing,  drowsy. 

soporus,  -a,  -um,  [perh.  tsopor-f 
us,  but  cf.  decorus],  adj.,  drowsy. 

Soracte,  -is,  [?],  n.,  a  high  moun- 
tain in  Etruria,  a  few  miles  from 
Rome.  On  its  top  was  a  temple 
of  Apollo,  where  a  festival  was  held 
in  his  honor  with  peculiar  rites. 
(Mt.^St.  Oreste.) 

sorbeo,  -ui,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [perh. 
akin  to  £o<£e«],  2.  v.  a.,  suck  in, 
swallow  up. 

sorbum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  the  sorbus,  a 
berry,  prob.  the  service  berry,  Sor- 
bus domestica. 

sordeo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  sordere, 
[fsordi-  (of  sordes)],  2.  v.  n.,  be 
foul.  —  Fig.,  be  worthless. 

sordidus,  -a,  -um,  [fsordi-f  dus], 
adj.,  foul,  filthy,  squalid :  rura 
(the  humble  country). 

soror,  -oris,  [?,  akin  to  Eng. sister], 
{.,  a  sister.  —  Plur.,  of  the  Muses, 
the  Sisters  ;  of  the  Nymphs,  as  of 
kin,  sister  nymphs,  sisters. 

sors,  sortis,  [unc.  root  (cf.  2.  sero, 
+  tis)],  f.,  a  lot,  an  assigned  por- 
tion, a  division,  a  part.  —  Also,  a 
lot  (cast),  fate,  destiny,  fortune, 
an  allotment:  pugnae,  Martis 
(fortune  of  war) ;  ultra  sortem 
senectae  (beyond  the  common  lot, 
&c.)  ;  sorte  (by  lot,  by  fate,  by 
allotment) ;  sine  sorte  (without 


258 


Vocabulary. 


lots,  by  which  the  judges  were 
chosen).  —  Also  (from  the  Italian 
divination  by  lots),  generally  plur., 
an  oracle,  oracles,  responses,  pro- 
phetic words. 
sortior,  -itus,  -Iri,  [fsorti-],  4.  v. 
dep.,  allot,  choose  by  lot,  take  by 
lot,  take  (what  is  assigned  by  lot), 
divide  by  lot:  remos  (choose  the 
oarsmen  by  lot} ;  fata  (decide] . 
—  Less  exactly,  choose,  select :  sor- 
titus  fortunam  oculis  (choosing 
his  opportunity}. 

sortitus,  -a,  -uin,  p.p.  of  sortior. 

sort  it  us,  -us,  [fsorti-  (of  sortior) 
+  tus],  m.,  an  assignment,  an  al- 
lotment. 

sospes,  -itis,  [?],  adj.,  safe,  saved, 
alive. 

spadix,  -icis,  [Gr.  o-irc£Si|],  adj., bay, 
brown. 

spargo,  sparsi,  sparsum,  spar- 
gere,  [^/sparg,  of  unc.  kin.], 
3.  v.  a.,  strew,  scatter,  sprinkle, 
fling  around,  hurl,  cast,  spatter  : 
sparsa  per  orbem  (dispersed}.  — 
Fig.,  spread,  diffuse,  scatter,  fling 
out.  —  With  change  of  point  of 
view,  bestrew,  strew,  sprinkle,  cover 
far  and  near  (here  and  there}, 
spot:  sparsis  pellibus  albo  (their 
skins  spotted  with  while) . 

sparsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  spargo. 

Sparta,  -ae,  [Gr.  ~2.Tra.prni],  f.,  also 
called  Lacedcemon,  the  capital  of 
Laconia. 

Spar ta ii us,  -a»  -um,  [fSparta  + 
nus],  adj.,  Spartan. 

sparus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a  bill-hook  (a 
rustic  weapon  of  some  kind),  a 
hunting-spear  (?). 

spatior,  -at us,  -ari,  [fspatio-], 
i .  v.  dep.,  walk  back  and  forth. 

spatium,  -I  (-11),  [?,  cf.  JEol.  ffita.- 
Stov,  stadium],  n.  (often  plur.),  a 
space,  a  distance,  an  interval,  a 
stretch  (of  distance  or  extent), 
room,  bounds  (enclosing  space), 
a  course,  an  extent:  corripiunt 
spatia  (Jly  over  the  course}  ;  ad- 
dunt  se  in  spatia  (leave  the  course 
behind  them,  see  addo)  ;  spatia 


in  sua  (within  their  bounds')  ; 
curvatis  spatiis  (in  circular 
course,  enclosing  circles) ;  spatiis 
propioribus  {nearer  in  its  course}. 

—  Fig.,  time,  room. 

species,  -el,  [  y'spec  (in  specio) 
+  ies],  f.,  an  appearance,  a  sight : 
specie  movetur  (by  appearances') . 

—  Also,  a  form,  a  shape,  a  phase, 
a  kind:  species  animorum  (the 
moods,  of  living  creatures). 

specimen,  -inis,  [fspeci-  (stem  of 
specio)  +  men],  n.,  a  mark,  a 
token,  an  emblem,  an  example,  an 
instance,  a  test,  a  proof. 

spectaculum,  -i,  [fspecta-  (of 
specto)+  culum],  n.,  a  spectacle, 
a  sight,  a  display,  an  exhibition. 

spectator,  -oris,  [fspecta-  (of 
specto)  -f-  tor],  m.,  a  spectator. 

spectatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  specto. 

specto,  -avi,  -utum,  -are,  [fspec- 
to-  (cf.  specio)],  i.v.  a.,  gaze 
upon,  gaze  at,  behold,  see,  watch, 
look  on  (absolutely)  :  ad  vitulam 
(have  an  eye  on} .  —  Fig.,  view, 
consider,  regard. —  spectatus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.,  tried,  tested,  proved. 

specula,  -ae,  [fspeco-  ( yspec  + 
us)  -f  la,  cf.  speculum  and  <TKO- 
TreAoj],  f.,  a  watch-tower,  a  look- 
out, a  height. 

speculator,  -oris,  [fspecula-  (of 
speculor)  +  tor],  m.,  a  spy. 

speculatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  spe- 
culor. 

speculor,  -atus,  -Sri,  [fspecula-], 
I.  v.  dep.,  watch,  reconnoitre, 
search,  examine,  look  on  (abso- 
lutely), spy  out,  take  sight  at,  aim 
at,  espy,  catch  sight  of. 

specus,  -us,  [?],  m.,  f.,  and  n.,  a 
cave,  a  cavern,  a  chasm.  —  Less 
exactly,  a  cavity  (of  a  wound,  a 
gash}. 

spelaeum,  -i,  [Gr.  airi\\a.iov~\,  n.,  a 
cave,  a  cavern,  a  den. 

spelunca,  -ae,  [Gr.  o-injAiryl],  f.,  a 
chasm,  a  cavern,  a  cave,  a  cleft  (in 
a  rock),  a  grotto. 

Sperchlus  (-eus),  -I,  [Gr.  Sirfpxfi- 
oy],  m.,  a  noted  river  of  Thessaly 


Vocabulary. 


259 


flowing  from  Mt.  Pindus  to  the 
Maliac  Gulf.  It  was  celebrated  in 
Greejc  poetry. 

sperno,  sprevf,  spretum,  sper- 
nere,  [?,  -^sper],  3.  v.  a.,  remove 
(prob.  orig.  with  violence),  spurn. 
—  Fig.,  spurn,  scorn,  reject,  despise, 
disdain  :  spreta  forma  (s  Ugh  fed)  . 

sperS,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [orig. 
stem  of  spes,  or  kindred  stem], 
I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  hope.  —  Less  com- 
monly, expect,  look  for,  watt  for, 
fear. 

spes,  spel,  (old  nom.  plur.  speres), 
[?],  f.,  hope,  expectation.  —  Also, 
a  hope  (i.e.  an  object  on  which 
hope  is  founded)  :  spemque  gre- 
gemque  (the  flock  and  its  future 
hopes}  . 

spiceus,  -a,  -uni,  [fspica-  (re- 
duced) +  eus],  adj.,  bearded. 

spiculum,  -I,  [fspica-  (weakened) 
+  lum  (n.  of  -lus)],  n.,  a  dart  (a 
light  missile  weapon),  a  javelin, 
an  arrow,  the  sting  (of  a  bee)  . 

spina,  -ae,  [perh.  akin  to  spica], 
f.,  a  thorn.  —  Also,  the  back-bone, 
the  spine. 

spinet  urn,  -I,  [fspina-  (reduced) 
+  etum,  cf.  dumetum],  n.,  a 
thorn  brake,  a  thicket  of  thorns. 

spinus,  -i,  [cf.  spina],  f,  a  thorn 
bush,  a  sloe  tree. 

Spio,  -us,  [Gr.  2ir«ia>],  f.,  a  sea- 
nymph  or  nereid. 

spirn,  -ae,  [Gr.  trim'pa],  f.,  a  coil,  a 
fold. 

spiriibilis,  -e,  [fspira  (of  splro) 
4-  bills],  adj.,  respirable  :  spira- 
bile  lumen  (light  and  air). 

spiraculum,  -I,  [tapira-(of  spiro) 
+  culum,  cf.  miraculum],  n., 
breathing-place,  vent-hole. 

spiramentum,  -i,  [fspira-  (of 
splro)  +  mentum],  n.,  an  air- 
hole, a  fore,  a  chink  :  spiramen- 
ta  animae  (the  air-passages,  the 
lungs). 

gpiritus,  -us,  [fspiri-  (as  if  stem 
of  splro)  +  tus],  m.,  the  breath,  a 
blast,  the  breath  o 
ration 


,     .,  , 

st,  the  breath  of  life,  life,  inspi- 
ion. —  Also,  high  spirit,  cour- 


age. —  Also,  a  celestial  soul  (the 
divine  ether). 

spiro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [  ?],  i .  v.  n. 
and  a.,  breathe,  blow,  puff,  exhale. 

—  Fig.,  breathe  from,  be  diffused 
from.  —  With   cog.   ace.,    breathe 
forth,  breathe,  shed.  —  Also,  bubble, 

effervesce,  boil:  freta  (seethe). — 
spirans,  -antis,  p. :  spirans  gra- 
viter  thyma  (of  heavy  odor); 
aera  (breathing,  alive)  ;  exta 
(palpitating). 

spissus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  thick 
(opposed to  rarus),  close, crowded: 
ager  (compact  soil)  ;  arena  (close- 
packed). 

splendeB,  -ui,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [?, 
fsplendo-  (cf.  splendidus)],  2. 
v.  n.,  shine,  be  bright,  glisten. 

splendesco,  -dni,  no  sup.,-descere, 
[fsplende-  (of  splendeo)  4-  sco], 
3.  v.  n.,  shine. 

splendidus,  -a,  -um,  [fsplendo- 
(cf.  splendeo)+dns],  adj.,  bright. 

—  Fig.,  magnificent,  stately. 
spoliatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  spolio. 
spolio,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fspo- 

lio-],  i.  v.  a.,  strip,  despoil,  spoil. 

—  Fig.,  deprive,  bereave,  rob. 
spolium,   -i  (-ii),  [y'spol  (?,  cf. 

(T/cuAXw)  +  ium,  perh.  through  in- 
termediate stem,  cf.  aK\>\ov~\,  n., 
spoil,  spoils.  —  Poetically  of  other 
advantages,  cf.  "  conquest,"  as  in 
English. 

sponda,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  bed,  a  couch. 

spondeo,  spopondi,  sponsum, 
spondere,  [  -y/spond,  pour  (liba- 
tions), through  noun-stem,  cf.  aitov- 
Sal,  a  truce~\,  2.  v.  a.  and  n.,  prom- 
ise, agree,  promise  one's  self,  be  as- 
sured of. —  sponsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
as  subst.  Masc.,  a  betrothed  bride- 
groom. —  Fern.,  a  betrothed1  bride, 
one's  betrothed. 

sponsa,  see  spondeo. 

sponte  [abl.  of  lost  spons,  of  unc. 
kin.],  f.,  of  one's  own  accord, 
voluntarily,  by  one's  own  wishes, 
by  one's  own  will,  spontaneously  : 
sponte  sua  (spontaneously,  of  it- 


26O 


Vocabulary. 


self,  of  themselves,  without  one's 
agency)  ;  sponte  mea  componere 
cur  as  (in  my  own  way,  by  my  own 
•mill);  non  sponte  (not  of  his  own 
•will). 

spretus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  sperno. 

spunia,  -ae,  [  V8?11  (°f  spuo)  + 
ma],  f.,  froth,  foam:  argenti 
(scum  of  silver,  litharge). 

spumeus,  -a,  -um,  [fspuma-  (re- 
duced) +  eus],  ad).,  foamy,  foam- 
ing, foam-wreathed,  foam-covered. 

spumo,  -avl,  alum,  -are,  [fspu- 
ma-] ,  I .  v.  n.,  foam,  froth,  be  cov- 
ered with  foam. — spumans,  -an- 
tis,  p.  as  adj.,  foaming,  foamy, 
frothing,  frothy:  spumantes  rates 
(foam  -  tossing)  ;  ensis  cruore 
(reeking). 

spumosus,  -a,  -um,  [fspuma-  (re- 
duced) +  osus],  ad}.,  foamy,  foam- 
ing. 

spuo,  spui,  sputum,  spuere, 
[  -y/spu,  akin  to  irrv<a] ,  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
spit,  spit  out. 

squaleo,  -ui,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [fsqua- 
16-  (perh.  of  squill  us,  ^squa  + 
lus?,  dogfish,  cf.  also squalidus)], 
2.  v.  n.,  be  rough  :  squalentes  in- 
fode  conchas  (rough). — Of  lands, 
be  ill  tilled,  be  rough,  lie  waste.  — 
squalens,-entis,  p.  as  adj.,  rough, 
rugged,  scaly,  unkempt,  embroi- 
dered (cf.  asper),  embossed. 

squalor,  -oris,  [  -y/squal  (as  root  of 
squaleo)  +  or],  m.,  (roughness), 
foulness,  rustiness,filthiness. 

squama,  -ae,  [perh.  y'squa  (cf. 
squalus,  squaleo)  +  ma],  f.,  a 
scale,  a  plate  (in  armor) . 

squameus,  -a,  -um,  [fsquama- 
(reduced)  +  eus],  adj.,  scaly. 

squamosus,  -a,  -um,  [fsquama- 
(reduced)  +  osus],  adj.,  scaly. 

stabilis,  -e,  [  -^/sta  (of  sto)  +  bi- 
lls], adj.,  stable,  firm.  —  Fig.,  last- 
ing, unchanging. 

stabulo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -are, 
[fstabulo-],  i.  v.  n.  Of  animals, 
have  a  stable,  be  kept.  —  Of  the 
Centaurs,  live,  dwell,  have  their 
stalls. 


stabulum,  -I,  [  y'sta  (of  sto)  + 
bulum],  n.,  a  stall,  a  stable,  a  fold, 
a  hive  (of  bees) .  —  Less  exactly, 
a  herd,  an  abode  (of  wild  beasts), 
a  dwelling-place,  a  cover,  a  den,  a 
shepherd's  hut. 

stagrio,  -avl,  -atum,  -are,  [fstag- 
no-],  I.  v.  n.,  stagnate.  —  stag- 
nans,  -antis,  p.  as  adj.,  stagnant, 
standing  in  pools,  standing. 

stagnum,  -I,  [  ?,  unc.  root  +  num,  n. 
of  -nus,  cf.  magnus],  n.,  a  pool, 
a  pond,  standing  water,  a  cistern 
(open,in  a  house),  a  lake,  a  stream 
(flowing  slowly),  deep  waters,  the 
depths  (of  the  sea  where  the  water 
is  still),  the  deep  water,  a  sluggish 
stream,  sluggish  waters. 

static,  -onis,  [as  if  ^/sta+tio,  prob. 
through  intermediate  stem,  cf.  sta- 
tim],  f.,  a  standing.  —  Concretely, 
a  position,  a  situation,  a  station,  a 
stopping-place,  a  resting-place,  a 
harbor,  a  landing-place,  a  road- 
stead, a  home,  an  abode.  —  In  mili- 
tary sense,  a  post. 

stat no,  -ui,  -iitum,  -uere,  [fsta- 
ttl-],  3.  v.  a.,  setup,  set  in  position, 
place,  build,  found,  throw  up  (a 
mound). — Esp.,  set  up  (as  an  offer- 
ing), offer.  —  In  battle  (with  loco, 
cf.  cedere  loco),  stay,  rally. — 
Fig.,  establish,  ordain,  determine, 
resolve. 

status,  -us,  [ -^/sta  (in  sto)  +  tus]. 
m.,  (a  standing),  a  position,  a  con- 
dition, a  state. 

stella,  -ae,  [prob.  fstera-  (y'ster 
+  a)  +  la],  f.,  a  star,  a  planet,  a 
shooting-star,  a  meteor  (prob.  not 
distinguished  as  such).  —  Less  ex- 
actly, a  constellation. 

stellans,  -antis,  [as  if  (perh.  really) 
p.  of  stello  (fr.  fstella-)],  adj., 
starry. 

stellatus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.,  cf.  stel- 
lans], adj.,  studded  with  stars, 
studded  (as  with  stars) . 

stellid,  -onis,  [fstella-  (reduced) 
+  io],  m.,  (spotted),  a  newt,  a  liz- 
ard. 

sterilis,    -e,    [fstero-  (cf.  crreptos, 


Vocabulary. 


261 


hard}  +lis  (-lus)],  adj.,  barren, 
sterile,  unfruitful. 

sternax,  -acis,  [stern  (as  if  root 
of  sterno)  +  ax,  cf.  capax],  adj., 
throwing  its  rider  (of  a  horse), 
stumbling,  floundering. 

sterno,  stravl,  stratum,  sternere, 
[•y/ster,  cf.  ffTopeWu/uj] ,  3.  v.  a., 
spread  out,  lay  Jlat,  throw  on  tlie 
ground,  strew.  —  Esp.  of  violent 
overthrow,  lay  loiv,  lay  prostrate, 
fell,  strike  down,  bring  down,  slay, 
kill,  lay  waste,  sweep  away,  mow 
do-wn,  overwhelm,  overthrow ;  — 
pass.,  fall,  lie  strewn  :  sternamur 
campis  {we  may  lie  dead  on  the 
plains};  so,  artus  sternit  humi 
moriens  {falls  with  his  limbs  &c.). 
—  In  pass,  or  with  reflexive,  throiv 
one's  self,  lie  down.  —  Also,  level, 
smoothe. — Fig.,  crush,  depress,  cast 
down:  mortalia  corda.  —  With 
change  of  point  of  view,  bestrew, 
carver  with,  strew  with.  —  stratus, 
-a,  -urn,  p.p.  as  adj.,  outspread, 
scattered,  slain,  strewn,  calm  (of 
the  sea).  — Neut,  bedding,  a  bed, 
a  couch,  a  pavement:  stratum 
ostrum  (  a  purple  couch}. 

Steropes,  -Is,  [Gr.  STe/xta-T/s],  m., 
one  of  Vulcan's  smiths. 

Sthenelus,  -I,  [Gr.  20cVe\os]f  m.  : 
I.  A  Grecian  warrior,  the  charioteer 
of  Diomede;  2.  A  Trojan  warrior 
slain  by  Turnus.  See  also  Sthe- 
nius. 

Sthenius,  -i  (-ii),  [Gr.  20eVios],  m., 
a  Rutulian  slain  by  Pallas  (some- 
times read  Sthenelus  and  Hele- 
nus). 

Stimichon  (-ontls),[Gr.prop.name 
(not  found)],  m.,  a  shepherd. 

stimulo,  -avl,  -Stum,  -are,  [fati- 
mulo-],  I.  v.  a.,  spur  on,  goad. — 
Fig.,  goad  to  frenzy,  stimulate,  ex- 
cite, urge,  incite. 

stimulus,  -I,  [fstimo-  (-^Ktig,  in 
Stlnguo,  -f  nus,  cf.  any^i)  -f 
lus],  m.,  a  goad,  a  spur.  —  Fig., 
an  excitement,  a  stimulus,  a  spur 
(with  the  same  fijj.  in  English)  : 
stimuli  Bacchi  (the  frenzy  of 


Bacchus);  stimuli  amari  (cruel 
sting). 

stipatus,  -a,    inn,  p.p.  of  stlpo. 

stipes,  -itis,  (also  stips),  [fstipi- 
( -y/stip  +  i,  akin  to  stipo,  stips, 
cf.  <TTei£o>)  +  tus  or  -tis  (reduced)], 
m.,  (the  solid  trunk?),  a  trunk,  a 
tree-trunk,  a  stub  (a  tree  with  the 
branches  lopped). 

stlpo,  -avl,  -atum,  -are,  [fstip- 
(cf.  stipes,  stips)],  i.  v.  a.,  cram, 
crowd,  pack  :  carinis  argentum 
(sloiv,  load} .  —  Also,  accompany, 
escort,  attend  upon.  —  stipatus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.,  crowded,  dense, 
thronging;  —  escorted. 

stipula,  -ae,  [fstip-  (as  if  stipo-) 
+  la],  f.,  (a  little  trunk},  a  stalk, 
straw,  stubble  :  viridis  (the  blade, 
before  the  ear  forms). 

stiria,  -ae,  [akin  to  st  ilia],  f.,  an 
icicle. 

stirps,  stirpis,  [  ?,  apparently  akin 
to  stipes],  f.  and  m.,  a  stock,  a 
stem,  a  trunk,  a  root  (with  the 
stock,  cf.  radix,  root  alone),  a 
stump  :  nova  stirps  (a  new  stock, 
a  growth  for  propagation,  cf.  be- 
low).—  Fig.,  a  stock,  a  race,  a 
lineage,  a  family. — Of  individuals, 
a  scion,  the  progeny.  —  ab  stirpe, 
at  the  lower  end,  at  the  root,  by 
race,  from  the  root.  —  cum  stirpe 
(stirpibus  imis),  proverbial,  root 
andbranch. 

stiva,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  plough-handle. 

sto,  steti,  st  aiiim,  stare,  [-y/sta, 
cf.  7(TT7/^j],  I.  v.n.,  stand  (upright). 
—  In  descriptions  (often  with  a 
qualifying  word),  stand,  stand  by, 
stand  there,  be.  —  Less  exactly,  of 
things,  sland,  stand  erect,  standout, 
stand  firm,  be  built,  be  ;  a.lso,(come 
and}  stand.  —  So,  fig.,  standfast, 
stand  firm,  rest  on,  depend  on,  re- 
main standing,  remain.  —  So  :  ra- 
tis,and  the  \\ke(lie,anchor,land}; 
lapides  (of  statues) ;  stabis  de 
marmore  (of  a  divinity) ;  stet  du- 
ra silex  (stand  carved  from  &c.,or 
literally) ;  stat  gravis  Entellus ; 
mare  placidum  (/t>) ;  vires  BO- 


262 


Vocabulary. 


liclae  ;  cora  (centre  in) ;  res  Ilia ; 
spes  (rest  on)  ;  regno  incolumis 
(stand  unharmed  in  his  power)  • 
bene  stat  gratia  (gratitude  re- 
mains) ;  comae  (stand  on  end)  ; 
lamina  flamma  (standout)  ;  ferri 
acies ;  stetit  ante  pedes.  —  Esp. 
of  fighting  and  the  like :  acie ; 
lupiter  hac  stat  (is  on  this  side) ; 
stare  contra  (withstand,  be  op- 
posed). —  Also,  stop,  stay,  halt,  be 
checked.  —  Of  weapons,  stand  fast, 
stick,  stay,  be  fixed.  —  Esp.,  cost. — 
Also,  be  fixed,  be  determined,  one 
is  resolved.  —  Phrases :  stare  loco, 
remain  in  position,  stand  firm  ; 
stant  causae  belli,  seeds  of  war 
are  sown;  caelum  pulvere,  the 
air  hangs  thick  with  dust. 

stomachus,  -I,  [Gr.  (TTo/uaxos],m., 
the  stomach. 

strages,  -is,  [y'ster,  stra  (in 
sterno)  +  unc.  term.],  f.,  devasta- 
tion. —  Esp.  in  battle,  slaughter, 
havoc,  carnage  :  confusae  stragis 
acervus  (a  confused  heap  of  slain) . 

stramen,  -inis,  [  -y/ster,  stra  (in 
sterno)  +  men],  n.,  straw,  leaves 
(spread  for  bedding). 

stratum,  see  sterno. 

stratus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  sterno. 

strepito,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -are, 
[fstrepito-  (p.p.  of  strepo)], 
i.  v.  n.,  make  a  noise,  clamor. 

strep  it  us,  -us,  [fstrepi-(  of  strepo) 
+  tus),  m.,  a  noise,  a  din,  a  sound 
(loud  and  confused),  a  roar,  a 
busy  hum  (of  a  city),  a  murmur. 

strepo,  -ui,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [?], 
3.  v.  n.,  make  a  confused  noise, 
ring,  clash,  clang,  sound,  rattle, 
be  noisy,  resound.  —  Of  animals, 
cackle,  scream. 

strictura,  -ae,  [^/strig  (in  strin- 
go)  +  tura,  but  cf.  pictura],  f., 
a  pressure.  —  a  wrought  bar  (or 
mass  of  iron) . 

strictus,  -a,  -am,  p.p.  of  stringo. 

s  tri«I  co,  stridi,  no  sup.,  stride  re, 
[t stride-  (  Y/strid  +  us,  cf.  stri- 
dulus  and  strido)  ],  2.  v.  n.,  grate, 
creak,  rattle,  roar,  hiss,  whiz, 


twang,  buzz,  hum  :  vulnus  (Aiss)  ; 
procella  (howl). 

strido,  stridi,  no  sup.,  stridere, 
[-y/strid-,  of  unc.  kin.],  3.  v.  n., 
same  senses  as  strideo. 

stridor,  -orls,  [  -^/strid  (in  strido) 
+  or],  m.,  a  harsh  noise,  a  creak- 
ing, a  grating,  a  clanking,  a  roar, 
a  whizzing,  a  buzzing,  a  humming: 
acuunt  stridoribus  iras  (with 
noisy  hum). 

stridulus,  -a,  -um,  [fstrido- 
(whence  strideo)  +  lus],  adj., 
grating,  harsh  sounding,  whizzing. 

stringo,  strinxi,  strictum,  strin- 
gere,  [-^strig  (cf.  aTpa.yyifr)~\, 
3.  v.  a.,  (orig.  sense  unc.,  poss. 
squeeze),  bind,  compress.  —  Esp.  of 
weapons,  bare,  draw,  unsheath.  — 
A\so,  graze,  wound  slightly  :  mag- 
no  strinxit  de  corpore  Turni  (cut 
away  a  bit) .  —  So,  fig.,  touch  (the 
heart)  :  ripas  (of  a  river,  wash, 
wear  away) .  —  Also,  strip,  gather, 
trim,  cut  away. 

Strophades,  -um,  [Gr.  Srpo^aSes], 
f.  plur.,  two  islands  of  the  Ionian 
Sea  south  of  Zacynthus.  To  these 
islands  the  sons  of  Boreas  pursued 
the  Harpies. 

structus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  struo. 

struo,  struxi,  structum,  stru- 
ere,  [-^/stru,  remotely  akin  to 
sterno],  3.  v.  a.,  pile,  heap  up.  — 
Hence,  build,  erect,  raise.  —  Also, 
dispose,  arrange,  prepare  :  penum 
(set  forth) .  —  Esp.  of  war,  draw 
out,  array.  —  Fig.,  arrange,  plot, 
design,  purpose,  aim  at,  accom- 
plish.—  With  changed  point  of 
view,  heap  up  with  :  altaria  do- 
nis  (pile,  load). 

Strymon,  -onis,  [Gr.  STpu^eif],  m., 
a  river  of  Macedonia,  near  Thrace, 
famous  for  its  cranes. 

Strymonius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  2rpy- 
/xdcios],  adj.,  of  the  Strymon,  Stry- 
monian. 

Strymonius,  -i,  [same  word  as  pre- 
ceding], m.,  a  Trojan. 

studium,  -i,  (-ii),  [?,  -^/stud  (in 
studeo)  +  ium],  n.,  zeal,  eager- 


Vocabulary. 


263 


ness,  diligence,  care,  earnestness, 
interest,  desire,  curiosity  (desire  to 
see).  —  Also  (concretely),  a  fa- 
vorite pursuit,  a  pursuit,  a  taste, 
fondness,  an  employment.  —  Also 
(in  reference  to  some  object), 
party  spirit,  favor,  enthusiasm  (for 
one  side  or  the  other),  applause 
(expression  of  interest):  studia 
contraria  (different parties). 

stultus,  -a,  -um,  [y'stol  (in  sto- 
lidus,  of  unc.  kin.)  +  tus],  adj., 
foolish.  —  Masc.  as  subst.,  a  sim- 
pleton, a  blockhead. 

stupa,  see^stuppa. 

stupefacio,  -feci,  -factum,  -fa- 
cere,  [fstupe  (akin  to  stupeo) 
-facio,  cf.  labefacio] ,  3_v.  a.,  slun, 
daze,  stupefy,  astonish,  overwhelm 
(with  surprise). 

stupefactus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  stu- 
pefacio. 

stupeo,  -ul,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [fstupo- 
(-^/stup-fus,  akin  to  stipes,  etc.), 
cf.  ffTviros,  stupidus],  2.  v.  n.,  be 
amazed,  be  dazzled,  be  dazed,  be 
thunderstruck,  be  astonished,  be 
charmed,  marvel,  wonder,  gaze 
with  wonder:  hie  stupet  attonitus 
rostris  (is  dazzled  and  amazed'} ; 
stupet  in  Turno  (look  with  amaze- 
ment upon).  —  As  v.  a.,  marvel  at. 

stupor,  -oris,  [  y/stup  (in  stupeo) 
+  or],  mv  amazement.  —  Also, 
dullness,  deadness. 

stuppa  (stup-),  -ae,  [Gr.  <rr«5innj], 
f.,  tow,  hemp. 

stuppeus,  -a,  -um,  [fstuppa-  (re- 
duced) +  eus],  adj.,  of  tow,  hemp- 
en: Mamma  (burning  tow,  used 
as  a  means  of  warfare) . 

Stygius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Srtrytos], 
adj.,  of  the  Styx,  Stygian.  —  Also, 
of  the  Lower  world,  of  Hades  : 
luppiter,  rex  (Pluto);  vi  sopo- 
ratum  Stygia  (from  the  world 
below') . 

Styx,  -ygts,  [Gr.  2r^],  f.,  the 
river  that  surrounded  the  world 
below.  —  Less  exactly,  the  world 
below,  Hades. 

suadeo,  suasi,  suasum,  suadere, 


[fsuado-  (  y/suad  +  us,  cf .  male- 

suada),  akin  to  rjSo^at],  2.  v.  n. 
and  a.,  advise,  counsel,  persuade, 
invite,  suggest,  prompt,  impel :  tibi 
haec  litora  Delius  (warned  you 
to  seek). 

suadus,  see  malesuada. 

suavis,  -e,  [  ^/suad  (in  suadeo)  -}- 
us,  with  added  i,  cf.  in  gravis, 
cf.  r)Svs,  Sk.  svadu\,  adj.,  sweet, 
fragrant.  —  Neut.  as  adv.,  sweetly. 

sub  (old  subs,  cf.  obs  and  sus- 
pendo),  [mutilated  case-form,  cf. 
super,  akin  to  \nr6~],  prep,  with 
abl.,  underneath,  below,  under,  be- 
neath.—  In  various  connections 
where  the  English  conception  is 
different,  near  (a  high  object),  close 
to,  just  at,  just  behind,  in  (a  low- 
er place  or  of  light  and  night  con- 
ceived as  above) ;  hence,  during, 
on  (a  particular  night),  in  (an 
army,  under  arms),  under  the  pro- 
tection of,  at  (of  the  breast)  :  sub 
falsa  proditione  (tinder  a  false 
charge  of  treason};  sub  sole  (in 
the  sunlight,  under  the  light  of  the 
suit)  ;  sub  arina  (in  arms,  under 
arms).  —  With  ace.  in  same  senses, 
also  to  the  position  indicated  by 
the  prep.,  under,  beneath,  down, 
towards,  up  to  (up  under),  about  : 
sub  haec  (upon  this,  in  reply}; 
subora  (before  the  face,  cf.  "  under 
the  eyes");  sub  auras  (to  the 
light  of  day,  up,  forth)  ;  sub  noc- 
tem  (towards  night}.  —  In  comp., 
as  adv.,  under,  also  up  (cf.  sub 
auras),  in  the  place  of  (coming  up 
to  take  a  place),  slightly  (not  the 
highest  degree),  by  stealth,  towards, 
after. 

subactus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  subigo. 

subditus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  subdo. 

subdo,  -didi,  -ditum,  -dere,  [sub- 
do,  put],  3.  v.  a.,  put  under,  put 
beneath,  thrust  do-Mn,  apply  :  sub- 
dita  namma  (kindled  in,  pene- 
trating to) . 

subduco,  -duxi,  -dactum,  da- 
cere,  [sub-duco],  3.  v.  a.,  draw 
up:  naves  (beach,  technical).— 


264 


Vocabulary. 


Also,  take  from  under,  take  away, 
withdraw,  rescue.  —  Also,  steal, 
deprive  one  ^(changing  the  con- 
struction).—  Also  (cf.  sub)  :  sub- 
ducere  se  colles  {slope  down,  draw 
themselves  down);  subducta  unda 
{slipping  from  beneath) . 

subductus,  -a,  -uiii,  p.p.  of  sub- 
duco. 

subeo,  -Ivi  (-ii),  -itum,  -Ire,  [sub- 
eo],  irr.  v.  n.  and  a.,  go  under,  go 
beneath,  take  up,  support,  bear ; 
fig.,  undergo.  —  Also  (lit.  and  fig.), 
come  up,  spring  up,  come  forth, 
succeed,  take  the  place  of,  come  af- 
ter, come  next,  follow,  go  near,  go 
by,  approach,  enter,  come  to,  come, 
come  upon,  come  to  one's  aid:  su- 
bibat  nox  (was  climbing);  mu- 
cronem  {meet,  fall  upon}. —  Fig., 
occur,  come  to  one's  mind,  suggest 
itself:  subit  ira  {the  angry  desire 
comes  over  &c.,  anger  prompts  &c.) . 
—  subitus,  -a,  -uin,  p.p.  as  adj., 
{coming  stealthily') ,  sudden,  unex- 
pected.— Abl.  subito,  as  adv.,  sud- 
denly, unexpectedly,  of  a  sudden, 
all  at  once. 

suber,  -eris,  [?],  n.,  a  cork-tree. — 
Less  exactly,  cork. 

subferS,  see  suffero. 

subicio(subiicio),-iecl,-iectum, 
-icere,  [sub-iacio],  3.  v.  a.,  throw 
under,  place  under,  place  beneath, 
put  under  ;  — hence,  set  (of  fire), 
kindle  :  caudam  utero  {hang  his 
tail,  of  a  dog) ;  cui  rubor  ignem 
{spread  like  jire  in  her  cheeks} .  — 
Also,  throw  up  :  se  alnus  {spring 
up} ;  corpora  saltu  in  equos 
{spring  upon) .  —  Also,  throw  in  : 
pauca  furenti  {throiv  in  a  few 
words  amid  her  ravings}.  —  sub- 
lectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  lying 
beneath,  —  rising,  shooting  tip.  — 
Masc.  plur.,  subjects,  the  conquered. 

subiecto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [sub- 
iacto,  cf.  subicio],  I.  v.  a.,  throw 
up,  cast  up. 

subiectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  sub- 
icio^ 

subigo,  -egi,  -ucturn,  -igere,[sub- 


ago],  3.  v.  a.,  {force  up  or  under}, 
impel,  shove.  —  Also,  subdue,  bring 
under  cultivation,  till ;  —  compel, 
force,  constrain.  —  Esp. :  in  cote 
secures  {sharpen,  work  down)  : 
scrobes  subactae  {sunken,  dug 
down) . 

subito,  see  subeo. 

subitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  subeo. 

subiunotus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  sub- 
in  ngo. 

subiungo,-iunxl,  -iunctum,-iun- 
gere,  [sub-iungo],  3.  v.  a.,  yoke. 

—  Less  exactly,  attach  ;  —  hence, 
adorn,    furnish.  —  Also,    subdue, 
control,  subject. 

sublabor,    -lapsus,    -lab!,  [sub 

labor],  3.  v.  dep.,  fall  do^vn,  fall 

back,  fail,  deteriorate.  —  Also  (cf. 

sub),  glide    stealthily,    creep  on, 

slip  away  (of  time). 
sublapsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  sub- 
labor. 

sublatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  suffero. 
sublego,  -legi,  -lectum,  -legere, 

[sub-lego],  3.  v.  a.,  pick  up   by 

stealth,  catch  (secretly). 
sublevo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [sub- 

levo],  i.  v.  a.,  raise  up,  lift  up. 
subligo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [sub- 

ligo],  I.  v.  a.,  bind  beneath,  bind 

on,  fit  on  (of  a  shield). 
sublime  [abl.  of  sublimus,  collat. 

with    sublimis],    adv.,    on  high, 

aloft,  borne  aloft. 
sublimen  [sub-limen],  adv.,  read 

by  many  for  sublime,  sublimis, 

which  see  (Geor.  i.  242). 
sublimis,  -e,   [sub-limis  (akin  to 

limen,  wh.  see)],  adj.,  high,  lofty. 

—  Esp.,  raised  high,  borne  aloft, 
on   high,    mounted.  —  Fig.,   elate, 
exultant.  —  Often  like  most  adjec- 
tives in^adv.  sense. 

subluceo,  no  perf.  no  sup.,  -ere, 
[sub-luceo],  2.  v.  n.,  shine  dimly, 
glimmer. 

sublustris,  -e,  [sub-lustris  (unc. 
stem  akin  to  lux  -f  tris),  cf.  in- 
lustris],  adj.,  dim,  glimmering, 
dim  ly-  lighted. 

submerge  (sumin-)  ,-mersi,-mer- 


Vocabulary. 


265 


sum,    -mergere,    [sub-mergo], 

3.  v.  a.,  drown,  overwhelm,  sink  : 
submersae  puppes  (foundered). 

submersus  (suinm-),  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
of  submerge. 

submissus  (summ-),-a,  -um,  p.p. 
of  submitto. 

submitto  (summ-),  MUSI,  -mis- 
sum,  -mittere,  [sub-mitto],  3. 
v.  a.,  (send  under},  put  under,  let 
down  :  submissi  petimus  terrain 
(on  our  knees).  —  Fig.,  subdue, 
repress,  subject:  animos  amori 
(sacrifice). — Technical  (in  breed- 
ing), ^rtw  up,  raise,  keep. 

submotus  (summ-),  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
of  submoveo. 

submoveo  (summ-),  -movi,  -mo- 
tum,  -movere,  [sub-moveo],  2. 
v.  a.,  raise  up,  raise  high..  — Also, 
move  away,  remove,  clear  away  : 
si  quern  tellus,  etc.  (keep  afar}  • 
submota  spelunca  (hollowed  out, 
with  the  inside  cleared  away). 

subnecto,  -nexui,  -nexum,  -nec- 
tere,  [sub-necto],  3.  v.  a.,  bind 
beneath,  tie  beneath,  bind  under, 
bind  around,  fasten,  bind,  confine  : 
mentum  mitra  crinemque  sub- 
nexus  (binding  under  his  chin 
and  confining  his  locks). 

subnexus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  sul>- 
nccto. 

siihinxiis,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
supported  by,  resting  on,  sitting. 

suboles  (sob-),  -is,  [sub-foles,  cf. 
indoles],  f.,  (succeeding  genera- 
tion, in  place  of  the  old),  a  new 
race,  a  new  stock,  offspring,  prog- 
eny, increase  (of  flocks),  a  stock, 
a  breed,  a  child,  an  infant. 

subremigo  (surr-),  no  perf.,  no 
sup.,  -arc,  [sub-remigo],  i.v.  n., 
row  quietly  along. 

subrideo  (surr-),  -risi,  no  sup., 
-ridere,[sub-rideoj,2.v.  n.,  smile. 

subrigo  (surr-),  see  surgo. 

sitbsidium,  -i  (-11),  [f subside- (or 
tsubsid)+ium,  cf.  praesidium], 
n.,  (sitting  in  reserve),  a  reserve. 
—  Hence,  reinforcement,  a  rein- 
forcement, aid,  assistance. 


subside,  -sedi,  -sessum,  -sidere, 

[sub-sido],  3.  v.  n.  and  a.,  sink 
down,  crouch  down. — Of  things, 
sink,  settle :  Teucri  (be  absorbed, 
be  lost) ;  Acestes  galea  (remain 
at  the  bottom} . —  Fig.,  subside, 
abate  :  undae.  —  Act.,  lie  in  wait 
for,  waylay. 

subsisto,  -stiti,  no  sup.,  -sistere, 
[sub-sisto],  3.  v.  a.,  stop  behind, 
stay  behind,  stop,  halt,  stand  still, 
resist,  hold  out,  stand  fast,  stand 
in  reserve  :  aper  (stand  at  bay)  ; 
Tibris  (stay  his  course) . 

subsum,no  perf.,-esse,  [sub-sum], 
irr.  v.  n.,  be  under,  be  behind,  un- 
derlie :  suberunt  vestigia  frau- 
dis  (there  will  remain  some  lurk- 
ing (races,  &c.)  ;  subest  solo 
natura  (there  is  a  secret  power  in 
the  soil ) . 

subtemen,  -inis,  [subtex  (as  if 
root  of  subtexo)  +  men],  n.,  the 
woof,  the  filling,  thread. 

subter[sub-f  ter  (cf.  inter)], adv., 
beneath,  below,  underneath. —  Prep, 
(with  ace.  or  abl.),  under,  beneath. 

subterlabor,  -lapsus,  -labi,  (or 
separate),  [subter-labor],  3.  v. 
fop.,  glide  beneath,  flow  under, flow 
below, 

subtexo,  -texui,  -textum,  -texe- 
re,  [sub-texo],  3.  v.  a.,  weave  un- 
derneath. —  With  change  of  point 
of  view,  (underweave),  line,  cover 
with  a  veil,  veil. 

subtraho,  -traxi,  -tractum,  -tra- 
here,  [sub-traho],  3.  v.  a.,  with- 
draw :  subtrahitur  solum  (the 
sea  flies  behind  theni) . 

subulcus,  -i,  [akin  to  sus,  cf.  bu- 
bulcus],  m.,  a  swineherd. 

suburgeo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -urge- 
re,  [sub-urgeo],  2.  v.  a.,  force  up 
to,  force_  towards,  drive  close  to. 

subvecto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [sub- 
vecto,  cf.  subveho],  l.v.a.,  carry 
up,  bring  up. — Less  exactly,  trans- 
port, ferry  over  (by  a  regular  con- 
veyance). 

subvectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  sub- 
veho. 


266 


Vocabulary. 


subveho,  -vexi,  -vectum,  -ve- 
here,  [sub-veho],  3.  v.  a..,  carry 
up,  bring  up.  —  Pass.,  be  borne 
up,  ride  up,  sail  up  :  nox  bigis 
subvecta  (driving  her  two-horse 
chariot}. 

subvenio,  -veni,  -ventum,  -ve- 
nire, [sub-venio],  4.  v.  n.,  come 
to  one's  relief  (cf.  subsidium), 
aid,  help,  relieve. 

subvolvo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -vol- 
vere,  [sub-volvo],  3.  v.  a.,  roll  up. 

succedo,  -cessi,  -cessum,  -ce- 
dere,  [sub-cedo],  3.  v.  n.  and  a., 
go  beneath,  pass  beneath,  go  down, 
come  under,  enter  (beneath) .  — 
Also,  go  under  (a  burden),  take 
up,  bear,  draw  (of  a  chariot  drawn 
by  a  yoke).  —  Also,  go  up,  come 
up,  go  aloft  to,  rise  to  :  hue  succe- 
dunt  (go  to  the  top  of  this). — Also, 
go  to,  come  to,  repair  to,  go  into, 
approach,  enter  (into),  reach. — 
Also,  come  up  (instead  of),  take 
the  place  of,  succeed  (to),  take  up 
(in  place  of  another),  go  instead 
of,  come  in  (after  something  else) : 
succedunt  illi  servant  qui  vices 
(come  up,  in  place  of  the  others)  ; 
cura  patrum  cadere  et  succe- 
dere  matrum  (take  its  place) ;  pro 
me  hostili  succedere  dextrae 
(expose  himself  for  me,  &c.). — 
Also,  prosper,  succeed. 

succendo,  -cendi,  -censum,  -cen- 
dere,  [sub-fcando,  cf.  incendo], 
3.  v.  a.,  set  on  fire  beneath.  — Fig., 
fire,  inflame. 

succensus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  suc- 
cendo. 

successus,  -us,  [sub-cessus,  cf. 
incessiis  and  succedo],  m.,  ad- 
vance, career.  —  Also,  success. 

succido,  -cidi,  no  sup.,  -cidere, 
[sub-cado],  3.  v.  n.,  fall  dmvn, 
sink,  sink  down. 

succido,  -cidi,  -cisum,  -cidere, 
[sub-caedo],  3.  v.  a.,  cut  beneath  : 
succiso  poplite  (cutting  the  ham- 
strings, hack  of  the  knee) ;  succi- 
sus  flos  aratro  (cut  off  at  the  root} . 


succinctus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  suc- 


succingo,  -cinxi,  -cinctum,  -cin- 
gere,  [sub-cingo],  3.  v.  a.,  bind 
under,  gird  about.  —  Also  of  things 
put  on  by  girding,  clothe,  surround, 
equip.  —  Poetically,  of  Scylla:  suc- 
cinctalatrantibus  monstris  (girt 
about)  . 

succisus,  ja,  -um,  p.p.  of  succido. 

succumbo,  -cubai,  -cubitum, 
-cumbere,  [sub-cumbo],  3.  v.  n., 
fall  under.  —  Fig.,  yield  to,  give 
way  to.^ 

succurro,  -curri,  -cursum,  -cur- 
rere,  [sub-curro],  3.  v.  n.,  run 
to  aid  (cf.  subsidium),  come  to 
the  rescue  of,  go  to  save,  rescue, 
save,  help,  relieve,  succor.  —  Also, 
occur  (to  one's  mind)  :  succurrit 
pulchrum  mori  in  armis  (the 
thought  occurs  to  me,  &c.). 

Sucre,  -onis,  [?],  m.,  a  Rutulian. 

sncus  (succus),  -i,  [Y/SUC  (sug?) 
+  us,  cf.  sugo],  m.,  juice,  vital 
moisture,  sap.  —  Less  exactly,  juice 
(as  cause  of  flavor),  flavor.  —  Fig., 
strength,  vigor. 

fsudis,  -is,  [?],  f.,  c  stake. 

sado,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [-y/sud 
(prob.  through  adj.  -stem  fsudo-), 
akin  to  I5os,  i$p<as,  Eng.  sweat], 
I.  v.  n.  and  a.,  sweat  :  aera  (con- 
ceived as  sweating).  —  Less  ex- 
actly, distil,  flow  with,  be  wet  with. 
—  Also,  exude  from.  —  Fig.,  reek 
with  :  sanguine. 

sudor,  -oris,  [^/sud  (in  sudo)  + 
or],  m.,  sweat,  perspiration.  — 
Also,  toil. 

sudus,  -a,  -urn,  [prob.  se-udus], 
adj.,  dry,  clear,  fair  :  per  sudum 
(in  fair  weather)  . 

suesco,  suevi,  suetum,  suescere, 
[fsue-  (of  sueo)  +  sco],  3.  v.  n. 
and  a.,  be  wont,  be  accustomed,  be 
used.  —  suetus,  -a,  -um,  p.p., 
accustomed,  used,  wont. 

suetus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  suesco. 

sufifectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  suflficio. 

suflferB,  sustuli,  sublatum,  suf- 
ferre,  [sub  (subs)  -fero],  irr.  v.  a., 


Vocabulary. 


267 


bear  up.  —  Fig.,  withstand,  hold 
out,  resist. — In  other  senses  the 
perf.  tenses  and  p.p.  are  referred 
to  tollo,  to  which  their  simple 
forms  belong. 

sulllcio,  -fed,  -fectum,  -flcere, 
[sub-facio],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  dip 
in,  dye.  —  Also:  suffectus  san- 
guine et  igne  {suffused '&c.,  blood- 
shot and  fiery).  — Also,  substitute, 
produce  in  place  of  another,  supply 
(one  after  another),  choose  (anew)  : 
ipsae  regem  (of  bees,  choose  kings 
in  succession). —  Hence,  supply 
(from  time  to  time),  yield,  afford, 
furnish,  produce.  —  Intrans.,  (sup- 
ply itself},  be  sufficient,  suffice,  be 
adequate,  hold  out,  be  able. 

sullio,  -IvI  (-11),  -Itum,  -ire,  [sub- 
fio,  lost  verb  akin  to  fumus], 
4.  v.  a.,  fumigate. 

suffbdio,  -f  odi,  -fossum,  -fodere, 
fsub-fodio],  3.  v.  a.,  stab  beneath, 
stab  (from  beneath)  :  suffosso 
equo  (some  read  suffuse J . 

suffbssus, -a,  -u in ,  p.p.  of  suffbdio. 

suffundo,  -fudi,  -fusum,  -fun- 
dere,  [sub-fundo],  3.  v.  a.,  pour 
in  or  on  (supply  by  pouring) .  — 
Fig.,  spread  over,  diffuse. — suf- 
fusus, -a,  -u in,  p.p.  (cf.  spargo), 
suffused,  filled,  overflowing. 

su  ll'u  s  us,  -a,  -  u  in,  p.p.  of  su  ffu  IK  I<  > . 

suggero  (sub-),  -gessl,  -gestum, 
-gerere,  [sub-gero],  3.  v.  &.,place 
under,  heap  beneath.  —  Also,  fur- 
nish (cf.  sufflcio),  supply,  supply 
one  with  (changing  construction). 

sui,  gen.  (nom.  wanting),  [pron. 
y'sva],  reflex,  pron.  3d  pers.,  re- 
ferring to  the  subject,  himself,  her- 
self, itself,  themselves  ;  —  also  re- 
ciprocal, one  another,  each  other, 
one  the  other.  —  Often  translated  in 
Eng.  by  a  pers.  pron.,  unless  con- 
nected immediately  with  a  verb, 
him,  her,  it,  them :  silvas  invol- 
vens  secum  (rolling  in  woods 
with  it}  ;  Teucros  ad  sese  voca- 
vit  (called to  hint)  ;  inter  se  (ivith, 
from,  by,  &c.,  each  other} .  —  Often 
lost  in  Eng.  (the  corresponding 


verb  being  intrans.),  or  absorbed 
in  another  phrase.  —  Often  in 
subordinate  clauses  referring  to 
the  main  subject,  but  it  may  also 
refer  to  the  subordinate  subject, 
whence  it  is  sometimes  ambiguous. 

—  Often   referring    to    an    active 
agent  not  the  grammatical  subject. 

—  Reduplicated, sese,  without  dif- 
ference of  meaning. 

sulco,  -avi,-atum,  -are,  [fsulco-], 
i .  v.  a.,  plough. —  Poetically,  plough 
(the  sea). 

sulcus,  -I,  [akin  to  6\Kfa,  ?A;ceo], 
m.,  a  furrow.  —  Less  exactly,  a 
trench,  a  r<ra/(where  the  vines  were 
originally  planted  in  a  furrow),  a 
train  (of  a  meteor).  —  Also,  of  the 
path  of  a  vessel,  where  the  same 
figure  may  be  kept ;  —  also,  fig.  of 
generation. 

Sul in o,  -onis,  [a  town  in  Italy], 
m.,  a  Rutulian. 

sulphur  (sulf-),  -uris,  [?],  n.,  sul- 
phur. 

sulphureus  (sulf-),-a,-um,  [fsul- 
phur  +  eus],  adj.,  sulphurous. 

sum,  fui,  f uturus,  esse,  [  y'es  and 
-y/bhu,  cf.  flfj.1  and  <£vo>],  irr.  v.  n., 
be,  exist,  live.  —  Also,  happen,  take 
place,  there  is,  &c. :  erunt  altera 
bella ;  forte  fuit  tumulus. — Esp., 
in  perf.  tenses,  has-  been  (is  no 
more,  is  past)  :  sed  fortuna  fuit. 

—  Less  definitely,  be  (in  a  place)  : 
hinc   adeo  media  est  via  (just 
here  is  the  middle  of  our  way).  — 
Esp.  with  indef.  subj.  followed  by 
a  relative,  there  are  those  who,  &c. : 
semper   erunt  quarum   mntari 
corpora  malis.  —  So :  est  quod, 
there  is  reason  why,  one  has  reason 
to.  —  With  dat.,  there  is  with  one, 
there  is  on  one's  part,  there  is  for 
one,  one  has.  —  Esp. :   esto,  be  it  so 
(expression  of  assent),  what  then. 

—  Impers.,  it  is  possible,  it  is  al- 
lowed, one  can,  one  may.  —  Fading 
away  to  a  mere  copula,  be. — So 
with  nouns,  adjectives,  adverbs,  and 
phrases.  —  Esp.,  with  gen.,  be,  re- 
quire, cost,  belong  to,  be  the  part  oft 


268 


Vocabulary. 


be  (he  duly  of. — With  dat.,  be,  cause, 
work,  bring:  mox  erat  hocipsum 
exitio  (was  their  destruction) .  — 
Also,  in  inf.,  by  a  Greek  usage,  to 
be,  as:  ease  dederat  monumen- 
tum  sui.  —  fuat,  old  subjunctive 
instead  of  sit. — forem,  etc.,  equiv- 
alent to  essem. — fore,  equivalent 
to  futurus,  etc.,  esse. — futurus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  future,  com- 
ing.—  Neut.,  the  future. 

summ-,  in  words  compounded  with 
sub,  see  subni-. 

suiiiiua,  -ae,  [f.  of  summits,  see 
superus],  f.,  the  main  thing,  the 
chief  point,  the  conclusion  of  the 
whole,  the  main  point :  belli  (the 
issue,  the  chief  command)  ;  haec 
summa  est  (the  substance  of  the 
•whole) . 

summus,  -a,  -um,  superl.  of  su- 
perus. 

sumo,  sumpsi,  sumptum,  su- 
mere,  [sub-emo,  take],  3.  v.  a., 
take,  take  tip,  bear,  put  on,  wear. 
—  Fig.,  take  on,  assume,  take  up, 
adopt.  —  Esp.  with  words  of  pun- 
ishment (cf.  pocna).  exact  (the 
penalty),  inflict,  saiisfy(l\\e  debt  of 
vengeance  due)  :  poenas  inimico 
a  sanguine  sumit  (satisfy  -with 
hostile  blood  the  vengeance  due,  as  if 
the  blood  were  taken  in  payment). 

sumptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  sumo. 

suo,  sui,  sutum,  sucro,  [  -v/ST1»  cf. 
KOLffffvu,  Eng.  sew"],  3.  v.  a.,  sew, 
stitch,  stitch  together. — Neut.  plur. 
of  p.p.,  suta,  -orum,  a  corslet, 
a  breastplate  (orig.  made  by  stitch- 
ing)- 

supellex,  supellectllis,  [probably 
super-flectis  (akin  to  lego)  and 
fsupellecti  +  lis],  f.,  household 
furniture,  furniture.  —  Also,  im- 
plements (of  farming),  utensils. 

super  [mutilated  case-form  of  su- 
perus, cf.  faep],  adv.  and  prep. 
Adv.,  above,  over,  over  all,  upon 
or  above  (something  expressed  in 
the  context),  on  the  top.  —  Also, 
over  and  above,  remaining,  left, 
besides,  further,  furthermore,  and 


then  (in  addition  to  something 
done). — Also,  from  above.  —  As  if 
connected  with  verbs  in  half-com- 
position (sometimes  considered  as 
compounded  and  sometimes  not). 

—  Prep,  (with  ace.),  upon  (oftener 
of  motion  to,  real   or  conceived, 
cf.  in),  on  the  top  of,  above,  over : 
quos  super   (over  whose  heads'). 
— Also,  more  than,  besides,  beyond: 
super  crania  (above  all,  especial- 
ly} ;    (with   abl.),  on,   upon   (of 
rest).  —  Also,  on  (fig.),  concern- 
ing, about,  for  the  sake  of,  for,  in 
regard  to,   as  to.  —  Also  :    nocte 
super  media  (about). 

superadditus,  see  super. 

superaddo,  see  super. 

superadsto,  -stiti,  no  sup.,  -stare, 
[super-adsto] ,  i .  v.  a.,  lig&t  upon. 

superbia,  -ae,  [fsuperbo-  (re- 
duced) -f  ia],  f.,  pride,  arrogance, 
insolence,  lawlessness,  wantonness. 

superbus,  -a,  -um,  [super  (as 
stem)  +  bus,  cf.  morbus  and  virtp- 
jStos],  adj.,  overweening,  overbear- 
ing, proud,  haughty,  arrogant,  in- 
solent, wanton,  lawless :  gentes 
(fierce,  lawless) ;  nece  spoliisque 
superbus  (exultant,  flushed}  ; 
bello  superbus  (as  much  as  fero- 
cious, unrestrained  by  the  rights  of 
others) .  —  Also,  of  things  connect- 
ed with  persons,  as  in  Eng. :  verba 
(arrogant)  ;  vox  (insolent,  taunt- 
ing) ;  fastidia ;  iussa ;  animi ; 
bellum  (as  much  as  unprovoked}; 
rates.  —  Transferred,  of  things  to 
be  proud  of,  proud,  splendid,  mag- 
nificent, superb,  glorious,  noble, 
high,  lofty,  stately  :  genus ;  con- 
iugium  (high  alliance)  ;  postes. 
The  last  two  divisions  constantly 
run  into  each  other,  as  is  the  case 
with  all  transferred  adjectives,  cf. 
auro  spoliisque  postes;  fores 
superbae  (the  doors  of  the  noble, 
and  at  the  same  time  noble  doors). 
— Also,  in  a  good  sense,  proud, 
lofty,  high-minded :  anima  Bruti. 

—  Of  a  horse:    superbi  gressus 
(fraud,  high-stepping). 


Vocabulary. 


269 


supercllium,  -i  (  li),  [super-fci- 
lium  (over  the  eyelids)],  n.,  the 
eyebrcnu.  —  Transferred,  a  brow  (of 
a  hill). 

superemineo,  no  perf.,  no  sup., 
-ere,  [super-emineo],  2.  v.  a., 
tower  above,  rise  above. 

superiacio,  -ieci,  -iectum,  -iace- 
re,  [super-iacio],  3.  v.  a.,  throw 
over. — By  change  of  point  of  view, 
cover:  scopulos  unda  (ilrencfi). 

superimmineo,  no  perf.,  no  sup., 
-ere,  [super-immineo],  2.  v.  n., 
overhang,  stand  high  above :  pas- 
torem  ense  sequens  (lean  threat- 
eningly over). 

superimpono,  see  super. 

superinicio,  see  super. 

superintono,  no  perf.,  no  sup., 
-are,  [super-intono,  but  see  su- 
per], I.  v.  n.,  rattle  above  :  ingens 
clipeum  (fall  crashing  above,  of 
a  falling  warrior).  The  passage, 
y£n.  ix.  709,  is  sometimes  other- 
wise explained. 

super-lie  [abl.  of  supernus,  cf.  in- 
ferne],  adv.,  from  above,  above, 
in  tlie  world  above  (on  earth). 

supcro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fsu- 
pero-],  i.  v.  a.  and  n.  Intrans., 
rise  above,  be  above,  go  over. —  Fig., 
surpass,  be  lofty,  be  elated :  supe- 
rans  animis;  super  ante  forma. 
—  Also,  be  over  and  above,  be  left, 
be  left  alone,  remain,  survive,  be 
safe,  be  spared :  quo  non  carior 
alter  (no  one  alive  is  more  dear, 
&c.).  —  Hence,  abound,  be  in  ex- 
cess, be  abundant:  gregibus  iu- 
ventus  (is  exuberant) ;  fetus.  — 
Act.,  rise  above,  ascend,  go  over, 
pass  beyond,  pass  :  limen  (cross) ; 
Gyan  (pass  by);  salt  a  viam 
(bound  over) .  —  Fig.,  overcome, 
conquer,  vanquish,  prevail  over, 
prevail  upon,  sur/nounf,  over- 
power, outvie.  —  Absolutely  (with 
obj.  implied),  gain  the  mastery, 
win  (of  a  race) ;  —  hence,  with 
cogn.  ace.,  gain,  win  :  locum  pri- 
orem. 

su  porstos,  -itis,  [super-fates  (^/sta 


+  tia,  reduced)],  adj.,  standing  by. 

—  Also    (cf.    super),    surviving, 
alive,  a  survivor. 

superstitio,  -onis,  [super-statio, 
cf.  supersto,  a  standing  by,  cf. 
superstes  (first  meaning)],  f., 
superstition,  dread.  — Transferred, 
an  object  of  dread. 

supersto,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -stare, 
[super-sto],  i.  v.  n.  and  a.,  stana 
over. 

supersum,  -fui,  -esse,  (also  sepa- 
rate), [super-sum],  irr.  v.  n.,  (be 
over  and  above),  remain,  survive, 
still  remain,  be  left,  last,  continue  ; 

—  hence,  suffice,   be    sufficient. — 
Also,  abound,  be  in  excess :  sem- 
per   tibi    erunt    (there    will    be 
enough,  you  will  have   enough) ; 
superest  deducere  terram  (the 
earth   is  still  to  be,  &c.). —  Esp. : 
quod    superest,    what  alone   re- 
mains, as  to  the  rest  (so  much  for 
that,  now,  &.C.),  furthermore,  now. 

superus,  -a,  -um,  [fsupo-  (wh. 
sub,  cf.  into)  +  rus,  cf.  inferus], 
adj.  (mostly  plur.),  being  above, 
upper,  above,  on  high,  high  :  regna 
(of  heaven,  opposed  to  earth) ; 
orae  (the  upper  world,  opposed  to 
the  earth  beneath);  caelicolum 
rex  (Jiigli) ;  convexa  (the  concave 
skies).  —  Masc.  plur.  as  subst.,  the 
gods  above  (opposed  to  infer!), 
Heaven,  the  world  above,  men  on 
earth  (opposed  to  Hades) .  —  Neut. 
plur.  as  subst.,  the  world  above, 
the  heavens,  the  sky,  Heaven.  — 
Compar.  superior,-oris. — Superl. 
supremus,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  form 
of  fsupero+mus,  cf.  extremus], 
highest,  very  high,  lofty,  noble.  — 
Also,  last,  extreme,  last  degree  of, 
supreme  :  salus  (last  hope  of  safe- 
ty); macies;  lumen  (fading); 
ad  supremum  (to  (he  end). — 
Neut.  plur.  as  subst.,  the  last  offices, 
the  last  sad  rites,  funeral  rites.  — 
Neut.  sing,  as  subst.,  the  last  time, 
for  the  last  time  :  supremum  con- 
gemnit  (groanedhis  last) . — sum- 
in  u^,  -a,  -um,  [sub  (sup)  }  mus, 


270 


Vocabulary. 


cf.  imus],  highest,  the  top  of,  up- 
permost, topmost,  the  highest  part 
of,  upper,  the  surface  of,  the  end  of, 
the  head  of,  the  tip  of,  the  edge  of, 
outmost,  outer,  high,  lofty:  fasti- 
gia  rerum  {principal  points,  but 
the  Latin  keeps  the  figure,  salient 
points);  summa  tempora  (the 
forehead}  — Fig.,  highest,  supreme, 
most  important,  chief,  main,  ut- 
most, greatest,  extreme :  summa 
res  (cf.  summa,  the  main  strug- 
gle, the  welfare  of  the  state,  the 
issue  of  a  conflict)  ;  summae  res 
{momentous,  the  highest  interests, 
the  welfare) ;  dies  {final,  supreme 
moment).  —  Neut.  sing,  and  plur., 
the  top,  the  summit. 

supervenio,  -veni,  -ventum,  -ve- 
nire, [super- venio],  4.  v.  n.,  come 
upon,  come up,arrive, happen  upon. 

supervolito,  -avf,  no  sup.,  -are, 
[super- volito],  I.  v.  a.  and  n.,y?y 
over,  flit  about. 

supervolo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -are, 
[super-volo],  I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  fly 
over. 

supi initiis,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  supino. 

supino,  -avi,  -atiim,  -are,  [fsu- 
pino-],  I.  v.  a.,  bend  back,  lay 
on  the  back:  supinatae  glebae 
(turned  up,  laid  over,  in  plough- 
ing)- 

supinus,  -a,  -um,  [fsupo-  (wh. 
sub  and  super,  lengthened)  + 
nus],  adj.,  laid  on  the  back,  face 
uppermost.  —  Esp.  of  the  hands, 
upturned  (in  supplication) ,  suppli- 
ant.—  Also,  sloping  (as  if  bent 
back) . 

suppled,  -plevi,  -pletum,  -plere, 
[sub-pleo],  2.  v.  a.,  supply  (from 
time  to  time,  cf.  sub),  flll  up, 
make  good. 

supplex,  -plicis,  [sub-plex,  cf. 
duplex],  adj.,  (kneeling),  sup- 
pliant, as  a  suppliant,  entreating, 
on  one's  knees  (fig.),  in  supplica- 
tion, in  suppliant  guise.  —  Of 
things,  as  in  Eng.  —  Often  as  a 
subst.,  a  suppliant. 
supplicitcr  ffsupplic-  (as  if  -plici-) 


+  ter,  prob.  n.  of  -terus  (reduced), 
cf.  uter],  adv.,  as  a  suppliant,  in 
suppliant  guise. 

supplicium,  -I  (-11),  [fsupplic  + 
ium],  n.,  (a  kneeling),  supplica- 
tion. —  Also,  punishment.  —  Less 
exactly,  a  penalty  (like  poena)  : 
dira  tegens  supplicia  (traces  of 
punishment,  wounds). 

suppono,  -posui,  -positum  (-pos- 
tum),ponere,[sub-pono],3.v.a., 
place  beneath,  put  under,  set  (of 
fire  placed  under),  apply  (of  a 
sickle  cutting  below  the  head)  : 
cultros  {apply  to  the  throat,  the 
head  of  the  victim  being  drawn 
down). — Also  (cf.  sub),  place 
secretly,  substitute :  mater  sup- 
posita  {spurious). 

suppositus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  sup- 
pono. 

suppostus,-a, -um  ;  see  suppono. 

supra  [prob.  abl.  of  superus,  cf. 
extra],  adv.  and  prep.  Adv., 
above,  over,  on  the  upper  side,  over 
it  {him,  them,  &c.)  :  vertice  supra 
est  {is  higher,  taller}.  —  Prep., 
above,  over. — Pig.,  beyond,  superior 
to,  contrary  to  :  morem ;  modum ; 
omnia  {above  everything). 

supremus,  -a,-um;  see  superus. 

sura,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  the  calf  of  the  leg, 
the  ankle,  the  leg. 

surculus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a  shoot,  a 
sprout,  a  scion  :  nee  surculus  idem 
Crustumiis  Syriisque  {shoots  = 
mode  of  growth}. 

MI nl us,  -a,  -um,  [  ^sur  {heavy  ?, 
cf.  Sk.  svaras)  -f  dus],  adj.,  deaf : 
surdis  non  canimus  auris  (pro- 
verbial) . 

surgo  (rarely  subrlgo,  surr-), 
subrexi,  subrectum,  surgere, 
[sub-regS],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.  Act., 
raise,  erect.  —  Intrans.,  raise  one's 
self,  rise,  arise  (in  most  English 
senses).  —  Of  heavenly  bodies. — 
Of  growth  or  increase  or  coming 
into  being,  of  the  winds,  of  rivers, 
of  sounds,  of  tall  objects,  of  waves, 
of  excitement :  animo  sententia 
{occur  to)  ;  limina  gradibus 


Vocabulary. 


271 


(stand  high};  oleaster  (spring 
up};  in  dies  Tisiphone  (come 
forth};  surgens  in  cornua  cer- 
vus  (with  to2uering  horns)  ;  irae 
ductori  (be  aroused}. 

sus,  suis,  [prob.  Vsu»  produce, 
strengthened,  as  stem,  cf.  Is,  Eng. 
sow,  s-ioine~\,  comm.,  a  swine,  a 
boar,  a  sow,  a  pig. 

susceptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  sus- 


suscipio  (succ-),-cepi,  -ceptum, 

-cipere,[subs-capio],  3.  v.  a.,  take 
up,  raise  up,  catch.  —  Esp.,  bear, 
beget.  —  Fig.,  begin,  take  up. 

Misrit  <>,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [subs- 
cito],  I.  v.  a.,  shake  up,  stir  up.  — 
Less  exactly  and  fig.,  rouse,  stir, 
provoke,  awake,  instigate,  urge, 
kindle,  inflame:  caedem  (make 
havoc)  ;  poenas  (reawakens  ven- 
geance quieted  by  lapse  of  time). 

suspectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  sus- 
picio. 

suspectus,  -us,  [subs-spectus,  cf. 
susplcio],  m.,  a  look  upward, 
height  (measured  by  the  eye  look- 
ing up),  distance  (upward). 

suspemltS,  -pendi,-pensum,-pen- 
dere,  [subs-pendo],  3.  v.  a.,  hang 
up,  hang,  suspend  :  votas  vestes 
(as  a  votive  'offering  after  any 
great  danger)  ;  arma  (as  an  offer- 
ing) ;  ceras  (fasten  up,  of  bees 
building  from  above).  —  Less  ex- 
actly, raise,  lift:  sulco  (of  the 
earth,  plough}.  —  suspt-nsus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.,  hung  up,  suspended, 
floating  (of  Camilla),  perched  up- 
on, hung  in  air.  —  Fig.,  anxious, 
in  suspense,  in  alarm  :  multo 
suspehsum  numine  (awed}. 

suspensus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  sus- 
pendo. 

suspicio,  -spexi,  -spectum,  -spi- 
cere,  [subs-specie]  ,  3.  v.  a.  and 
n.,  look  up  at,  look  up,  look  (at 
anything  high).  —  Less  exactly, 
gaze  at,  behold,  see,  notice,  observe. 
—  suspectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 
adj.,  suspected,  an  object  of  sus- 
picion, distrusted,  in  suspicion. 


suspiro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [sub- 
spiro^,  I.  v.  n.,  sigh. 

sustento,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [subs- 
tentus,  cf.  sustineo],  i .  v.  a.,  hold 
up,  support :  sustentata  diu  (of 
a  ship  on  a  rock,  kept  afloat,  kept 
above  the  -waves} ;  aciem  (hold  the 
line,  maintain  the  fight).  —  Also, 
hold  out  against,  keep  in  check.  — 
Fig.,  support,  sustain,  keep  up. 

sustineo,  -tinui,  -tentum,  -ti- 
nere,  [subs-teneo],  2.  v.  a.  and 
n.,  hold  up,  support,  bear  tip,  bear, 
carry,  hold.  —  Also,  withstand, 
keep  in  check,  keep  off,  hold  out, 
bear  a  shock.  —  Also,  support,  sus- 
tain, feed. 

sustuli,  see  tollo. 

susurro,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -are, 
[fsusurro-J,  I.  v.  n.,  hum,  buzz, 
murmur. 

susurrus,  -i,  [redupl.  root  (perh. 
from  the  sound)  +  us],  m.,  a  whis- 
per, a  murmur. 

su  t  a,  -or  n  m  ;  see  suo. 

siit His,  -e,  [fsuto-  (of  sutus)  + 
lis],  adj.,  sewn,  sewed:  cymba 
(patched,  either  of  hides,  rushes 
or  perhaps  papyrus,  bark  canoe?}; 
balteus  (leather,  stitched). 

sut  us,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  suo. 

suus,  -a,  -um,  [pron.  y'svA  -f  YAS 
(or  -us),  cf.  e<k],  poss.  pron.  (of 
3d  pers. reflex.),  his,  her,  its,  their. 
—  Often  emphatic,  his  own,  &c.  — 
Masc.  plur.,  his  &c.  friends,  fol- 
lowers, companions,  fellcnv- citizens, 
men,  race,  &c.  —  Neut.,  his  &c. 
a/airs,  property,  interests,  &c. — 
Also  (not  necessarily  referring  to 
subject),  one's  (nun,  favoring,  pro- 
pitious, favorable,  suitable,  appro- 
priate, fitting.  —  With  qulsque 
(best  rendered  by  a  change  of 
construction),  every  man's,  each 
one's:  trahit  sua  quemque  vo- 
luptas  (each  one's  &c.  draws 
him}. 

Sybarls,  -Is,  [Gr.  2i50of>is],  m.,  a 
Trojan. 

Sychaeus  (Si-),-I,  m.,  the  husband 
of  Dido. 


2/2 


Vocabrilary. 


Syinaethius,  -a,  -um,  [fSymae- 
tho-  (reduced)  +  ius,  cf.  SiVtaitfos], 
adj.,  of  the  Symalhus  (a  river  at 
the  east  end  of  Sicily),  Symathian. 

Syracosius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  ~S.vpa.Ko- 
ffios~\,  adj.,  Syracusan,  of  Syracuse 
(the  chief  city  of  Sicily). 

Syrius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  iuptos],  adj., 
of  Syria  (the  country  at  the  east- 
ern end  of  the  Mediterranean,  used 
loosely  for  all  that  region),  Syrian, 
Assyrian.  From  this  region  came 


many  fruits,  spices,  and   fragrant 
herbs  and  gums. 

Syrtis,  -is,  [Gr.  Swpns],  f.,  Maior 
(Gulf 'of  Sidra)  and  Minor  (Gulf 
of  Cabes),  the  name  of  two  shal- 
low bays  on  the  northern  coast  of 
Libya,  held  to  be  most  dangerous 
for  mariners,  prob.  on  account  of 
violent  seas  in  shallow  waters  as 
well  as  of  shifting  sands.  —  Plur., 
the  Syrtes,  used  loosely  of  the  sand- 
banks and  bars  of  all  that  region. 


T. 


tabeo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [ftabi 
(or  -e,  in  tabes)],  2.  v.  n.,  waste 
away,  melt  ar*ay :  tabentes  artus 
(dripping,  as  if  melting  away) ;  ta- 
bentes genae  (wasted,  with  care). 

tabes,  -is,  [prob.  y'ta  (cf.  T^KO>) 
+  bes  (or  -bis),  cf.  plebes],  f., 
a  wasting,  fining. 

tabidus,  -a,  -um,  f^ftabi-  (in  ta- 
bes, cf.  tabeo)  +  dus],  adj., 
wasting. 

tabula,  -ae,  [unc.  stem  (wh.  also 
taberna)  +  la  (f.  of -Ius)],  f.,  a 
plank,  a  board. 

tabularius,  -a,  -um,  [ftabulari- 
( tabula +  ris)  +  us],  adj.,  (ofrec- 
ords,  tabula). —  Neut.  as  subst., 
archives,  record  office,  registry. 

tabulatus,  -a,  -um,  [ftabula  + 
tus,  cf.  armatus],  adj.,  boarded, 
floored. — Neut.  as  subst.,  a  floor, 
a  story,  an  upper  story:  iuncturas 
tabulata  dabant  (as  one  story 
was  built  upon  another) .  —  Also, 
of  trees,  a  row,  a  tier,  a  layer. 

tabum,  -i,  [ta  +  bum  (n.  of  -bus), 
cf.  tabes],  n.,  matter,  moisture 
(of  putrefaction), gore. — Also,  pu- 
trefaction, corruption :  ora  tristi 
pallida  tabo;  infecit  pabula 
tabo. 

Tab u runs,  -i,  [?J,m.,  a  mountain 
between  Samnium  and  Campania, 
south  of  the  Caudine  pass.  The 
southern  slope  of  it  was  famous  for 
its  fertility,  and  the  mountain  was 
one  of  the  great  pasture-grounds. 


taceo,  -ul,  -it um,  -ere,  [prob.  adj.- 
stem  ftaco-  of  uncertain  kin.], 
2.  v.  n.  and  a.,  be  silent,  keep  si- 
lence. —  Of  '  things,  be  silent,  be 
noiseless,  be  still.  —  Act.,  pass  in 
silence,  leave  unsung :  tacitam  se 
prodit  (without  any  words). — 
tacitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
silent.  —  Often  transferred,  silent  : 
lumina  (silent  glance}.  —  Often 
equal  to  adv.,  silently. —  Of  things, 
still,  noiseless,  quiet,  silent :  Amy- 
clae  (deserted}.  —  Also,  secret, 
unseen,  unnoticed. — per  taciturn, 
in  silence,  quietly. 

tacitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  taceo. 

tactus,  -us,  [-v/teg  (in  tango)  + 
tus],  m.,  a  touch,  contact :  absti- 
nuit  tactu  {refused  to  touch,  the 
gates  in  the  context). 

tactus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  tango, 

taeda,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  pine  tree. — 
Less  exactly,  pine  wood,  a  pine 
torch,  a  torch.  —  Poetically  (from 
the  use  of  torches  at  weddings), 
marriage,  i 

taedet,  -uit,j(taesum,  pertaesam 
est),taedere,  [?],  2.v.  impers.,  it 
wearies,  it  disgusts,  one  is  weary 
(disgusted},  one  loathes.  —  With 
the  object  of  the  feeling  in  the 
genitive  or  an  inf.  clause. 

taedium,  -I  (-ii),  [ftaedo-  (wh. 
taedet  and  taedulus)  +  ium], 
n.,  weariness,  disgust. 

Taenarius,-a,-um,  [Gr.Tcwopios], 
adj.,  of  Tanariis  (a  promontory 


Vocabulary. 


273 


at  the  southern  extremity  of  Laco- 
nia,  with  a  cave  fabled  to  be  an 
entrance  to  the  world  below). — 
Hence,  of  Hades. 

tacnia,  -ac,  [Gr.  raivia],  f.,  a  rib- 
bon, a  fillet :  taenia  vittae  (the 
band  of  the  fillet,  the  material  of 
the  ornament). 

taeter  (te-),  -tra,  -trum,  [perh. 
akin  to  taedet],  adj.,  foul,  loath- 
some, disgusting. 

taetricus,  -a,  -uin,  [ftaetro+cus], 
adj.,  (repulsive),  harsh,  forbid- 
ding. See  alsoTetrica. 

Tagus,  -I,  [a  river  of  Lusitania],  m., 
a  Latin  hero. 

talaris,  -e,  [ftalo-  (reduced)  + 
aria],  adj.,  of  the  heel.  —  Neut. 
plur.,  the  talaria,  the  winged  san- 
dals of  Mercury. 

talent  inn,  -i,  [Gr.  ToAavroi/],  n., 
a  talent,  a  Greek  weight  varying 
from  about  sixty  to  about  one  hun- 
dred pounds.  Used  indefinitely 
for  masses  and  quantities,  as  in 
Eng.  "  tons,"  weight,  mass. 

tails,  -e,  [pron.  -y/ta  (cf.  tarn,  r6) 
+  alia],  pron.  adj.,  such  (with 
correlative  as),  in  such  guise,  so 
(equal  to  an  adv.) . —  Often  (with- 
out correlative),  of  what  follows 
or  goes  before,  such,  like  (his,  (his 
(that,  these,  &c.)".  —  Esp.  in  neut. 
plur.  talia,  like  (his,  words  like 
these,  such  words  as  these,  such 
things  as  these,  such  as  this,  thus, 
in  such  wise:  tali  ore  locutua 
(these  words).  — Or,  as  is  indicated 
by  the  context,  such,  this  (these, 
&c.),  like  this,  in  this  guise. — Esp. 
with  emphasis,  such  as  this  &c.,  so 
great,  so  important,  thus  or  so  (with 
adj.  to  be  supplied  from  the  con- 
text) :  non  Achilles  talis  in 
hoste  fuit  (not  thus  cruel,  as 
you) ;  nunquam  animam  talem 
amities  (:o  mean  a  life  as  yours). 

Talos,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a  Rutulian. 

talpa,  -ae,  [?],  f.  and  m.,  a  mole. 

talus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  the  ankle-bone, 
the  ankle. 

tain  [unc.  case-form  of  pron.  y'ta, 


cf.  nain],  adv.,  so,  so  much  (with 
correl.  as),  as  (demonstrative),  as 
much,  to  such  a  degree.  —  Without 
correl.,  so  (as  is  indicated  by  the 
context,  cf.  talis).  —  With  com- 
paratives (and  superlatives  in  same 
sense),  the  .  .  .  the.  —  Esp.:  tarn 
.  .  .  quam,  as  well  .  .  .  as,  no  less 
.  .  .  than.  —  Often  with  an  adj. 
where  in  Eng.  such  is  used  to  mod- 
ify the  whole  idea  :  tarn  dira  cu- 
pido  (such  dread  desire). 

t;i  men  [unc.  form.  fr.  pron.  -y/ta], 
adv.  (opposed  to  a  concession), 
yet,  still,  however,  nevertheless, 
none  the  less,  after  all,  just  as  well. 
Often  the  concession  is  only  im- 
plied in  the  context. 

Tanager,  -gri,  [?],  m.,  a  river  of 
Lucania,  in  a  grazing  region. 

Tanais,  -is,  [Gr.  Tavais'],  m.  :  i.  A 
river  of  Scythia  (the  Don)  ;  2.  A 
Trojan  in  Eneas'  expedition. 

tandem  [tam-dem,  cf.  idem],  adv. 
(orig.  sense  unc.),  at  length,  at 
last,  finally.  —  With  interrogative 
and  imperative  clauses  indicating 
impatience,  pray,  /  pray,  tell  me  : 
hue  tandem  concede  (/  entreat)  . 

tango,  tetigi,  tactum,  tangere, 
[  ytag,  cf.  reraywv'],  3.  v.  a.,  touch, 
take  hold  of,  reach,  attain  :  dex- 
tram  (grasp~)  ;  cubile  eri  (share 
the  couch).  —  Hence,  have  to  do 
with,  be  involved  in.  —  Fig.,  move, 
touch,  affect,  come  home  to  one.  — 
tactus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  touched.  — 
Esp.  :  de  caelo,  struck  by  lightning. 

tanquam  lam-  ,  [tarn  -quam], 
adv.,  as  much  as.  —  With  si,  just 
as  if.  —  [Also,  u  ithout  si,  just  as  if, 
as  if.  —  '  Often  with  irony,  as  if  for- 
sooth. 

t  ant  us,  -a,  -um,  [for  tavantus, 
pron.  ^/ta  +  vant  (cf.  -osus)  + 
us],  pron.  adj.,  so  great,  so  much, 
such  (in  size,  &c.,  with  correl.  as), 


—  Often  without  correl.,  so  great 
(as  is  indicated  by  the  context,  cf. 
tails),  so  much,  such,  like  this,  this 
great,  that  great:  tantae  molis 


2/4 


Vocabulary. 


erat  (so  much  as  appears  in  the 
context).  —  Also,  introducing  a 
clause  almost  causal,  so  great,  &c. 
(that  it  accounts  for  the  preceding 
statement) :  obstupuere  animi 
tantorum  terga  bourn  rigebant 
(they  were  thunderstruck,  and  the 
hides  of  such  huge,  &c.,  as  those 
they  saw,  accounted  for  their  amaze- 
ment).—  tanto,  abl.,  with  com- 
paratives and  the  like,  so  much  the 
more  .  .  .  (as),  (the  more)  .  .  .  tlie 
more.  —  tanti,  gen.,  with  sum, 
it  is  -worth  the  price,  it  is  worth 
while.  —  tan  tit  m,  ace.  as  adv.,  so 
much,  in  such  a  degree,  as  much 
.  .  .  (as),  no  more  .  .  .  (thaii),thus 
far,  so  long ;  —  also,  so  much  (and 
no  more),  only,  merely. —  With 
modo,  doubling  the  words  without 
change  of  sense.  —  Neut.  as  subst., 
so  much,  &c. ;  —  with  partitive  gen., 
so  much  (of,  as  adj.  in  Eng.),  so 
great  (and  similar  expressions  of 
degree  according  to  the  context). 

tapete,  -is,  (ace.  plur.  tapetas,  abl. 
tapetis),[Gr.  rairrjs],  n. (and  in.), 
hangings,  coverings,  drapery.  — 
Also,  housings  (of  horses). 

Tarchetius,  -1,  [?],m.,a  Rutulian. 

Tarcho  (-on), -ontis  (-onis),  [an 
Etruscan  word],  m.,  an  Etrurian 
ally  of  ^Eneas. 

tardatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  tardo. 

tarde  [abl.  of  tardus],  adv.,  slowly: 
crescens  (slow-growing) . 

tardo,  -avl,-atum,  -are,  [ftardo-], 
I.  v.  a.,  retard,  keep  back,  impede, 
hamper,  embarrass,  enfeeble,  dull, 
make  sluggish. — tardans,  -ant  is, 
p.  a.sa.d].,stuggisA  (creeping slow)  : 
senectus. 

tardus,  -a,  -um,  [perh.  akin  to 
traho],  adj.,  slow,  sluggish,  tardy, 
slow-moving,  lazy,  inactive,  dull, 
impeded,  lingering,  late. 

Tarentum,  -I,[Gr.  Tapos  corrupted], 
n.,  a  city  of  Apulia  at  the  north- 
east corner  of  the  great  gulf  which 
indents  the  southern  extremity  of 
Italy.  Its  territory  was  one  of  the 
most  fertile  districts  of  Italy. 


Tarpeius,  -a,  -um,  [fTarpa  +  ius, 

of  unc.  kin.],  adj.,  a  Roman  gen- 
tile name,  in  some  unknown  man- 
ner connected  with  the  rock  of  the 
Capitol.  —  arx,  the  Capitol  of 
Rome. —  sedes,  the  Tarpeian  rock. 

—  Fern.  Tarpeia  :  i.   The  maiden 
who   betrayed  the    Capitol  to  the 
Sabines ;    2.   The  name  given  by 
Virgil  to  an  attendant  of  Camilla. 

Tarquinius,  -a,  -um,  [Etruscan 
word  (akin  to  Tarchon)  Latin- 
ized], adj.,  a  Roman  gentile  name. 

—  Esp.,  Tarquinius  Superbus,  Tar- 
quin,   the  last  king  of   Rome.  — 
Plur.,  the    Tarquins,  the   dynasty 
who  were  supposed  to  have  come 
from  Tarquinii,  and  reigned  many 
years  at  Rome.    Also  as  adj.,  Tar- 
quinian. 

Tarquitus,  -I,  [akin  to  Tarqui- 
iiiusj,  m.,  a  Latin  hero,  slain  by 
^Eneas. 

Tartareus,  -a,  -am,  [Gr.  Taprd- 
pftos~\,  adj.,  of  Tartarus,  Tartare- 
an, infernal,  hellish  (as  in  Eng.). 

Tartarus,  -I,  (plur.  -a,  -orum), 
[Gr.  Tdprapos,  -a],  m.  (n.),  (a  deep 
abyss  below  the  infernal  world) .  — 
Hence,  Tartarus,  the  abode  of 
the  damned,  the  lower  world  (gen- 
erally). 

Tatius,  -I  (-11),  [an  adj.  of  unc.  kin. 
(tata?)],m.,  Titus  Tatius,  a  king 
of  the  Sabines,  with  whom  Romu- 
lus was  supposed  to  have  shared 
his  kingdom. 

taureus,  -a,  -um,  [ftauro-  (re- 
duced) +  eus],  adj.,  of  a  bull: 
terga  (bulls'1  hides}. 

taurinus,  -a,  -um,  [ftauro-  (re- 
duced) +  inus],  adj.,  of  a  bull: 
vultus  (bull's  face} .  —  Less  ex- 
actly, of  bull's  hide,  leathern. 

taurus,  -i,  [prob.  for  STAURUS,  cf. 
ravpos,  Eng.  steer\,  m.,  a  bull. — 
Also,  a  bull's  hide.  —  Also,  the 
Bull,  Taurus  (the  constellation). 

taxus,  -i,  [?],  f.,  a  yew  tree,  a  yew. 

Taygete,  -es,  [Gr.  ToOyerrj],  f.,  one 
of  the  Pleiades  (used  for  the  con- 
stellation). 


Vocabulary. 


275 


Taygetus,  -I,  also  -a,  -Orum,  [Gr. 
Tat/ye-roy],  m.  and  n.,  a  mountain- 
range  of  Laconia,  noted  for  its 
hunting-grounds  and  its  baccha- 
nalian festivities. 

tectum,  see  tego. 

tectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  tego. 

tecum,  see  tu. 

Tegeaeus  (-e  us),  -a,  -um,  [borrowed 
or  imitated  fr.  Gr.  Te7eo  (as  if  Te- 
7ecuos)],  adj.,  of  Tegea  (a  town  of 
Arcadia).  —  Less  exactly,  Arcadi- 
an.—  Masc.  (perh.  adj.),  god  of 
Arcadia  (epithet  of  Pan,  whose  fa- 
vorite haunts  were  in  that  country) . 

tegmen  (tegu-,  tegi-) ,  -inis,  [  Vteg 
(in  tego)  +  men],  n.,  a  covering, 
a  garb,  clothing,  a  defence  (means 
of  defence),  a  protection,  armor, 
a  shield.  —  Also,  shade,  a  skin 
(used  as  clothing). 

tego,  texi,  tectum,  tegere,[  yteg, 
akin  to  oT«7«],  3.  v.  a.,  cover,  con- 
ceal, protect,  shelter,  surround ;  — 
esp.  of  escort,  surround  {attend}. 
—  Also,  clothe,  defend,  deck,  adorn, 
•veil  (for  sacred  purposes) .  —  Also, 
plant,  sow,  bury  (the  dead),  close 
(the  eyes),  shut  one's  self  in. — 
Fig.,  cover,  hide,  conceal.  —  tec- 
tus, -a,  -um,  p.p.,  covered,  con- 
cealed, hidden,  protected,  decked, 
caparisoned,  keeping  silence,  dis- 
simulating (in  mid.  sense,  conceal- 
ing one's  self}.  —  Neut.  (sing,  and 
plur.),  a  roof,  a  ceiling,  a  house,  a 
hall,  an  abode,  a  home  (of  men  or 
beasts),  a  palace,  a  hiding-place, 
battlements  (the  top  of  a  wall)  : 
acies  (covered  column,  the  tes- 
tudo). 

tegu  men,  see  tegmen. 

tela,  -ae,  [prob.  -y/tex  (in  texo)  -f 
la],  f.,  a  web  (in  the  loom),  the 
•warp  (perh.  the  orig.  sense),  weav- 
ing (cf.  "  the  loom  "),a  loom:  tela 
curas  solabar  anilea  {the  loom). 

Teleboae,  -arum,  [Gr.  T7i\t&6jn~\, 
m.  plur.,  some  islands  on  the  Leu- 
cadian  coast,  whence  the  settlers 
of  Capri  were  supposed  to  have 
come. 


tellus,  -uris,  [?],  f.,  the  earth. — 
Esp.,  the  soil,  land,  the  ground, 
earth  (as  material) .  —  Personified, 
Earth. —  Also,  a  land,  a  region, 
a  country. 

Telon,  -5nis(?),  [?],  m.,  a  hero  of 
Capri,  father  of  CEbalus. 

telum,  -I,  [?],  n.,  a  weapon  (mis- 
sile), a  missile,  a  javelin,  a  dart, 
an  arrow,  a  shaft.  —  Less  exactly, 
a  weapon  (of  any  kind,  the  cestus, 
the  beam  of  Ulysses  with  which  he 
bored  out  the  Cyclops'  eye). 

temeratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  temero. 

temere  [abl.  of  ftemero,  wh.  te- 
mero], adv.,  heedlessly,  carelessly, 
at  random,  in  confusion,  without 
thought,  'without  design,  without 
reason.  —  non  (baud)  temere, 
not  without  a  meaning,  no  acci- 
dent.^ 

temero,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [tte- 
mero-],  i.  v.  a.,  (treat  as  of  no 
consequence  ?),  profane,  pollute, 
desecrate. 

temno,  perf.  and  sup.  not  found, 
temnere,  [  y/tem,  cut,  cf.  rejui/w], 
3.  v.  a.,  despise,  scorn,  defy,  treat 
with  contempt,  be  disdainful :  pars 
belli  hand  temnenda  (no  despic- 
able, no  insignificant). 

temo,  -finis,  [perh.  akin  to  telum], 
m.,  a  pole  (of  a  chariot,  tic.),  the 
beam  (of  a  plough). 

Tempe,  indecl.,  [Gr.  n.  plur.  Ttfi-mj], 
n.  plur.,  a  valley  in  Thessaly,  fa- 
mous for  its  beauty.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, a  charming  -valley. 

tempero  ,-avi,-atum,-are,[ttem- 
per-  (of  tempus,  in  orig.  sense 
of  portion)'],  I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  mix 
(in  due  proportion).  —  Hence, 
qualify,  temper  (change  or  dilute 
by  mixing)  :  aera  vesper  (cool}; 
scatebris  arentia  arva  (refresh, 
reduce  the  parching  heat) ;  aequor 
(calm);  iras  (appease).  —  Also  (act 
in  due  proportion),  restrain  one's 
self,  refrain,  spare:  male  sibi 
unda  carinis  (hardly  suffer  the 
ships  to  live,  keep  its  hands  off 
them);  a  lacrimis  (refrain). 


2/6 


Vocabulary. 


tempestas,  -atis,  [ftempos-  (of 
teinpus,  prob.  as  adj.)  +  tas],  f., 
a  space  of  time,  a  season.  —  Less 
exactly,  the  -weather,  weather  (at 
a  particular  moment),  state  of  the 
weather. —  Esp.,  bad  weather,  a 
storm,  a  tempest,  a  gale.  —  Fig. 
(as  in  Eng.),  storm,  tempest,  blast, 
shower,  hail ;  — •  also,  where  the  fig. 
is  not  used  in  Eng.,  calamity,  mis- 
fortune. 

tempestivus,  -a,  -um,[ttempest6- 
(cf.  intempestus)  +  ivus,  cf. 
captus,  captivus],  adj.,  season- 
able, timely,  in  its  season. 

tcni plum,  -i,  [prob.  ftemo-  ( -y/tem, 
cf.  Tfnw  +  us)+  lum,  cf.  Tfp.et»s~\, 
n.,  (in  augury)  a  consecrated  spot 
(marked  off  by  the  augur's  wand), 
a  quarter  (of  the  sky),  a  space. 
—  From  consecration,  a  temple,  a 
tomb  (as  a  shrine  of  the  manes). 

temptamentum  (tenta-),  -i, 
[ftempta-  (of  tempto)  +  men- 
turn],  n.,  an  attempt,  a  solicitation. 

tempts,  -avi,  -Stum, -are,  [ftento- 
(of  p.p.  of  tendo)],  I.  v.  a.,  try 
(the  strength  of,  lit.  and  fig.),  at- 
tack,assail,  disturb, trouble,  injure: 
pabula  fetas ;  oves  scabies ;  pe- 
des  (of  wine,  trip  up)  ; —  attempt, 
try  (a  thing  experimentally),  ven- 
ture on,  tempt,  solicit,  search,  ex- 
amine (try  to  see)  :  praelia  (try 
the  issue  of) ;  auxilium  (seek)  ; 
%&(try  one's  powers);  temptantum. 
ora  (those  who  try  it);  vestes 
(try  on,  try  to  wear) ;  animum 
precando(/ry,  tes!) .  —  Hence,  use, 
employ,  practise  :  patrias  artes. — 
With  inf.,  try,  endeavor,  attempt. 

tempus,  -oris,  [  y'tem  (cf.  rt/jn/ca) 
+  us"],  n.,  (a  section),  a  time,  a 
point  of  time,  an  interval,  a  season 
(of  the  year),  a  period,  a  moment, 
time  (as  continuous).  —  Esp.,  the 
time  (the  right  time),  the  best  time, 
time  (with  esse),  high  time,  an 
occasion  (as  fitting),  an  opportu- 
nity. —  Also,  the  times,  circum- 
stances, state  (of  affairs),  an  ex- 
igency, an  occasion  :  pro  tempore 


(for  the  occasion,  according  to 
one's  circumstances).  —  Also,  (the 
right  spot,  cf.  templum,  the  fatal 
spot,  usually  plur.),  the  temple,  the 
temples  ;  —  the  face,  the  head. 

tenax,  -acts,  [-y/ten  +  ax,  cf.  ca- 
pax],adj.,  tenacious,  clinging  (to 
something) , greedy,  grasping:  vin- 
cla  (confining) ;  Fama  ficti  (per- 
sistent in) . — Also,  holding  together, 
clinging  (together),  sticky,  Jinn  : 
flos  (persistent,  not  dropping  off). 

tendo,  tetendl,  tentum  (ten- 
sum),  tendere,  [y/tend,  further 
formation  of  ^/ten  (in  teneo)], 
3.  v.  a.,  stretch,  stretch  out,  extend, 
hold  out,  offer  :  bracchia  hue  il- 
luc ;  dextram ;  munera ;  caelo 
manus  cum  voce  (stretched  out 
his  hands  and  raised  his  voice) ; 
ramos  (spread);  ilia  (strain); 
—  intrans.,  extend.  — Esp.,  spread 
(a  tent),  encamp. — Also,  distend, 
strain,  Jill  (of  sails),  hold  tight, 
draw  in  (of  reins),  bend  (a  bow)  : 
ubera ;  vela ;  retinacula ;  vim 
et  vincula  capto  (hold  fast  the 
captive  with,  &c.).  —  Also,  aim, 
aim  at,  direct;  spicula  cornu  (fit, 
aim)  ;  quo  tendant  ferrum.  — 
With  gressus  iter,  etc.,  (or  in- 
trans. without),  make  one's  way, 
hold  one's  course,  turn  one's  steps, 
make  headway,  proceed,  advance, 
come,  go,  lead (of  a  path)  :  contra 
(reply) . —  Hence,  with  inf.,  intend, 
strive,  struggle. 

tenebrae,  -arum,  [?],  f.  plur., 
darkness,  night,  gloom.  —  Esp.,  the 
Shades,  the  dim  shades,  the  world 
below. 

tenebrosus,  -a,  -um,  [ftenebra- 
(reduced)  +  osus],  adj.,  dark, 
darkened,  dim,  gloomy. 

Tenedos,  -I,  [Gr.  TeWSos],  f.,  an 
island  in  the  J^gean,  off  the  Troad. 

teneo,  tenul,  tentum,  tenere, 
[y/ten-  (in  tendo)],  2.  v.  a.  and 
n.,  hold,  hold  (in  the  hand),  carry, 
bear,  cling  to,  grasp  :  tela  (bear 
arms,  as  in  Eng.) ;  arbos  poma 
(bear)  •  tenenti  similis  (as  if  he 


Vocabulary. 


277 


had  him  in  his  grasp) ;  in  media 
morte  tenetur(z.j  in  the  very  grasp 
of  death) . — \\ence, occttpy,  inhabit, 
possess,  hold  possession  of,  control, 
hold  bound,  guard,  rule,  have,  be 
in  (a  place),  Jill  (merely  being 
there),  reach  (and  so,  hold)  :  al- 
tum  (be  on);  polum  (cover}; 
auros  (sail  through)  ;  prima 
(hold  (he  first  place)  ;  metum 
(gain)  ;  muros  (reach) ;  peste 
teneri  (be  overcome).  —  Fig.,  pos- 
sess (of  a  passion,  &.c.),fill:  vo- 
luptas  silvas. —  Also,  hold  (fast), 
maintain,  retain,  keep,  remem- 
ber :  se  rupes  (hold fast)  •  vesti- 
gia (keep  one 's  feel,  plant  firmly)  ; 
morem  hunc  sacrorum.  —  Also, 
hold  (back),  bind,  detain,  delay, 
hold  (bound),  confine,  restrain, 
keep  in,  keep  out,  surround  (with 
siege),  encompass:  nox  lunam 
in  nube  (hide)  ;  quo  te  cunque 
lacus  fonte.  —  Fig.,  detain,  en- 
tice, allure,  attract.  —  So  (in  any 
position),  keep  (this  way  or  that), 
direct,  turn  :  immota  lumina  ; 
intenti  ora  (held  their  faces  in 
eager  attention)  ;  veteris  Dei  se 
more  tenens  (living,  &c.). — Also, 
of  a  course,  keep,  hold :  iter;  fu- 
gam  (pursue  one's  flight)  ;  medi- 
um iter.  —  Absolutely  (with  im- 
plied object)  :  tenent  Danai  qua 
deficit  ignis  (possess  whatever, 
&c.). 

tener,  -era,  -erum,  [ttene  (-y/ten 
with  stem-vowel)4-  rus],  adj.,  deli- 
cate, tender,  soft,  frail,  plastic : 
orbs  mundi  {fluid,  plastic,  not 
yet  hardened);  umor  (^permeat- 
ing), young,  youthful,  tender,  deli- 
cate (from  youth).  —  Masc.  plur., 
the  young,  young  shoots  :  a  teneris 
{from  the  earliest  age). 

tenor,  -oris,  [-y/ten  (in  teneo)  + 
or],m.,  a  course  (cf.  tenere  iter, 
etc.),  a  character. 

ten  to,  see  tempto. 

tentorium,  -i  (-ii),  [ftento-  (p.p. 
of  tendo,  reduced)  -f  oriura,  n. 
of  adj.],  n.f  (place  of  tents),  a  lent. 


tenuis,  -e,  [y'ten  (in  tendo,  te- 
neo) +  us,  cf.  gravis  and  Sk. 
tanus~\,  adj.,  thin  (of  texture  or 
consistency),  fine,  delicate,  slen- 
der, fragile,  light,  airy,  substance- 
less,  yielding,  shallow  (of  a  burrow), 
narrow,  slight,  light  (of  soil),  per- 
meating, subtle,  heady  (of  wine): 
aurum  (thread of);  spiramenta 
(fine,  minute).  —  Fig.,  humble, 
feeble,  slight,  unimportant,  poor : 
in  tenui  labor  (in  a  trifling 
matter) . 

ten  uo,  -a  vl,  -atu  m,  -a  re,  [  ftenui-] , 
I.  v.  a.,  make  thin,  waste  away, 
cause  to  waste  away,  reduce. 

tenus  [-y/ten  (in  teneo)  +  us,  n.. 
ace.],  pjep.,  as  far  as,  up  to. 

tepefacio,  -fed,  -factuni,  -face- 
re,  [stem  akin  to  tepeo-facio], 
cf.  calefacio],  3.v.  a.,  warm, heat 
(moderately) .  —  tepefactus,  -a, 
-am,  p.p.,  warmed,  heated :  terra 
(reeking);  hasta  (steeped*). 

tepefactus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  tepe- 
facio. 

tepeo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [  -y/tep 
(akin  to  Sk.  -y/tap,  burn),  prob. 
through  adj.-stem  ftepo-,  cf.  te- 
pidus],  2.  v.  n.,  be  warm  :  caede 
humus  (reek). 

tepesco,  tepui,  no  sup.,  tepescere, 
[ftepe-  (of  tepeo)],  3.  v.  n.,  be- 
come warm  :  ferrum  in  pulmone 
(be  steeped). 

tepidus,  -a,  -um,  [as  if  (or  really) 
ftepo-  (wh.  tepeo)  +  dus],  adj., 
warm,  heated,  simmering,  reek- 
ing, still  warm  (of  a  body),  not 
yet  cold. 

ter[petrified  form  of  tres],  adv.,  three 
times,  thrice.  — There  was  often  a 
superstition  connected  with  this 
number.  —  ter  centum,  thrice  a 
hundred,  three  hundred. —  terque 
quaterque,  thrice  and  again,  in- 
definitely for  three  or  four  times. 
—  terque  quaterque  beati,  thrice 
and  four  times  blest  (of  degree). 

terebinthus,  -i,  [Gr.  -rtpf&ivOos], 
{.,  a  turpentine  tree,  turpentine 
wood. 


278 


Vocabulary. 


terebro,  -avf,  -at um,  -5re,  [fte- 
rebra-],  I.  v.  a.,  bore,  bore  into, 
bore  out. 

teres,  -etis,  [ftere-  (of  tero)  +  tis 

(reduced)],  adj.,  smooth  and  round 
(cylindrical),  round,  smooth,  well 
rounded:  habena  {well  rolled?, 
well  twisted?,  not  left  flat,  but 
worked  into  a  round  cord  like  a 
shoe-string). 

Tereus,  -ei,  (acc.-ea),  [Gr.Tjj/>et5s], 
m. :  I .  A  king  of  Thrace  whose 
wife  Progne  along  with  her  sister 
Philomela  served  up  his  son  Itys  at 
his  table.  All  three  were  changed 
into  birds  ;  2.  A  Trojan. 
tergemlnus  (tri-),  -a,  -um,  adj., 
having  three  bodies,  threefold,  triple. 
tergeo,  tersi,  tersum,  tergere 
(also  -o,  -ere),  [?],  2.  (3.)  v.  a., 
clean,  polish. 

tergum,  -i,  [-v/terg  +  um,  poss. 
akin  to  tergeo,  orig.  hide  ?],  n., 
the  back  (of  men  and  animals)  : 
terga  resolvit  (body,  of  Cerberus) . 
—  Less  exactly,  a  ridge  (of  a  fur- 
row), a  furrow?,  the  side  (of  a  tree, 
as  if  it  faced  the  south),  the  upper 
part  of  the  body  (of  a  serpent) .  — 
Also  (see  above),  a  hide,  esp.  a 
bull's  hide,  hence  a  shield,  a  layer 
(of  a  shield  no  longer  made  of 
hide).  —  a  tergo,from  behind,  in 
the  rear,  behind.  —  in  tergum, 
backward. 

tergus,  -oris,  [  v^rg  (cf.  tergum) 
-f  us],  n.,  the  back  (only  of  ani- 
mals)^— Also(cf.  tergum),  a  hide. 
termino,  -avl,  -arum,  -are,  [fter- 
mino-],  I.  v.  a.,  fix  pounds  to,  limit. 
terminus,  -I,  [yter  (in  trans)  + 
minus,  cf.  -/lews],  m.,  a  bound,  a 
limit.  —  Fig.,  a  fixed  bound,  a  des- 
tined end. 

ternus,  -a,  -um,  usually  plur.,  [ftri 
+  nus],  adj.,  threefold,  three  at  a 
time,  three  each.  —  Less  exactly, 
three.  —  Regularly :  terna  arma, 
thr ee  sets  of  arms  ;  terna  hiberna, 
three  winters. 

tero,trivf ,  tritum,  terere,  [  yter, 
cf.  nipw  (for  Tfpj.'w)'],  3.  v.  a.,  rub, 


crush,  -wear,  chafe,  wear  smooth 
(by  constant  use)  :  iter  {wear  a 
path,  of  the  ant)  ;  calcem  calce 
Diores  {tread  on  the  heels} ;  labo- 
re  manum  (callous,  chafe} . —  Esp., 
thresh,  press  (of  olives) .  —  Also, 
polish,  turn.  —  Also,  wear  away 
(of  time),  waste,  pass  :  otia  (waste 
the  time  in  idleness} .  —  In  pass,  by 
a  change  of  idiom,  rub  against : 
alvo  balteus  (lit.,  is  rubbed  by). 

terra,  -ae,  [prob.  for  tersa,  y  tors 
(in  torreo)  +  a,  cf.  rtpaw,  Eng. 
thirst],  f.,  dry  land  (as  opposed 
to  sea),  the  earth,  the  land.  —  Also, 
the  earth  (in  all  relations),  land, 
soil,  the  ground :  semina  terra- 
rum  (earth,  as  an  element). — 
Personified,  Earth.  — Also,  a  land, 
a  country,  stretch  of  country.  — 
terra  marique,  by  land  and  sea ; 
orbis  terrarum,  the  circle  (ac- 
cording to  earlier  notions)  of  the 
lands,  the  whole  world,  the  -world. 

terrenus,  -a,  -um,  [fterra-  (with 
unc.  change  of  stem)  +  nus],  adj., 
earthy,  of  earth  :  artus  (of  earthy 
materials) . 

terreo,  -ui,  -it tun,  -ere,  [?,  prob. 
fr.  adj.-stem],  2.  v.  a.,  frighten, 
alarm,  affright,  scare,  terrify  ;  — 
frighten  away,  scare  away;  — 
drive  in  terror,  hunt,  pursue  :  me 
patris  imago  (haunt};  terruit 
Auster  euntes  (equal  to  deter, 
though  the  orig.  fig.  is  kept) ;  frus- 
tra  terrebere  nimbis  (needlessly 
fear}. 

terreus,  -a,  -um,[fterra- (reduced) 
-f  eus],  adj.,  of  earth. — Also,  earth- 
born?  (according  to  a  doubtful 
reading) . 

terribilis,  -e,  [as  if  (or  really)  fter- 
ro-  (wh.  terreo)  +  bilis],  adj., 
causing  terror,  dreadful,  dread, 
terrible. 

terrified",  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -are, 
[fterrifico-],  i.  v.  a.,  frighten, 
alarm,  terrify. 

terrificus,  -a,  -um,  [fterro-  (wh. 
terreo)  -ficus  ( yfac  -f  us,  cf. 
magnificus)],  adj.,  awe-ihspir- 


Vocabulary. 


279 


ing,  terrible,  dread,  dreadful, 
frightful. 

territo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -are,[fter- 
rito-  (cf.  terreo)],  i.  v. a.,  alarm, 
frighten,  affright:  quos  bello 
(equal  to  pursue,  menace) . 

territus,  -a,  -uni,  p.p.  of  terreo. 

terror,  -oris,  [-^/ter  (in  terreo)  + 
or],  m.,  terror,  alarm; — also  in 
pi.,  alarm,  terror,  terrors,  alarms, 
signs  of  terror. — Concretely,  a 
terror,  a  dreadful  sight  {omen, 
event,  &c.). 

tertius,  -a,  -um,  [fterto-  (ftri  + 
tus  reduced,  cf.  T pirns')  +  ius], 
adj.,  third. 

tessera,  -ae,  [Gr.  T-faaapts  Latin- 
ized], f.,  a  square  (cf.  quadra). 
—  Esp.,  a  square  tablet  on  which 
the  watchword  was  inscribed  and 
passed  through  the  ranks,  a  watch- 
word. 

testa,  -ae,  [  Y/tors  (in  torreo)  + 
ta  (f.  of  tus)],  f.  (perh.  subst. 
omitted),  baked  clay,  a  tile,  pot- 
sherds.—  Also,  a  piece  of  pottery 
(a  jar,  a  lamp). 

tost  at  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  testor. 

testis,  -is,  [  ?,  but  cf.  antistes  and 
superstes],  comm.,  a  witness  (of 
an  action,  a  vow,  a  promise,  &c.). 

testor,  -at us,  -arl,  [ftesti-  (of 
testis)],  i.  v.  dep.,  call  to  witness, 
swear  by,  protest  before  :  deos  et 
sidera.  —  Also,  declare  (calling 
something  to  witness),  swear,  pro- 
test, bear  witness,  assert,  assever- 
ate; — give  warning  (approve  by 
testimony  a  course  of  conduct), 
exhort,  bear  witness  to  a  thing,  tes- 
tify to  (as  a  souvenir) ,  be  a  witness 
of.  —  Also,  entreat  (calling  some- 
thing to  witness)  :  accipe,testor. 

testudo,  -inis,  [fiesta-  (akin  to 
testa)  +  do],  f.,  a  tortoise  (so 
called  from  its  resemblance  to  a 
pot-lid,  testu). —  Less  exactly, 
tortoise-shell.  —  From  its  supposed 
origin,  a  lyre,  "  shell."  —  Also,  the 
testudo,  a  column  of  attack  in 
which  the  shields  were  overlapped 
like  shingles,  forming  a  continuous 


roof  like  the  plates  of  the  tor- 
toise. 

tete,  see  tu. 

teter,  see  taeter,  the  better  spelling. 

Tethys,  -yos,  [Gr.  TTjflws],  f.,  a  sea- 
goddess,  the  nurse  of  Juno  and 
wife  of  Oceanus.  She  was  held  to 
be  the  most  ancient  of  the  sea  di- 
vinities and  mother  of  all  waters. 

Tetrica  (Tae-),  -ae,  [?,  perh.  ftae- 
tro  +  ca],  f.,  a  mountain  or  cliff 
in  the  Sabine  territory. 

Teucer  (-crus),  -cri,  [Gr.  Tempos 
Latinized],  m. :  I.  A  son  of  Tela- 
mon  king  of  Salamis,  and  half- 
brother  of  Ajax.  He  fled  from 
home  because  he  came  back  with- 
out his  brother,  and  settled  in  Crete, 
founding  a  new  Salamis;  2.  A  son 
of  Scamander  (said  by  some  tradi- 
tions to  be  a  Cretan)  and  the  nymph 
Idsea.  He  figures  as  the  great 
founder  of  the  Trojan  line  through 
his  daughter  Batea,  who  married 
Dardanus.  Their  genealogy  ac- 
cording to  received  traditions : 

SCAMANDER   IU.-KA 


'(JUPITER)  ?(ELECTRA) 

DARDANUS 
I 


ILUS 


ERICHTHONIUS 
TROS 


I 

ILUS 

LAOMEDON 
PRIAM 


ASSARACUS 

CAPYS 

ANCHISKS 


Teucria,-ae,[f.ofadj.fr.fTeucro-], 
f.,  the  land  of  Teucer,  the  Trojan 
land,  Troy. 

Teucrus,  -a,  -um,  [same  word  as 
Teucer,  decl.  as  adj.],  adj.,  Tro- 
jan. —  Plur.,  Teucri,  -oriini,  the 
Trojans. 

Teuthras,  -antis,  [Gr.  TrfJjp**}, 
m.,  a  Trojan. 

Teutonicus,  -a,  -um,  [fTeutono 
4-  cus],  adj.,  of  the  Teu(ones(&  tribe 
of  Germany).  —  Less  exactly,  Ger- 


280 


Vocabulary. 


tex5,    texui,    textum,    texere, 

[  Y/tex  (akin  to  reVi-wi/)],  3.  v.  a., 
weave, plait.  —  Less  exactly  (perh. 
poetic,  perh.  in  earlier  sense), build, 
frame.  —  Poetic :  fugas  et  prae- 
lia  (of  dolphins,  weave  a  tangled 
•web  in  flight  and  conflict) .  —  tex- 
t u m,  -I,  p.p.  neut.,  a  fabric. 

textilis,  -e,  [ftexto-  (of  p.p.  of 
texo)  +  ills],  adj.,  woven,  of  wo- 
ven stuffs. 

textus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  texo. 

Thaemon,  -ontis,  [?],m.,  a  Trojan. 

thalamus,  -I,  [Gr.  QaXa.^.o{\,  m.,  a 
chamber,  a  room.  —  Poetic,  of  bees, 
a  cell, — Esp.,  a  chamber  (tot  sleep- 
ing).—  Fig.  (also  plu.),  marriage, 
wedlock. 

Thalia,  -ae,  [Gr.  0oA«o],  f. :  i.  One 
of  the  Muses,  regularly  assigned 
to  comedy ;  2.  A  sea-nymph. 

Thamyrus  (-is),  -I,  [?],  m.,  a  Tro- 
jan. 

Thapsus,  -I,  [Gr.  ©ctyos],  f.,  a  city 
on  a  promontory  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  eastern  coast  of  Sicily. 

Thasiiis,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  ©ao-jos], 
adj.,  of  Thasos  (an  island  off  the 
coast  of  Thrace,  famous  for  its 
wine),  Thasian. 

Thaumantias,  -adis,  [Gr.  @xv- 
/j.ai'Tia.s'],  f.  adj.,  daughter  of  Thau- 
mas,  Iris. 

Thru  no,  -us,  [Gr.  0e<m£],f.,  a  Tro- 
jan woman. 

th  cat  rum,  -I,  [Gr.  Bearpov],  n.,  a 
theatre  (proper) .  —  Less  exactly, 
a  place  for  games,  a  theatre. 

Thebae,  -arum,  [Gr.  07j/3ai],  f., 
Thebes,  a  famous  city  of  Bceotia. 

Thebanus,  -a,  -um,  [fTheba  + 
nus],  adj.:  i.  Of  Thebes  (in  Boe- 
otia),  Theban  ;  2.  Also,  of  Thebe 
(a  city  in  Mysia,  whence  came 
Andromache). 

Themillas,  -ae,  [?],  m.,  a  Trojan. 

Thermodon,  -ontis,  [Gr.  ©ep/uce- 
Sou'],  m.,  a  river  of  Pontus,  famous 
as  being  in  the  region  of  the  Ama- 
zons. 

Theron,  -onis,  [Gr.  &i)pu>v']t  m.,  a 
Latin. 


Thersilochus,  -i,  [Gr.  ®eptrl\oxos], 
m.,  the  name  of  two  different  Tro- 
jans in  Hades. 

thesaurus  (thens-),  -I,  [Gr.  B-^aav- 
pos],  m.,  a  hoard,  a  treasure.  — 
Also,  a  storehouse,  a  treasure- 
house.  —  Poetic,  of  a  hive. 

Theseus,  -el  (-eos),  [Gr.  ©Tjo-eiJs], 
m.,  a  king  of  Athens,  slayer  of  the 
Minotaur.  He  assisted  Pirithous 
in  carrying  off  Proserpine  from  the 
infernal  regions,  for  which  impiety 
he  was  forced  to  sit  upon  a  rock 
forever.  He  was  honored  as  a 
special  divinity  by  the  Athenians, 
and  is  sometimes  treated  as  the 
founder  of  their  race. 


(descendant)  of  Theseus.  —  Poetic, 

in  plur.,  Athenians,  sons  of  Theseus. 
Thessandrus,   -i,    [Greek],  m.,  a 

Greek  hero. 
Thestylis,  -is,  [Gr.  ©eonAfs],  f.,  a 

rustic  woman,  wife  or  slave  of  a 

shepherd. 
Thetis,  -idis,  [Gr.  ©ens],  f.,  a  sea- 

nymph,  one  of  the  Nereids,  mother 

of  Achilles  by  Peleus.  —  Also  (cf. 

Ceres),  the  sea. 
thiasus,  -I,  [Gr.  0iao-os],  m.,  the  tlii- 

asus,  a  festive  dance  in  honor  of 

Bacchus.  . 
Thoas,  -antis,  [Gr.  0<5as],  m.  :  I.  A 

Greek  in  the  wooden  horse;   2.  A 

Trojan. 
tholus,  -I,  [Gr.  6S\os~],  m.,  a  dome. 

—  Esp.,  a  sacred  dome,  in  a  temple 

where  gifts  were  hung  up. 
thorax,  -acis,    [Gr.  dtapa£],  m.,  a 

breastplate,  a  corselet. 
Thraca  (Thrae-),  -as,[Gr.  ©pota?], 

f.  (of  adj.,  cf.  Thrax),  Thrace. 
Thracius  (Thrae-),  -a,  -um,  [Gr. 

©paVioj],  adj.,  Thracian,  of  Thrace. 
Thrfix(Thraex),  -acis,[Gr.  0p?£], 

m.,  a  Thracian. 
Threicins,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  ©pr/i'/cm], 

adj.,  of  Thrace,  Thracian.  —  Fern. 

plur.,    the   Thracian    women,    the 

women  of  Thrace. 
Threissa,  -ae,  [Gr.  ©p&tro-o,  f.  adj.], 

f.,  a  TAractan(vfoma.n),  Thracian, 


Vocabulary, 


281 


Thronfus,  -i,  [?],m.,  a  Trojan. 

Thule  (-yle),  -es,  [Gr.  ©OI^ATJ],  f., 
a  supposed  island  at  the  north- 
eastern extremity  of  Europe,  be- 
yond Britain,  discovered  by  the 
navigator  Pytheas.  Its  position  is 
doubtful. 

thureus,  see  tureus. 

thuricremus,  see  tori-. 

thurifer,  see  turi-. 

thus,  see  in-. 

Thybrinus,  see  Tiberinus. 

Thybris  (Ty-),  '**>  [?]»  m.:  I.  A 
hero  in  the  Trojan  ranks  ;  2.  See 
Tiberis. 

Thyias  (Thyas),-adis,[Gr.  ©ma's], 
f.,  a  Bacchante,  a  Mccnad,  one  of 
the  women  who  joined  in  the  fren- 
zied rites  of  Bacchus.  They  are 
often  represented  in  works  of  art. 

Thymber,  -bri,  [?],  m.,  a  Rutulian 
(Ribbeck). 

Thymbra,  -ae,  [Gr.  0t5/t$pTj],  f.,  a 
city  near  Troy  famous  for  its  tem- 
ple of  Apollo. 

thymbra,  -ae,  [Gr.  0v/*j3pa],  f.,  a 
fragrant  herb,  savory •(  ?),  {Satureia 
tliymbra) . 

Thymbraeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  0u/x- 
Ppaios'],  adj.,  of  Thymbra,  Thym- 
br&an. —  Masc.  as  subst. :  I.  The 
god  of  Thymbra(b.\>o\\d) ;  2.  Name 
of  a  Trojan. 

Tliymbris,  -is,  [Gr.  name  of  the 
Tiber],  m.,  a  Trojan. 

Thymoetes,  -ae,  [Gr.  ©t^uofrTjs], 
m.,  a  Trojan  at  the  siege  of  Troy. 
—  Also  one  in  tineas'  expedition. 

t  h  vmiiiii  (-us),  -i,  [Gr.  Ovpov],  n., 
thyme  (a  fragrant  herb  whose  blos- 
soms are  loved  by  bees). 

Thyrsis,  -idis,  [Gr.  Qvpais],  m.,  a 
shepherd. 

thyrsus,  -I,  [Gr.  0vpcnfc],  m.,  a 
plant-stalk.  —  Esp.,  the  thyrsus 
(prob.  originally  a  stalk),  or  wand 
of  Bacchus,  wreathed  with  ivy  and 
vine  leaves  or  other  plants,  and 
borne  in  the  festival  rites  of  the 
god. 

tiara  (-as),  -ae,  [Gr.  riopa  (-as)], 
f.  (or  m.),  a  regal  cap  (a  head- 


dress used  by  Eastern  nations),  a 
head-dress  (equal  to  mitra,  \vh. 
see). 
Tiberinus  (Tibr-,  Thy-),  -a,  -um, 

[Tiber!  +  nus],  adj.,  of  the  Tiber. 
—  Masc.  as  subst.,  Tiber  (the  river- 
god) . —  the  7Y&v-(half  personified). 

Tiberis  (Tibr-,  Thy-),  -is  (-idis), 
[?],  m. :  i.  The  7'iber,  the  great 
river  of  Rome ;  2.  The  ancient 
Italian  hero  from  whom  the  river 
was  supposed  to  have  been  named. 

tibia,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  the  leg-bone. — 
Also,  a  pipe,  the  special  instrument 
of  shepherds,  and  in  its  larger  forms 
of  frenzied  religious  worship.  It  was 
blown  at  the  end  (the  flute  form 
being  rare),  and  often  two  of  dif- 
ferent pitch  were  put  together  and 
blown  at  the  same  time. 

Tibur,  -iiri.s,  [  ?],  n.,  an  old  and  fa- 
mous town  of  Latium  on  the  Anio, 
twenty  miles  north-east  of  Rome, 
situated  on  a  rocky  hill.  It  long 
defended  itself  against  the  Roman 
power. 

Tiburtus,  -i,  [fTibur  +  tus],  m., 
one  of  the  mythic  founders  of  Ti- 
bur, to  which  he  was  supposed  to 
have  given  its  name.  (Now  Tivoli, 
still  famous  for  its  waterfall.) 

Tiburs,  -urtis,  [fTibur  +  tis,  cf. 
Quiris],  adj.,  of  Tiber.  —  Masc. 
plur.,  the  inhabitants  of  Tiber,  the 
Tiburtines. 

tignum,  -I,  [unc.  root  +  num,  cf. 
magnus],  n.,  a  beam,  a  rafter. 

tigris,  -is  (-idis),  [Gr.  riypts'],  m. 
and  f.,  a  tiger,  a  tigress.  —  Also, 
the  Tiger,  a  name  of  a  ship. 

Tigris,  -idis  (-is),  [Gr.  T/7p«],  m., 
the  river  in  Asia  flowing  between 
Mesopotamia  and  Assyria,  and 
joining  with  the  Euphrates  in  the 
Persian  Gulf. 

tilia,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  the  linden,  the 
lime  (corresponding  to  the  Ameri- 
can basswood). 

Timavus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a  river  be- 
tween Istria  and  Venetia,  flowing 
from  seven  rocky  sources  (between 
Aquileia  and  Trieste  ) ,  makes  a  short 


282 


Vocabulary. 


course  as  a  wide  river  into  the 
Adriatic. 

timeo,  -ui,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [as  if 
ftimo  (cf.  timidus)],  2.  v.  a.  and 
n.,  fear,  dread.  —  Intransitive,  be 
alarmed,  be  in  fear.  —  Also,  show 
one's  fear.  —  timens,  -entis,  p.  as 
a.d].,ffarfu/t  alarmed,  in  one's  fear, 
in  fear. 

timidus,  -a,  -urn,  [ftimo  (wh. 
timeo)+dus],  adj.,  fearful,  timid, 
frightened. 

timor,  -oris,  [  •y/tim  (in  timeo)  + 
or],  m.,fear,  dread,  alarm. — Per- 
sonified, Fear. 

tinea,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  worm  (moth 
or  die  like).^ 

tingo  (tinguo),  tinxl,  tinctum, 
tingere,[-N/ting,  cf.  rtyyu~\,  3-v.a., 
ivet,  dip  (in  water),  bathe,  plunge. 
—  Also,  of  the  wetting  substance, 
wash,  bathe. 

tinnitus,  -fis,  [ftinni-  (stem  of 
tinnio)  +  tus],  m.,  a  rattling 
noise,  a  ring,  a  jingle. 

Tiphys,  -yos,  [Gr.  Ti<pi5s],  m.,  the 
pilot  of  the  Argo. 

Tiryiithius,  -a,  -uin,  [Gr.  Ttpvv- 
0ios],  adj.,  of  Tiryns,  an  ancient 
town  of  Argolis,  where  Hercules 
was  educated.  —  Masc.  as  subst., 
Hercules. 

TIsiphone,  -es,  [Gr.  TurupAvvi],  f., 
one  of  the  Furies. 

Titan,  -anis,[Gr.  TiTav],  m.,  a  name 
of  the  sun-god  as  in  some  way  con- 
founded with  the  Titans.  See  Ti- 
tanius. 

Titanius,  -a,  -nm,  [Gr.  Tirefc/os], 
adj.,  of  the  Titans  (a  mysterious 
race  of  giants,  sons  of  Heaven  and 
Earth,  who  warred  against  Zeus), 
Titanian.  One  of  the  Titans  was 
Hyperion,  the  father  of  the  Sun 
and  the  Moon  according  to  the 
confused  myths,  and  these  latter 
are  called  Titans  also. 

Tithonius,  -a,  -um,  [tTithono  + 
ius],  adj.,  of  Tithonus. 

Tithonus,  -i,  [Gr.  TiffoWs],  m.,  a 
son  of  Laomedon  who  married 
Aurora  and  became  the  father  of 


Memnon.  He  was  changed  into 
a  locust  {cicada}  at  his  wife's  re- 
quest, since  endowed  with  immor- 
tality he  had  not  received  eternal 
youth. 

titubatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  titubo. 

titubo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [?], 
i.  v.  n.  and  a.,  stumble,  reel,  totter. 
—  titubatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  in 
act.  sense,  stumbling,  tottering. 

Tityrus,  -i,  [Gr.  Tirvpos,  Dor.  form 
of  2aTupos],  m.,  a  shepherd's  name 
in  bucolic  poetry. 

Tityus  (-os),  -i,  [Gr.  Tirixfe],  m.,  a 
giant  of  Euboea  who  offered  vio- 
lence to  Latona  (or  to  Diana). 
He  was  punished  in  Tartarus, 
stretched  out  on  the  ground  and 
having  his  liver  torn  by  vultures. 

Tmarius,  -a,  -um,  [fTmaro+ius], 
adj.,  of  Tinaros  (see  following 
word) .  —  Also,  of  Epirus. 

Tmarus,  -i,  [Gr.  T^uapos  (T>c(pos), 
a  mountain  in  Epirus],  m.,  a  Ru- 
tulian. 

Tmolius,  -a,  -um,  [fTmolo-f  iusj, 
3id}.,Ttno/ian,  ofTmolus.  —  Masc. 
as  subst.,  Tmolian  wine  (half  per- 
sonified). 

Tmolus,  -i,  [Gr.  T/x«\oj],  m.,  a 
mountain  in  Lydia  famous  for  its 
wines. 

tofus  (toph-),  -i,  [?],  m.,  tufa. 

togatus,  -a,  -um,  [  ftoga  -f  tus,  cf. 
armatus],  adj.,  clad  in  the  toga, 
of  the  toga  (wearing  it). 

tolerabilis,  -e,  [ftolera-  (of  to- 
lero)  +  bills],  adj.,  tolerable,  en- 
durable :  non  (unendurable}. 

tolero,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ftoler- 
( -y/tol,  in  tollo,  +  us),  cf.  onus, 
onero],  I.  v.  a.,  bear,  support. — 
Fig.,  endure  :  vitam  {sustain,  get 
a  subsistence). 

tollo,  sustuli,  sublatum,  tol- 
lere,  [V^°l>  Peff-  anc^  SUP-  borr. 
fr.  suffero,  see  fero],  3.  v.  a., 
lift,  raise  (in  all  Eng.  senses)  : 
aulaea  {draw  up,  but  closing  in- 
stead of  opening  the  scene) ;  sax- 
urn  {take  up);  me  humo  {raise 
up)  ;  bracchia  {put  up)  ;  rates 


Vocabulary. 


283 


(take  up  to  launch) ;  caeli  sidera 
(bear  up,  of  Atlas) ;  in  astra  ne- 
potes  (raise  to  heaven,  as  gods); 
fluctus  (throw  up,  stir  up} ;  un- 
dam  de  flumine  (dip  up,  take 
up}  ;  sublato  pectore  {with  lofty 
neck} ;  sublatus  ensis  {uplifted 
sword}.  —  With  reflexive  or  in 
passive,  raise  one's  self,  rise,  spring 
up,  go  up :  se  ab  solio ;  se  adrec- 
tum;  nimbus  arenae  tollitur; 
quae  se  tollunt  (spring  up,  of 
trees); — so,  fig.:  se  clamor  (go 
up,  arise,  see  below).  —  Also,  fig., 
raise  (and  the  like)  :  vocem  (send 
up,  send  forth} ;  clamores ;  gemi- 
tum  (utter} ;  sublata  rebus  se- 
cundis  (elated,  puffed  up};  vos 
in  tantum  spe  (raise  your  hopes 
so  high,  be  inspired  with  so  much 
hope}  ;  animos  (encourage,  exalt, 
cheer,  revive,  be  inspirited} ;  prae- 
lia  venti  {stir  up} ;  ad  astra 
Daphnim  (extol,  immortalize} ; 
tollent  animos  sata ;  minas  (of 
a  snake,  rise  menacingly}.  — Also 
(where  raise  is  not  used  in  Eng.), 
take  up  and  carry  away,  take 
away,  carry  off,  bear  away,  bear 
off,  remove,  put  away,  put  an  end 
to,  extirpate,  destroy,  cease,  for- 
bear :  tollite  me  Teucri ;  dona ; 
certamina ;  sive  est  virtus  et 
gloria  tollat  (carry  it  off,  have 
it} ;  de  caespite  silvam ;  minas ; 
sublatis  dolis  (without  longer 
concealment}. — In  a  special  sense, 
take  up  (of  a  new-born  child), 
hence,  rear,  bring  up. 

Tolumnius,  -I  (-li),  [?],  m.,  an 
augur  of  the  Rutuli. 

tondeo,  totondi,  tonsum,  ton- 
dere,  [?],  2.  v.  a.,  shear  (of  the 
thing  sheared  and  the  product), 
clip,  crop,  trim,  strip,  pluck : 
bracchia  (for  oars}. — Esp.,  mow, 
reap.  —  Of  animals,  crop,  br cause, 
graze  on,  feed  on  :  campum  equi ; 
iecur  (of  vultures).  —  tonsus,  -a, 
-uin,  p.p.  as  adj.,  trimmed,  mown, 
cropped,  clipped,  sheared,  shorn : 
lonsao  valles  {grazing  valleys}', 


tonsa  oliva  {olive  leaves,  stripped 
off) ;  —  so :  tonsa  corona  {leafy 
garland}. —  Fem.  as  subst.,  an 
oar  (cf.  tondere  bracchia). 

tonitrus, -us,  [ftoni-  (weaker  stem 
of  toiio)  +  trus,  cf.  Quinqua- 
trus],  m.,  thunder,  a  clap  of 
thunder. 

tono,  tonul,  tonitum,  tonare, 
[?],  i.'v.  n.,  thunder.  —  Of  other 
noises  as  in  Eng. :  eloquio  (of  an 
orator)  ;  antra  Aetnaea ;  axis 
(of  a  chariot)  ;  tonat  ter  centum 
Deos  {calls  with  loud  voice  upon, 
thunders  the  names  of,  cogn.  ace.). 

tonsus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  tondeo. 

tophus,  see  tofus. 

tormentum,  -I,  [  -^/torqu  +  men- 
turn],  n.,  an  engine  (for  hurling  mis- 
siles by  means  of  a  twisted  rope). 
—  Also,  torture,  pain,  torment. 

tornus,  -I,  [Gr.  i6pvos~\,  m.,  a  lathe : 
facilis  {chisel,  transferring,  to  ren- 
der facilis) . 

torpeo,  -ui,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [ftorpo- 
(cf.  torpidus)  of  unc.kin.],  a.v.n., 
be  benumbed,  be  stiff.  —  Fig.,  be. 
sluggish,  be  enfeebled,  be  inactive, 
be  idle. 

torpor,  -oris,  [  y'torp-  (in  torpeo) 
-f  or],  m.,  torpor,  numbness,  pa- 
ralysis. 

Torquatus,  -I,  [ftorqui  +  tus  (cf. 
iirniaf  us)  ],  m.,  the  name  of  Titus 
Manlius  Torquatus,  given  him  for 
slaying  a  Gaul  in  single  combat. 

torqueO,  torsi,  tortum,  tprque- 
re,  [-y/torqu,  akin  to  rpe'irw], 
2.  v.  a.,  whirl,  twist,  twirl,  turn 
(with  some  violence  or  haste), 
bend:  ter  fluctus  (of  a  ship,  spin 
around} ;  amenta  (wind  up,  of 
the  thong  of  a  javelin)  ;  verbera 
fundae  (twirl  around  the  head  to 
throw) ;  axem  umero  (whirl,  of 
Atlas);  tegumen  leonis  {fling 
around,  as  a  robe) ;  undam  {in 
a  whirling  eddy} ;  ora  (distort, 
pucker}. —  From  the  spinning  mo- 
tion of  a  dart  (cf.  amenta  above), 
hurl,  throw, fling,  roll  (of  a  river) : 
tres  Notus  in  saxa  (of  ships) ; 


284 


Vocabulary. 


aquosam  hiemem  (Jling  down, 
let  fly).  —  Simply,  turn  (but  with 
a  poetic  conception)  :  currua  (al- 
most equals  twist};  vi  portam 
(wrench  around}  ;  corn.ua  (haul 
around) ;  vestigia ;  —  so,  fig. : 
lumina ;  oculos ;  aciem.  —  Poeti- 
cally, rule,  sway,  control :  sidera 
mundi  (almost  lit.) ;  caelum  et 
terras ;  bella. — tortus;  -a,  -um, 
pp.  as  adj.,  twisted,  bent,  twined  : 
cucumis  (crooked) ;  imber  (prob. 
hail ) ;  orbes  (winding) ;  angues 
(writhing) ;  qvLeTCTis^  garland)  ; 
vortex  (whirling'). 

torques  (-is),  -is,  [^/torqu  +  es 
(-is)],  m.and  f.,  a  necklace  (twist- 
ed round  the  neck),  a  collar. — 
Also,  a  collar  (for  cattle). — Also, 
a  wreath,  a  festoon. 

torrens,  see  torreo. 

torreo,  torrui,  tostuni,  torrurc, 
[ftorro-  (  ^ors  +  us,  cf.  terra  and 
torridus)],  2.  v.  a.,  roast,  parch 
(lit.  and  fig.).  —  torrens,  -entis, 
p.  as  adj.  (from  fire  or  boiling 
water),  boiling,  roaring,  raging. 
As  subst.,  a  torrent. 

torridus,  -a,  -um,  [ftorro-  (wh. 
torreo) -|-dus],  adj.,  burning,  hot, 
fiery. 

torris,  -is,  [-y/tors  (cf.  torreo)  + 
is],m.,  a  firebrand. — Also,  a  stake 
(burnt  at  the  end  fora  weapon). 

tortilis,  -e,  [ftorto-  (p.p.  of  tor- 
queo) +  lis],  adj.,  twisted,  encir- 
cling (twisted  around). 

tortus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  torqueo. 

tortus,  -us,  [  -y/torqu  (in  torqueo) 
+  tus],  m.,  a  coil,  a  writhing  coil 
(of  a  snake). 

torus,  -I,  [  ?,  y'star  (in  sterno)  + 
us],m.,  a  bulge  ;  plur.,  the  muscles 
(esp.  of  the  neck) ;  the  neck,  a 
cushion,  a  bed  (perh.  orig.  sense), 
a  couch  (for  sitting,  reclining  at 
meals,  or  laying  out  the  dead). — 
Fig.,  of  natural  lying-places :  viri- 
dans  (green  couch  of  turf) ;  ripa- 
rum  (grassy  couches)  ;  arma  toro 
requirit  (equal  to  chamber,  where 
the  arms  were  hung  over  the  bed). 


torvus,  -a,  -um,  [  Y/tor  (cf.  tere- 
bro)+vus,  cf.  Topos],  adj.,  (pierc- 
ing only  of  the  expression),  pierc- 
ing (v{  eyes), grim,  savage,  frown- 
ing, wild-eyed,  glaring.  —  Neut. 
as  adv. :  torvum  clamat  (wildly, 
coupled  with  torquens  aciem) ; 
torva  tuens  (fiercely). 

tostus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  torreo. 

tot  [for  toti,  pron.  -y/ta  +  ti,  cf . 
quot],  indecl.  adj.,  so  many,  as 
ma  ^'(demonstrative),  these  many, 
those  many. 

totidem  [toti  +  dem,  cf.  idem], 
indecl.  adj.,  just  so  man}',  just  as 
many,  as  many,  the  same  number, 
a  like  number. 

totiens  (-es),  [toti  as  stem  (re- 
duced)  +  iens,  cf.  noviens],  adv., 
so  many  times,  as  (cf.  tot)  many 
times,  so  often,  as  (cf.  tot)  often. 

totus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  the  whole 
of  (a.  thing  collectively,  cf.  omnis, 
all,  every),  all,  the  whole,  entire. 
—  Often  (like  all  adjs.  of  quantity, 
order,  and  degree)  equal  to  an 
adv.,  entirely,  completely,  wholly, 
all  over,  all. 

trabalis,  -e,  [ftrabi-  (of  trabs, 
reduced)  +  alis],  adj.,  of  a  beam. 
Also,  like  a  beam  :  telum. 

trabea,  -ae,  [ftrabi-  (reduced)  + 
ea,  f.  of-eus],  f.,  a  trabea,  a  robe, 
woven  in  stripes,  worn  by  magis- 
trates, &c. 

trabs  (trabes),  -is,  [?],  f.,a  beam 
(hewn),  a  timber.  — Less  exactly, 
a  ship. 

tractabilis,  -e,  [tracta-  (of  trac- 
to)  +  bilis],  adj.,  manageable.  — 
So,  of  the  weather,  Jit  for  naviga~ 
tion.  —  Of  persons,  yielding,  trac- 
table. 

tractim  [as  if  ace.  of  ftracti- 
(  y'trah  +  tis),  cf.  partim],  adv., 
draS&ingtyi  slowly,  gradually,  con- 
timiously. 

tracto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ftrac- 
to-  (of  tractus)],  I.  v.  ^, handle. 

tractus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  traho. 

tractus,  -us,  [^/trah  (of  traho) 
+  tus],  m.,  a  drawing:  tractu 


Vocabulary. 


285 


gementem  ferre  rotam  (as  it 
moves) ;  tanto  tractu  se  conligit 
anguis  (so  wide  a  sweep) .  —  Also 
(cf.  trano,  trace),  a  streak,  a 
stretch  (cf.  Eng.  use),  a  quarter, 
a  region. 

tradd,  -didi,  -dltum,  -dere, 
[tran3-do],  3.  v.  a.,  hand  over, 
give  over,  give  in  charge,  surren- 
der. 

traduco,  -duxi,  -ductum,  -du- 
cere,  [trans-duco],  3.  v.  a.,  draw 
over,  transfer,  remove. 

trahea,  -ae,  [ftraha-  (reduced)  + 
ea,  f.  of  -eus] ,  f.,  a  drag,  a  sledge 
(used  also  for  threshing). 

traho,  traxi,  tractuin,  traherc, 
[  -^/trah  (for  -gh),  akin  to  Tpe'xwjt 
3.  v.  a.,  drag  (with  violence,  or 
with  difficulty),  dragon,  drag  along, 
drag  away,  bear  on  (of  rivers,  &c. ) , 
carry  with  it  (of  something  fall- 
ing, &c.),  carry  off  (as  captive)  : 
tractae  catenae  (dragging,  clank- 
ing chains) ;  nubem  (drive) ;  ar- 
menta  cum  stabulis^/rry  away) ; 
genua  aegra ;  sinus  ultimus  or- 
bes  (of  a  snake) ;  naves  in  saxa 
(of  Scylla). —  Also  (without  vio- 
lence), draw,  draw  out,  draw  in, 
move  on  (slowly  or  continuously), 
trail,  lead  (of  children,  &c.),  draw 
(lots):  sinum  ex  alto  (roll); 
alvum  (trail,  as  hanging  low); 
vela  (take  in).  —  Fig.,  draw,  de- 
rive, entice,  attract,  trace,  pass,  be 
traced  (extend),  dissolve  (draw 
in),  utter  with  difficulty:  gyros 
(trace)  ;  Iris  mille  colores  ;  a 
pectore  vocem  (utter  with  diffi- 
culty). —  So,  also,  drag  out,  per- 
form (slowly),  while  away,  waste 
(of  time),  dally,  delay:  moras  (cre- 
ate') ;  vitam ;  noctem  sermone ; 

—  pass.,  draw  on  (of  future  time). 

—  Esp.,  absorb,  draw  in  :  per  osaa 
furorem. 

traicio  (transicio,  also  separate, 
traiic-,  transilc-),  -ieci,  -icc- 
1  u  in,  -iccre,  [trans-iacio],  3.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  thrmo  across,  throw  over. 

—  With  change  of  point  of  view, 


pierce,  transfix.  —  Intrans.,  pass 
across,  pass. 

traiectus  (trans-),  -a,  -inn,  p.p. 
of  tralclo. 

frames,  -itis,  [ ^/mi  (in  moo)  + 
tis  (reduced),  cf.  comes],  m.,  a 
cross-path,  a  by-way.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, a  path  (lit.  and  fig.), a  course. 

trano  (trans-),  -avi, -atuin,  -are, 
[trans-no],  i.  v.  a.,  swim  across, 
cross  (of  rivers),  sail  through  or 
across  (of  birds).  —  Also,  of  Mer- 
cury as  a  winged  creature. 

tranquillus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj., 
quiet,  calm,  still,  tranquil. — Neut. 
as  subst. :  tranquillo,  in  calm 
weather. 

trans  [unc.  form  •v/tra>  tar  (in  te- 
rebro)],  prep.,  across,  through, 
over.  —  Adv.,  in  comp.,  in  same 
sense. 

transabeo, -ii,  no  sup.,  -Ire,[trans- 
abeo],  irr.  v.  a.  and  n.,  pass  beyond. 

—  Also,    pierce,   penetrate,   pass 
through  (of  a  weapon,  &c.). 

transadigo,  -egi,  -actum,  -igerc, 
[  trans -adigo],  3.  v.  a.,  thrust 
through  (with  two  aces.).  —  Also, 
pierce  through,  penetrate. 

transcrlbo  (transs-),  -scrips!, 
-scriptum,  -scribere,  [trans- 
scribo],  3.  v.  a., transcribe. — Also, 
make  over  by  writing;  —  hence, 
assign  over,  transfer,  make  over. 

—  Esp.,  enroll  (in  a  different  list, 
cf.  conscribo),  transfer. 

transcurro,  -cucurri  (-curri), 
no  sup.,  -currere,  [trans-curro], 
3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  run  across,  Jly 
across,  shoot  across. 

transco,  -ii  (-ivi),  -Itum,  -Ire, 
[trans-eo],  irr.  v.  n.  and  a.,  pass 
over,  cross,  pass  by,  pass,  outstrip. 

—  A\so,fifrcf,  pass  through,  pen- 
etrate. —  Also,    pass  over  or   by 
(  unmentioned  ) . 

trfinsfero,  -tuli,  -latum,  -ferre, 
[trans-fero],  irr.  v.  &.,  carry  over, 
transfer. 

transfigo,  -fixi,  -fixum,  -figere, 
[trana-figo],  3.  v.  ^. 


286 


Vocabulary. 


—  Also,  pierce  through  (cf.  figo), 
transfix. 

transf  ixus,-a,-um,  p.p.  of  trans- 
figo. 

transfodio,  -fodi,  -fossum,  -fo- 
dere,  [trans-fodio],3.  v.  a->  pierce, 
transfix. 

transformo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are, 
[transformo],  i. v.  a., transform, 
metamorphose  ;  —  with  reflexive, 
change. 

transfossus,  -a,  -11111,  p.p.  of  trans- 
fodio.^ 

transilio  (transs-),  -ui  (-Ivi),  no 
sup.,  -Ire,  [trans-salio],  3.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  leap  across,  fly  over.  —  Of 
things,  fly  through. 

transmissus,  -a,  -11111,  p.p.  of 
transniitto. 

transmitto,-misi,  -missum,  -mit- 
tere,  [trans-mitto],  3.  v.  a.and  n., 
suffer  to  pass  across  (cf.  niitto, 
let  go}. —  Fig.,  transmit,  assign 
over.  —  With  ace.  dep.  or  trans, 
pass  over  :  campos ;  cursum  (cross 
the  passage} . 

transports,  -avi,  -atum,  -are, 
[trans-porto],  I.  v.  a.,  bear  across, 
carry  across :  ripas  (carry  the 
shades  across  the  stream}. 

transtrum,  -I,  [trans  -f  trum],  n., 
a  cross-beam.  —  Esp.,  a  thwart,  a 
bench  (for  rowers  athwart  the  ship). 

transverbero,  -avi,  -atum,  -are, 
[trans-verbero],  i.  v.  a.,  strike 
through,  pierce,  transfix. 

transversus,  -a,  -HIM,  p.p.  of 
transverto. 

transverto1, -verti,-versum,-ver- 
tere,  [ trans- ver to],  3.  v.  a..,  turn 
athwart. — transversus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  lying  across,  running 
across.  —  Neut.  plur.  as  adv.,  as- 
kance, athwart  one's  course. 

trapetus,  -I,  [Gr.  rpainjTOs'],  m.,  an 
oil-mill. 

trecentl,  -ae,  -a,  [ftri-centum, 
decl.],  adj.,  three  hundred. 

tremebundus,  -a,  -um,  [ttreme- 
(as  of  tremo,  but  cf.  rubicun- 
dus)  +  bundus],  adj.,  trembling, 
quivering. 


tremefacio,  -feci,  -factuni,  -fa- 
cere,  [unc.  stem  (akin  to  tremo) 
-facio],  3.  v.  a.,  make  tremble, 
shake.  —  tremefactus,  -a,  -um, 

p.p.,  shaken,  trembling,  quivering, 
shuddering. 

tremendus,  see  tremo. 

tremesco  (-isco),  no  perf.,  no  sup., 
-ere,  [ftreme-  (of tremo)  +  sco], 
3.  v.  n.  and  a.  incept.,  tremble. — 
With  inf.  and  ace.,  tremble,  shud- 
der.—  With  obj.  tremble  at,  shud- 
der at. 

tremo,  -ui,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [  ytrem, 
cf.  rp€/j.w  (perh.  fr.  a  stem,  cf.  ter- 
reo)],  3.  v.  a.,  tremble,  quake, 
quake  with  fear,  shake,  quiver  : 
cristae  (nod,  flutter}.  —  Act., 
tremble  at,  shudder  at,  quake  with 
fear  at.  —  tremens,  -entis,  p.  as 
adj.,  trembling,  quivering,  friglit- 
ened. —  tremendus,  -a,  -um,  p. 
ger.,  dreadful,  awful,  dread. 

tremor,  -oris,  [ytrem  +  or],  m., 
a  trembling. 

tremulus,  -a,  -um,  [ftremo1- 
(  Y/trem-f  us)  +  lus],  adj.,  trem- 
ulous, quivering,  shimmering. 

trepido,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [ftre- 
pido-],  I.  v.  n.  and  a.,  tremble, 
quake  with  fear,  flutter.  —  Also, 
hurry  to  and  fro,  bustle.  —  Act. 
(as  verb  of  fearing),  fear,  dread, 
shrink  from.  —  trepidans,  -an- 
tis,  p.  as  adj.  ,frighte  ned,  in  a  panic, 
in  alarm. 

trepidus,  -a,  -um,[ttrepo-(  ^/trep, 
of  unc.  kin.  +  us)  +  dus],  adj., 
trembling,  agitated,  shuddering, 
quaking,  bustling,  hurrying,  con- 
fused, in  confusion,  in  agitation  ; 
— frightened,  fearful,  anxious, 
alarmed,  in  eager  haste. 

tres,  tria,  [ftri-,  of  unc.  kin.,  cf. 
•rpfls,  Eng.  three],  num.  adj.  plur., 
three. 

tribulum,  -i,  [tri  (as  root  of  tero) 
+  bulum],  n.,  a  drag  (for  thresh- 
ing, with  teeth  beneath). 

trlbulus,  -i,  [Gr.  rpijSoAoj],  m.,  a 
caltrop  (a  pointed  instrument  laid 
on  the  ground  as  a  defence  against 


Vocabulary. 


287 


cavalry) .  —  Also,  a  caltrop. 
tribus,  -us,  f.,  a  tribe. 
trlcorpor,    -oris,     [ttri-fcorpor- 

(decl.  as  adj.)],  adj.,  three-bodied. 

tridens,  -dentis,  [ftri-dens  (decl. 
as  adj.)],  adj.,  three-toothed,  three- 
pronged.  —  Masc.  as  subst.,  a  iri- 
dent,  the  attribute  of  Neptune. 

trietericus,  -a,  -uin,  [Gr.  TpifT-rjpt- 
K<fcJ,  adj.,  biennial,  occurring  once 
in  three  years  according  to  the 
notions  of  the  ancients,  who  count- 
ed both  termini  of  a  period. 

trifaux,  -faucis,  [ftri-faux,  decl. 
as  adj.],  adj.,  three-throated,  triple- 
jawed  :  trifauci  latratus  Cerbe- 
rus (with  the  baying  of  his  three 
throats} . 

triginta[tri-unc.  stem,  cf.  viginti], 
indecl.  num.  adj.,  thirty. 

trilix,  -Hcis,  [ftri-lix,  cf.  bilix], 
adj.,  three-ply,  threefold  (of  three 
thicknesses). 

Trinacrius,  -a,  -inn,  [Gr.  Tptvd- 
icptos'],  adj.,  of  Sicily  (called  Tri- 
nacria  from  its  three  promonto- 
ries), Sicilian.  —  Fern.  (cf.  Gr. 
IpivoKpia),  Sicily.  (This  word,  as 
is  the  case  with  most  names  of 
countries,  serves  as  adj.  of  its  own 
fern.). 

Triones,  -uni,  [?],  m.  plur.,  the 
Great  and  Little  Bears,  Ursa  Ma- 
jor and  Minor,  or  Charles'  Wain 
(see  also  septentrio). 

triplex,  -ids,  [ftri-plex,  cf.  du- 
plex], adj.,  threefold,  triple  :  gens 
(in  three  divisions). 

tripus,  -odis,  [Gr.  rpltrovs"],  m.,  a 
tripod,  a  three-legged  stand  used 
by  the  ancients,  especially  for  cook- 
ing and  for  sacred  rites.  —  Esp., 
the  Tripod,  or  cauldron  on  a  tri- 
pod, at  Delphi,  on  which  the  priest- 
ess sat  when  delivering  the  oracle. 
—  Plur.,  referring  to  the  same,  but 
almost  in  sense  of  oracles. 

tristis,  -e,  [?,  perh.  ^/ters  (in  ter- 
reo]  -f  tis],  adj.,  sad,  gloomy, 
mournful,  wretched,  sorrowful. — 
Also  of  things  connected  with  per- 
sons in  the  same  sense.  — Also,  as 


affecting  others,  grim,  gloomy,  sul- 
len, stern.  —  Transf.,  sad  (causing 
sadness),  bitter,  dreary,  mournful, 
melancholy,  ill-omened,  wretched, 
gloomy,  dreadful,  cruel,  harsh, 
noxious,  baneful :  tempus  (disas- 
trous); Minervaesidus^/tfrw)'); 
nihil  triste  (there  is  no  sorrow} . — 
Of  taste,  &c.,  bitter,  harsh.  —  Neut. 
as  subst.,  the  bane. 

trisulcus,  -a,  -HIM,  [ftri-sulcus, 
decl.  as  adj.],  adj.,  three-forked. 

triticcus,  -a,  -urn,  [ftntico-  (of 
triticum,  reduced)  +  eus],  adj., 
of  wheat :  messis  {wheat-harvest). 

Triton,  -onis,  [Gr.  Tpiruiv'],  m. : 
A  sea-god,  son  of  Neptune,  rep- 
resented as  blowing  a  conch-shell. 
—  Plur.,  sea-gods.  —  2.  A  name  of 
a  ship. 

Tritonia,  -ae,  [Gr.  Tpirtavios'],  f.,  a 
name  or  appellation  of  Pallas  (Mi- 
nerva) of  uncertain  origin. 

Tritonis,  -idis,  [Gr.  TpjiWs],  f., 
same  as  Tritonia. 

<  ri t  ii  ru,  -ae,  [  -^iri (in  tero) -ftura, 
but  see  pictura],  f.,  threshing. 

tritus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  tero. 

triumphatus,  -a,  -HIM,  p.p.  of  tri- 
nmphq. 

triumpho,  -avi,  -atum,  -are, 
[ftriumpho-],  i.  v.  n.  and  a.,  tri- 
umph (technically).  —  Act.,  enjoy 
a  triumph  over,  lead  in  triumph, 
conquer,  subdue. 

triumphus,  -I,  [prob.  corr.  fr.  Gr. 
6pla.fj.ftos,  a  hymn  to  Bacchus],  m., 
a  triumph  (in  the  Roman  techni- 
cal sense,  where  the  general  with 
his  army  went  in  procession  to  the 
Capitol  to  offer  a  sacrifice).  —  Less 
exactly,  a  triumph  (generally),  a 
victory. 

Trivius,  -a,  -um,  [ftri-fvia,  decl. 
as  adj.],  adj.,  of  three  ways. — Masc. 
and  fern.,  of  gods  whose  temples 
were  built  at  the  junction  of  three 
ways. — Fern., Trivia,  as  subst.; — 
esp.,  Hecate  or  Diana,  on  account 
of  her  three  forms.  —  Neut.,  a 
square,  where  three  ways  met, 
corners. 


288 


Vocabulary. 


Troas,  -adis,  [Gr.  Tpwcfc],  f.  adj.,  a 
Trojan  woman. — Plur.,  the  Trojan 
•women. 

Troia,  see  Troius. 

Troianus,  -a,  -um,  [fTroia+nus], 
adj.,  Trojan. — As  subst.,  <z  Trojan. 

Troilus,  -i,  [Gr.  TpwiAos],  m.,  a  son 
of  Priam  killed  in  the  Trojan  war. 

Troiugena,  -ae,  [fTroiu-  (of  unc. 
form)  -gena  (cf.  indlgena)], 
comm.,  born  in  Troy,  Trojan.  — 
As  subst.,  a  Trojan. 

Troius,  -a,  -um,  [fTro-  (of  Tros) 
-fills],  adj. :  A.  Of  Tros.  —  Fern. : 
I.  Troy,  the  city  of  Tros ;  2.  A 
city  of  the  same  name  in  Epirus ; 
3.  The  game  or  exercise  of  the 
Trojan  youths  in  honor  of  Anchi- 
ses.  —  B.  Less  exactly  (as  with 
most  names  of  countries,  &c.),  of 
Troy,  Trojan. —  Masc.,  a  Trojan. 

tropaeum  (-phaeuin),  -I,  [Gr. 
T-p6iraiov~],  n.,  a  trophy,  regularly 
a  trunk  of  a  tree  arrayed  in  arms 
and  left  standing  on  the  battle- 
field. —  Less  exactly,  a  trophy 
(generally),  a  victory. 

Tros,  -ois,  [Gr.  Tpias],  m.,  a  king 
of  Phrygia  (see  Dardanus). — 
As  adj.,  Trojan.  —  As  subst.,  a 
Trojan.  —  Plur.,  the  7"rojans,  said 
to  be  named  for  him. 

trucido,  -avi,  -aiinn,  -are,  [?, 
prob.  noun-stem  akin  to  trux,  and 
caedoj,  l.v.  a.,  cut  down,  slaugh- 
ter. 

trudis,  -is,  [y/trud  (in  trudo)  + 
is],  f.,  a  boat-hook,  a  pole  (for  boat- 
ing), said  to  have  a  crescent-shaped 
head,  cf.  contus. 

trudo,  trusi,  trusum,  trudere, 
[?],  3.  v.  a.,  push,  push  on,  shove, 
thrust,  press  against,  struggle 
against.  —  Esp.,  put  forth  (of 
growth).  —  In  pass,  or  with  reflex- 
ive, sprout. 

trillions,  -a,  -urn,  [?],  adj.,  lopped, 
stripped,  cut  off,  maimed,  muti- 
lated:  pinus  (a  pine  trunk}  ; 
trunca  pedum  (destitute  of,  of 
maggots)  ;  tela  (broken,  perh. 
with  only  the  heads  off).  —  Masc., 


a  trunk  (of  a  tree,  opposed  to  the 
branches),  a  stock,  a  main  shoot. 

—  Also,  a   headless  trunk  (of  a 
man). 

trux,  trucis  f_  ?],  adj.,  savage,  grim, 
gloomy. 

tu,  tul,  [cf.  <n',  Eng.  thou],  pers. 
pron.,  thou,  you  (according  to  Eng. 
idiom).  —  Plur.,  vos,  you  (of  sev- 
eral) ;  —  also  apparently  (never 
really)  of  one,  when  others  are  in- 
cluded. 

tuba,  -ae,  [f.  of  tubus],  f.,  a  trum- 
pet (straight,  cf.  cornu,  a  curved 
horn). 

tucor,  tuitus  (tutus),  tuerl,  [?], 
2.  v.  dep.,  look  at,  gaze  at,  gaze 
upon,  look,  behold.  —  Also  (lit.  and 
%•)»  protect,  defend. — tutus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  in  pass,  sense,  protected, 
safe  (as  regards  externals,  cf.  se- 
curus,  as  regards  one's  self),  se- 
cure, without  danger,  in  safety, 
undisturbed,  unharmed:  dare  tu- 
ta  vela  (sail  safely). — Fig. :  fides 
(secure,  trustworthy) .  —  Trans- 
ferred, safe  {protecting)  :  tegmina 
capitum.  —  Like  securus,  fear- 
less, in  security.  —  Neut.  sing,  or 
plur.,  safe  places  (i.e.  safely),  a 
safe  retreat,  a  safe  position,  &c., 
safety,  security.  —  Abl.  as  adv., 
safely,  -with  impunity. 

tugurium,  -1  (-ii),  [ -^/teg  +  unc. 
term.],  n.,  a  hut. 

Tulla,  -ae,  [f.  of  Tullus],  f.,  an 
attendant  of  Camilla. 

Tullus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a  Roman  name. 

—  Esp.,  Tullus  Hostilius,  the  third 
king  of  Rome. 

turn  [n.  ace.  pron.  -y/ta  (in  tarn, 
etc.),  cf.  dam],  adv.  demonstra- 
tive, tJien,  at  that  time.  — With  cor- 
relative, at  the  time,  that  time,  then 
(sometimes  not  expressed  in  Eng.), 
in  that  case,  now  (in  Eng.  sense 
of  past  time),  by  and  by,  mean- 
while, just  then. — Also,  thereupon, 
next,  then  again,  then,  besides, 
and .  .  .  too.  —  Esp. :  quid  turn, 
what  then  (what  follows  logically 
from  the  preceding  ?),  what  next. 


Vocabulary. 


289 


—  turn  lam,  just  then  (but  con- 
founded with  lain  turn) ;  iam 
tuni,  even  then,  just  then,  then 
already') ;  turn  vero,  emphatic, 
introducing  "the  most  important 
point  of  a  narrative. 

tumeo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -ere, 
[ttum.6-  (-v/tu  +  nius,  cf.  tumu- 
lus, ruAos)],  2.  v.  n.,  swell,  be 
swollen. 

tumesco,tumui,no  sup.,-mescere, 
[ftume-  (of  tumeo) +sco] ,  3.v.  n., 
swell,  rise  (of  the  sea  or  war,  &c.). 

tumidus,  -a,  -um,  [ftumo-  (\vh. 
tumeo)  -f  dus],  adj.,  swelling, 
swollen,  rising,  huge. — Fig.,  puffed 
up,  s^velling. 

tumor,  -oris,  [turn  (as  root  of 
tumeo)  +  or],  m.,  a  swelling. — 
Fig.,  anger ^ 

tumultus,  -us,  [ftumulo-  (of  tu- 
mulus in  earlier  meaning,  cf. 
tumeo,  reduced)  +  tus],  m.,  an 
uproar,  a  tiitmilt,  a  noise,  a  dis- 
turbance, a  commotion,  disorder, 
confusion.  —  Also,  of  the  mind, 
anxiety,  agitation,  excitement : 
laetitia  mixto  tumultu.  —  Esp., 
a  domestic  war,  a  war. 

tumulus,  -1,  [ftumo-  (whence  tu- 
meo) +  lus],  m.,  a  mound,a  hill. 
—  Esp.,  a  tomb. 

tune  [tum-ce,  cf.  hlc],  adv.,  then 
(more  definite  than  turn,  but  con- 
fused with  it),  at  that  time.  The 
readings  often  vary  between  turn 
and_tunc. 

t  n  ml- >,  tutudi,  tunsum  (tusum), 
tundere,  [^/tud,  akin  to  Sk. 
•^ud,  with  same  meaning],  3.  v.a., 
strike,  beat,  bruise.  —  Esp.  of  beat- 
ing the  breasts  in  grief.  —  Also, 
pound,  bruise,  crush,  thresh.  — 
Less  exactly,  tear  (of  a  vulture), 
beat  (of  waves),  assail  (by  words). 

tunica,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  tunic,  the 
ancient  undergarment,  a  sort  of 
shirt  or  frock.  —  Fig.,  a  coating 
(of  bark  or  the  like). 

tiinsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  t  undo. 

turba,  -ae,  [-y/tur  (cf.  turma  and 
Da,  cf.  morbus,  su- 


perbus,  and  Tt5/>#7j],  f.,  a  disturb- 
ance, a  tumult,  confusion. —  Esp., 
a  throng,  a  crowd,  a  flock  (of 
birds),  a  multitude,  the  crowd  (as 
opposed  to  leaders,  &c.). 

t  m-bat  us,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  turbo. 

turbidus,  -a,  -um,  [fturba-fdus], 
adj.,  confused,  agitated,  wild,  tur- 
bid, roily,  stormy,  eddying  (of 
dust),  whirling  (of  rain).  —  Of 
persons  (cf.  turba),  wild  (often 
equals  adv.  wildly),  agitated,  im- 
petuous, confused,  in  a  panic. 

turbo,  -avi,  -alum,  -are,  [fturba], 
I.  v.  a.,  agitate,  disturb,  throw  into 
confusion,  drive  in  a  panic,  fright- 
en (chase},  scatter:  turbatur  (con- 
fusion reigns') ;  globum  (break, 
i.e.  the  order) ;  omnia  metu ;  la- 
tratu  apros  (rouse);  turbantur 
arenae  (tossed,  driven).  —  Less 
exactly  and  fig.,  alarm,  trouble, 
disturb,  strike  with  a  panic,  break 
off  (a.  truce),  spread  alarm  (among, 
or  absolutely).  —  turbatus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  agitate^,  disor- 
dered, in  a  panic,  broken,  panic- 
stricken,  in  confusion  (equal 
adv.),  frightened,  alarmed,  dis- 
turbed, disordered,  angry,  troubled, 
confused,  excited. 

turbo,  -inls,  [fturba-  (or  -o)  +  o 
(-in),  cf.  homo],  m.,  a  -whirling; 
a  whirling  eddy :  quo  turbine 
adacta  (of  an  arrow,  siir>ply  by 
whose  hurling) ;  venti  (a  whirl- 
wind, see  next  division). —  Esp., 
a  whirlwind,  a  hurricane  :  nigro 
circumdata  turbine  (including 
the  cloud  that  often  accompanies 
the  vortex) ;  ingentis  turbine 
saxi  (like  a  whirlwind,  making 
one  as  it  goes) ;  quo  turbine  tor- 
queat  hastam  (i.e.  force  like  a 
whirlwind). —  Also,  a  top  (perh. 
nearer  the  original  sense). 

tureus,  (tliu-  ,  -a,  -um,  [ftur  •• 
eus],  adj.,  of  incense. 

turgeo,  tursi,  no  sup.,  turgSre, 
[  ?],  2.  v.  n.,  swell. 

turicremus,  -a,  -um,  [ttur-  (as  if 
turi-)  -f  cremua  (eft  cremoj], 


290 


Vocabulary. 


adj.,  incense  -  burning,  smoking 
with  incense. 

turlfer,  -era,  -erum,  [ftur-  (as  if 
turi-)  -fer  (*^fer  +  us)],  adj., 
incense-bearing. 

turma,  -ae,  [-y/tur  (in  turba)  + 
ma],  f.,  a  troop  (of  horse,  techni- 
cally a  tenth  of  the  ala  or  division 
of  about  300  men),  a  squadron. 
^Also,  of  the  Trojan  boys  exer- 
cising as  cavalry.  —  Less  exactly, 
a  troop  (of  other  things),  a  throng, 
a  band. 

Turnus,  -I,  m.,  the  Rutulian  king 
who,  as  a  suitor  for  the  hand  of 
Lavinia,  resisted  the  settlement  of 
^Eneas. 

turpis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  unseemly,  un- 
sightly, foul,  ill-formed,  misshapen, 
ugly.'  tabum;  racemi;  Egestas 
(squalid,  as  emaciated  and  in  rags) . 

—  Also,  in  a  moral  sense  (cf.  foul, 
&c.),  unseemly,  base,  dishonorable, 
•vile,  disgraceful. 

turpo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [turpi-], 
i.  v.  a.,  defile,  disfigure. 

turriger,  -era,  -erum,  [fturri-ger 
(-y/ges,  in  gero,  +  us)],  adj., 
tower-bearing,  crowned  with  towers 
(as  cities  were  usually  represented 
allegorically). 

turris,  -is,  [prob.  borrowed,  cf.  Gr. 
Tvpaii],  f.,  a  tower.  —  Esp.,  a  mil- 
itary tower  for  siege,  advanced  to 
the  walls  on  wheels,  or  one  on  a 
wall  for  defence.  —  Loosely  used 
of  high  buildings. 

turritus,  -a,  -um,  [fturri  +  tus, 
cf.  armatus],  adj.,  armed  with 
towers,  crowned  with  towers  (as 
Cybele  was  represented) .  —  Less 
exactly,  towering,  pinnacled. 

turtur,  -urls,  [?],  m.,  a  turtle-dove. 

tus  (thus),  tnris,  [Gr.  Q\>o{\,  n., 
frankincense,  incense. 

Tuscus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  of '  Etru- 
ria,  Etrurian,  Tuscan,  Etruscan. 

—  Plur.  as  subst.,  the  Etrurians. 
tussls,  -is,  [?],  f.,  a  cough. 
tutamen,  -inls,  [ftuta-  (of  tutor) 

+  men],  n.,  a  protection,  a  defence. 
tute,  see  tu. 


tutela,  -ae,  [ftute-  (as  if  stem  of 
tutor)  +  la,  cf.  candela],  f., 

guardianship,  protection. 

tutor,  -at  us,  -Sri,  [ftuto-  (p.p.  of 
tueor)],  I.  v.  dep., protect,  defend, 
support. 

tutus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  tueor. 

tuus,  -a,-um,  [pron.  y/TVA  +  YAS], 
poss.  pron.,  thy,  your  (of  one  per- 
son, according  to  Eng.  idiom), 
thine,  yours. — Plur.  (less  common- 
ly sing.)  as  subst.,  your  {friends, 
men,  &c.,  affairs,  interests,  &c.). 

Tybris,  etc.;  see  Tiberis. 

Tydeus,  -el  (-eos),  [Gr.  TV5ei5s], 
m.,  the  father  of  Diomede.  He 
fought  in  the  Theban  war. 

Tydides,  -ae,  [Gr.  patronymic],  m., 
son  of  Tydeus,  Diomedes. 

tympanum,  -I,  [Gr.  -rvpTravov],  n., 
a  drum,  a  timbrel,  used  especially 
in  the  rites  of  Cybele. — Also,  a 
•wheel  (not  with  spokes,  but  solid 
like  a  child's  truck,  cf.  rota,  one 
with  spokes). 

Tyndaris,  -idis,  [Gr.  TwSopfs],  f., 
daughter  of  Tyndarus,  Helen,  as 
daughter  of  Leda  his  wife. 

Typhoeus,-ei(-eos),  [Gr.Ty0£o<=t?s], 
m.,  a  giant,  also  called  Typhon, 
the  hero  of  many  fables.  According 
to  one,  he  was  struck  by  lightning 
and  buried  under  /Etna  by  Jupiter. 
According  to  another,  it  was  under 
Ischia.  He  seems  to  have  been  a 
type  of  volcanoes  in  general. 

Typhoeus,-a,  -um,[Gr.  adj.  fr.  pre- 
ceding], adj .,  of  Typhon  :  tela  {the 
bolts  of  Typhon,  by  which  he  was 
slain) . 

tyrannus,  -I,  [Gr.  rvpa.vvos~\,  m.,  a 
king.  —  Esp.,  a  tyrant,  a  despot. 

Tyres,  -ae,  [?],  m.,  a  Trojan  (or 
Arcadian)  in  the  army  of  /Eneas. 

Tyrius,  -a,-um,  [fTyro-  (reduced) 
-t-ius],  adj.,  of  Tyre,  Tyrian. — 
Less  exactly,  of  Carthage,  Cartha- 
ginian. —  Plur.  masc.,  the  Tyrians, 
the  Carthaginians. 

Tyros  (-us),  -I,  [Gr.  Tvpos,  a  Phoe- 
nician word],  f.,  Tyre,  the  great 
city  of  Phoenicia,  from  which  came 


Vocabulary. 


291 


the  colony  of  Dido.    It  was  most 
famous  for  its  purple  dye. 
Tyrrhenus,  -a,  -um,[Gr.Ti>p/w;»'<k], 
adj.,  Etruscan,  Etrurian,  Tuscan. 

—  Masc.  as  subst.,  an  Etrurian  ; 

—  plur.,  the  Etrurians,  the  Etrus- 
cans. 

Tyrrhenus,  -I,  [m.  of  preceding], 


m.,  an  Etrurian  among  /Eneas' 
allies. 

Tyrrheus  (Tyrrhus),  -el,  [?],  m., 
the  herdsman  of  King  Latinus. 

Tyrrhidae,  -arum,  [Gr.  patrony- 
mic fr.  preceding],  m.  plur.,  the 
sons  of  Tyrrheus :  pueri  {young 
sons  of,  &c.). 


U. 


i.uber,  -eris,  [unc.  form  akin  to 
ovOap,  Eng.  udder,  perh.  also  to 
uveo],  n.  (oftener  plur.),  an  ud- 
der, the  breast.  —  Fig.,  the  bosom 
(of  the  earth,  as  the  source  of 
nourishment),  soil  (as  fertile),  fer- 
tility :  (tellus)  vos  ubere  laeto 
accipiet  (in  her  fertile  bosom) ; 
rarum  (light  spongy  soil'}  ;  ferti- 
lis  ubere  campus(z 'n production")  ; 
densum  (a  thick  planted  soil); 
ubere  glebae  (fertility  of  the 
soil);  divitis  uber  agri  (fertile 
soil  of  a  rich  land). 

2.  uber,  -eris,  [same  word  as  prec. 
decl.  as  adj.,  cf.  n.  plur.  -a],  adj., 
fertile,  productive^  rich,  abundant, 
plentiful,  luxuriant. 

ub!  [held  to  be  pron.  -v/c^10  +  bi, 
cf.  tibi,  and  Umbr.  pufe~\,  adv.: 
I.  Interr.,  where  (almost  always 
with  strong  feeling,  in  despair  or 
irony) ;  2.  Rel.,  where  (with  ex- 
pressed or  implied  antecedent),  in 
a  place  where  (without  def.  ante- 
cedent), wherever.  —  Also,  when, 
whenever,  after,  as  soon  as. 

n  in. pic  [ubi-que,  cf.  quisque], 
adv.,  everywhere,  on  all  sides,  all 
around. 

Ucalegon,  -ontis,  [Gr.OuKoAeyow], 
m.,  a  Trojan. 

mliis,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  contr.  fr. 
nvidus,  or  formed  from  shorter 
stem],  adj.,  wet,  moist,  damp,  wa- 
tery:  udae  vocis  fax  (moist  pass- 
age of  the  voice)  ;  venenum  (<&/*£); 
liber  (juicy). 

Ufens,  -entis,  [?],  m.:  I.  A  river 
in  Latium ;  2.  The  same  word  used 
as  the  name  of  a  Rutulian. 


ulclscor,    n  I  (n-,   ulciscl, 

poss.  akin  to  fywtos],  3.  v.  dep., 
take  vengeance  on  or  for  (a  wrong- 
doer or  a  wrong).  —  Also,  avenge 
(the  wronged). 

ulcus,  -eris,  [prob.  Gr.  e'Aicoy],  n., 
a  sore,  an  ulcer. 

uligo,  -inis,  [  ?,  prob.  akin  to  uveo], 
f.,  moisture. 

Ulixes,  -I  (-ei,  -Is),  [dialectic  form 
of  'O8u(T«reuj],  m.,  a  Greek  hero  of 
the  Trojan  war  famed  for  his  cun- 
ning. His  wanderings  are  the 
theme  of  the  Odyssey. 

iillns,  -a,  -um,  -lus,  [funo-  (re- 
duced) +  lus],  pron.  adj.,  only  in 
real  or  limited  negatives,  cf.  quis- 
quam,  any,  anyone  :  dumamnes 
ulli  rumpuntur  (so  long  as  any 
&.C.,  until  they  do  not,  foil,  by  post- 
quam). — With  negatives,  not  any, 
no,  none,  no  one. 

iilimis,  -I,  [?],  f.,  an  elm,  an  elm 
tree.  The  vines  of  the  ancients 
were  often  trained  upon  them. 

ulna,  -ae,  [?,  cf.  wAtVij,  Eng.  elbmu\, 
f.,  the  forearm,  the  elbow.  —  Also, 
an  ell  (perh.  the  distance  from  the 
hand  to  the  elbow,  but  used  also 
of  the  outstretched  arms,  hence 
the  length  is  unc.). 

ulter,  -tra,  -trum,  [pron.  ^/ul  (of 
unc.  kin.,  cf.  uls)  +  ter  (comp. 
suffix  akin  to  -repos),  cf.  alter], 
pron.  adj.,  (on  the  farther  side).  — 
Comp.,  ulterior,  -us,  the  farther. 
—  Neut.  as  adv.,  farther,  further, 
any  more.  —  Superl.,  ult iniiis, 
-a,  -um,  [pron.  -^/ul  +  timus,  cf. 
intiimis],  farthest,  extreme,  ut- 
termost, at  the  end:  auctor  sail- 


Vocabulary. 


guinis  (original,  earliest,  farthest  \ 
in  the  line) .  —  Of  time,  last,  final.  \ 

—  Of  degree,  last,  extreme  :  iussa  ' 
(most  degrading,  most  arrogant}. 

—  Neut.  plur.,  the  end,  the  farthest 
point,  the  last  struggle. 

ulterius,  see  ulter. 

ultimus,  -a,  -um ;  see  ulter. 

ultor,  -oris,  [y'ulc  (in  ulciscor) 
+  tor],  m.,  an  avenger. 

ultra  [prob.  abl.  of  ulter,  cf.  ex- 
tra], adv.  and  prep.  Adv.,ont/ie 
other  side,  farther,  beyond.  —  Fig., 
further,  more,  besides.  For  ulte- 
rius,  see  ulter.  —  Prep.,  beyond : , 
ultra  placitum  (above  measure) . 

ultrix,  -Ids,  [  -v/ulc  +  trix,  cf.  ul- 
tor], f.,  an  avenger  (female). — 
As  adj.,  avenging. 

ultro  [dat.  of  ulter],  adv.,  to  the 
farther  side.  —  Also,  beyond,  fur- 
thermore, in  addition, besides(of\.e.n 
of  something  not  to  be  expected, 
see  below).  — Also,  when  nothing 
is  expected  of  one,  or  called  for, 
(more  than  is  required},  volunta- 
rily, of  one's  own  accord,  unpro-  \ 
voked,  unaddressed,  first  (without 
being  spoken  to). 

ultus,  -a,  -uni,  p.p.  of  ulciscor. 

ulula,  -ae,  [akin  to  o\o\vfa,  prob. 
an  old  word  made  from  the  sound, 
originally  a  wail,  cf.  for  the  form 
aA.aAa],  f.,  a  screech-owl  (a  bird  of 
ill-omen). 

ul ulatus,  -a,  -uiii,  p.p.  of  ululo. 

ululatus,  -us,  [fulula-  (of  ululo) 
-f-  tus],  m.,a  howl,  a  wail,  a  wail- 
ing, a  cry,  a  shriek,  a  wailing  cry. 

ululo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [.ulula-, 
cf.  o\o\v£<a  and  dAaAa],  I.  v.  n. 
and  a., a  howl, a  wail, a  cry, a  shriek. 
— Poetic,  of  a  place,  resound  with 
wails,  &c. —  ululatus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  in  pass,  sense,  worshipped 
with  cries  (prop,  of  the  name,  cog. 
ace.,  uttered,  &c.) ;  — also,  echoing 
with  cries  (where  the  object  would 
have  been  ace.  of  space). 

ulva,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  sedge,  coarse  grass. 

Ulysses,  see  Ullxes. 

Umber,  -bra,  -bruin,  [prob.  akin 


to  imber],  adj.,  of  the  Umbri  (a 
tribe  of  Northern  Italy  between  the 
Rubicon,  the  Nar,  and  the  Tiber) . 

—  Masc.,  an  Umbrian  hound,  an 
"Umbrian"  (cf. ' Newfoundland'). 

iniibo,  -on is,  [?,  akin  to  umbili- 
cus, and  &JUJ3U?],  m.,  (prob.  any 
protuberance'),  a  boss  (of  a  shield). 

—  Less  exactly,  a  shield. 
umbra,    -ae,    [?],    f.,   a    shade,   a 

shadow  ; —  hence,  darkness,  gloom. 

—  Esp.,  a  ghost  (of  a  dead  person, 
as  a  mere  shadow  ?,  but  confound- 
ed in  use  with  gloom),  a  shade,  an 
apparition  (of  any  kind),  a  vision, 
a  phantom. — Also,  plur.,  the  realm 
of  shades,  the  shades,  the  world  be- 
low. —  Poetic,  leaves  and  branches 
(which  serve  as  shade). 

umbraculum,  -I,  [as  if  fumbra- 
(of  umbro)  +  culum],  n.,  a  bower, 
an  arbor. 

umbratus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  umbro. 

umbrifer,  -era,  -erum,  [fumbra- 
(weakened)  -fer  (vfer  +  us)]> 
$.6].,  bearing  shade,  shady. 

Umbro,  -onis,  [fUmbr6+  o  (on)], 
m.,  an  ally  of  Turnus. 

umbro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fum- 
bra-],  I.  v.  a.,  shade,  over  shadow. 

umbrosus,  -a,  -um,  [fumbra-  (re- 
duced) +  osus],  adj.,  shady  (both 
furnishingshade  and  being  shaded). 

umecto  (hum-),  -avi,  -atum, 
-are,  [fumecto-  (of  umeo)],  i. 
v.  a.,  moisten,  bedew,  bathe,  water. 

umeo  (hum-),  no  perf.,  no  sup.,-ere, 
[fumS-  (  V11  or  tuvi+  mus),  cf. 
umifer],  2.  v.  n.,  be  moist,  be  wet. 
— Omens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj.,  moist, 
damp,  watery,  dewy:  umbra  (dewy 
shades) . 

umerus  (hum-),  -i,  [?,  akin  to 
Si/j.os'],  m.,  the  shoulder. 

umesco  (hum-),  no  perf.,  no  sup., 
-ere,  [fume-  (of  umeo)  +  sco], 
3.  v.  n.,  be  moistened,  be  sprinkled, 
be  spattered. 

iiinid us,  -a,  -um,  [fumo-  (cf.  umi- 
fer)  +  dus],  adj.,  moist,  damp, 
dewy.  —  Also,  wet,  rainy,  liquid, 
watery. 


Vocabulary. 


293 


amor  (hum-),  -orls,  [um  (as  root 
of  umeo)  +  or],  m.,  moisture, 
juice,  fluid,  liquor:  gelidus  (i.e. 
snow);  Bacchi  (i.e.  wine}. 

umquam,  see  unquam. 

una  [abl.  of  nuns,  cf.  ea],  adv.,  (by 
the  same  way),  together,  at  the  same 
time,  along  with,  at  once. 

unanimus,  -a,  -um,  (also  -is,  -e), 
[funo  -  animus  (weakened  and 
decl.  as  adj.)],  adj.,  of  one  mind, 
harmonious,  in  concert,  sympa- 
thizing. 

unctus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  lingo. 

uncus,  -a,  -um,  [^unc  (cf.  ancus, 
vyicos)  +  us],  adj.,  bent,  hooked, 
crooked :  manus  (clenched,  on  a 
rock). 

unda,  -ae,  [  ^/und  +  a,  cf.  Sk.  -v/ucl, 
Gr.  vSttip,  and  Eng.  water~\,  f.,  a 
wave,  a  billow,  a  sea.  —  Poetic,  of 
smoke,  an  eddy,  a  waving  column; 
— and  of  persons,  a  wave,  a  stream. 
—  Also,  the  sea,  water,  the  waters. 

unde  [held  to  be  quom-de,  cf.  ubi 
andinde],adv.:  I.  IiHerr.,  whence, 
from  whatplace,from  whence,from 
what  source  :  unde  hominum  ge- 
nus (whence  comes,  what  is  the 
origin);  2.  Re\.,from  whence. — 
Also,  from  whom,  from  which, 
whence. 

undecimus,  -a,  -um,  [undecim  • 
mus,  cf.  primus],  adj.,  eleventh  : 
alter  ab  undecimo  {twelfth). 

undiquc  [unde-que,  cf.  quisque], 
adv.,  from  all  sides,  from  every 
quarter,  on  all  sides  (cf.  hincj, 
everywhere,  all  around. 

undo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,[funda-], 
I.  v.  n.,  wave,  flow  in  waves,  roll 
in  waves:  volutus  ad  caelum 
nndabat  vortex  (a  whir  ling  eddy 
rolled  to  heaven) . — undans,  -an- 
tis,  p.  as  adj.,  surging,  seething, 
waving,  eddying,  streaming:  Cy- 
torus  buxo  {saving  with  woods 
of  bojc) ;  Nilus  bello  (swelling 
with  a  tide  of  war) . 

undosus,  -a,  -um,  [funda-  (re- 
duced) +  osus],  adj.,  boisterous, 
wave-washed. 


ungo  (unguo),  un\i,  unctum, 
ungere,  [  -y/ung,  akin  to  Sk.  anj~\, 
3.  v.  a.,  smear,  besmear,  anoint : 
tela  manu  (of  poisoned  arrows)  ; 
corpus  (for  burning).  —  unctus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  smeared, 
greased,  greasy,  oily:  carina  {well- 
pitched). 

unguen,  -inis,  [as  if  ^/ung  (cf. 
ungo)  +  en  (prob.  really  fungi 
+  nus,  reduced)],  n.,  unctuous 
matter  (perh.  a  particular  kind, 
now  unknown) . 

unguis,  -is,  [?,  cf.  poss.  ow)-~],  m., 
a  nail  (of  the  finger  or  toe) ;  — 
in  (ad)  unguem,  perfectly,  ex- 
actly (from  trying  a  work  with  the 
nail).  —  Also,  a  claw  (of  a  bird  or 
beast),  a  talon. 

ungula,  -ae,  [fungui  +  la],  f.,  a 
claw,  a  hoof. 

unquam  (umquam),  [held  to  be 
cum-quam,  cf.  ubi  and  quis- 
quam],  adv.,«vr  (with  negatives, 
see  ulliis),  at  any  time.  —  With 
negatives,  never. 

Onus,  -a,  -um,  -ius,  [old  oinus, 
unc.  pron.  stem  +  nus,  cf.  olos  and 
Eng.  one},  num.  adj.,  one,  the  same, 
a  like,  a  single,  alone,  only,  only 
one,  the  sole.  —  Esp.  :  baud  unus, 
more  than  one,  not  the  same  ;  ad 
unum,  to  a  man  ;  in  unum,  to  the 
same  place,  together,  into  one,  in 
one;  venturus  in  unum,  come 
face  to  face  with.  —  Emphatic,  the 
one,  the  very  (with  superlatives), 
especially,  more  than  all  others.  — 
Also,  in  plur.,  one,  &c. 

Qpilio,  -dnis,  [fovi-  unc.  stem],  m., 
a  shepherd,  a  keeper  of  the  flock. 

urbs,  urbis,  [?],  f.,  a  city  (only  of 
a  large  fortified  place,  the  capital 
or  chief  town  of  a  region).  —  Po- 
etic, of  the  citizens.  —  Also,  of  a 
beehive,  colony,  city.. 

urge5  (-ueo),  ursi,  no  sup.,  urge- 
re,  [vA^g*  akin  to  tfpyvvft.ai'], 
2.  v.  a.,  press  hard,  press  close  ;  — 
hence,  pursue,  attack,  overwhelm, 
drive,  drive  on,  force,  urge  on, 
stimulate,  hurry  on,  hasten  (a 


294 


Vocabulary. 


work),  bear  on  (of  a  crowd,  &c.), 
urge,  press  close  upon,  press  on  : 
amor  nabendi  apes ;  vicinia  Per- 
sidis  {crowd  close  upon} ;  ad  li- 
tora  fluctus  (roll') ;  propius  ur- 
gente  caterva  {pressing  him 
closer}  •  urgens  egestas  (compel- 
ling need) ;  urgente  ruina  (borne 
on  by  the  flying  throng) ;  urgens 
fatum  (overwhelming) ;  pedem 
pede  (press  on  one's  heels)  ;  poe- 
nis  urgentur  (are  tormented) .  — 
Also,  -weigh  doivn,  press  upon,  keep 
do-<.vn,  hem  in,  confine:  utrimque 
latus  nemoris ;  —  so,  fig.,  -weigh 
down,  overcome,  worry,  pursue, 
annoy. 

urna,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  jar,  an  tern. — 
Esp.  used  for  drawing  lots,  and  in 
choosing  the  judges  (jury)  in  crim- 
inal cases,  who  were  drawn  by  lot 
as  in  modern  times :  urnam  movet 
Minos  (i.e.  to  mix  up  the  names). 

Gro,  ussi,  11  stum,  urere,  [y'us, 
cf.  Gr.  oi/o;,  Sk.  ^Jush\,  3.  v.  a,  burn. 
—  Less  exactly,  of  land,  exhaust, 
dry  up,  poison.  —  Fig.,  esp.  of  the 
passions,  burn,  fire,  set  on  fire, 
excite,  worry,  disturb  :  me  amor  ; 
me  Daphnis ;  atrox  luno  (of 
Venus) ;  uritur  Dido  (burns  with 
love) . 

ursa,  -ae,  [f.  of  ursus],  f.,  a  she- 
bear. 

ursus,  -I,  [?,  akin  to  &/WCTOS],  m.,  a 
bear. 

urus,  -I,  [a  Gallic  word],  m.,  the 
urus.  —  Less  exactly,  a  wild  ox 
(the  Italian  buffalo).' 

usquam  [held  to  be  unc.  case  (cf. 
cis,  uls)  of  pron.  fquo  +quam,  cf. 
quisquam],  adv.,  anywhere  (in 
neg.  clauses,  cf.  ullus)  :  si  quid 
usquam  iustitia  est  (if  justice 
counts  for  something  anywhere,  as 
it  would  seem  not  to  have  thus 
far) ;  dubitem  baud  equidem  im- 
plorare  quod  usquam  est  (what 
power  there  is  anywhere,  not  mine) . 

usque  [unc.  stem  (same  as  in  us- 
quam) +  que,  cf.  quisque],  adv., 
(in  every  place),  all  the  way,  even 


(to),  clear  (to),  as  far  as  :  usque 
sub  (quite  up  to,  quite  into) ;  ad 
usque  columnas  (to  the  far  col- 
limns) ;  usque  ab  (all  the  ivay 
from) ;  super  usque  (away  be- 
yond) ;  quo  usque  (how  far,  clear 
up  to  what  point,  how  long) .  — 
Also,  of  time  and  degree,  all  the 
time,  constantly,  ever,  even,  quite  : 
iuvat  usque  morari ;  usque  dura 
(all  the  time  that,  always  while)  ; 
usque  adeo  (quite,  to  such  a  de- 
gree, so  very  m  uch,  so  very)  ;  tur- 
batur  agris  (so  much  confusion, 
&c.) ;  usque  adeone  mori  mise- 
rum  est  (so  very  hard  a  fate,  &c.). 

usus,  -us,  [-y/ut  (or  stem  as  root) 
+  tus],  m.,  use,  employment,  enjoy- 
ment, experience  (continued  use)  : 
quos  indiget  usus  (need requires) ; 
usus  medendi  (practice  of  medi- 
cine) ;  pervius  usus  tectorum  (a 
much-used  passage) ; — passing  into 
service,  purpose,  use  (purpose  or 
advantage  of  employment),  use- 
fulness, advantage,  profit :  neque 
erat  coriis  usus  (nor  could  any- 
thing be  done  with,  &c.) ;  ipsos  ad 
USUS  (for  this  very  purpose). — 
—  Also,  activity  (changing  the 
point  of  view).  —  Esp.  as  predi- 
cate with  esse,  (there  is  use  for), 
there  is  need  of,  something  is  re- 
quired. 

ut  (uti),  [held  to  be  case  of  pron. 
•\Xquo],  adv.  (conj.)  :  i.  Interr., 
how.  —  Esp.  in  indirect  questions : 
aspice  laetentur  ut  omnia  (how, 
the  beginner  should  beware  of 
that);  2.  Rel.,  as  (with  or  with- 
out correlative  so,  &c.),  just  as,  — 
so  in  asseverations,  as  sure  as.  — 
Of  condition  or  state  (almost  of 
place)  passing  into  as  of  time. — 
Hence,  when,  as  soon  as,  no  sooner 
than,  as. — Also,  with  subj.,  that, 
in  order  that,  so  that,  to. 

utcumque  (-cunque),  [ut-cunque, 
cf.  quicunque],  adv.,  however,  in 
whatever  way. 

uter,  utris,  [?],  m.,  a  bag  (of  skin 
for  holding  wine),  a  skin. 


Vocabulary. 


295 


uterque,  utraque,  utrumque, 
utriusque,  [uter-que,  cf.  quis- 
quej,  pron.  adj.,  each  (of  two), 
both  ;  —  in  Eng.,  by  a  change  of 
point  of  view,  either. 

uterus,  1,  [?],  m.,  the  womb. — Less 
exactly,  the  belly. 

uti,  see  ut. 

u  til  is,  -e,  [stem  akin  to  utor+  lis], 
adj.,  advantageous,  useful,  adapted, 
serviceable  :  bis  pomis  utilis  ar- 
bos  {productive  in). 

utinam,  [uti-nam,  cf.  quisnam], 
conj.,  (how  pray),  oh  that,  would 
that. 

utor,  HSUS,  uti,  (old  oitor),  [?], 
3.  v.  dep.,  use,  enjoy,  take  advan- 
tage of,  employ,  show  (in  sense  of 
use,  changing  the  point  of  view 
according  to  Eng.  idiom). 


utrimque  [unc.  case  of  uterque, 
cf.  hinc],  aAv.,from  both  sides. — 
Also  (cf.  hinc),  on  each  side,  on 
both  sides. 

utroque  [uterque,  cf.  quo],  adv., 
to  either  side. 

uva,  -ae,  [f.  of  fuv6-  (cf.  uvidus) 
+  a],  f.,  the  grape  (collectively,  of 
the  bunches  of  fruit  as  well  as  the 
entire  vine),  grapes,  the  vine. — 
Plur.,  grapes,  clusters  (bunches,  of 
grapes).  —  Poetically  (of  a  cluster 
of  bees),  a  grape-cluster. 

uvidus,  -a,  -um,  [tuvo-  (cf .  uva) 
+  dus,  prob.  Vu£>  c^-  W  (*>*}>  acU-> 
soaked,  wet,  wet  through. 

uxor,  -oris,  [?],  f,  a  wife. 

uxorius,  -a,  -uni,  [fuxor  +  ius], 
adj.,  of  a  wife. — Also,  uxorious, 
devoted  to  one's  wife  (to  excess). 


V  (consonant). 


vacca,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  cow,  kine. 

vaccinium,  -i,  (-ii),  [  ?,  poss.  akin 
to  vacca],  n.,  a  whortle-berry 
(or  some  similar  berry).  — Also,  a 
flojver  of  some  uncertain  kind. 

vaco,  -avi,  -atuin,  -are,  [fvaco- 
(cf.  vacuus,  Vacuna)],  I.  v.  n., 
be  empty,  be  free  from,  be  unoccu- 
pied:  vacare  domos  hoste  {the 
dwellings  are  vacant,  deserted  by 
the  enemy)  ;  hie  solus  locus  (this 
only  means  is  open).  —  Fig.,  be  at 
leisure. —  Impersonal,  there  is  (one 
has)  time  (for  a  thing),  there  is 
room  :  hactenus  indulsisse  vacat 
(tints  far  it  was  open  to  me,  &c.,  it 
was  perm  itted) . 

vacuus,  -a,  -um,  [^/vac  (in  vaco) 
+  uus,  cf.  adsiduus],  adj.,  vacant, 
open,  unoccupied,  empty,  deserted, 
unobstructed,  clear:  aurae  (as  in 
Eng.) ;  caelum  (free)  ;  orbis  (des- 
olate, without  inhabitants') ;  saltus 
(open,  with  no  trees) .  —  Fig.,  un- 
occttpied,  idle :  mentes. 

vado,  perf.  and  sup.  not  found,  vfi- 
dere,  [?,  >/vad,  cf.  vadum  (poss. 
akin  to  /Soivo))],  3-  v-  n-»£°»  walk, 
proceed,  go  on  :  vadit  cuscordia 


(stalks  abroad) ;  ille  dncem  va- 
dentem  aequat  (as  he.  walked, 
moved).  —  Esp. :  vade  age  (like 
Homeric  /JooV  Wi),  come  go,  go  on 
now,  of  command,  encouragement, 
or  farewell. 

vadosus,  -;i,  -um,  [fvado-  (re- 
duced) -f  osus  ],  adj.,  shallow. 

vadum,  -i,  [^/vad  (of  vado) -f 
um],  n.,  a  ford,  a  shoal,  a  shallow, 
a  sand-bank.  —  Also,  the  bottom  of 
the  sea,  the  depths.  —  Less  exactly, 
the  sea,  the  waters,  a  wave. 

vae  [?,  cf.  Gr.  ovai},  interj.,  alas! 

vagina,  -ae,  [unc.  stem  -f  na],  f., 
a  scabbard,  a  sheath. 

vagitus,  -us,  [fvagi-  (of  vagio)  + 
tus],  m.,  a  crying. 

vagor,  -atus,  -Sri,  [fvago-  (of 
vagus)],  I.  v.  dep.,  move  to  and 
fro,  roam,  rove,  wander,  stray,  fly 
to  and  fro  (of  birds) . — Fig.,  spread 
abroad:  fama. 

valeo,  -ui,  -itum,  -ere,  [fvald- 
(  y/val  -f.  us,  cf.  validus  and  Sk. 
balas,  strength)'],  2.  v.  n.,  be  strong, 
be  stout,  be  sturdy. — Esp.  of  health. 
be  well. —  Fig.,  be  strong,  have 
power,  have  force,  avail,  have 


296 


Vocabulary. 


effect,  be  of  use,  serve,  be  worth,  be 
able,  can.  —  With  cogn.  ace.,  have 
power  to  do,  can  do :  quidquid 
sive  animis  sive  arte  vales  (what- 
ever resources  you  have,  &c.). — 
With  negatives,  not  serve  one,  be 
powerless,  be  useless,  fail :  non  lin- 
gua valet.  —  Esp.  in  imperat.,  be 
welt,  farewell,  adieu.  —  valens, 
-entis,  p.  as  adj.,  strong,  stout, 
sturdy. 

Valerus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a  Rutulian. 

validus,  -a,  -urn,  [fvalo-  (wh.  va- 
leo)  -f  dus],  adj.,  strong,  stout, 
sturdy,  stalwart,  vigorous. — Trans- 
ferred: ictus  (heavy);  pondus 
{heavy).  —  Often  a  standing  epi- 
thet like  "good  word." 

vallis  (-es),  -is,  [?],  f.,  a  valley. 

vallo,-avi,  -a turn,  -are,  [fvallo-], 
I.  v.  a.,  entrench,  fortify.  —  Poeti- 
cal: moenia  valiant,  they  en- 
trench themselves  with  walls. 

vallum,  -I,  [n.  of  vallus,  used  col- 
lectively], n.,  a  rampart  (of  stakes 
rilled  with  earth,  the  regular  Ro- 
man entrenchment),  an  entrench- 
ment, a  wall,  a  fortification. 

vallus,  -I,  [?,  cf.  fi\os,  a  naif\,  m.; 
a  stake. 

vannus,  -I,  [?,  perh.  akin  to  ven- 
tus],  f.,  a  basket  (broad  and  shal- 
low for  winnowing).  —  Also,  the 
shallow  basket  employed  in  the 
rites  of  Bacchus,  the  meaning  of 
which  is  uncertain,  but  which  often 
appears  among  his  emblems.  Some- 
times it  serves  for  his  cradle. 

vanus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  -y/vac  (in 
vacuus)  +  nus],  adj.,  empty. — 
Esp.  of  phantoms,  dreams,  &c., 
empty,  bodiless,  idle.  —  Fig.,  base- 
less, empty,  vain,  idle,  groundless, 
without  foundation,  meaningless, 
ineffectual,  fruitless,  false,  deceit- 
ful:  veri  van  a  (destitute  of  truth, 
with  a  suspicion  of  the  lit.  sense)  ; 
ne  vana  putes  haec  fingere  som- 
num  (invents  these  idle  tales). — 
Neut.  plur.  as  adv.,  vainly. 

vapor,  -oris,  [  v'vap  (of  unc.  kin., 


cf.    vapidus)  +  or],    m.,   steam, 
vapor.  —  Less  exactly,  heat,  fire. 
vaporo,  -avi,  -aturn,  -are,  [fva- 

por-],  I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  steam,  siiokc. 
— Act.,  fill  with  vapor  or  smoke, 
fumigate :  templum  ture  (Jill 
with  smoke  of  incense). 

vario, -avi,-atum,-are,[tvari6-], 
I .  v.  a.  and  n.,  diversify,  variegate. 
— Also,  change:  ~v\K,v&(change  their 
posts).  —  Intrans.,  change,  waver, 
fluctuate. 

varius,  -a,  -um,  [fvaro-  (varus, 
stretched  apart)  -f  ius],  adj.,  of  two 
things  or  more,  diverse,  different, 
various,  different  sorts  of,  opposing, 
on  different  sides.  —  Also  (of  one 
thing  in  its  parts),  varying,  varied, 
changeable,  variable,  changeful, 
changing,  various,  manifold,  mot- 
ley, variegated,  party-colored,  spot- 
ted: imagorerum  (various  thoughts 
and  feelings) ;  irarum  aestus  (eb- 
bing and  flowing,  fluctuating) .  — 
Sometimes  in  the  sing,  to  be  ren- 
dered by  the  plur. :  vario  certa- 
mine  (in  the  various  rivalries) ; 
dissensu  vario  (in  many  alterca- 
tions); fremor  (different  mur- 
murs) ;  vario  motu  (with  various 
emotions) . 

Varus,  -i,  [varus,  lxnu-legged~\,  m., 
a  Roman  name.  —  Esp.,  L.  Alfenus 
Varus,  who,  as  an  officer  of  Augus- 
tus, had  charge  of  the  confiscation 
of  the  lands  in  Virgil's  region.  He 
has  as  good  a  title  as  any  to  be 
considered  the  person  to  whom 
Virgil  dedicates  his  tenth  Eclogue. 

vastator,  -oris,  [fvasta-  (of  vas- 
to)  +  tor],  m.,  a  ravager. —  Less 
exactly,  a  destroyer. 

vasto,-avi,  -atum,-are,[tvasto-], 
I .  v.  a.,  devastate,  lay  waste,  make 
desolate,  ravage :  agros  cultori- 
bus  (despoil). 

vastus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  p.p.  of  lost 
verb],  adj.,  desolate,  laid  waste, 
desert.  —  Also  (by  an  unc.  connec- 
tion), huge,  enormous,  immense, 
far-stretching,  vast,  wide(o{  lands) , 
measureless. — Fig.,  mighty,  fright- 


Vocabulary. 


297 


ful,  tremendous,  deafening  (of 
noise) . 

vates,  -Is,  [  ?],  comm.,  a  soothsayer, 
a  diviner,  a  seer,  a  prophet,  a 
prophetess.  —  Also,  an  inspired 
bard,  a  bard,  a  poet. 

-ve  [prob.  pron.  -y/VA,  cf.  Sk.  va], 
conj.  enclit.,  or  (not  exclusive,  cf. 
aut).  —  Also  (as  the  regular  con- 
nective with  si  and  lie),  and  (in 
Eng.  taking  the  two  branches  to- 
gether where  the  Latin  takes  the 
two  separately,  see  sive  and  neve) . 

—  Also  with  questions,  where  Eng- 
lish admits  or. 

vectis,  -is,  [  v/veh  (in  veho)  +  tis], 
m.,  a  pole  (for  carrying  or  lifting). 

—  From  similarity,  a  bar  (closing 
a  door). 

vecto,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fvecto- 
(cf.  veho)],  I.  v.  a.,  carry,  trans- 
port. 

vector,  -oris,  [  Vveh  (of  veho)  -f 
tor],  m.,  a  -voyager  (cf.  vehor), 
a  traveller,  a  merchant  (as  a  sailor, 
according  to  ancient  usage). 

vectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  veho. 

veho,  vexl,  vectum,  vehere, 
[  -v/veh  (I.-E.  VAGH),  cf.  ox°s,  Eng. 
wagon~\,  3.  v.  a.,  carry.  —  Esp.  (of 
sailing  and  riding),  bear,  convey, 
carry,  bring.  —  Also,  pass,  (almost 
as  dep.,  cf.  vector),  be  borne,  ride, 
sail,  journey. — Less  exactly,  draw, 
lead,  conduct,  drive.  —  Poetic  (or 
proverbial) :  quid  vesper'  serus 
vehat  (brings  with  it). 

vel  [prob.  imperat.  of  volo],  conj., 
or  (not  exclusive,  cf.  aut);  — re- 
peated (or  in  other  combinations), 
either  . . .  or.  —  Also,  even.  —  Esp. 
with  superlatives,  even,  the  very 
(often  omitted  in  Eng.). 

velamen,  -inis,  [fvela-  (of  velo) 
4- men],  n.,  a  veil,  a  covering,  a 
garment,  clothing. 

velatus,  -a,  -uin,  p.p.  of  velo. 

Velinus,  -a,  -um,  [fVelia  +  nus], 
adj. :  I.  Of  Velia  (a  town  of  Lu- 
cania  near  which  Palinurus  was 
drowned);  2.  Of  Velia,  another  (un- 
known) place  which  gave  its  name 


to  a  lake  in  the  Sabine  country.  — 
Masc.,  Velinus  (the  lake  itself). 

velivolus,  -a,  -um,  [fvelo-fvolus 
( -^vol  +  us,  wh.  volo,y?y)],  adj., 
winged  with  sails  :  mare  (i.e.  cov- 
ered with  sails  like  wings). 

vello,vulsi  (volsi),  vulsum  (vol- 
sum),  vellere,  [^vel,  akin  to 
e'A.Ko>],  3.  v.  a.,  pull,  pluck  :  aurem 
(as  a  reminder).  —  Esp.,  pull  up, 
pull  out,  tear  out,  tear  up  ;  —  so 
of  the  standards  in  a  camp,  as  a 
sign  of  moving :  castris  signa 
(break  up  and  move  from  camp)  ; 
signa  (advance  the  standards).  — 
Also,  pull  down,  overthrow,  tear 
away,  tear  down. 

vellus,  -eris,  [?,  unc.  root  +  us, 
thought  to  be  V/VAR,  cover  (poss. 
akin  to  vello,  as  plucking  is  no 
doubt  earlier  than  shearing)],  n.,  a 
Jleece  (on  or  off  the  sheep) ,  a  sheep- 
skin (fleece  and  all).  —  Used  also 
of  fleecy  clouds  and  of  cotton.  — 
Also,  a  lock  of  wool  (used  as  a  fes- 
toon). 

velo,  -avi,  -atum,  -arej  [fvelo-], 
I.  v.  a.,  cover  (esp.  of  the  head), 
veil,  crown,  adorn,  cover  (more 
generally),  clothe,  surround  (with 
a  garment,  &c.).  —  Pass,  (as  mid- 
dle), cover  &c.  one's  self.  —  vela- 
tus, -a,  -um,  p.p.,  crowned,  veiled, 
covered,  wearing  (something)  ;  — 
also  (cf.  armatus),  sail-clad  (of 
a  vessel's  yards). 

velox,  -ocis,  [?],  adj.,  swift,  fleet. 

velum,  -i,  [referred  to  v/veh  (in 
veho)  +  lum,  but  sail  can  hardly 
be  the  orig.  sense],  n.,  a  sail;  dare 
vela  (set  sail).  —  Also  (cf.  velo), 
a  cloth,  a  covering. 

velut  (-uti),  [vel-uti],  adv.,  just 
as,  as,  as  when,  like,  as  if,  as  it 
were,  as  though. 

vena,  -ae,  [?],  I.,  a  vein,  an  artery, 
—  Poetical :  in  venis  silicis  (sup- 
posed to  contain  fire).  —  Also  (as 
in  Eng.),  a  vein  (of  metal). — 
Also,  a  stream,  a  water-course. 

venabulum,  -i,[fvena-(of  venor) 
+  bulum],  n.,  a  hunting-spear. 


298 


.  Vocabulary. 


venator,  -oris,  [fvena- (of  venor) 
+  tor],  m.,  a  hunter.  —  In  app. 
as  adj.,  hunting:  canis  (hound). 

vena  trix,-icis,[fveria-  (of  venor) 
+  trix],  f.,  a  huntress. 

venatus,  -us,  [fvena-  (of  venor) 
+  tus],  m.,  hunting,  the  chase 
(ace.  as  supine  of  venor,  wh.  see). 

vends,  -didi,  -ditum,  -dere,  [ve- 
num-(acc.  of  unc.kin.)-do(/«^)], 
3.  v.  a.,  sell. — Also  (as  in  Eng.), 
sell  (betray). 

venenum,  -I,  [?],n., poison,  venom 
(of  serpents,  &c.).  —  Less  exactly, 
a  potion  (perh.  orig.  sense),  a 
drug,  a  magic  herb.  —  Poetic,  of 
dyes. 

venerabilis,  -e,  [fvenera  (of  ve- 
neror)  +  bills],  adj.,  venerable, 
venerated,  revered,  held  in  rever- 
ence. 

veneratus,  -a,  -vim,  p.p.  of  venero. 

venero,  -avi,-atum,-are,  [  f  Vener- 
(of  Venus,  in  earlier  sense  of  grace 
or  the  like)],  I.  v.  a.,  worship,  rev- 
erence. —  Pass.,  veneror  as  dep., 
in  same  sense. — Also,  adore,  pray, 
supplicate,  offer  prayers  to  or  at.  — 
venerandus,  -a,  -um,  p.  ger.  as 
adj.,  venerable,  adorable,  worthy 
of  all  homage,  revered. — venera- 
tus, -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  reverend, 
revered. 

venla,  -ae,  [^/ven  (cf.  Venus)  + 
ia,  prob.  through  adj. -stem,  cf. 
insidiae],  f.,  favor,  pardon,  in- 
dulgence, a  boon  (concretely) .  — 
—  Often  rendered  by  a  diff.  con- 
struction :  veniam  rogantes  cor- 
pora redderet  (asking  that  he 
would  graciously,  &c.)  ;  veniam 
precari  quern  finem  ferat  {gra- 
ciously to  make  known). 

Venilia,  -He,  [name  of  wife  of 
Janus;  prob.  akin  to  venio],  f., 
a  nymph,  the  mother  of  Turnus. 

venio,  veni,  ventum,  venire, 
[yVen,  cf.  XJatVco,  Eng.  come,  Sk. 
-y/gam],  4-v.  n.,  come  (to  a  place), 
come  in,  arrive,  reach  ;  — also  of 
states  or  conditions.  —  Fig.,  come 
in,  come  around,  return,  come ; 


arise,  rise  (of  heavenly  bodies), 
come  forth,  appear,  succeed  (come 
nexf),  possess  one  (of  passions, 
&c.),  come  upon  ;  —  spring  up, 
gr<nv :  segetes  (flourish). — Also, 
come  (from  a  place,  without  a  ter- 
minus), spring  from.  —  veniens, 
-entis,  p.  as  adj.,  coming,  next, 
future.  — venturus,  -a,  -um,  f.p. 
as  adj.,  to  come,  future  ;  neut.,  the 
future. 

venor,  -at us,  -ari,  [?],  i.  v.  dep., 
hunt  (with  ace.  or  absolutely), pur- 
sue, chase. 

venter,  -tris,  [unc.  root,  prob.  akin 
to  7acrr?7p],  m.,  the  belly.  —  Also, 
of  things:  in  ventrem  cucumis 
cresceret  {fill  ils  pauncJi). 

ventosus,  -a,  -um,  [fvento-  (re- 
duced) +  osus],  adj.,  windy, star  my, 
boisterous:  murmuris  aurae;  fol- 
les  (puffing).  —  Also,  as  in  Eng., 
windy,  empty,  vain  :  lingua  ;  glo- 
ria. —  Poetically  :  alae  (wings  of 
the  wind). 

veiitus,  -i,  [y'ven  (akin  to  Sk.  va, 
blow)  +  tus],  m.,  wind.  —  Often 
of  a  particular  wind  ;  —  sc  in  plur., 
winds,  or  in  poetic  plur.,  wind. 

Venulus,  -i,  [cf.  Venilia],  m.,  a 
messenger  of  Turnus. 

Venus,  -eris,  [^ven  (akin  to  Sk. 
yVan)-)-  us,  cf.  genus],  i., grace, 
beauty.  —  Esp.,  Venus,  the  goddess 
of  love  and  beauty.  —  Also  (cf. 
Ceres,  corn*),  love  (sexual);  —  so 
of  animals.  —  Concretely,  a  loved 
one. 

vepres  (-is),  -is,  [?],  m.  (or  f.),  a 
bramble,  a  thorn-bush. 

ver,  verls,  [for  vasar,  cf.  eop,  -ftp], 
n.,  the  spring,  spring  weather, 
spring-time. 

verbena,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  plant,  ver- 
vain.— Also,  in  pi.,  sacred  branch- 
es, borne  by  heralds,  and  used  for 
religious  and  magic  rites. 

fverber  (not  found),  -eris,  [?],  n. 
(mostly  plur.),  a  lash,  a  whip ;  — 
hence,  scourging,  a  blow.  —  Also, 
a  thong,  a  rein.  —  Less  exactly,  of 
other  things,  a  stroke,  flapping. 


Vocabidary, 


299 


verbero,  -avi,  -atuin,  -are,  [fver- 
ber-],  i.  v.  a.,  lash  (with  a  whip), 
scourge.  — Less  exactly,  beat,  strike, 
lash  (generally)  :  ictibus  auras ; 
aethera  alls ;  imber  humum ; 
quadrupes  calcibus  auras  (paw 
the  air). 

verbum,  -I,  [?,  perh.  ^/ver  (cf. 
f>fifia  and  Eng.  word)  +  bum  (cf. 
morbus)],  n.,  a  word(z&  express- 
ing something),  words  (a  state- 
ment, a  prayer,  a  vow,  &c.)  :  in 
verbo  (at  the  word}  ;  verba  inter 
singula  (?<;///&  every  word). — Plur., 
words,  language,  discourse:  has  in- 
ter voces,media  inter  talia  ver- 
ba, amid  these  words  (as  sounds), 
amid  such  thoughts  (language)  as 
these ;  rerum  verborumque,  in 
•word  and  deed ;  non  replenda 
est  curia  verbis  (as  opposed  to 
_deeds). 

vere,  [abl.  of  verus],  adv.,  truly 
(with  truth),  really. 

vereor,  veritus,  vereri,  [-y/ver 
(cf.  opdta,  Eng.  ware),  through 
adj.-stem  (cf.  olpos)~\,  2.  v.  dep. 
Absolutely,  feel  awed,  be  awed.  — 
Active,  fear,  dread; — -with  clause, 
be  afraid  (that),  fear,  be  alarmed; 
—  with  indirect  question,  be  anx- 
ious, be  concerned ;  with  comple- 
mentary inf.,  be  afraid  (to  do  any- 
thing), shrink  (from  doing). — 
Less  strong  than  other  verbs  of 
fearing,  cf.  met  no,  timeo. 

Vergllius  (the  proper  Latin  spell- 
ing, not  Virg-),  -i  (-U),  [?,  cf. 
Vergillae],  m.,  a  Roman  gentile 
name.  —  Esp.,  Publius  Vergilius 
Maro,  Virgil  (the  established  Eng. 
word,  cf.  Horace,  Livy,  Leghorn), 
the  poet. 

vergo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  vergere, 
[?],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.  Act.,  bend,  turn, 
incline.  —  Intrans.,  incline,  lie  (of 
places),  slope,  turn:  vineta  ad 
solera  cadentem  ;  quo  vergat 
pondere  letum  (which  scale  death 
should  turn,  by  which  weight  the 
balance  should  be  inclined). 

veritus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  vereor. 


vero  [abl.  of  verus],  adv.,  truly 
(in  truth*  Qt  vere),  doubtless,  as- 
suredly. —  Guen  \ton\ca\,  for  sooth, 
truly.  —  Adversative,  however,  but, 
yet.^ —  tuni  vero,  see  turn . 

verro,  verri,  versum,  verrere, 
[?]»  3-  v.  a.  (and  n.),  sweep  (for 
clearing).  —  Less  exactly  (as  in 
Eng.),  sweep,  sweep  over,  skim  : 
caerula  nautae  ;  vestigia  (of  an 
animal  with  its  tail).  —  Without 
ace.,  sweep :  per  auras  (of  the 
winds). 

versicolor,  -oris,  [fverso-color, 
decl.  as  adj.],  adj.,  changeable, 
party-colored,  variegated. 

verso  (vorso),  -avi,  am  m.  -are, 
[fverso-  (cf.  verto)],  i.v.a.,/wr» 
(repeatedly  or  with  violence),  roll, 
toss,  wheel,  turn  over,  wield :  ter- 
rain ;  telum  dextera ;  serpens 
volumina  (roll>  wind)  ;  oves 
(drive,  pasture) ;  currum ;  se  in 
suo  vulnere  (welter,  writhe). — 
Less  exactly :  animos  in  pectore 
(bear)  ;  animum  per  omnia ;  ig- 
nem  in  ossibus  (Jire  the  frame 
with  heat).  — Also,  overturn,  over- 
thro-M,  ruin  :  odiis  domos. — Fig., 
turn  over,  revolve,  ponder,  medi- 
tate :  dolos  (practise). 

versus  (vorsus),  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of 
verto. 

versus,-us,  [^/vert  (of  verto)  + 
tus],  m.,  a  turn,  a  turning.  —  So, 
a  furrow  (once  across  a  field),  a 
line,  a  row,  a  tier,  and  esp.,  a  verse 
(of  poetry,  beginning  the  rhythm 
anew),  poetry. 

vertex  (vortex),  -Ids,  [fverti- 
(akin  to  verto,  cf.  verticula)  + 
cus  (reduced)],  m.,  a  whirl,  an 
eddy,  a  whirlpool,  a  vortex, a  whirl- 
wind, an  eddying  flame. —  From 
the  peculiar  growth  of  hair,  the 
crown  (of  the  head),  the  head, — 
the  top,  the  summit:  caeli  (the 
heights').  —  Also,  the  pole  (of  the 
heavens). —  Phrase:  a  vertice, 
from  above,  overhead. 

verto  (vor-),  verti,  versum,  ver- 
tere,  [^/vert,  cf.  Sk.  N'vrt,  turn* 


300 


Vocabulary. 


Eng.  •worth'],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  turn 
(lit.  and  fig.  in  various  relations) ; 

—  so,  turn   around,  reverse,   in- 
vert,— (urn  towards,  direct, — turn 
away,  drive  off,  divert,  transfer, 

—  turn    up,    upturn,   turn    over, 
overturn,  overthrow. — So :  sidera 
retro ;  terga  (of  flight) ;  versis 
sagittis  (with  arrows  in  retreat, 
of  the  Parthians) ;  versis  fronti- 
bus  (changing  front,  of  the  revolv- 
ing scene) ;  arma  (reverse,  in  sign 
of  mourning)  ;  aratrum  (to  plough 
across) ;  cardo  versus;  freta  (in 
rowing);    puppes  versas  (steer- 
ing);  spicula  infensa  (present, 
level);  vestigia;   iter;   lumina 
(roll) ;  praedas  (drive  off) ;  sti- 
mulos  (ply) ;    in  viscera  vires 
(turn  against) ;   munera  in  Ae- 
nean ;  crateras  (drain,  tip  up)  ; 
morsus  (use  the  teeth) ;  procellae 
vocem  (bear  aivay) ;  domos  (over- 
throw, ruin);    versi  Aquilones 
(changing) . —  Esp.  of  battle,  turn, 
put  to  flight,   rout,  drive    back  : 
versi   hostes  (flying).  —  Often, 
change,  alter,  change  into,  trans- 
form :  nomen ;  vestes ;  fata  ver- 
sa (changing) .  —  Also,  of  thought, 
turn  (one's  mind),  change  (one's 
purpose)  :     quae    te     sententia 
(what  purpose  changes  you);  va- 
rii  pectore  sensus  (alternate) .  — 
With  reflexive  (often  without)  and 
in  passive,  turn  one's  self,  turn, 
change,     be     changed,    transform 
one"1*  self,  revolve,  turn  out,  tend  : 
hie  victoria  (hinge  on  this  point) ; 
aestas  septima  (is  rolling  on) ; 
caelum  (revolve) ;    ordo    (moves 
on,  by   fate) ;    Turnus  vertitur 
(moves  to  and  fro)  ;  quo  se  ver- 
tant  hospitia ;  nee  bene  vertat 
(turn  out  ill).  —  In  special  uses  : 
omnia  sub  pedibus  verti  regique 
(be  controlled) ;  versum  fas  at- 
que  nefas  (confounded)  ;  memet 
in  omnia  (try  every  resource) . 

veru,  -us,  [?],  n.,  a  spit.  —Also,  a 

dart. 
verum,  see  verus. 


verus,  -a,  -um,  [  ?],  adj.,  true,  real, 

—  Also,  right,  fitting,  appropriate : 
nomen  (real,  appropriate) . — Neut. 
(sing,  and  pi.)  as  subst.,  the  truth, 
things  true.  —  Neut.  as  adv.,  truly 
(in  truth,  cf.  vere) ;  —  also,  but, 
however,    yet,    still ;     often    in    a 
mere    transition    or    interruption, 
but:  verum  age.    See  also  vero. 

verutus,  -a,  -uni,  [fveru  +  tus,  cf. 
auratus],  adj.,  armed  with  darts. 

vesanus,  -a,  -um,  [ve-sanus],  adj., 
insane,  crazy,  mad.  — Transferred, 
maddening,  mad,  furious. 

vescor,  no  p.p.,  vesci,  [  ?] ,  3.  v.  dep., 
feed  on,  eat,  subsist  on,  feast  on  : 
aura  (breathe  the  vital  air) . 

vescus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  small, 
meagre,  thin.  (A  word  of  uncer- 
tain etymology  and  meaning.  In 
both  places  in  Virgil,  and  in  some 
other  passages,  it  seems  to  have 
the  meaning  of  meagre  food). 

Vesevus  (Vesuvius),  -I,  [?],  m., 
Vesuvius,  the  volcano  near  Naples : 
iugum  (the  ridge  of  Vesuvius) . 

vesper,  -eri  and  -eris,  [?,  cf."E<nre- 
pos],  m.,  the  evening. —  Also,  the 
evening  star  (perh.  orig.  sense). 

—  Poetically,  the  West. 

Vesta,  -ae,  [?,  cf.  eo-ria,  poss.^/ves, 
dwell  ?  (cf.  Sk.  -y/vas  and  &O-TV, 
but  also  ver)  +  ta],  f.,  the  goddess 
of  household  fire  (cf.  Vulcan  of 
fire  in  general,  esp.  destructive  or 
mechanical).  She  is.  the  emblem 
of  household  purity  and  family 
life  (cana  Fides  et  Vesta).  Her 
effigy  and  her  fire  were  carried 
away  from  Troy  by  /Eneas,  as  a 
sacred  charge,  and  her  fire  was 
kept  constantly  burning  in  her 
temple  as  the  hearth  of  the  State 
considered  as  a  family.  She  is  often 
represented  sitting  with  covered 
head  and  holding  in  her  hand  a 
Palladium.  —  Also,  the  household 
fire,  the  hearth. 

vester,  -tra,  -trum,  [pron.  fvas  + 
ter,  cf.  alter],  pron.  adj.,  your, 
yours. 

vestibulum,  -I,  [?],  n.,  a  porch,  a 


Vocabulary. 


301 


portico,  a  vestibule,  an  entrance. 
—  Fig.,  a  beginning,  an  open- 
ing. 

vestigium,  -i,  [?,  adj.-stem  wh. 
vestigo],  n.,  a  track,  a  trace,  a 
footprint,  a  sign,  a  vestige,  a  token  : 
hederae  pandunt  vestigia  (give 
indications) . — Less  exactly,  a  step, 
a  footstep  (of  walking,  as  in  Eng.), 
the  feet,  a  course  (on  foot,  or  even 
of  inanimate  things),  the  fetlocks 
(or  feet  of  a  horse) . 

vestigo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [?, 
adj.-stem  wh.  vestigium],  i.  v.  a., 
track,  trace.  —  Less  exactly,  exam- 
ine, search  for. 

vestio,  -ivi  (-ii),  -itum,  -ire, 
[fvesti-],  4.  v.  a.,  clothe.  —  Fig. 
(as  in  Eng.),  clothe,  cover,  invest, 
deck :  aether  campos  lumine 
{clothe,  fill,  with  a  different  fig.). 

vestis,  -is,  [y^63  (cf.  fV07js,  Sk. 
Y/vas,  clothe}  +  tis],  f.,  a  gar- 
ment, a  robe,  covering,  clothing.  — 
Also,  a  fabric  (generally),  stuffs, 
hangings,  cloth,  drapery,  hous- 
ings. 

Vesulus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a  mountain  of 
Liguria. 

veternus,  -a,  -um,  [fveter-  (of 
vetus)  +  nus],  adj.,  old.  —  Masc. 
as  subst.  (prob.  subst.  omitted), 
lethargy,  sluggishness,  heaviness, 
inactivity. 

vetitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  veto. 

veto,  -ui,  -itum,  -are,  [prob.  rudely 
formed  from  vetus,  as  if  fveto-J, 
I.  v.  a.,  (prob.  political,  keep  the 
old,  vote  against  the  new),  forbid, 
prohibit.  —  vetitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
as  adj.,  forbidden,  unlawful.  — 
Neut.  as  subst.,  a  prohibition,  an 
order  (of  prohibition). 

vetus,  -eris,  [unc.  root  +  us  (cf. 
«TOS),  prob.  orig.  noun  (cf.  ace. 
plur.  in  -a)],  adj.,  of  long  standing 
(cf.  antiquus),  old,  aged,  ancient, 
former. — Masc.  plur.,  the  ancients. 

votustas,  -atis,  [fvetus  (with  orig. 
B)  +  tas],  f.,  age,  antiquity,  lapse 
of  time :  aovi  {long  lapse  of 
time) . 


vctustus,  -a,  -um,  [fvetus  (with 
orig.  s)  +  tus  (cf.  honestus)], 
adj.,  ancient  (cf.  vetus). 

vexatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  vexo. 

vexo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fvexo- 
(as  p.p.  of  veho)],  I.  v.  a.,  shake. 
—  Fig.,  harass,  worry. 

via,  -ae,  [  ^veh  (of  veho)  +  a  (or 
-ia)],  f.,  a  road,  a  way,  a  path,  a 
street.  —  Less  exactly,  a  passage, 
a  course.  —  Fig.,  a  way,  a  means, 
a  mode,  a  fashion,  a  course.  —  Plur. 
equals  journeys,  journeyings,  wan- 
derings. —  Special :  quos  ipse  via 
sibi  repperit  usus,  in  course  of 
time,  by  practice. 

viator,  -oris,  [fvia-  (as  if  of  vio, 
perh.  really)  -f  tor],  m.,  a  way- 
farer, a  traveller. 

vibratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  vibro. 

vibro,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fvibro- 
(of  lost  adj.  of  unc.  kin.)],  I.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  agitate,  swing,  brandish.  — 
Intrans.,  quiver,  -wave :  vibranti 
cuspis  transverberat  ictu  {quiv- 
ering with  the  blow,  the  force  was 
so  great).  —  vibratus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.,  curled,  frizzled  (of  hair), 
forked  {quivering,  of  the  light- 
ning). 

viburnum,  -i,  [  ?,  poss.  akin  to  vi- 
bro?], n.,  the  viburnum  (a  low- 
shrub  of  uncertain  identity). 

vice,  see  vicis. 

vicla,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  vetch  (a  kind  of 
leguminous  plant). 

vicinia,  -ae,  [fvicino-  (reduced)  + 
ia],  f.,  nearness,  close  proximity  : 
Persidis  {neighboring  Persia) . 

vicinus,  -a,  -um,  [fvico-  (reduced) 
+  inus],  adj.,(0/V//<?  same  quarter), 
near,  neighboring,  in  the  vicinity, 
close  by.  —  Masc.  as  subst.,  a  neigh- 
bor. 

vicis  (gen.,  no  nom.  found),  [?], 
f.,  (orig.  sense  unc.),  apparently, 
change,  interchange :  hac  vice 
sennonum;  in  vicem  {in  turn, 
alternately). — Also,  plur.,  changes, 
chances,  fortune.  —  Also,  a  posi 
(perh.  as  held  by  soldiers  in  suc- 
cession ~)taplace,a  duty,  a  function. 


302 


Vocabulary. 


vlcissim  [ace.  adv.,  same  root  as 
vicis],  adv.,  alternately,  in  turn. 

victima,  -ae,  f.,  a  victim. 

victor,  -oris,  [  ^/vic  (of  vinco)  + 
tor] ,  m.,  a  victor,  a  conqueror.  — 
As  adj.,  victorious,  triumphant. 

victoria,  -ae,  [fvictor  +  ia],  f., 
victory,  triumph,  success. 

victricia,  see  victrix. 

victrix,  -Icis,  [-v/vic  On  vinco) 
+  trix],  f.,  a  conqueror  (female). 
—  Also,  as  adj.  in  f.  and  n.,  victo- 
rious, conquering,  of  victory  ;  — 
also,  successful. 

victus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  vinco. 

victus,  -us,  [root  of  vivo  (vvh.  see) 
+  tus],  m.,  a  living,  a  sustenance, 
support  (of  life),  food:  facilis 
victu  gens  (gaining  an  easy  sub- 
sistence) . 

vidSn',  see  video  and  ne. 

video,  vidijVisum,  videre,[fvid6- 
(cf.  providus)],  2.  v.  a.  and  n., 
see  (with  the  eye  or  mind) . — Pass., 
be  seen,  seem,  appear;  —  esp.,  seem 
best,  seem  good,  be  determined.  — 
Also,  see  (experience),  live  to  see, 
meet.  — videns,  -entis,  p.,  seeing, 
awake,  -with  the  eyes  open.  —  See 
also  visuiii . 

viduatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  viduo. 

viduo,  -avi,  -uiuiii,  -are,  [fviduo- 
(of  viduus)],  I.  v.  a.,  deprive, 
rob,  strip.  —  viduatus,  -a,  -11111, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  destitute,  free  from. 

vigeo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  -ere,  [fvi- 
go-  (cf.  vigil)],  2.  v.  n.,  thrive, 
flourish,  be  in  vigor,  be  powerful, 
gain  strength. 

vigil,  -ills,  [fvigo-  (vvh.  vigeo)  + 
lis],  adj.,  wakeful,  awake,  watch- 
ful, sleepless,  unsleeping.  —  Fig., 
also  of  things.  —  As  subst.,  a 
•watchman,  a  sentinel,  a  guard : 
vigilum  excubiae  (posts  of  senti- 
nels'). 

vigilantia,  -ae,  [fvigilant+  ia], 
f.,  watchfulness. 

vigilo,  -avi,  -at  u  m,  -are,  [f  vigil-], 
I.  v.  n.  and  a.,  be  awake,  wake, 
wake  up,  watch.  —  With  ace.,  look 
out  for,  watch  for. 


vigintl  [fdvi  (of  duo)  4-  unc.  form, 
cf.  triginta],  indecl.  adj.,  twenty. 

vigor,  -oris,  [  ^/vig  (in  vigeo)  -f- 
or],  m.,  activity,  vigor,  strength, 
force. 

vilis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  cheap,  poor. 

villa,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  farm-house. 

villosus,  -a,  -um,  [fvillo-  (re- 
duced) +  osus],  adj.,  shaggy, hairy. 

villus,  -I,  [?,  cf.  vellus],  m.,  a 
coarse  hair,  hair  (of  animals),  a 
fleece  (plur.),  wool  (coarse). 

vim  m,  -inis,  [-y/vi  (in  vieo)  + 
men],  n.,  a  twig  (flexible),  osier. 

—  Also,  a  shoot. 

vfmineus,  -a,  -uni,[fvimin+eus], 
adj.,  of  wicker,  plaited,  woven. 

vincio,  vinxi,  vinctum,  vincire, 
[prob.  akin  to  vinco  through  adj.- 
stem],  4.  v.  a.,  bind,  tie  up.  — 
Esp.  of  garlands,  twine,  encircle. 

—  Fig.,  of  wine,  tie,  hamper  :  lin- 
guam. 

vinclum,  see  vincnlum. 

vinco,  vici,  victum,  vincere, 
[ -y/vic,  of  unc.  kin.],  3.  v.  a.  and 
n.  Of  battle,  conquer,  defeat,  sub- 
due. —  Also,  of  rivalry,  surpass, 
outvie,  conquer,  excel,  gain  one's 
point,  beat,  prevail ;  —  so :  ea  vin- 
cam  verbis  (master) ;  fata  (out- 
live) .  —  Also,  of  things,  overcome, 
outlast,  prevail  against,  ivear  out, 
rise  above.  —  With  cogn.  ace. :  hoc 
vincite  (gain  this  victory}. — vic- 
tus, -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  con- 
quered, broken,  shattered. 

vinctus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  vincio. 

vinculum,  -I,  [as  if  fvinco-  (akin 
to  vincio)  +  lumj,  n.,  a  bond,  a 
fetter,  a  band,  a  shoe-lacing,  a  strap, 
a  thong.  —  Fig.,  a  bond,  an  obliga- 
tion, a  binding  force,  a  tie  (esp.  of 
marriage) . 

vindemia,  -ae,[tvino-tdemia(lost 
stem  akin  to  demo,  cf.  praemi- 
um)  ] ,  f .,  a  vintage.  —  Also,  con- 
cretely (as  in  Eng.),  the  vintage, 
crop  of  grapes,  grapes. 

vindico,  -avi,  -at  um,  -are,  [fvin- 
dic-  (of  unc.  orig.)],  I.  v.  a.,  set 
free,  release. 


Vocabulary. 


303 


vinetum,  -i,  [fvino-  (reduced)  +  j 
etam,  cf.  dumetum],  n.,  a  vine- 
yard. 

vineus,  -a, -uni,  [fvino-  (reduced) 
-feus],  adj.,  of  vines. — Fein,  (some 
noun  omitted),  a  vineyard. 

vinitor,  -oris,  [fvino  +  tor,  cf. 
viator],  m.,  a  vine-dresser,  a  vine- 
pruner. 

vinum,  -i,  [poss.  borrowed,  cf.  oivos, 
but  cf.  vitis  and  vieo],  n.,  wine. 

viola,  -ae,  [fvio-  (akin  to  tov)  -fla], 
f.,  a  violet  (probably  several  kinds 
of  flowers  more  or  less  like  our 
violets) . 

violabilis,  -e,  [fviola-  (of  violo) 
+  bills],  adj.,  to  be  violated. 

violarium,-i(-ii),  [fviola-f  arium 
(n.  of  -arius)],  n.,  a  bed  of  violets, 
a  violet-bed. 

violentia,  -ae,  [ f violent  +  la],  f., 
violence,  fury,  ferocity. 

violentus,  -a,  -urn,  [?,  perh.  akin 
to  vis,  perh.  to  violo],  adj.,  vio- 
lent, ferocious,  boisterous,  rapid. 

violo,  -avi,  -atom,  -are,  [?,  poss. 
akin  to  vis  (cf.  violentus),  poss. 
to  viola  (cf.  fjitaivia,  and  see  be- 
low)], i.  v.  a.,  do  violence  to,  out- 
rage (lit.),  injure,  mar,  ravage. — 
Also,  profane,  sully,  stain  (fig.)> 
violate,  outrage  (fig.) . — Also,  stain 
(imitating  ptalixa,  but  perh.  orig. 
sense). 

vipera,  -ae,  [fvivS-  (or  stem  akin) 
-para  (akin  to  pario),  cf.  puer- 
pera],  f.,  a  viper,  a  snake. 

vipereus,  -a,  -urn,  [fvipera-  (re- 
duced) +  eus],  adj.,  of  snakes, 
snaky  ;  —  venomous,  poisonous. 

vir,  viri,  [?,  cf.  Sk.  viras, hero~],m., 
a  hero, a  man  (opposed  to  woman), 
a  husband.  —  Also,  of  animals,  the 
male,  the  leader,  the  lord. 

virago,  -inis,  [fvir  (as  if  vira-,  cf. 
imago)  +  go],  f.,  a  masculine 
woman,  a  virago :  luturna  (the 
"  Amazon  "  Juturna). 

Virbius,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a  name  of 
Ilippolytus.  —  Also  of  his  son,  an 
ally  of  Turnus. 

virectum,  see  viretum. 


vireo,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  virere, 
[fviro-  (cf.  viridis)],  2.  v.  n., 
be  green,  flourish,  grow,  put  fortk 
leaves. 

viresco,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  vires- 
cere,  [vire-  (of  vireo)  +  sco], 
3.  v.  n.,  gro-M  green,  be  green. 

viretum  (-ectum),  -I,  [n.  p.p.  of 
vireo],  n.,  a  grassy  spot,  a  green 
thicket. 

virga,  -ae,[  ?,  perh.  y'vir  (in  vireo), 
perh.  v/virg  (cf.  Sk.  V^J)]'  f-> 
a  shoot,  a  twig,  a  sapling,  a  rod,  a 
wand. 

virgatus,  -a,  -urn,  [fvirga  +  tus, 
cf.  auratus],  adj.,  striped. 

virgeus,  -a,  -HIM,  [fvirga-  (re- 
duced) +  eus],  adj.,  of  twigs,  of 
shoots,  osier. 

virgineus,-a,  -um,[tvirgin-|-eus], 
adj.,  of  a  maiden,  maiden,  mai- 
denly. 

virginiras,  -atis,  [fvirgin-  (as  if 
virgin!-)  +  tas],  f.,  maidenhood, 
virginity,  chastity. 

virgo,  -inis,  [stem  akin  to  virga 
-f  o,  cf.  propago],  f.,  a  maiden, 
a  maid,  a  virgin.  —  Esp.,  the  Vir- 
gin, Astraa,  or  Justice,  who  lived 
on  the  earth  in  the  golden  age,  but 
fled  to  heaven  in  the  more  corrupt 
ages. 

virgultum,-I,[fvirgula-(reduced) 
+  turn  (cf.  salictum)],  n.,  a 
thicket. 

viridans,  -antis,  [p.  of  virido,  fr. 
fviridi-],  adj.,  green. 

viridis,  -e,  [fviro-  (wh.  vireo)  + 
dus  (weakened)],  adj.,  green: 
Aegyptus  (^ lad  in  verdure,  flow- 
ery, blooming)  ;  litus  (grassy) ; 
antrum  (mossy);  umbra  (leafy). 
—  Fig-»  ft***,  fresh,  vigorous. 

virilis,  -e,  [fviro-  (of  vir)  -f  ilia], 
adj.,  manly,  masculine,  heroic, 
male. 

virosus,  -a,  -um,  [fvird- (reduced) 
-f  osus],  adj.,  odorous,  fetid. 

virtus,  -utis,  [tvir6-  (reduced)  + 
tus],  f.,  manliness,  manhood,brav- 
ery,  heroism,  courage,  virtue,  excel- 
lence.—  More  concretely,  a  virtue, 


304 


Vocabulary. 


a  good  quality  :  mea  virtus  (con- 
sciousness of  virtue);  socium  vir- 
tus omnis  (valiant  souls) . 

virus,  -i,  [unc.  root,  cf.  Sk.  vishas, 
16s,  perh.  akin  to  viola],  n.,  poi- 
son, venom  :  lentum  distillat  ab 
inguine  (an  excretion). 

vis,  vis,  [?,  cf.  fy],  f.  sing.,  power, 
strength,  might,  virtue,  effective- 
ness.— A\so,forte,  violence. — Plur., 
strengtkiyaiatl\j  active,  cf.  robur), 
power,  force,  energy,  might,  ability, 
vigor,  powers,  forces  :  vim  viri- 
bus  exit  (escapes  violence  by  main 
force');  vires  occultae  (a  secret 
virtue).  —  Also,  a  multitude,  a 
quantity:  canum  (pack). 

viscum,  -i,  [  ?,  poss.  akin  to  virus, 
from  its  slimy,  sticky  nature],  n., 
mistletoe. 

viscus,  -eris,  (generally  plur.),  [?], 
n.,  the  Jlesh  (or  soft  parts  inside 
the  skin),  the  inwards,  the  body  (as 
opposed  to  the  skin  and  bones). 

—  Esp.,   the   viscera    (the    lungs, 
liver,  £c.,  used  for  divination),  the 
entrails.  —  Less  exactly  and  fig., 
as   in  Eng.,  bowels   (of  a  moun- 
tain), the  vitals  (of  one's  country). 

viso,  visi,  visum,  visere,  [old  de- 
siderative  for  vividso,  from  -y/vid 
(in  video),  reduplicated  with  -so, 
(akin  to  Gr.  fut.  ending)],  3.  v.  a., 
go  to  see,  visit.  —  Less  exactly,  ex- 
amine, see. 

visum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  video],  n.,  a 
sight,  a  spectacle,  a  portent,  a  prod- 
igy- 

visus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  video. 

visus,  -us,  [v^-id  (of  video)  + 
tus],  m.,  the  sight  (power  or  act 
of  seeing,  cf.  visum),  vision,  the 
gaze,  a  look.  —  Also,  a  sight,  an 
omen.  —  Also,  appearance,  aspect. 

—  Abl.  as  supine  of  video,  wh.  see. 
vita,  -ae,  [root  or  stem  of  vivo  + 

ta],  L,2ife  (existence,  also  the  con 
ditions  of  life,  nature),  life  (the 
vital  principle),  the  breath  of  life, 
the  vital  spark  ;  —  hence,  the  soul, 
the  shade,  a  spirit.  —  Also,  a  mode 
of  life,  life  (course,  history  of  life). 


vital  Is,  -e,   [fvita  +  lis],  adj.,  of 

life,  vital. 

viteus,  -a,  -um,  [fviti-  (reduced) 
+  eus],  adj.,  of  the  vine:  pocula 
(of  wine). 

vitiosus,  -a,  -um,  [fvitio-  (re- 
duced) +  osus],  adj., /rt  z;//j',  blem- 
ished, unsound :  ilex  (decaying). 

vitis,  -is,  [-^/vi  (of  vieo)  +  tis], 
f.,  a  vine  (esp.  of  the  grape). — 
—  Less  exactly,  grapes. 

vitisator,  -oris,  [fviti-sator],  m., 
a  vine-planter. 

vitium,  -i  (-ii),  n.,  a  flaw,  a  blem- 
ish, a  defect.  —  Also,  an  injurious 
principle  (of  the  earth  or  air)  : 
terrae;  aeris(^r/). — vitio,  abl., 
by  the  fault  of,  through  the  influ- 
ence of,  caused  by. 

vito,  -avi,  -atiim,  -are,  [?],  i.v.  a., 
avoid,  slum. 

vitreus,  -a,  -um,  [fvitro-  (re- 
duced) +  eus],  adj.,  glassy,  sea- 
green  (the  color  of  glass). 

vitta,  -ae,  [akin  to  vieo],  f.,  a  fil- 
let, a  band. —  Esp.  as  worn  in 
sacred  observances,  and  by  sup- 
pliants, wound  around  sacred  ob- 
jects, and  hung  on  the  hands  or  on 
the  olive-branches  carried  as  signs 
of  supplication. 

vitula,  -ae,  [?,  f.  of  vitulus],  f.,  a 
heifer. 

vitulus,  -i,  [?,  akin  to  froAos,  perh. 
to  vetus,  as  yearling,  cf.  eros], 
m.,  a  bullock. 

vivax,  -acis,  [stem  of  vivo  (re- 
duced) +  ax,  cf.  capax],  adj., 
long-lived,  enduring. 

vividus,  -a,  -um,  [fvivo  (of  vi- 
vus)+  dus],  adj.,  lively,  vigorous, 
adive.  —  Also,  fig.  in  same  senses. 

vivo,  vixi,  victum,  vivere,  [  -^/viv 
(orig.  form  unc.,  but  with  a  g,  cf. 
quick,  and  Sk.  -v/J^v)>  c^-  #<os]» 
3.  v.  n.,  live,  be  alive,  pass  one^s 
life.  —  Also,  subsist,  live  (on  any- 
thing). —  Also,  of  things,  live,  re- 
main, grow,  keep  alive :  vitium 
tegendo  (thrive)  ;  sub  pectore 
vulnus ;  stuppa  (as  being  on 
fire) .  —  Esp.  in  imperat.,  may  you 


Vocabulary. 


305 


live,  farewell,   I  wish  you   well, 
adieu. 

vivus  -a,  -ii in,  [y^iv  (in  vivo) 
+  MB,  cf.  quick~\,  adj.,  alive,  liv- 
ing: vivus  per  ora  feretur  (««- 
dying} ;  —  so  :  vultus  (living, 
made  like  life).  — Also,  of  plants, 
living,  growing.  —  Also,  of  things 
as  partaking  of  the  life  of  nature, 
living,  na  tural,flowing,  per  en  n  ial, 
solid  (of  rock)  :  sulphura  (tia- 
live) .  —  As  subst.,  the  living,  liv- 
ing creatures.  —  Phrase :  ad  vi- 
vum,  to  the  quick. 

vlx  [?],  adv.,  with  difficulty,  hardly, 
scarcely.  —  Also,  of  time,  hardly, 
just,  no  sooner  (with  a  new  inci- 
dent immediately  following). 

vocatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  voco. 

vocatus,  -us,  [fvoca-  (of  voco)  + 
tus],  m.,  a  call,  a  demand,  a  re- 
quest, an  invocation,  a  prayer. 

vociferor,  -atus,  -ari,  [lost  fvo- 
cifero-  fr.fvoc,ofvox(asif  voci-) 
-fer],  I.  v.  dep.,  cry  out,  shout,  cry, 
exclaim.  —  With  the  words  in  di- 
rect discourse. 

voco,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [fvoco- 
(^/voc  +  us,  cf.  aequlvocus)], 
I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  call  (in  every  shade 
of  invitation  and  command),  call 
to,  call  for,  pray  for,  call  upon, 
invoke,  pray  to,  invite,  summon, 
call  together,  rally,  call  by  name, 
speak  of,  proclaim,  direct:  ad 
poenam  (bring  to  justice)  ;  in 
artes  (of  trees,  try  to  turn,  de- 
mand ofthent) ;  me  ad  fata  (ask 
to  share);  pugnas  {proclaim); 
cornix  pluviam  (as  if  the  bird 
had  power  to  bring  it);  ventis 
vocatia  {having  invoked  the  winds, 
but  also  of  Mercury,  summon) ; 
concilium  (convene).  —  Also,  of 
things  more  or  less  personified, 
call,  summon,  challenge,  rival, 
bid  to  go,  direct,  demand,  await : 
Zsphyri;  Cithaeron;  ipsa  res 
{bid} ;  lux  ultima  {summon}  ; 
aurae  vela  (invite) ;  cursus  vela 
(direct};  cur  stun  ventus  {guide). 
—  Esp.,  call  (by  name),  name. 


volaema,  -ae(vole-),  [tvola-(/a//« 
of  the  hand)~\,  f.,  name  of  a  large 
kind  of  pears. 

volatilis,  -e,  (fvolato-  (p.p.  of 
volo)  +  lis],  adj.,  flying,  winged. 

—  Poetically,  of  missiles. 
Volcens,  -entis,  [?],  m.,  a  Latin. 
volema,  see  volaema. 
volgus,  see  vulgus. 

volit5,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [as  if 
fvolito-  (supposed  p.p.  of  volo), 
cf.  domito],  I.  v.  n.,  flit  about, 
fly  to  and  fro,  flit,  fly  abroad,  fly. 

—  Less  exactly,  rush  to  and  fro  : 
milite  Volsci  (scour  the  fields) ; 
victor  volitare  per  ora  (fly). — 

—  Of  things,  float,  whirl,  fly  :  tur- 
bo (spin). — volitans,  -antis,  p. 
as  subst.,  an  insect. 

voliius,  see  vulnus. 

vo!5,  volui,  no  sup.,  velle,  [^/vol, 
akin  to  fiov\ofjiat  and  Sk.  ~</VY], 
irr.  v.  a.  (with  obj.  implied),  wish, 
will,  be  willing,  consent,  allow, 
choose,  design  :  hunc  laetum  di- 
em esse  velis  {graciously  make). 

—  Also,  (wish  for  one's  self),  in- 
tend, purpose,  have  in  view,  mean. 

—  With  ace.  and  inf.,  claim,  will 
have  it  that.  —  volens,  -entls,  p. 
as  adj.,  propitious,  gracious,  will- 
ing, cheerful,  glad. 

volo,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [  ?] ,  i .  v.  n., 
fly,  fly  about,  flit.  —  Less  exactly 
and  fig.,  fly  (as  in  Eng.),  whirl 
along,  skim,  rush,  speed,  dart,  be 
hurled,  be  flung,  wave,  shoot  (of 
stars),  roll  up  (of  smoke,  &c.). — 
volaiis,  -antls,  p.  as  s,\\!o&.,flying 
creatures,  winged  creatures,  birds. 

Volscens,  see  Volcens. 

Volscus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  of  t/ie 
Volsci  (a  people  of  Latium,  be- 
tween the  Pomptine  marshes  and 
Campania,  who  waged  a  stubborn 
warfare  against  the  Romans,  but 
were  finally  conquered  about  B.C. 
325),  Volscian.  —  Plur.  as  subst., 
the  Volsci  (the  people  themselves). 

voltus,  see  vultiis. 

\< .In l>i IK  -e,  [tvolvi-(of  volvo)  + 
bilis],  adj.,  whirling. 


306 


Vocabulary. 


volucer  (-cris),  -cris,  -ere,  [fvolo- 
(cf.  velivolus)  +  cris,  cf.  fludi- 
cro-],  adj.,  flying,  winged. —  Less 
ex.a.c\\y,_flying,  rapid, fleet,  -winged 
(fig.). — Also,  fleeting :  Somnus. 
—  Fern,  (rarely  m.)  as  subs.,  a 
winged  creature,  a  bird. 

volumen,  -inis,  [fvolvi-  (of  vol- 
vo)  +  men],  n.,  a  roll,  a  coil,  a 
fold,  a  band  (wound  around). — 
Less  exactly,  a  joint  (the  folding 
of  the  legs) . 

voluiitas,  -atis,  [fvolent-  (earlier 
volont-,  of  volens) +tas] ,  i.,wish, 
will,  desire,  pleasure  (desire). 

voluptas,  -atis, [fvolupi- (reduced, 
cf.  volup)  +  tas],  f.,  pleasure,  de- 
light, enjoyment, joy. —  Concretely, 
as  in  Eng.,  of  the  source  of  delight. 

Volusus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a  Rutulian. 

volntabrum,  -i,  [fvoluta-  (of  vo- 
luto)  +  brum],  n.,  a  wallow,  a 
slough. 

volnto,  -avf,  -atuin,  -are,  [fvo- 
luto-  (cf.  volvo)],  I.  v.  a.  and  n., 
roll.  — Less  exactly,  rollback,  send 
echoing,  make  echo,  echo,  make  re- 
sound.—  Esp.  with  reflexive  (or 
without)  and  in  pass.,  roll,  writhe, 
grovel.  —  Fig.,  revolve,  turn  over, 
ponder,  meditate. 

volutus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  volvo. 

volvo,  volvi,  volfitum,  volvere, 
[-y/volv,  cf.  «?A.uo>],  3.  v.  a.  and  n. 
Act.,  roll.  —  Pass,  (as  middle),  be 
rolled,  roll:  volvitur  Euryalus 
leto  (writhe) ;  —  and  fig.,  turn 
over,  revolve  (in  the  mind),  pon- 
der :  sub  pectore  sortem.  —  Esp., 
of  the  eyes,  turn,  roll.  —  Also,  in 
pass.,  rarely  act.,  of  regular  revolu- 
tion, revolve,  run  round,  roll 
round:  volvitur  annus  (roll 
round} ;  volvenda  dies ;  volvun- 
tur  sidera  {are gliding  on);  ca- 
sus  (run  the  round  of) ;  vices 
(turn  on,  roll  on) ;  saecula  (of  an 
oak,  live  the  round  of).  —  Gener- 
ally with  motion  onwards,  roll  on, 
roll  down ;  —  pass.,  also,  pour, 
glide,  wind:  volvimur  undis  (are 
tossed')  \  volvunt  ad  litora  flue tua 


(of  the  winds) ;  lacrimae  volvun- 
tur  inanes(  pour  down,  are  shed) ; 
incendia  aestus  (the  fire  rolling 
brings  the  heat,  &c.) ;  lapis  volu- 
tus (whirling}  ;  sic  volvere  Par- 
cas  (turn  the  wheel  of  destiny) ; 
rotam  volvere  per  annos  (run 
the  round}  ;  —  esp.,  unroll  (of  a 
scroll)  :  arcana  ;  monimenta(««- 
roll,  study).  —  Also,  roll  up,  roll 
forth,  pour  forth,  send  forth,  send 
rolling  up  ;  —  pass,  as  mid. :  ignis 
ad  fastigia  volvitur;  saxa  (of 
yEtna) ;  sub  naribus  ignem  equus 
(breathe  forth}  ;  volvitur  ater 
odor  tectis  {pour  through,  from 
the  fire) .  —  Also,  roll  over,  throw 
headlong,  send  whirling,  throw 
rolling,  precipitate,  go  whirling 
(pass.). — Also,  intrans.,  roll,  re- 
volve. 

\  0111  is  (vomer),  -eris,  [?],  m.,  a 
ploughshare. 

vomo,  -ill,  -Itum,  -ere,  [yvom, 
akin  to  e'/i«a>>  Sk.  ^/vam],  3.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  vomit,  vomit  forth,  belch 
forth,  throw  up,  send  forth, 
emit. 

voragS,  -inis,  [fvora-  (of  voro) 
+  go,  prob.  through  intermediate 
stem,  cf.  imago],  f.,  an  abyss,  a 
whirlpool,  a  vortex,  a  yawning 
chasm. 

voro,  -avi,  -atuin,  -are,  [fvoro- 
(cf.  omnivorus),  akin  to  &i&p<a- 
ffKta,  Sk.  -v/Sar]»  *•  v<  a-»  devour. 
—  Fig-,  of  the  sea,  swallow  up, 
engulf. 

vortex,  see  vertex. 

vosmet,  see  tu. 

vdtum,  see  voveo. 

votus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  voveo. 

voveo,  vovi,  votum,  vovere,  [?], 
I.  v.  a.,  vow,  devote,  dedicate. — • 
votus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  vowed 
(promised  in  a  vow),  votive. — 
Neut.  as  subst.,  a  vow,  a  prayer 
(usually  accompanied  by  a  vow). 
—  Also,  a  votive  offering  (thq 
thing  vowed) . 

vox,  vocis,  [  ^/voc  (in  voco,  etc.) 
as  stem  (akin  to  tiros  and  Sk. 


Vocabulary. 


307 


•y/Vach)],  f.,  a  voice  (as  sound,  cf. 
verbum),  the  voice:  nee  vox 
nee  verba  sequuntur  (articulate 
sound  nor  intelligible  words} .  — 
Less  exactly,  a  voice  (of  other  liv- 
ing things),  a  note,  a  tone,  a  sound, 
a  cry,  a  song :  septem  voces  (the 
seven  tones  of  the  scale).  —  Also, 
words,  language,  speech,  often  ren- 
dered voice  also  in  Eng. :  vox  ex- 
cidit  ore  (these  words,  &c.) ;  voce 
niagister  (in  song) ;  prodere  vo- 
ce sua  (by  his  words'} ;  rumpit 
vocem  (utter  a  voice,  break  si- 
lence} ;  vocem  volutant  (roll their 
voices}.  —  voce,  abl.,  may  often 
be  absorbed  in  some  other  word, 
or  rendered  lips,  or  aloud,  or  by 
some  similar  device :  compellat 
voce  Menoeten  (aloud) ;  sic 
voce  precatur  (with  these  words)  ; 
nostra  voce  {from  my  lips} ;  qua 
voce  (with  what  prayer};  voce 
lacessit  (with  taunting  words} . 

Vulcanius(Vol-),-a,  -um,  [fVul- 
cano-  (reduced)  +  ius],  adj.,  of 
Vulcan,  Vulcanian.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, of  fire. 

Vulcanus  (Vol-),  -i,  [?],  m.,  Vul- 
can, the  god  of  fire  in  its  destruc- 
tive and  mechanical  forms.  He 
was  fabled  to  have  a  forge  be- 
neath the  Lipari  islands,  where  he 
wrought  the  thunderbolts  of  Jupi- 
ter. —  Y\g.,fire. 

vulgatus,  -a,  -HIM,  p.p.  of  vulgo. 

vulgo  (volgo),  [abl.  of  vulgus], 


adv.,  generally,  commonly,  every- 
where. 

vulgo  (vol-),  -avi,  alum,  -are, 
[fvulgo-],  (of  vulgus)],  I.  v.  a., 
spread  abroad,  publish,  make 
known,  make  common:  omnia  vul- 
gata  {trite  themes'}. 

vulgus,  -i,  [  -v/vulg(cf.Sk. vargas,  a 
crowd)  -f  us],n.  (sts.m.),  the  popu- 
lace,tke  common  mass,  the  crowd,  the 
people  (generally) .  —  Also,  of  an- 
imals, the  mass,  the  Jlock,  the  swarm . 

vulnero  (vol-),  -avi,  -atuni,  -are, 
[fvulner-  (of  vulnus)],  i.  v.  a., 
•wound.  —  Also  fig.,  as  in  Eng. 

vulniflcus  (vol-),  -a,  -um,  [stem 
of  vulnus  (as  if  vulno-)  -ficus 
( -y/fac  +  us)],  adj.,  wounding,  de- 
structive, cutting. 

vulnus  (vol-),  -erls,  [?],  n.,  a 
7WM«</(given  or  received), a  stroke, 
a  blow.  —  Less  exactly,  a  weapon 
(inflicting  a  wound).  —  Also,  of 
the  mind,  a  wound,  a  blow,  a  pangt 
a  pain. 

vulpes  (vol-),  -Is,  [?],  f.,  a  fox. 

vulsus(vol-),-a,-um,  p.p.  of  vello. 

vultur  (vol-),  -uris,  [?],  m.,  a  vul- 
ture. 

Vulturnus  (Vol-),  -I,  [fvultur  + 
nus],  m.,  a  river  of  Campania 
(  Volturno). 

vultus  (vol-),  -us,  [-vAro!  (of  vo- 
lo)  -f  tus],  m.,  an  expression  (of 
the  face),  the  countenance,  the  as- 
pect. —  Also,  of  -things,  appear- 
ance, look,  aspect. 


Xantho,  -us,   [Gr.  Eac&i],  f.,  one 

of  the  Nereids. 
Xanthus,  -i,    [Gr.    Eavflos],   m.,  a 

common  name  of  rivers :   I .  A  river 


of  the  Troad ;  2.  A  stream  in 
Epirus,  named  for  the  first ;  3.  A 
river  in  Lycia,  a  favorite  haunt  of 
Apollo. 


Z. 


Zacynthns,  -I,  [Gr.  TAicvvOos},  f., 
an  island  in  the  Ionian  sea  (now 
Zante}. 

Zephyrus,    -I,    [Gr.    Ze<pvpos~\,   m., 


Zephyr  us  {the  West  wind"). — Less 
exactly,  wind  (from  any  quarter). 
zona,  -ae,  [Gr.  &vr\\,  f.,  a  belt. — 
Also,  a  zone  (of  the  earth). 


,    BOOKS    I-VI,    AND    BUCOLICS. 


EDITED  BY 

J.  B.  GREENOUGH  AND 

G.    L.    KlTTREDGE. 

PARALLEL    REFERENCES. 
&NEID. 

BOOK  I 

BOOK  I 

VERSE 

A.&G. 

BENNETT 

VERSE 

A.&G. 

BENNETT 

I. 

238. 

176,  4,  a. 

25. 

75.  c- 

55.  4.  c. 

191. 

241,  2. 

26. 

243'  b. 

Cf.  229,  i,  c. 

2. 

258,  b,  N.5 

182,  4. 

205,  d. 

255,  2,  a. 

245. 

219. 

258,7 

228,  I,  d. 

3- 

228,  i,  </. 

IO,  C. 

367.  8. 

4- 

40,  e. 

25,  6,  r. 

27. 

292,  a. 

337.  5- 

5- 

258,7 

228,  i,  d. 

29. 

248,  c,  i. 

218. 

328. 

293,  iii,  2. 

258,7 

228,  i,  d. 

6. 

228. 

193,  i. 

30- 

64. 

47,3- 

9- 

237.  b. 

176,  i,  a. 

1  56,  a. 

34L  c. 

331.^- 

295.  N. 

3'- 

258,  a,  N.3 

229,  i,  c. 

TO. 

245- 

219. 

32- 

277.  *• 

260,  4. 

228,  a. 

175,  2,  a. 

33- 

215. 

203,  5. 

I  I. 

334- 

300,  1. 

270. 

327'  i. 

231. 

190. 

36. 

325.  b. 

288,  2. 

75.'- 

55.  4.  '• 

37- 

243.  b- 

214,  2. 

14. 

218,  c. 

204,  4. 

274. 

334- 

1  c 

253- 
•3  in    h 

226. 
•5-7?  // 

^f\ 

332,  ^. 

,|/-J       a 

\l 

Jj°»  "• 
255- 

66£<  "• 
227. 

39- 

44- 

4°,    •« 
243'     *' 

214,  2. 

17- 

195,  </. 

246,  5. 

248,  c,  I. 

218. 

235- 

188,  i. 

26O,    «. 

228,  d. 

331.^- 

295,  N. 

47- 

256. 

181,  i. 

336.  A. 

270,  I,  a. 

48. 

276,  a. 

259.4. 

20. 

3'7- 

282,  2. 

105,  A. 

252,  4. 

286. 

267,  2. 

268. 

Cf.  277- 

21. 

1  88,  d. 



49. 

228. 

187,  iii,  I. 

253- 

226. 

50. 

258,7 

228,  i,  d. 

22. 

233.  «• 

IQI,  2. 

51- 

248,  ,  .  2. 

218,8. 

218,  a. 

2O4,   I. 

54- 

248,  c. 

218. 

24. 

258,  r,  N.1 

182,  3. 

55- 

248. 

220. 

The 


[BOOK  I. 


BOOK  I. 

BOOK  I. 

VERSE 

A.  &G. 

BENNETT 

VERSE 

A.&G. 

BENNETT 

56. 

258,7 

228,  I,  d. 

172. 

249. 

218,  I. 

cR 

"tJ-lQ        0      0  Y\f\    XT 

T  *7  A 

T  ^8       "7       // 

50. 

jUO)  €  ,  ill  HI  IN  . 

174. 

__'),   €• 

lOOj   -,  t*. 

62. 

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248,  c. 

218. 

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317,  2. 

282,  2. 

I76. 

225,  d. 

187,  i,  a. 

271. 

328,   I. 

I78. 

218,  c. 

204,  4. 

292. 

337.  2. 

181. 

63.7 

47.  i. 

64. 

249. 

218,  i. 

334.7 

300,3- 

I**- 



183. 

63.  g- 

66. 

295,  N. 

1  88. 

201,  d. 

251,  4. 

67. 

238^' 

176,  4,  a. 

190. 

251. 

224. 

70. 

II,  b,  2. 

9.  3- 

193- 

327,  «• 

Cf.  292. 

71. 

251. 

224. 

195. 

225,  d. 

187,  I,  a. 

72. 

216. 

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225. 

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212. 

205,  c,  I. 

254,  4- 

248,  c. 

218. 

2IS. 

248,  C,   R. 

212,   I. 

76. 

270. 

327,    • 

ill,  a. 

256,   I. 

334- 

300,    . 

216. 

324. 

287,   I. 

77- 

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218. 

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300,  2. 

lf\-l     r 

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"*  J.O     I 

107,  c. 

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240,  c. 

1  80,'  I. 

80. 

218. 

204,  I. 

231. 

288,  a. 

27O,  2. 

83- 

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218,  9. 

232. 

290,  d. 

Cf.   112. 

84. 

228. 

187,  iii,  i. 

234- 

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85- 

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218,8. 

236. 

286. 

267,  2. 

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274. 

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13.  «• 



102. 

235- 

188,  i. 

238. 

248,  c. 

218. 

248,  c. 

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ij  r  A 

235- 

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III. 

303- 

340,  2. 

235- 

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115. 

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38,  I. 

259. 

191. 

239- 

121. 

248,  c. 

218. 

264. 

235- 

188,  i. 

126. 

243- 

214. 

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292,^. 

337.  3-. 

130. 
134. 

239,  d. 
271. 

328,  1. 

266. 

95.  '*• 

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386. 



267. 

231.  b. 

190,  i. 

270. 

327.  1- 

268. 

276,  <?,  N. 

293'  »• 

139. 

336>  -• 

314,  1. 

248. 

Cf.  22O,  2. 

142. 

247,  b. 

Cf.  217,  4. 

272. 

146,  d. 

256,  3- 

155- 

68. 

49.  2- 

256. 

181,  i. 

I58. 

Ill,  a. 

256,  i. 

274. 

248. 

Cf.  22O,  2. 

1  60. 

248,  c. 

218. 

328. 

293,  iii,  2. 

164. 

251. 

224. 

275- 

245. 

219,  i. 

I67. 

244. 

Cf.  224. 

285. 

229,  c 

Cf.  1  88,  i. 

172. 

64- 

47,  2. 

286. 

251. 

224. 

BOOK  I.] 


The  ALneid. 


BOOK  I. 

BOOK  I. 

VERSE 

A.  &G. 

BENNETT 

VERSE 

A.  &G. 

BENNETT 

287. 

31/,  2. 

282,  2. 

388. 

320,  e. 

283,  3. 

297. 

244,  a. 

2IS. 

39°- 

1  86,  c. 

Cf.   177,  2. 

298. 

331- 

295,  I. 

400. 

228,  a. 

175,  2,  a. 

299. 

218,  a. 

204,  I. 

402. 

292. 

337,  2. 

300. 

3'7,  i- 

282,  I. 

407. 

248,  a,  R. 

287,  t. 

268,3. 

410. 

189,  b. 

236,  i. 

243,  a. 

214. 

412. 

225,  d. 

187,  i,  a. 

63,7 

47,  i. 

419. 

200,  d. 

239- 

3°7- 

228,  a. 

175,  2,0. 

422. 

216,  b. 



308. 

362,  b,  R. 

368,  3,  d. 

423. 

271. 

328,  i. 

149,  d. 

162,  4. 

425- 

235- 

188,  i. 

312. 

^35-  d. 

112,  b. 

429. 

258,  a,  N.3 

228,  i,  d. 

248,  c,  i. 

218. 

434- 

87,  d. 



3»3- 

95.  «*• 

Cf.  81,  4,  J. 

440. 

248,  a,  R. 

358,  3- 

3M- 

228,  b. 

Cf.  192,  i. 

232,  b. 

189,  3. 

191. 

239- 

232,  c. 



317. 

228,  a. 

175,  2,  fl. 

442. 

200,  b. 

251,4. 

3*9-  • 

184. 

169,   I. 

444- 

336,  N.2 

314,  2. 

33I»^- 

295,  N. 

445- 

303- 

340,   2. 

320. 

240,  c. 

180,  i. 

448. 

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in,  a. 

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452- 

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219,   I. 

321. 

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293,  i- 

326. 

232,  a. 

189,  2. 

454- 

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327. 

268. 

277. 

461. 

196,  c. 

244,  4. 

231. 

190. 

462. 

217. 

200. 

328. 

237,  c. 

176,  4,  a. 

473- 

327,  N. 

292,  i,  b. 

329- 

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475- 

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367,  6. 

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258,7  3- 

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490. 

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325-  *• 

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Cf.  305,  2. 

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95>  (• 

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573- 

200,  b. 

251,4. 

248,  r. 

218. 

576. 

267,  and  ^ 

279,  i  and 

382. 

290,  £. 

336,  5- 

580. 

277,  b. 

260,  4. 

385. 

276,  b. 

336,  2,  a. 

592. 

200,  £. 

251,  4. 

The  ^Eneid. 


[BOOK  II. 


BOOK  I. 

BOOK  II 

VERSB 

A.  &G. 

BENNETT 

VERSE 

A.  &G. 

BENNETT 

594- 

232,  a. 

189,  2. 

5- 

2OO,  d. 

251,4,  c. 

599- 

218,  a. 

204,  I. 

7- 

1  56,  c. 

342,  I,  a. 

601. 

214,  d. 

198,  3- 

8. 

268. 

277. 

603. 

105,  d. 

91,  2. 

10. 

271. 

328,  I. 

267. 

279. 

12. 

271. 

328,  I. 

604. 

235- 

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223,  e. 

198,  2. 

218. 

204. 

1  6. 

347,  d,  R. 

367>  4- 

607. 

235- 

1  88. 

19. 

228. 

187,  iii,  2. 

610. 

385- 

367,  7- 

21. 

344,  c. 

6n. 

347.  a,  4- 

362,  i,  d. 

22. 

218,  c. 

204,  4. 

617. 

362,  a. 

368,  2. 

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Cf.  293,  ii. 

359.  e. 

366,  7,  0. 

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i93.  i- 

637- 

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214,  i,  c. 

644. 

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46. 

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#. 

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136. 

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and  276,  a. 

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255,  '• 

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218,  a. 

204,  i. 

750. 

260,  c. 

*43»  *• 

142. 

320,  a. 

283,  2. 

BOOK  II.] 


The 


BOOK  II 

BOOK  II 

VERSE 

A.  &G. 

BENNETT 

VERSE 

A.  &G. 

BENNETT 

143- 

221,  a. 

209,  2. 

438. 

312. 

Cf.  307,  i. 

157- 

270,  b. 

327.  1- 

443- 

254,  b,  i. 

218,  3. 

1  60. 

266,  a. 

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179. 

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218. 

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250. 

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539- 

319,  head-note 

2  2O. 

271,  a. 

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542. 

237,  b. 

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224. 

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615. 

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251,  4. 

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356. 

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630. 

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in,  a. 

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636. 

277,  c. 

260,  3. 

375- 

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638. 

231- 

190. 

377- 

272,  £. 



218,  c. 

204,  4. 

382. 

277,  c. 

260,  3.    , 

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642. 

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39°. 

211,  </. 

l62,  2. 

648. 

276,  a. 

259.  4. 

396. 

197,*. 



649. 

57,*. 

38- 

402. 

227. 

187,  ii,  a. 

652. 

33i- 

295- 

409. 

228. 

187,  iii. 

653- 

228. 

187,  iii. 

422. 

I9I. 

241,  2. 

660. 

254,  a. 

Cf.  228,  !,</. 

434- 

33'.^ 

295,  4. 

664. 

277,  </. 



436. 

43.  «• 

47,7- 

238,  b. 

176,  I,  b. 

The 


[BOOK  III. 


BOOK  II. 
VERSE      A.  &  G. 

664.          331,  head-note 

669-        331-/.  R- 

672.          277,  c. 
676.          292,  a. 
680.          325,  b. 

3°3- 
685.         275. 
688.         258,  N.1 
693.         238,  a. 
713.         235,*. 
729.         227,  c. 
730.         225,  b. 
735-         229. 
334,  e- 
739-        334,  d. 
743-         327- 
745-         359.  ',  R- 
750.         270,  b. 

756-         334,  / 
765.         244,  e. 
775-         275. 
784.          187,  b,  N. 
786.          302. 
798.          233. 
800.         342. 

BOOK  III. 
I.          270,  b. 

2.             324. 

3.          258,  a,  N.8 
12.         362,  a. 
14.          232,  a. 
1  6.         276,  e,  N. 

22.             193. 

28.          229,  c. 

244. 

29.          235,  a. 
38.          228. 
39.          268. 
41.          240,  a. 
42.          269,  a,  2,  N. 
47.          240,  c. 
50.          294,  d. 

51.            277,  C,  N. 

54.         290,  b. 
56.         240,  a. 
57-        217. 
66.         244,  e. 
77.         186,  b,  i. 

BENNETT 

BOOK 
VERSB 

84. 

86. 

95- 

97- 
107. 
109. 
no. 

112. 

116. 

121. 

123. 
124. 
127. 

'31- 

T34- 
138- 
141. 

154. 
158- 
161. 
162. 
167. 
168. 
170. 
184. 
187. 

191. 
202. 
203. 
208. 
218. 
219. 
232. 

234- 
241. 
256. 
257- 

259- 
262. 
268. 

271. 

273- 
284. 

III. 
A.  &G. 

244. 
293,  6,  i. 
191. 
200,  6,  and  N. 
229,  c. 
219. 

233.  b- 
279,  e,  R. 
231. 
250. 

SM- 
258,  a,  N.8 

330.  '• 
243.  a- 
258,^- 
248,  c. 

22$,  b. 
258,  2,  N.1 

33J^- 

245- 
239,  a,  N.1 

275- 
310,  a. 
195,  e. 

227,/ 
258,  C,   2. 
195,  d. 
184. 

294,  «- 
336,  A,  N.1 

268  ;  308,  a. 

238,  c. 
219. 
256. 
189,  b. 

57,'f- 

324- 

216,  b. 

339- 
271,  a. 
217,  a. 
327,  a. 
235,  «. 
342- 
258,^- 

245- 
217. 
239,  b,  N.2 

BENNETT 

295.  8- 
260,  3. 

337,  5- 
288,  2. 
34°,  2. 
335- 
193.  »• 

176,  2,  N. 

188,  2,  a. 

Cf-  337,  4- 

241,  2. 

Cf.  251,  4. 

Cf.  205,  2. 

Cf.  191,  i. 

190. 

233- 
310,  1. 

229,  I,  c. 

214,  i,  a. 
218,  9. 
218. 

188,  2,  ^. 
253.  6. 

291,  2. 

367,  6. 
327,  i- 
3°°>  3- 

193.  i- 
295.  5.  N- 

219. 

177,  2. 

335- 
3°5.  i. 
248,  i. 

232,  i. 

246,  5. 
169,  i. 
337,  7,  «• 

335- 
235,  8,2,^,7. 

340,  i. 
191,  i. 

324,  i. 

327,  i. 
287,  i. 
229,  i,  c. 
368,2. 

189,  2. 
241,   I. 

277  ;  cf.  280, 

3- 
Cf.  176,  4,  a. 
206,  2. 
231- 

188,  i. 
187,  Hi,  i. 
277. 
176,  3- 

59,  2,  *. 

287,  i. 

316. 

295,  5,  N. 

243.  3- 
Cf.  292. 
188,  i. 
324,  i- 
218,  9. 
219. 
200. 
179>  3- 

180,  i. 
337,  7»  6>  2- 

336,  5- 
176,  3- 
200. 

233.  2- 

BOOK  IV.] 


The 


BOOK  III 

BOOK  III. 

VERSE 

A.&G. 

BENNETT 

VERSE 

A.&G. 

BENNETT 

292. 

68,  N. 

49,  2. 

493- 

232,  a. 

189,  2. 

293- 

258,  b,  N.5 

182,  4. 

494. 

196,  c. 

Cf.  244,  4. 

296. 

249. 

218,  i. 

203,  c. 

253.  2. 

3°3- 

325.  a- 

288,  i,  a. 

502. 

239.  a. 

177.  I- 

3°4- 

244. 

504- 

195,  d. 

246,   5. 

30S- 

226,  b. 

528. 

218,  a. 

2O4,   I. 

3°9- 

259,  d. 



539- 

85,'- 

3!9- 

214,  b. 



541. 

273.  *• 

328,   I. 

321. 

93.  <>• 

546. 

200,  d. 

254,  4,  c. 

324- 

12,  b. 

565- 

279,  e,  and  R 

327- 

290,  b. 

336,  b. 

595- 

258,  6,  N.2 

182,  2,  3. 

329- 

294,  d. 

337.  7.  *,  2. 

606. 

276,  <-. 

26l,  2. 

334- 

253- 

226. 

609. 

276,  a. 

259,  4. 

342. 

240,  a. 

176,  3- 

610. 

240,  a. 

I76,3- 

35°- 

214,/ 

202. 

615. 

267,  <*. 

279.  2- 

253- 

226. 

616. 

276,  e. 

293.  i- 

354- 

3,6,  a. 

21,  2,  £. 

618. 

251,  and  N. 

224. 

193.  N- 



621. 

3°3- 

340,  2. 

358. 

n,  a,  i. 

»37»  2. 

622. 

249. 

218,  i. 

374- 

33°.  '• 



6i9. 

219. 

206,  i,  b. 

377- 

3*7,  b. 

282,  I,  a. 

646. 

276,  a,  ex.  4. 

Cf.  259,  4. 

380. 

271,  b. 

33  1.  "• 

652. 

341,  '• 

cf.  323- 

383- 

344,  m. 

6-58. 

229. 

188,  2,  </. 

393- 

195,  d. 

246,  5. 

660. 

195,  d. 

246,  5. 

398- 

232,  £. 

189,  3- 

678. 

258,  2,  N.1 

'93.  i- 

400. 

248,  c. 

218. 

681. 

279,  e.  R. 

228,  a. 

175,  2,  </,  2. 

696. 

229,  ^. 

3S8,  3- 

408. 

269,  </. 

281,  i,  a. 

711. 

IO,  C. 

367,  8. 

417. 
426. 

326. 
251- 

309.3- 
224,  i. 

BOOK  IV 

429. 

270,  i. 

33°- 

I. 

344.  *• 

350,  n,  d. 

431- 

288,  e. 

8. 

228,  a. 

179,  2. 

453- 

105,  d. 

Cf.  91. 

1  6. 

33L  <*• 

295,  4. 

266,  N.1 



287,^- 

268,  5. 

252,  a. 

Cf.  203,  4. 

229,  c. 

358,  3- 

454- 

266,  r. 

309.  1- 

18. 

146,  /^,  N. 

456- 

332,  g- 

Cf.  284,  3. 

221,  b. 

209,  i. 

457- 

33  1,  and/,  R. 

295-  8. 

19. 

308,  f. 

3°4.  3.  a- 

460. 

135.  *• 

112,  b. 

21. 

292,  a. 

337,  5- 

461. 

219,  C,  N. 

207,  b. 

24. 

311,  a. 

280,  i. 

239.  ',  R- 

178,  2. 

33  './.  *• 

295,  8. 

320. 

283,  1. 

27- 

327.  «• 

291,  i. 

464. 

375»<T»  2- 

Cf.  367,  2. 

31- 

247. 

217,  i. 

466. 

64. 

47,3- 

32- 

256,  3. 

231.   !• 

469. 

197.  *• 

244,  4- 

38. 

229,  r. 

358.  3- 

481. 

235- 

188,  i. 

50. 

239,  f. 

178,  i,  a. 

477- 

236. 

1  88,  2,  £. 

52- 

328- 

293,  iii,  i. 

478. 

332,  «.  2. 

295.  6. 

II,  C. 



485. 

225,  </. 

187,  i,  a.               59. 

233.  «• 

191,  2. 

The 


[BOOK  V. 


BOOK  IV 

BOOK  IV 

VERSE 

A.  &G. 

BENNETT 

VERSE 

A.  &G. 

BENNETT 

66. 

140. 

128. 

452- 

3X7.  &• 

282,  i,  a. 

77- 

195,  e. 

248,  I. 

477- 

238,  a. 

Cf.  176,4,  a. 

85- 

334.  /• 

3°°.  3- 

492. 

128,  e,  4. 

116,  4. 

IOO. 

269,7. 

281,  3. 

500. 

225,  d. 

187,  i,  a. 

IO2. 

186,  c. 

Cf.      233,     2, 

520. 

233.  «• 

191,  2. 

and  234. 

523- 

128,  a,  I. 

116,  i. 

103. 

227. 

187,  ii,  a. 

534- 

276,  f. 

1  06. 

317,  b,  N.  2. 

282,  i,  a. 

536. 

320. 

283,  i. 

107. 

268. 

277- 

538. 

288,  e. 

109. 

342,  a. 

Cf.  324,  i. 

554- 

298. 

338,  i,  b. 

f  1  6. 

142,  c. 

131,  N. 

564. 

273.  d- 

333- 

117. 

302. 

340,  I- 

568. 

307.  '• 

151. 

146,  d. 

138,  iv. 

569. 

189,  <-. 

234,  2. 

154. 

239.  b. 

179,  i. 

576. 

2l6,  b. 

«§7. 

254,  b,  I. 

Cf.  219,  i. 

597- 

277,  f. 

260,  3. 

1  66-1  68.344,  /. 

350,  n,  c. 

600. 

288,  a. 

270,  2. 

235- 

188,  i. 

292,  R. 

188. 

218,  b. 

204,  i. 

603. 

308,  £. 

Cf.  304,  3. 

203. 

2l8,  C,  R. 

204,  4. 

266,  c. 

278. 

204. 

33°.  b,  i- 

332,  c. 

604. 

266,  *?. 

221. 

219. 

206,  I,  b. 

606. 

128,  ^. 

1  1  6,  4,  <:. 

233- 

260,  c. 

143.  !• 

625. 

266,  a. 

275,  2. 

234- 

227(/. 

Cf.  187,  ii,  a. 

626. 

3J7.  2- 

282,   2. 

235- 

359.  e. 

336.  7.  a. 

654- 

214,  a,  2. 

237- 

99,  *• 

242,   2. 

669. 

312,  and  R. 

Cf.  307,  i. 

245- 

254,  3,  2. 

Cf.  2  1  8,  3. 

676. 

102,  C. 

Cf.  87. 

237,  d. 

175,  2,  a,  i. 

686. 

347.  '• 

367.  4- 

252. 

254,  £,  i. 

219,  i. 

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254,  b. 

Cf.  218,  3. 

289. 

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295.  8- 

701. 

255.  «• 

227,  i. 

290. 

299. 

Cf.  339.  7- 

292. 

33°.  / 

331.  i- 

BOOK  V. 

296. 

268. 

277. 

6. 

292,  a. 

337,  5- 

300. 

218,  c. 

204,  4. 

10. 

235.  «• 

1  88,  i,  N. 

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318. 

221,  a. 

209,  2. 

19. 

240,  a. 

176,  2,  b,  N. 

320. 

263,  N. 

27. 

276,  a. 

259,  4- 

322. 

277,  *• 

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28. 

268. 

277. 

325- 

211,  b. 

162,  4,  a. 

29. 

320,  a. 

283,  2. 

326. 

328. 

293,  iii,  2. 

52. 

214,7. 

2O2. 

329- 

342. 

324.  i- 

57- 

128,  a,  I. 

1  1  6,   I. 

335- 

221,  £,  C. 

209,  i  and  a. 

89. 

312. 

Cf.  307,  i. 

340. 

308,  «. 

304,  2. 

96. 

334.  b. 

300,  2. 

35°- 

270,   £. 

327,  I- 

1  08. 

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432. 

243.  a- 

214,  i,  b. 

I67. 

277,  <:. 

260,  3. 

BOOK  VI.] 


The 


9 


BOOK  V. 
VERSE 

170. 

I76. 
180. 

181. 
1  86. 

i93- 
230. 

237- 
247. 
259. 
262. 
266. 
272. 
276. 
284. 
291. 
302. 

355- 
357- 
358. 
364- 
423- 
426. 

43°- 
432- 
438. 
451. 
501. 
542. 

iS- 

602. 

618. 
621. 
638. 

651. 

750- 
75'- 
786. 
800. 
832. 
845. 

BOOK  VI 

4- 
8. 

31- 

A.  &G. 
238. 
237.  d. 
185. 
216,  b. 
237,  b. 
347,  b,  exc 
164,  /. 
34i.  c. 
220,  a. 

33i.<f- 

2OI,  C. 
273»  '• 

239,  a. 

325.  b- 
290,  a,  2. 

359.  /• 
34i.  c- 
386. 
308,  b. 
261,  b. 
227,  c. 
306,  a. 
225,  d. 

259,^ 
102,  a  and 
347,  </,  R. 
237.  ^- 

258,   2,  N.1 
2O2,  */. 

3'3.^- 
95.^ 
205,  d. 

209,  <r. 
320,  e. 
270,  £. 
298,  N. 
341.  d. 
292. 
223. 
128,  £. 
227,  C,  N. 
197,  £. 
229. 
229,  c. 

228,  a. 

292,  R. 

310,  b. 

BENNETT 

176,  4,  a. 
175,  2,  a,  I. 
1  68. 

175,   2,*. 
362,  2. 
I5O,  2. 

323- 
208,  3. 

295.  5.  N- 

BOOK  VI 
VERSE 

31- 

34- 
39- 

45- 

49- 
62. 
66. 
74- 
79- 
83- 
84. 
88. 

95- 
108. 
109. 

"5- 
129. 
141. 

173- 
187. 
199. 

2CX3. 
2O6. 
223. 
256. 
26l. 
263. 
277. 
278. 
294. 

3*3- 

316. 

327- 
335- 
35°- 
35'- 
353- 

358. 
363- 
394- 
409. 

428. 
43°- 
436- 
467. 

A.  &G. 

308,  a. 
308,  a. 
311,  a. 

270,  b. 
298,  N. 

273.  d. 
266. 

293,  *• 

269,   N. 

288,  d,  R. 

249. 
214,7. 

281,  R. 
269,  d. 
332,  a,  2,  N. 
266,  a. 
33  1  ,  head-note 
195,  d. 
327.  a. 

320,/,  N. 
267,  b,  N.1 
301,  ex.  2. 
3!9>  2. 
196,  c. 

240,  g. 

143,  a. 

243.  '• 
227,  b. 
48,  </. 
234,  <*• 
308,  e. 
308,  a. 
191. 
292,  R. 

239,  b. 
290,  b. 
227,  ',  3- 
238,  c. 

33'.  / 
229. 
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240,  b. 

3'3.^ 
250. 
259,  </. 
218,  a. 

220,  rt. 

3"»<*- 

238,  a. 

BENNETT 

280. 
33°- 

333- 

275. 

337,  4- 

Cf.    28l,   2. 

270,  2,  a. 
218,  i. 

2O2. 

Cf.  264,  a. 
281,  i,  a. 

326,  N. 

177.  I- 
288,  B,  2. 

336,  2,  a. 

367.  2. 
323- 

375.  2. 

275,  2. 

Cf.  246,  5. 
291,  I. 
333- 

144,  2. 

3°2,  4- 
187,  i,  a. 

Cf.  338,  4. 

284,  2. 

244,  4- 

b.  246,  I  and  3. 

367,  5- 
Cf.  175,  2,  a. 
Cf.  193. 

309,  6. 

133.  i- 

2l8,  2. 

8,  i. 

255.  2- 

375-  i- 
283,  3- 
33°- 

304,  2. 
241,  2. 

Cf.  374,  5- 
179,  r. 

336,  5- 
Cf.  358,  3- 

266,  2. 
1  88,  2,  d. 

185,   2. 

Cf.  309,  6. 
223. 

357,  I- 
204,  i. 

Cf.  208,  2. 

Cf.  280. 

176,  2,  N. 

323- 
337,  2. 

212,   I. 

116,  4,  c. 
187,  ii,  a. 

1  88,  2,  </. 
Cf.  175,  2,  «. 

Cf.  305,  2. 

10 


Eclogues. 


[ECLS.  I-VI. 


BOOK  VI 

BOOK  VI. 

VERSE 

A.  &G. 

BENNETT 

VERSE 

A.&G. 

BENNETT 

471. 

312. 

307,  I. 

670. 

223,  e. 



534- 

276,  a. 

259,  4- 

685. 

84,  a,  N. 

68,3. 

537- 

308,  a. 

3°4,  2. 

705. 

228,  a. 

Cf.  175,  2,  a. 

570. 

227,  b. 

770. 

294,  d. 

337-  7,  *,  2. 

586. 

290,  c. 



779- 

214,  c. 

198,  3- 

591. 

320,  e. 

283,  3- 

802. 

3I3,  b- 

308,  a. 

660. 

187,  d. 

235,   B,  2,  <T- 

880. 

228,  b. 

Cf.  192,  i. 

663. 

292,  a. 

337,  5- 

882. 

307,  *,  R- 

ECLOGUES. 

ECL.  I. 

ECL.  Ill 

VERSE 

A.  &G. 

BENNETT 

VERSE 

A.  &  G. 

BENNETT 

5- 

63,*- 

47,  I- 

78. 

333,  *• 

331  ,«'• 

238,  a. 

176,  2,  N. 

79- 

29,  e. 

7- 

347,  «,  i- 

362,  I,  a. 

97- 

359,  / 

367,  2. 

17- 

336,  A,  N.1 



102. 

235- 

188,  i. 

19. 

104,  a,  N. 

90,  2,  £. 

227,  /r,  3. 

Cf.  358,  3- 

29. 

324,  a. 

287,  4- 

108. 

214,  a7,  N. 

3K 

277,  c. 
276,  a. 

259,  4- 

ECL.  IV 

32- 

276,  <?,  N. 

Cf.  293,  ii. 

'5- 

248,  a,  R. 

358,  3- 

37- 

348,  6. 



44. 

252,  «: 

Cf.  218,  5. 

39- 

359,7 

367,  2. 

46. 

238,  a. 

176,  4,  a. 

51- 

75,'- 

55>  4,  *• 

64. 

327,  a. 

Cf.  292,  i,  c. 

ECL.  V. 

80. 

308,*. 

3°4,  3>  «• 

I. 

273-  «"• 

333- 

3- 

248,  a,  R. 

358-  3- 

ECL.  II. 

f. 

_  _    .             F 

u. 

334,  «• 

37- 

233,  «• 

igi,  2,  3. 

8. 

229,  c. 

358,  3- 

42. 

95- 

81,  4,  a. 

25. 

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347,  2. 

43- 

276,  a. 

259,  4- 

53- 

211,  b. 

162,  4,  a. 

53- 

231. 

190. 

54- 

238,  *. 

Cf.  176,  4,  a. 

70. 

344,  A. 

350,  1  1,  a*. 

320,/ 

333- 

ECL.  Ill 

65. 
80. 

240,  d. 
220,  £. 

,83. 
208,  2,  b. 

I. 

211,  b. 

162,  4,  a. 

3- 

240,  </. 

183. 

ECL.  VI 

21. 

266,  <-. 

277. 

21. 

235,  «• 

188,  i,  N. 

28. 

331,  /,  R. 

295,  8. 

26. 

216,  3. 

2OI,  2. 

29. 

317,  f. 

282,  4. 

216,  ^. 

32- 

I28,*,3. 



27. 

311,  a. 

280,  3. 

48. 

320,  a. 



43- 

359,  '• 

366,  7,  a. 

51- 

319,  a,  N. 



53- 

359,  / 

367,  2. 

61. 

233,  a- 

igi,  2,  £. 

57- 

334,  / 

30°,  3- 

74- 

333- 

299,   I. 

334,7,  N. 

76-77- 

269,  a-. 

281,  i,  a. 

60. 

334,^- 

ECLS.  VI-X.] 


Eclogues. 


II 


ECL. 

VI. 

ECL.  VIII. 

VERSE      A.  &  G. 

BENNETT 

VERSE 

A.  &G. 

BENNETT 

60. 

334-  g,  N. 

y- 

290,  c,  N. 

62. 

225,  </. 

187,  i,  a. 

81. 

347.  c. 

367.  I- 

66. 

228. 

187,  iii. 

ECL.  IX 

ECL. 

VII. 

I. 

211. 

162,  4. 

4- 

75.  3-  f- 

55.  4,  '• 

14. 

240,  b. 

185,  2. 

5- 

273,  b. 

333- 

17- 

105,  h. 

252,  4. 

8. 

93.  «• 

240,  i. 

229,  c. 

Cf.  1  88,  2,</. 

10. 

240,  a. 

176,  2,  a. 

25- 

269,  </,  3. 

281,  i,  b. 

47- 

229,  <:. 

358.  3- 

27. 

3M- 

310,  ii. 

58. 

227,/. 

Cf.  187,  i. 

64. 

331'  »»  N-8 

Cf.  295,  6. 

69. 

336,  A,  N.2 

ECL.  X. 

ECL. 

VIII. 

32. 

273-  ^« 

333- 

8. 

31?- 

282,  2. 

60. 

312. 

3°7,  i. 

27. 

248,  0,  R. 

358,  3- 

74- 

347.  d,  N.2 

362,  5. 

29. 

225,  3. 

UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 


A     000037188     0 


